8 what levels of organization of the body do you know? Levels of organization of life in living systems. Central and peripheral nervous system

All living organisms in nature consist of the same levels of organization; this is a characteristic biological pattern common to all living organisms. The following levels of organization of living organisms are distinguished: molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organismal, population-species, biogeocenotic, biosphere.

1. Molecular genetic level. This is the most elementary level characteristic of life. No matter how complex or simple the structure of any living organism, they all consist of the same molecular compounds. An example of this are nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and other complex molecular complexes of organic and inorganic substances. They are sometimes called biological macromolecular substances. At the molecular level, various life processes of living organisms occur: metabolism, energy conversion. With the help of the molecular level, the transfer of hereditary information is carried out, individual organelles are formed and other processes occur.

2. Cellular level. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms on Earth. Individual organelles within a cell have a characteristic structure and perform a specific function. The functions of individual organelles in a cell are interconnected and perform common vital processes. In unicellular organisms, all life processes take place in one cell, and one cell exists as a separate organism (unicellular algae, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella and protozoa - amoeba, ciliates, etc.). In multicellular organisms, one cell cannot exist as a separate organism, but it is an elementary structural unit of the organism.

3. Tissue level.

A collection of cells and intercellular substances similar in origin, structure and function forms tissue. The tissue level is characteristic only of multicellular organisms. Also, individual tissues are not an independent integral organism. For example, the bodies of animals and humans consist of four different tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous). Plant tissues are called: educational, integumentary, supporting, conductive and excretory.

4. Organ level.

In multicellular organisms, the combination of several identical tissues, similar in structure, origin and function, forms the organ level. Each organ contains several tissues, but among them one is the most significant. A separate organ cannot exist as a whole organism. Several organs, similar in structure and function, combine to form an organ system, for example, digestion, respiration, blood circulation, etc.

5. Organismic level.

Plants (Chlamydomonas, Chlorella) and animals (amoeba, ciliates, etc.), whose bodies consist of a single cell, are an independent organism. And an individual individual of multicellular organisms is considered as a separate organism. In each individual organism, all life processes characteristic of all living organisms occur - nutrition, respiration, metabolism, irritability, reproduction, etc. Each independent organism leaves behind offspring. In multicellular organisms, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems are not a separate organism. Only an integral system of organs that specifically perform various functions forms a separate independent organism. The development of an organism, from fertilization to the end of life, takes a certain period of time. This individual development of each organism is called ontogenesis. An organism can exist in close relationship with its environment.

6. Population-species level.

A collection of individuals of one species or group that exists for a long time in a certain part of the range, relatively separately from other populations of the same species, constitutes a population. At the population level, simple evolutionary transformations are carried out, which contributes to the gradual emergence of a new species.

7. Biogeocenotic level.

A collection of organisms of different species and varying complexity of organization, adapted to the same conditions of the natural environment, is called a biogeocenosis, or natural community. The biogeocenosis includes numerous species of living organisms and natural environmental conditions. In natural biogeocenoses, energy accumulates and is transferred from one organism to another. Biogeocenosis includes inorganic, organic compounds and living organisms.

8. Biosphere level.

The totality of all living organisms on our planet and their common natural habitat constitutes the biosphere level. At the biosphere level, modern biology solves global problems, for example, determining the intensity of the formation of free oxygen by the Earth's vegetation or changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere associated with human activity. The main role at the biosphere level is played by “living substances,” that is, the totality of living organisms inhabiting the Earth. Also at the biosphere level, “bioinert substances” are important, formed as a result of the vital activity of living organisms and “inert” substances, i.e., environmental conditions. At the biosphere level, the circulation of matter and energy occurs on Earth with the participation of all living organisms of the biosphere.

In this lesson we will become familiar with the levels of organization of our body and its organ systems.

Topic: General overview of the human body

Lesson: Organ systems in the body. Levels of organization

1. Levels of organization

Our body. This definition seems so familiar and understandable that we rarely think about its essence. And to the question: “What is this anyway?” many may find it difficult to answer.

Organism- this is a certain complex or system that reacts as a whole to various changes in the external environment. This system is relatively stable, despite the fact that it consists of many organs. Organs, in turn, consist of tissues, tissues of cells, cells of molecules.

Molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems - all these floors, or different levels of living things, are united in the human body into a single and inseparable whole.

Living organisms are built from special chemical compounds - organic substances (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids). They are part of any living cell. These large molecules act as building blocks that create complex complexes. Cell substances are not randomly located, but form ordered structures - organelles, which ensure the vital processes of the cell. The human body is a multicellular state. The cells of the human body are not the same and differ in their specialization. Cells of the same specialty are combined into groups. Together with the intercellular substance they form tissues. Organs are made up of several tissues. Organs that perform a single function and have a common plan of structure and development will unite into organ systems. All organ systems are interconnected and form a single organism.

There are 10 major organ systems in the human body.

2. Integumentary system

Integumentary system- consists of the skin and mucous membranes lining the cavities of the internal organs, respiratory tract, and digestive tract. The function of this system is to protect the body from mechanical damage, drying out, temperature fluctuations, and penetration of pathogenic bacteria.

3. Musculoskeletal system

The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeleton and the muscles attached to it. It allows a person to stand, move, perform complex work, and protects internal organs from damage.

4. Digestive system

The digestive system consists of the digestive tract (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and intestines) and digestive glands: salivary glands, glands of the stomach and intestines, pancreas, liver. The functions of the digestive system are to digest food and absorb nutrients into the blood.

5. Circulatory system

Circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. This system supplies the organs of our body with nutrients and oxygen, removes carbon dioxide and other unnecessary waste products from them, and performs a protective function by participating in the immune system.

6. Lymphatic system

Lymphatic system formed by lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. Takes part in the formation of immunity and maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body.

7. Respiratory system

System organs breathing consists of the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi) and the respiratory part - the lungs. The function of the respiratory system is to ensure gas exchange between the external environment and the body.

8. Excretory system

The excretory system is formed by the kidneys, in which urine containing harmful metabolic products is formed, and by the urinary organs - the ureters, bladder and urethra.

9. Reproductive system

Reproductive system consists of the gonads, internal and external genitalia. The function of the reproductive system is to ensure the process of childbirth.

10. Nervous system

The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and the nerves and ganglia that extend from them. It regulates the functioning of organs, ensures their coordinated activity and adaptation to environmental conditions. Through the senses it communicates with the environment. Thanks to nervous system a person’s mental activity is carried out and his behavior is determined.

11. Endocrine system

Similar functions are performed by endocrine system, formed by endocrine glands such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands and some other glands. They release hormones.

Organ systems do not work in isolation; their activities are interconnected. This ensures the vital functions of the entire human body.

An organism is a collection of organ systems connected to each other and to the environment.

1. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N. Biology 8 M.: Bustard

2. Pasechnik V.V., Kamensky A.A., Shvetsov G.G. / Ed. Pasechnik V.V. Biology 8 M.: Bustard.

3. Dragomilov A. G., Mash R. D. Biology 8 M.: VENTANA-GRAF

1. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N. Biology 8 M.: Bustard - p. 49, tasks and question 1.

2. What is included in the urinary system?

3. What is included in the digestive system?

4. Prepare an essay about one of the organ systems.

The following levels of life organization are distinguished: molecular, cellular, organ-tissue (sometimes they are separated), organismal, population-species, biogeocenotic, biosphere. Living nature is a system, and the various levels of its organization form its complex hierarchical structure, when the underlying simpler levels determine the properties of the higher ones.

So complex organic molecules are part of cells and determine their structure and vital functions. In multicellular organisms, cells are organized into tissues, and several tissues form an organ. A multicellular organism consists of organ systems; on the other hand, the organism itself is an elementary unit of a population and a biological species. A community is represented by interacting populations of different species. The community and environment form a biogeocenosis (ecosystem). The totality of planet Earth's ecosystems forms its biosphere.

At each level, new properties of living things arise that are absent at the underlying level, and their own elementary phenomena and elementary units are distinguished. At the same time, in many ways the levels reflect the course of the evolutionary process.

The identification of levels is convenient for studying life as a complex natural phenomenon.

Let's take a closer look at each level of life organization.

Molecular level

Although molecules are made up of atoms, the difference between living and nonliving matter begins to appear only at the molecular level. Only living organisms contain a large number of complex organic substances - biopolymers (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids). However, the molecular level of organization of living things also includes inorganic molecules that enter cells and play an important role in their life.

The functioning of biological molecules underlies a living system. At the molecular level of life, metabolism and energy conversion are manifested as chemical reactions, transmission and change of hereditary information (reduplication and mutations), as well as a number of other cellular processes. Sometimes the molecular level is called molecular genetic.

Cellular level of life

It is the cell that is the structural and functional unit of living things. There is no life outside the cell. Even viruses can exhibit the properties of a living thing only when they are in the host cell. Biopolymers fully demonstrate their reactivity when organized into a cell, which can be considered as a complex system of molecules interconnected primarily by various chemical reactions.

At this cellular level, the phenomenon of life manifests itself, the mechanisms of transmission of genetic information and the transformation of substances and energy are coupled.

Organ-tissue

Only multicellular organisms have tissues. Tissue is a collection of cells similar in structure and function.

Tissues are formed in the process of ontogenesis by differentiation of cells having the same genetic information. At this level, cell specialization occurs.

Plants and animals have different types of tissues. So in plants it is a meristem, protective, basic and conductive tissue. In animals - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous. Tissues may include a list of subtissues.

An organ usually consists of several tissues interconnected into a structural and functional unity.

Organs form organ systems, each of which is responsible for an important function for the body.

The organ level in unicellular organisms is represented by various cell organelles that perform the functions of digestion, excretion, respiration, etc.

Organismic level of organization of living things

Along with the cellular level, separate structural units are distinguished at the organismal (or ontogenetic) level. Tissues and organs cannot live independently, organisms and cells (if it is a single-celled organism) can.

Multicellular organisms are made up of organ systems.

At the organismal level, such life phenomena as reproduction, ontogenesis, metabolism, irritability, neurohumoral regulation, and homeostasis are manifested. In other words, its elementary phenomena constitute the natural changes of the organism in individual development. The elementary unit is the individual.

Population-species

Organisms of the same species, united by a common habitat, form a population. A species usually consists of many populations.

Populations have a common gene pool. Within a species, they can exchange genes, i.e. they are genetically open systems.

Elementary evolutionary phenomena occur in populations, ultimately leading to speciation. Living nature can evolve only at supraorganism levels.

At this level, the potential immortality of the living arises.

Biogeocenotic level

Biogeocenosis is an interacting set of organisms of different species with various environmental factors. Elementary phenomena are represented by matter-energy cycles, provided primarily by living organisms.

The role of the biogeocenotic level is the formation of stable communities of organisms of different species, adapted to living together in a certain habitat.

Biosphere

The biosphere level of life organization is a system of the highest order of life on Earth. The biosphere covers all manifestations of life on the planet. At this level, there is a global circulation of substances and a flow of energy (encompassing all biogeocenoses).

All living organisms in nature consist of the same levels of organization; this is a characteristic biological pattern common to all living organisms.
The following levels of organization of living organisms are distinguished: molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organismal, population-species, biogeocenotic, biosphere.

Rice. 1. Molecular genetic level

1. Molecular genetic level. This is the most elementary level characteristic of life (Fig. 1). No matter how complex or simple the structure of any living organism, they all consist of the same molecular compounds. An example of this are nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and other complex molecular complexes of organic and inorganic substances. They are sometimes called biological macromolecular substances. At the molecular level, various life processes of living organisms occur: metabolism, energy conversion. With the help of the molecular level, the transfer of hereditary information is carried out, individual organelles are formed and other processes occur.

Rice. 2. Cellular level

2. Cellular level. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms on Earth (Fig. 2). Individual organelles within a cell have a characteristic structure and perform a specific function. The functions of individual organelles in a cell are interconnected and perform common vital processes. In single-celled organisms (unicellular algae and protozoa), all life processes take place in one cell, and one cell exists as a separate organism. Remember unicellular algae, chlamydomonas, chlorella and the simplest animals - amoeba, ciliates, etc. In multicellular organisms, one cell cannot exist as a separate organism, but it is an elementary structural unit of the organism.

Rice. 3. Tissue level

3. Tissue level. A collection of cells and intercellular substances similar in origin, structure and function forms tissue. The tissue level is characteristic only of multicellular organisms. Also, individual tissues are not an independent integral organism (Fig. 3). For example, the bodies of animals and humans consist of four different tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous). Plant tissues are called: educational, integumentary, supporting, conductive and excretory. Remember the structure and functions of individual tissues.

Rice. 4. Organ level

4. Organ level. In multicellular organisms, the union of several identical tissues, similar in structure, origin and function, forms the organ level (Fig. 4). Each organ contains several tissues, but among them one is the most significant. A separate organ cannot exist as a whole organism. Several organs, similar in structure and function, combine to form an organ system, for example, digestion, respiration, blood circulation, etc.

Rice. 5. Organismal level

5. Organismic level. Plants (Chlamydomonas, Chlorella) and animals (amoeba, ciliates, etc.), whose bodies consist of one cell, are an independent organism (Fig. 5). And an individual individual of multicellular organisms is considered as a separate organism. In each individual organism, all life processes characteristic of all living organisms occur - nutrition, respiration, metabolism, irritability, reproduction, etc. Each independent organism leaves behind offspring. In multicellular organisms, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems are not a separate organism. Only an integral system of organs that specifically perform various functions forms a separate independent organism. The development of an organism, from fertilization to the end of life, takes a certain period of time. This individual development of each organism is called ontogenesis. An organism can exist in close relationship with its environment.

Rice. 6. Population-species level

6. Population-species level. A collection of individuals of one species or group that exists for a long time in a certain part of the range, relatively separately from other populations of the same species, constitutes a population. At the population level, the simplest evolutionary transformations are carried out, which contributes to the gradual emergence of a new species (Fig. 6).

Rice. 7 Biogeocenotic level

7. Biogeocenotic level. A collection of organisms of different species and varying complexity of organization, adapted to the same conditions of the natural environment, is called a biogeocenosis, or natural community. The biogeocenosis includes numerous species of living organisms and natural environmental conditions. In natural biogeocenoses, energy accumulates and is transferred from one organism to another. Biogeocenosis includes inorganic, organic compounds and living organisms (Fig. 7).

Rice. 8. Biosphere level

8. Biosphere level. The totality of all living organisms on our planet and their common natural habitat constitutes the biosphere level (Fig. 8). At the biosphere level, modern biology solves global problems, for example, determining the intensity of the formation of free oxygen by the Earth's vegetation or changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere associated with human activity. The main role at the biosphere level is played by “living substances,” that is, the totality of living organisms inhabiting the Earth. Also at the biosphere level, “bio-inert substances” are important, formed as a result of the vital activity of living organisms and “inert” substances (i.e., environmental conditions). At the biosphere level, the circulation of matter and energy occurs on Earth with the participation of all living organisms of the biosphere.

Levels of life organization. Population. Biogeocenosis. Biosphere.

1. Currently, there are several levels of organization of living organisms: molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organismal, population-species, biogeocenotic and biosphere.
2. At the population-species level, elementary evolutionary transformations are carried out.
3. The cell is the most basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
4. A collection of cells and intercellular substances similar in origin, structure and function forms tissue.
5. The totality of all living organisms on the planet and their general natural habitat constitutes the biosphere level.
1. Name the levels of life organization in order.
2. What is fabric?
3. What are the main parts of a cell?
1. What organisms are characterized by the tissue level?
2. Describe the organ level.
3. What is a population?
1. Describe the organismal level.
2. Name the features of the biogeocenotic level.
3. Give examples of the interconnectedness of the levels of organization of life.

Fill out the table showing the structural features of each level of the organization:

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