Bacteria pronunciation hard or soft. Some difficult cases of vowel pronunciation

The distinction in the pronunciation of consonants paired in hardness and softness has a phonemic meaning, since in the Russian language hard and soft consonants distinguish the sound shells of words (cf. was - byl, brother - take, etc.). The pronunciation of soft consonants differs from the pronunciation of the corresponding hard consonants by “iota” articulation, which consists in the fact that the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate.
At the end of a word and before some consonants, as well as before the vowel sounds [a], [o], [u], the hardness and softness of the consonants are clearly distinguished. The softness of consonants in the indicated positions is indicated in writing: at the end of a word and before some consonants - the letter ь (cf. ryab - ripple, treasure - luggage, blow - hit, daw - pebble, housekeeper - save, etc.), and before vowels [a], [ o], [y] - letters i, ё, yu (cf. mother - knead, knock - bale, nose - carried). The use of the letter ь after hissing [zh], [sh], [h], [sch] does not affect the pronunciation of these consonants, since it has a morphological meaning and indicates the form of the words (cf. knife - multiply, our - give, bream - thing, weaver - jump, call - cut, etc.).

1. Softness of consonants indicated in writing(b and letters i, e, e, yu): brother - take, jackdaw - pebble, shaft - sluggish, nose - carried, knock - bale - [brother - brother "], [daw - gal "kъ], [shaft - in "al", [nose - n"os], [knock - t"uk].

The final labials, in accordance with the spelling, are pronounced softly: flail - chain, blood - blood, slave - ripple - [tsep - tsep"], [krof - krof"], [rap - r "ap"].
Soft labials before i, e, yu are pronounced without additional articulation of softness: five, knead, chalk, vel, engraving, puree - [p"at"], [m"at"], [m"ol], [v"ol ], [grav "ur", [n "ype].
The softness [m] in the words seven, eight is preserved in complex numerals: seven - seventy - seven hundred, eight - eighty - eight hundred - [s"em" - s"em"ds"t - s"iem"sot", [vos" м" - з"м"д"ьс"ът - въс"им"sot).

1. Softness of consonants not indicated in writing. In the position before consonants, the hardness and softness of consonants often have a non-independent, assimilative character, i.e. depends on the hardness and softness of the subsequent consonant. The softness of consonants in this case is not indicated in writing.

The softening of hard consonants before soft ones depends on various conditions: what consonants they are, what soft consonants they are in front of, in what part of the word there is a combination of consonants, what style of speech this or that word belongs to:
a) inside the word, before the sound [j], the consonants in some cases are softened: fish, leaves, judge, guest - [fish"b], [leaf"b], [court"ja", [gos"t"b];
b) dental consonants [z], [s], [d], [t] before soft dental and labial consonants are pronounced softly: milk mushroom, sadness - [grus "t"], [grus "t"], wall, song - , [p"e"s"nъ]. In a number of words, the softening is variable: ripe, star, hard, door - [s"p"ela] and [sp"ely], [z"v"ezda] and [zv"ezda ], [t "v" hordes] and [tv "hordes", [d "v" eno] and [dv "ierno];
c) the consonant [n] before soft [d], [t], [n] (less often before [z], [s]), as well as before [h], [sch] is pronounced softly: kantik, bandit, horseman, pensioner, claim, chick - [kan"t"ik], [b?n"d"it], [ko"ik], [p"nns"i?ner], [pr"ieten"z"i", [pt"en"ch"ik];
d) the consonant of the prefix s- and the preposition consonant with it, as well as the final consonants of the prefixes consonant with it and the prepositions consonant with them before soft dental and separative ь are pronounced softly: loafer, idle, product, out of business, remove - [b "eez" d"eln"k], [b"iez"-del], [iz"d"el", [iz"-d"el", [iz"jat]. In other cases, the softness is variable: removed, from him - [s"n"al] and [sn"al", [s"-n"ievo] and [s-n"ievo];
e) labials do not soften in front of the posterior palatals: bets, breaking, tensile - [stafk"i], [lok"i], [tsepk"i];
f) final consonants [t], [d], [b] in prefixes before soft labials and separative ъ are not softened: ate, drink - [?tjel], [?tp"it"];
g) the consonant [p] before soft dental and labial ones, as well as before [h], [sch] is pronounced firmly: artel, cornet, feed, samovar, welder - [?rt"el"], [k?rn"et] , [k?rm"ut], [samlvarch"uk], [weld"ik].

More on topic 77. Pronunciation of hard and soft consonants:

1. § 11. The concept of orthoepy. Consonant combinations. Unpronounceable consonants. Double consonants. Pronunciation of consonants in some grammatical forms.

The Russian language as a whole is characterized by the opposition of hard and soft consonants (cf.: small And crumpled, Houses And Dema). In many European languages ​​there is no such opposition. When borrowed, a word usually obeys the pronunciation norms of the Russian language. Thus, before “e” in Russian there is usually a soft consonant ( m ate, no). Many people begin to pronounce the same way foreign words: meter, r y ebus. Everyone usually retains the pronunciation of hard consonants. foreign names: Chopin[pe], Voltaire[te]. The pronunciation of a hard consonant before “e” is also typical for bookish, rarely used words ( apartheid [te]. demarche [de]). The type of consonant before “e” also has a certain meaning. For example, the combination “de” is more often pronounced with a soft consonant. and the combination “those” - with hard. Famous role plays the source of borrowing. For example, the final stressed syllable in words from French usually pronounced with a hard consonant ( pastel [te], cure [re], corrugated [re]). But there are exceptions here, for example, the word overcoat pronounced with a soft "n". Here is a small group of words in which pronunciation errors are often observed.

The correct pronunciation of a hard consonant before “e” in the following words is considered: artery, atelier, atheist, jewelry, business, businessman, beefsteak, brandy, Bruderschaft, Bundeswehr, sandwich, bra, water polo, riding breeches, gangster, corrugated, grotesque, disintegration, decadent, dequalification, cleavage, detective, dumping, denunciation, determinism, de facto, de jure, decryption, identical, impresario, inert, index, interval, integration, intensity, intervention, interview, cartel, caret, cabaret, condensate, container, motorcade, computer, curé, laser, lottery, Madeira, mademoiselle, manager, travel bag, nonsense, pastel, panel, panther, producer, rugby, relay, sweater, thesis, timbre, trend, tempo, tent, masterpiece, chimpanzee, plug, esthete.

In words diet, project, caries the sound [j] is not pronounced, that is, they sound like [d b ieta], [proekt], [kar b ies].

The consonant before “e” is pronounced softly: academy, certificate, benefit, takes, brunette, bookmaker, accounting, bill of exchange, gazelle, haberdashery, hegemon, debit, debate, debut, degenerate, devaluation, degradation, disinfection, demagogue, democrat, demi-season, dismantling, deposit, dispatch, despot, defect, hyphen, deficit, deformation, dividend, ikebana, investor, intellectual; congress, air conditioning, coffee, cream, patent, presentation, progress, review, raglan, register, reserve, raid, flight, rail, x-ray, referee, term, overcoat, effect.

In general, the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in borrowed words is a very flexible norm. As a rule, when borrowed, a word is pronounced with a hard consonant for some time. As it becomes mastered by the language, it loses the “patina” of a foreign, “alien”, the hard pronunciation is gradually replaced by the pronunciation of a soft consonant (in accordance with the spelling). Sometimes this process goes very quickly. For example, schoolchildren in urban schools, where a computer is no longer perceived as something exotic, usually pronounce the word computer with a soft “t”, but such a pronunciation has not yet become the general literary norm.

At the same time, in some cases, the pronunciation of both hard and soft consonants is equally acceptable. For example, the pronunciation of “e” and “e” is allowed in the words: aggression, disinformation, decade, dean, credo, claim and some others.

You should also pay attention to social significance pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in borrowed words. If the norm is still the pronunciation of a hard consonant, then the pronunciation of a soft consonant can be perceived as a manifestation of low human culture (cf.: chimpanzee e, copper ema el) at the same time, the pronunciation of a hard consonant in a word where the pronunciation of a soft consonant has already become the norm , can be perceived as a manifestation of philistinism, pseudo-intellectualism. This is how, for example, pronunciations like shi[ne]l, k[re]m, ko[fe], bru[ne]t, aka[de]miya, [te]ma are perceived.

Pronunciation of [e] and [o] under stress after soft consonants and sibilants

In Russian, in the position between a soft and a hard consonant under stress, “o” is usually pronounced (graphically “ё”): sister - sisters, wife - wives. However, in entire groups of words such alternation is not observed. These are many borrowed words ( bluff, scam etc.), words that came to us from Old Slavonic language. For example, nouns starting with -е are usually of Old Church Slavonic origin, and words with -е are of Russian origin, so the following parallels can be identified: being-being, life - life . There is no alternation in the position between two soft consonants, cf.: ice, But - black ice.

TEST YOURSELF:

1. Read the following words carefully, paying attention to their correct pronunciation and emphasis:

A) Whitish, faded, sparkle, voyager, millstone, gutter, gall, kiosk, maneuver, nonsense, wit, loan, receiver, polygamy, bucket, bucket, priest, kneeling, imprinted, fur, perch, hopeless, worthless, importer, retoucher , marker, taper, chronicler, stuntman, knowledgeable, starter, officer.

b) Obstetrician, guardianship, scam, existence, life, plump, snapdragon. grenadier, carabinieri, receiver, sharpness, sedentism, bent, bigamist, polygamist, bluff, expired term, pole, rod, hornet, spineless, fashion designer, dispensary, minuscule, croupier, porter, spearhead.

2. Mark the words in which [e] is pronounced after a soft consonant under stress.

Genesis, fable, eponymous, catechumen, stunned, grenadier, multi-temporal, connected, loaded, coarse-haired.

3. Divide the words below into two groups depending on whether the consonant is pronounced - hard or soft.

Ampere, anesthesia, antenna, beige, beefsteak, brunette, sandwich, dean, demon, depression, chapel, caravel, card index, cafe, cupcake, stranded, modern, museum, short story, Odessa, hotel, pastel, patent, pioneer, resonance, rail, sausage, superman, tavern, themed, plywood, music library, brown-haired, overcoat.

4. Highlight the words in which the consonant before E is pronounced firmly.

Antithesis, anapest, grotesque, aesthetics, effect, genetics, tennis, pool, phoneme, benefit.

The Russian language as a whole is characterized by the opposition of hard and soft consonants.

Wed: small And crumpled, WHO And carried, sir And gray, mouse And bear.

In many European languages ​​there is no such opposition. When borrowed, a word usually obeys the pronunciation norms of the Russian language. So, before e in Russian there is usually a soft consonant: chalk, no. Many borrowed words begin to be pronounced in the same way: meter, rebus. However, in other cases, the pronunciation of the hard consonant is preserved in the borrowed word: adept[adept], amber[ambre], although this is not reflected graphically. Usually, after a hard consonant in Russian, e is written, and after a soft consonant, e. In borrowed words, as a rule, it is written e. Consonants can be pronounced both softly and firmly.

When pronouncing a borrowed word, several parameters must be taken into account.

1. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually preserved by foreign surnames:

Shope[e]n, Volte[e]r.

2. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually preserved in bookish, little-used words that have recently entered the Russian language:

de[e]-facto, apart[e]id, re[e]iting.

As the word becomes established in the language, the pronunciation of a hard consonant can be replaced by the pronunciation of a soft consonant (in accordance with the spelling). So, now it is possible to pronounce a consonant in two ways:

de[e/e]gradate, de[e/e]valuation, de[e/e]duction, de[e/e]odorant, de[e/e]kan.

3. The type of consonant located before e plays a certain role.

Thus, in borrowed words with the combination de, the process of softening the consonant regularly occurs (in accordance with the spelling):

decoration, de[e]clamation, de[e]mobilization.

The process of softening the consonant is quite active in words with combinations not, re:

abre[e]k, aggression[e]ssion, aquar[e]el, bere[e]t, re[e]gent, re[e]ter, referee, brun[e]t, shine[ spruce.

On the contrary, the combination of those rather stably preserves firm pronunciation consonant: ate[e]lye, bijute[e]ria, bute[er]rbrod, de[e]te[e]active, te[e]rier.

4. A certain role is played by the source of borrowing and the place in the word of the combination with e.

Thus, those words that are borrowed from French with a final stressed syllable consistently retain the pronunciation of a hard consonant sound:

entre[e], meringue[e], corrugation[e], curé[e], paste[e]l.

5. IN book words, in which the letter e is preceded by a vowel rather than a consonant, the sound [j] is not pronounced.

Wed: in Russian words: ate, [j]ate; in borrowed words: die[e]ta, brown[e]s, proe[e]ct, proe[e]ctor, proe[e]ction, ree[e]str.

It is absolutely unacceptable to pronounce [j] in a word poet and its derivatives ( poetic, poetess).

note

The pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in borrowed words has social significance. If the norm is still the pronunciation of a hard consonant (for example, chimpanzee[e], gofre[e], computer[e]r, madem[dm]uaze[e]l), then the pronunciation of the soft consonant in such words ( chimpanzee[e], corrugation[e], computer[e]r, made[e]moise[e]el) can be perceived by listeners as a manifestation of the speaker’s low culture. At the same time, pronouncing a hard consonant where the pronunciation of a soft consonant has already become the norm can be perceived by listeners as a manifestation of philistinism, pretentiousness, and pseudo-intellectuality. So, for example, the pronunciation of hard consonants in words is perceived: academic[e]mik, bere[e]t, brunette[e]t, accounting[e]r, de[e]claration, de[e]magog, de[e]mokrat, coffee[e], te[e ]ma, te[er]rmome[e]tr, fane[e]ra, shine[e]l.

Difficulties arise in the pronunciation of a number of words due to the indistinguishability of letters in the printed text e And e , since only one is used to designate them graphic symbol – e . This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word and causes frequent pronunciation errors. There are two sets of words to remember:

1) with a letter e and the sound [" uh]: af e ra, be e , live e , Grenada e r, op e ka, os e long, idiot e native, foreigner e nny, w e non-hater;

2) with a letter e and the sound [" O]: hopeless e payment e capable, man e vry, white e syy, bl e cool, w e personal, w e lch (option - w e lie), alone e ny.

In some pairs of words different meaning accompanied by different sounds of the stressed vowel: ist e kshiy (term) – but: ist e kshiy (blood), screams like a loud voice e nal – but: decree, announced e in the morning, etc.

Some difficult cases of pronunciation of consonants

1. According to old Moscow standards, the spelling combination -chn- should always have been pronounced like [shn] in words: bakery, on purpose, cheap, fiddling, creamy, apple and under. Currently, the pronunciation has been preserved only in some words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party. The vast majority of other words are pronounced [chn], as they are written: toy, creamy, apple, flour, snack bar, glass etc.

Pronunciation [ shn] preserved today also in female patronymics, ending with -ichna: Nikitichna, Ilyinichna and so on..

According to old Moscow standards, the combination -wha- pronounced as [pcs] in the word What and in words derived from it: nothing, something etc.: currently this rule remains the same (except for the word something[Thu]). In all other words the spelling is - th- always pronounced as [thu]: mail, dream, mast.

2. In words man, defector on the spot zhch, in the form of the comparative degree of adverbs tougher, harsher(And more scathingly) in place stch, as well as in place of combinations zch And sch customer, sandstone, cost accounting etc. pronounced [ sch]: mu[sh]ina, pere[sch]ik, zhe[sh]e etc.

3. When several consonants accumulate in some words, one of them is not pronounced: student[s"n"]ik, weighty[s"n"]ik po[zn]o, pra[zn]ik, conscientious[s"l"]ivy, maximal[ss]ky and so on. .

4. Hard consonants before soft consonants can be softened:

a) necessarily softens n before soft ones h And With: face[n"z"]iya, pretension[n"z"]iya;

b) n before soft T And d softens: a["n"t"]ichny, ka[n"d"]idat.

Pronunciation of borrowed words

Many borrowed words have spelling features that need to be remembered.

1. In some words foreign language origin in place of the unstressed o the sound [o] is pronounced: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulator, veto, gross, net, advice, oasis, reputation. Pronunciation of words poetry, credo etc. with unstressed [o] optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain the unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, Sacramento and etc.

2. In some borrowed words, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite clearly: aegis, evolution, duelist and etc.

3. B oral speech Certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before the letter e in borrowed words: t[em]p or [t"e]mp? bass[se]yn or bass[s"e]yn? In some cases, a soft consonant is pronounced.

Soft Pronunciation:

In other cases, before e a hard consonant is pronounced.

Firm pronunciation:

4. Currently, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words:

6. In borrowed words with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before e: gene zis[g"ene], relay[rel"e]etc.

7. Solid [ w] is pronounced in words pair shu T[shu], bro shu ra[shu]. In a word jury pronounced soft hissing [ and"]. Names are pronounced just as softly Julien, Jules.

8. When pronouncing some words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear. Should be pronounced:

incident, Not incident;

precedent, Not precedent;

compromise, Not compromise;

competitive, Not competitive;

emergency, Not h[e]extraordinary;

institution, Not institution;

future, Not future;

thirsty Not thirsty

In oral speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before the letter e in borrowed words: t[em]p or [t"e]mp? bass[se]ine or bass[s"e]ein? In some cases, a soft consonant is pronounced.

In some borrowed words, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite clearly: aegis, evolution, duelist, etc.

Many borrowed words have spelling features that need to be remembered.

1. In some words of foreign origin, the sound [o] is pronounced in place of the unstressed o: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulator, veto, gross, net, advice note, oasis, reputation. Pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain the unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, Sacramento, etc.

Soft Pronunciation:

Firm pronunciation:

4. Currently, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words:

6. In borrowed words with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before e: gene zis [g"ene], relay [rel"e], etc.

7. Solid [ w] is pronounced in the words para shu t [shu], bro shu ra [shu]. The word jury has a soft hissing [ and"]. The names Julien and Jules are pronounced just as softly.

8. When pronouncing some words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear.

Should be pronounced:

incident, not incident;

precedent, not precedent;

compromise, not compromise;

competitive, not competitive;

extraordinary, not extraordinary;

institution, not institution;

future, not future;

thirsty, not thirsty