Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich - Medical practice in Russia: materials for the dissertation. Anton Chekhov - diary entries Chekhov's entries

Research work on literature on the topic:

“The image of a doctor in the works of A.P. Chekhov”

Completed by: Kudryashova K.K. Checked by: Shakirova G.M.

Study plan

Purpose of the study: determining the role of the medical profession in the life and work of A.P. Chekhov.

Research objectives:

1. Why A.P. Chekhov chose this profession.

2. How A.P. Chekhov belonged to the profession of a doctor.

3. Medicine and literature in the life of Chekhov.

Hypothesis: The depicted images of doctors in Chekhov's works are positive.

Object of study – the profession of a doctor in the life and work of A.P. Chekhov.

Subject of study - Chekhov's stories.

To carry out the research sequentially, I outlined the following stages:

I. Study of theoretical material, special and fiction literature;

II. A survey of representatives of the medical profession in order to determine the correctness of the choice they made;

III. 1. Questioning of representatives of medical activities (Appendix 1)

2. General survey of schoolchildren in grades 5-11 (Appendix 2)

Introduction

A word about the writer.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was not only a Russian writer, a generally recognized classic of world literature, but also an honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of belles-lettres (1900-1902), one of the most famous playwrights in the world, as well as a doctor.

Over 25 years of creativity, Chekhov created about 900 different works (short humorous stories, serious stories, plays), many of which became classics of world literature. Natural scientific thinking and literary talent were organically combined in the writer, which allowed him to better understand human psychology and correctly depict the spiritual world of his heroes.

“I didn’t have a childhood as a child.” The writer's childhood and youth.

The father is a merchant in a shop, but a great lover of music, drawing, and a church choir director. When, after the death of his father, the family leaves for Moscow, Anton is left alone in Taganrog. About these years, A.P. Chekhov wrote to Suvorin: “Write a story about how a young man, the son of a serf, a former shopkeeper, a choirboy, a high school student and a student, brought up on honoring rank, kissing the priest’s hands, worshiping other people’s thoughts, thanked for every a piece of bread, cut many times, went to class without galoshes, fought, tormented animals, loved to dine with rich relatives, was a hypocrite to God and people without any need - only from the consciousness of his insignificance, write down how this young man squeezes out drop by drop of himself as a slave and how he, waking up one fine morning, feels that it is no longer slave blood that flows in his veins, but real human blood.”

Medicine in the life of A.P. Chekhov
Chekhov the student

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University in 1879. Chekhov's student years were full of studies and work in clinics under the guidance of outstanding scientists. Chekhov received excellent marks from Bogdanov, Snegirev and Sklifosovsky. The scientific work “The History of Sexual Authority”, conceived by the future doctor during his student years, bears traces of his passion for Darwin, whose propagandist was Professor Timiryazev. Outlining to his brother a detailed plan for his proposed research work, Chekhov wrote that he wanted to use Darwin’s techniques, which he “liked terribly.” The future doctor expressed his solidarity with Timiryazev in the feuilleton “Magicians,” directed against the profanation of science, against sloppiness in the methods of scientific research. In his final year, Chekhov the student developed the topic “Medical practice in Russia,” where, collecting materials, he discovered scientific thoroughness and accuracy, systematization skills, the ability to find a guiding goal.

Thus, the writer’s stay at the medical faculty of Moscow University is not just a biographical detail, but a very significant stage in the development of Chekhov’s worldview and moral character - a doctor, a writer, and finally, a person to whom the words of Pierre Cruy, a French scientist, probably fully correspond. bacteriologist of the 20th century: “Medicine is love, otherwise it is worth nothing.”

In 1884 A.P. Chekhov graduated from the medical faculty of Moscow University, deciding to devote himself to the art of medicine.

Medical activity of A.P. Chekhov

Anton Pavlovich began his practical medical activity in the Chikinsky zemstvo hospital, which he knew; for some time he was in charge of the Zvenigorod hospital, replacing the hospital’s doctor, S.P. Uspensky, who had gone on vacation. From Zvenigorod he wrote to N.A. Leikin that, by the will of fate, he was reclaiming the position of zemstvo doctor. Half the day is busy with receiving patients (30-40 people a day), the rest of the time he rests. However, Chekhov did not have to rest much, since he not only received patients in the zemstvo hospital, but also served as a district doctor, traveled with the forensic investigator to perform autopsies, carried out orders from the local administration, and acted as an expert in court.

During his medical career in Voskresensk and Zvenigorod, and then in Babkino, Anton Pavlovich closely observed the life of the local population - peasants, district intelligentsia, landowners. In the midst of this life, the writer drew plots for the stories “The Fugitive”, “Surgery”, “Dead Body”, “Siren”, “Daughter of Albion”, “Burbot”, “The Witch”, etc.

The Babkinsky period is a happy time in the writer’s life. For three years in a row (1885-1887) he lived here with his family in the summer months. Patients with a variety of diseases came to Chekhov, which was generally typical for the work of a zemstvo doctor. This is how Chekhov spent three years in Babkino.

Summer 1888 and 1889 he spends it on the Lintvarevs’ estate near the city of Sumy, Kharkov province. Chekhov goes there to rest, but firmly intends to engage in medical practice. In Luki at the Lintvarevs, as in Babkin, Chekhov devoted several hours every day to medical work.

In 1890, Chekhov travels to Sakhalin Island. In this trip and in his work on the island, the best traits of Chekhov as a writer, doctor, and citizen were reflected. Having settled in his estate in Melikhovo in 1892, Chekhov established regular reception of patients.

He is a doctor who treated up to 1000 patients during 1892, he is also an organizer of the fight against the epidemic, and an active participant in the county sanitary council, and, according to Kurkin, he did not miss a single meeting. Chekhov's close acquaintance with zemstvo doctors enabled Chekhov the writer to reflect their life in a number of remarkable works - in the stories “Enemies”, “Trouble”, “Princess”, in the play “Uncle Vanya”, etc.

In his works (“Name Day”, “Seizure” and others) he strived for a combination of life truth and scientific data. “I have no doubt,” Dr. Chekhov wrote in his autobiography, “that my studies in medical sciences... significantly expanded the field of observation and enriched me with knowledge.” Such literary works as “The Fugitive” and “The Dead Body” owe their appearance to the life experience and observations of Chekhov the student. ”, “Rural Aesculapians”, “Surgery”, “Trouble”, “On Duty” and others.

Having moved to Yalta due to illness (the writer was already seriously ill with tuberculosis), Anton Pavlovich left medical practice, but continued to be actively interested in the achievements of medicine and read special magazines. Medicine has now firmly entered into the artistic work of Dr. Chekhov, giving the prose of the wonderful short story writer objectivity and accuracy, a scientifically reliable depiction of various shades of the heroes’ state of mind: a good or depressed mood, a feeling of anxiety and fear, joy and pleasure...

Thus, both in life and in his work, Chekhov always remained a doctor.

I decided to choose the topic of this research work, since a doctor is one of the oldest and noblest professions on Earth.

Medical worker in the works of A.P. Chekhov

The analysis of individual stories is presented in the table.

Work

Hero

Profession

His attitude towards work; patients

Attitude towards him

"Case from practice"

Korolev

Resident

Seeing an ugly girl sobbing, the doctor is imbued with sympathy for this sufferer, whom her mother, sparing no expense, treats all her life; wealth did not give these people happiness, joy and health. Moreover, they are separated and lonely.

Lisa saw many doctors, but it was him who she gained confidence in.

"Jumping"

Dymov

Serves in two hospitals: as a resident in one, as a dissector in the other

A simple doctor, above the world of vulgarity. You can respect a person for his ascetic work and high moral strength.

“Served science and died from science”

“What a loss for science... If we compare all of us with him, he was a great, extraordinary man! What talents! what hopes he gave to all of us!.. He was such a scientist as you won’t find today.”

"Ionych"

Startsev Dmitry Ionych

Zemsky doctor

He is a good doctor, otherwise he would not be so popular. “He hurriedly received patients in his home in Dyalizh, then left to visit the city’s patients.”

“He has a huge practice in the city, he has no time to breathe.”

"... But still he does not give up his zemstvo position; greed has overcome."

Remains a professional, but the doctor must combine professionalism and humanism.

At first, Startsev’s degradation evokes pity and sympathy, then disgust. It is very difficult to answer unequivocally why Ionych deteriorated. Of course, he himself is to blame for something, Ekaterina Ivanovna is to blame for something, but the largest share of the blame falls on the society surrounding Startsev.

“Step wider, maestro!”

Solodovnikov

Country hospital doctor

Talking about a tractor driver who has an ulcer. Solodovnikov, forgetting that he himself had sent him to the area, decided to operate. Girl with meniscus. They postponed the operation again, “I easily agreed.”

BUT: in his dreams he is at the pinnacle of fame. "...Work, work, work. Exhausting. Joyful. Brave. Ascetic. Love of the population. Respect." "You have to live big." Conclusion: Solodovnikov is not shown as a doctor

Solodovnikov is changing so quickly that he will soon work not for himself, but for the sake of other people. Accordingly, their attitude towards him is positive.

"Ward №6"

Ragin

Zemsky doctor

His manners are soft and insinuating. He is an intelligent and honest person, but he does not have the will and faith in his right to change his life for the better. At first he worked very hard, but soon he got bored and realized that in such conditions it was pointless to treat patients. “And why bother stopping people from dying if death is the normal and legitimate end of everyone?” Because of these considerations, Ragin abandoned his work and began to go to the hospital not every day.

The doctor is treated like a madman because of his communication with the resident of ward No. 6 Gromov. In the end, he is cunningly placed in this ward, and he dies of hopelessness. Only Mikhail Averyanych and Daryushka, his former servant, were at the funeral.

"Gooseberry"

Ivan Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan

Veterinarian

Nothing is said about his medical activities.

“...not only Burkin and Alekhine listened to him, but also old and young ladies and military men, who looked calmly and sternly from their golden frames...”

"Surgery"

Kuryatin

Paramedic

In the story, Chekhov ridicules the “woeful doctor” who covers up his inability and ignorance with self-praise and idle talk “.. Nonsense...” - the paramedic is modest, going to the cabinet and rummaging through the instruments. - Surgery is nothing. It’s all about habit, firmness of hand... It’s a piece of cake...” But in fact, the paramedic, having caused terrible torture to the sexton, was unable to pull out the tooth.

At first, the sexton is imbued with the paramedic’s speeches and looks at him with reverence. But after the paramedic tries to pull out his tooth, the sexton’s respect gives way to contempt and hatred.

"Darling"

Smirnin

Regimental veterinarian

The image of Smirnin is not depicted so vividly.

“...the veterinary business in the city is very bad...” (conversation between Olenka and Smirnin).

At first Olenka (Darling) takes pity on him, then she loves him, becoming an “echo” and “shadow” of her lover, then the end of the situation comes.

"Mirror"

Stepan Lukic

County doctor

Nellie's pleas for help for her dying husband go unheard. Nellie takes the doctor by force to her husband.

Nellie scolds the doctor, calls him selfish, and says that she will sue him.

Thus, the doctors in the stories of A.P. Chekhov are workers who are faithful to the Hippocratic Oath, selflessly struggling with human illnesses, suffering, and people who treat the medical profession negligently.

What kind of doctor is like in our time, what is valued in medical practice, we found out by conducting a survey among medical workers in the Atnyash NVA. The survey was conducted using questions (see Appendix 1).

A survey conducted among students in grades 5-11 gave the following results (see Appendix 2).

Conclusion: the supposed hypothesis was not confirmed - not all the doctors in Chekhov’s stories that I reviewed are positive characters. It is very pleasing that now medical workers take their work seriously, with love (based on a survey of medical workers in the Atnyash NVA) and at least this many children (25%) want to be doctors (based on a survey of students).

Chekhov wrote: “My studies in medical sciences had a serious influence on my literary activity.” He did not regret his choice of profession, but during his studies at the university he published more than two hundred different materials. But, creating his funny stories, conceiving monumental works, for example, “The History of Sexual Authority” (about the interaction of the sexes at all stages of development) and “Medical practice in Russia,” Chekhov chooses the profession of a doctor and... a writer. He remained in Russian culture - a doctor-writer and a writer-doctor. Without hesitation, he hurried to a child sick with diphtheria, “caught cholera on his tail,” and received men, often without taking anything. And he wrote his stories, which brought him fame as a true writer. And all this despite his serious illness. Chekhov is devoted to medicine, so the doctor “peeks out” from many of his stories.

Bibliography:

Geyser I. M. Chekhov and medicine / I. M. Geyser. – M.: Medgiz, 1954. – 140 p.

Chekhov, A. P. Ionych // Stories / A. P. Chekhov. – M.: Khudozh. lit., 1963

Chekhov, A. P. Chamber No. 6 // Collection. op. in 12 volumes / A.P. Chekhov. – M.: State Publishing House of Fiction, 1956. – T. 7.

Chekhov A. P. Full collection op. and letters: In 30 volumes. Works: In 18 volumes. M., 1974-1982.

2) What is your profession for you?

(the unanimous answer is “to everyone - a source of life and pleasure”)

3) Have you ever regretted your chosen profession?

(unanimous answer - “no”)

4) How many years have you devoted to your profession?

(average 28 years)

5) What qualities do you think a doctor should have?

(the majority of respondents answered “kindness, compassion, determination, desire to help people”)

6) How do your friends close to what you chose feel?

profession of a medical worker?

(8 out of 8 – “positive, proud, respected”)

7) Do you think the doctor’s attitude towards patients has changed over time? If yes, how did this manifest itself?

(8 out of 8 – “no”)

8) Do you think the attitude of patients towards doctors has changed over time? If yes, how did this manifest itself?

(5 out of 8 believe that the attitude has changed, i.e. they have become more understanding)

9) If you were offered to change your profession to another, would you agree?

(8 out of 8 – “no”).

Appendix 2.

To narrow down the search results, you can refine your query by specifying the fields to search for. The list of fields is presented above. For example:

You can search in several fields at the same time:

Logical operators

The default operator is AND.
Operator AND means that the document must match all elements in the group:

research development

Operator OR means that the document must match one of the values ​​in the group:

study OR development

Operator NOT excludes documents containing this element:

study NOT development

Search type

When writing a query, you can specify the method in which the phrase will be searched. Four methods are supported: search taking into account morphology, without morphology, prefix search, phrase search.
By default, the search is performed taking into account morphology.
To search without morphology, just put a “dollar” sign in front of the words in the phrase:

$ study $ development

To search for a prefix, you need to put an asterisk after the query:

study *

To search for a phrase, you need to enclose the query in double quotes:

" research and development "

Search by synonyms

To include synonyms of a word in the search results, you need to put a hash " # " before a word or before an expression in parentheses.
When applied to one word, up to three synonyms will be found for it.
When applied to a parenthetical expression, a synonym will be added to each word if one is found.
Not compatible with morphology-free search, prefix search, or phrase search.

# study

Grouping

In order to group search phrases you need to use brackets. This allows you to control the Boolean logic of the request.
For example, you need to make a request: find documents whose author is Ivanov or Petrov, and the title contains the words research or development:

Approximate word search

For an approximate search you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of a word from a phrase. For example:

bromine ~

When searching, words such as "bromine", "rum", "industrial", etc. will be found.
You can additionally specify the maximum number of possible edits: 0, 1 or 2. For example:

bromine ~1

By default, 2 edits are allowed.

Proximity criterion

To search by proximity criterion, you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of the phrase. For example, to find documents with the words research and development within 2 words, use the following query:

" research development "~2

Relevance of expressions

To change the relevance of individual expressions in the search, use the " sign ^ " at the end of the expression, followed by the level of relevance of this expression in relation to the others.
The higher the level, the more relevant the expression is.
For example, in this expression, the word “research” is four times more relevant than the word “development”:

study ^4 development

By default, the level is 1. Valid values ​​are a positive real number.

Search within an interval

To indicate the interval in which the value of a field should be located, you should indicate the boundary values ​​in parentheses, separated by the operator TO.
Lexicographic sorting will be performed.

Such a query will return results with an author starting from Ivanov and ending with Petrov, but Ivanov and Petrov will not be included in the result.
To include a value in a range, use square brackets. To exclude a value, use curly braces.

Task 19

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Lucy was gently persistent (1) and (2) although it was difficult to remember everything (3) gradually the old woman told (4) how it was.

Task 20

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, excluding unnecessary word. Write this word down.

Often works of art are autobiographical. It is known that, while creating the story “Escape to America,” Alexander Green was writing his autobiography.

Task 21

1) In developed Western countries, one desire is enough to get an education.

2) Only graduates of public schools are carriers of high culture, people of high moral standards.

3) In the negative, in evil, people are more creative than in the positive.

4) The level of requirements for oneself must be maintained through spiritual growth, ignoring, for example, the manner of dressing.

5) We are obliged to reconsider our attitude towards each other and towards ourselves, not only internally, but also externally.

(1) Recently, a discussion has unfolded in the media about what kind of education society needs. (2) Some argued that education should be subordinated to pragmatic goals, because it requires huge material costs. (3) Others (including the author of this article) insisted that education is always socially profitable and the more educated people in a society, the higher its intellectual and cultural potential.

(4) In developed Western countries, education is available to everyone if they have the appropriate desire, means and effort. (5) However, freedom in receiving education also has another side. (6) This applies to both schools and higher education institutions. (7) Statistics show that graduates of not only state, but also private schools are not always carriers of high culture, people of high moral standards.

(8) It is generally accepted that a person with a university diploma personifies not only professionalism, but also a high level of culture. (9) But what level of culture can be personified by a university graduate who, when asked by a professor about the role of language in her life, answered: “To say something like that to young people at a party”?..

(10) The same can be said about other means of influencing the consciousness and behavior of people, especially young people. (11) I mean the media, literature, television, cinema.

(12) Let me make a small digression by turning to Russian classics. (13) Leo Tolstoy is a writer whom I have been reading, one might say, all my life, without interruption. (14) But something makes me re-read again and again, rethinking anew what the novel begins with: “All happy families are alike, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” (15) And in this phrase, which became an aphorism and stored in my memory from a young age, a generalization appeared to me that is extremely relevant today. (16) Indeed, why are all happy families similar to each other, and unhappy ones are each unhappy in their own way? (17) Yes, because we have organized our lives in such a way that in the negative, in evil, we are more creative than in the positive. (18) And we turn so-called happiness into routine, and in the name of evil we “creatively” succeed. (19) And therefore evil becomes more attractive. (20) And maybe that’s why we stand in lines to watch another film about the sophistication of all sorts of monsters, vampires, gangsters, looking at cruelty without mental shock.

(21) And all this obliges us to look at ourselves, to rethink our way of life, our relationship with each other and with ourselves, not only internally, but also externally. (22) And then, I think, we will understand that we need to remember those times when we did not allow ourselves to walk at home the way we now go out, when instead of an elegant suit we put on T-shirts, when instead of beautiful shoes we were wearing flip flops. (23) And already on the street, at a party, in a restaurant, even in a theater, at a concert, you rarely see elegantly dressed people. (24) And if before they always strived to be no worse than others in clothes, now everyone is afraid of being more elegant than others. (25) And we don’t think that this also lowers the bar of our culture, requirements for ourselves, self-respect and respect for others. (26) I think I won’t be mistaken if I say that with an elegantly dressed, smart girl we talk differently and behave differently. (27) And profanity goes better with a T-shirt and flip-flops than with an elegant blouse and shoes.

(28) The criterion for the quality of each person and society can be the aphorism of the great classic A. Chekhov, who argued: “Everything in a person should be beautiful: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts.” (29) So let's save the beautiful - the beauty of our faces, clothes, souls, thoughts.

(According to L.G. Sailor*)

* Larisa Grigorievna Sailor- lawyer by profession, Doctor of Philosophy,

writer, literary critic.

Task 22

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 4−7 present the reasoning.

2) Sentences 1−3 list sequential events.

3) Sentences 15−19 explain the content of sentence 14.

4) Sentences 28−29 present the reasoning.

5) Sentences 1-3 provide a description.

Task 23

What word is used figuratively in the text?

Write this word down.

turned around (sentence 1)

aphorism (sentence 15)

you will meet (sentence 23)

blouse (sentence 27)

Task 24

Among sentences 4−9, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using lexical repetition. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

Task 25

Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“To emphasize the ambiguity and topicality of the problem being raised, its versatility, L. G. Matros uses the technique - (A)_____ (sentences 2-3), as well as the syntactic device - (B)_____ (sentences 4, 6). A technique such as (B)_____ (sentences 16-20) creates the impression of a confidential conversation, which enhances another technique - (D)_____ (“because” in sentences 19, 20).”

List of terms:

1) opposition

2) parcellation

3) question-and-answer form of presentation

4) professional vocabulary

5) epithets

6) lexical repetition

7) interrogative sentence

8) comparison

9) series of homogeneous members of a sentence

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G

Chekhov A.P. <Дневниковые записи>: <Записи Чехова в дневнике П. Е. Чехова> // Chekhov A.P. Complete works and letters: In 30 volumes. Works: In 18 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of World Lit. them. A. M. Gorky. - M.: Science, 1974-1982.

T. 17. Notebooks. Records on separate sheets. Diaries. - M.: Science, 1980 . - pp. 230-232.

<ЗАПИСИ ЧЕХОВА
IN THE DIARY OF P. E. CHEKHOV>

March 15 16. The ram is jumping. Maryushka is happy.

17. P. G. Chekhov went to Moscow. During the day +2. They brought oats.

18. -1. Snowing. Thank God, everyone left and only two remained: me and Mme Chekhov.

19. -5. Masha and Mizinova arrived. Clear day.

20. -5. Clear day. The greenhouses are ready. Mom dreamed of a goat on a potty.

21. +5. Semashko arrived. They ate fried udder.

22. +6. Semashko left.

23. +3. Mom dreamed of a goose in a kamilavka. This is good. Masha is sick with her stomach. They slaughtered a pig.

October 8th. Clear morning; We went hunting with the dachshunds, but we didn’t find the badger in the hole. The Semenkovichs arrived in the evening and, frightened by the fire, left.

9th. Mainly cloudy. P +5. Covered asparagus with manure. M.R. Semashko and Masha left for Moscow. Levitan has arrived. There is a fire in [Leshin] Okshena in the evening.

10th. Ut -3; the garden and field are white with frost. The flowers are frozen. Clear day. P +15. Tulips were planted. They were plowing in the garden [Lev<итан?>]

11. Cloudy. P +6. Levitan left.

12. U +5. There was no frost at night. They carry firewood from the forest. Warm and clear all day. Covered the roses with straw.

13. At night and in the morning it was +8. Mainly cloudy. P +11.

April 8. Sent to the insurance savings bank: for 5 cows and a bull 6 rubles and for 5 heifers 2 rubles 50 kopecks, a total of 8 rubles. 50 k.

May 10. Yesterday the chicks hatched in the birdhouses; the starlings stopped singing. Tulips are blooming. Noon +25. Misha arrived with his wife. Rain in the evening.

11. The morning is cloudy. Noon too, +15. They sow clover. Vanya arrived with his family.

12. Trinity Day. There was heavy rain at night. It's raining in the morning. The weather is depressing. +10. Noon +17. Misha and his wife prepared morels for dinner. After lunch there was heavy rain and thunderstorm.

13. The morning is clear, at 8 o’clock in the morning +20. North-East wind. P +27. Warm, nice day. Flowers were planted in the beds. Quiet in the evening, dewy. Moon.

14. Quiet, cloudless morning, +16 in the shade. P +29. The teacher had lunch. Ringing. Mr. Varenikov had been shooting all day.

15. The morning is quiet, cloudy, raining, +12. Peppers, tomatoes and eggplants were replanted. Cucumbers were sown. P +26, sunny. P. E. Chekhov arrived from Moscow.

August 20. The weather is wonderful in the morning. Afternoon cloudy, light rain. Warm. N. M. Lintvareva and T. L. Shchepkina-Kupernik left.

21st. Warm rain in the morning. P +30°, sunny. In the evening it is cloudy. Moon.

22. Cloudy in the morning, clear at noon. M. O. Menshikov arrived. Doctors Witte and Sosnin came. Meeting at Mr. Varenykov.

23. Morning +8, M +9. It's been raining since morning. We went to Ugryumovo to buy bricks for the school.

24. Morning +3, after a cold night. Wind. Sunny. M. O. Menshikov left.

25. Morning +5, cloudy; sunny during the day. Roman left to bury his wife Olympias.

26. At 6 o’clock in the morning +3, cold, the grass was covered with dew and had a whitish appearance; By noon it got warmer, +14,

it became sunny, calm, clear weather, crucian carp were walking in clouds in the pond. There are almost no mushrooms. I.P. Chekhov arrived.

27. Clear, warm weather; In the morning it’s +3, but in P it’s +24, it’s hot in the sun. They brought the image of Savva of Zvenigorod. The priest came. Vinogradov, drank tea and had lunch. Masha left for Moscow. N.M. Ezhov came. At 4 o'clock the weather changed and it began to rain.

28. At +7, cloudy, cold. P +7. Gray, boring weather. I.P. Chekhov left at 6 p.m. to Moscow. The Melikhovo teacher and V.N. Ladyzhensky arrived.

29. U +5. It's raining, it's cold, it's dirty near the taverns. (They consecrated the Melikhovo school) Prayer service at the Melikhovo school. The priest dined with us. The stoves were heated in the house. P +8. [In the evening]. There was a literary evening: Ladyzhensky read his poems in the presence of summer residents.

30. U +4. Damp, chilly weather, rain. P +8. Another literary evening.

31. U +7. It is clear, but the sun often hides behind the clouds. P +17. V.N. Ladyzhensky left.

September

September 1st. U +4. Beautiful warm day. P +26. The priest dined. Vinogradov. It's the start of school. Soldier Alexander Kretov went back to Moscow. We started harvesting vegetables in the garden. Heavy rain at night.

2nd. U +11. Rain. Champignons appeared.

Notes

DIARY ENTRIES

<ЗАПИСИ ЧЕХОВА В ДНЕВНИКЕ П. Е. ЧЕХОВА>

Printed by autograph ( TsGALI).

Chekhov's entries in his father's diary were first published by Yu. Sobolev in 1930 - Chekhov and his environment. They are also accompanied by the notes of P. E. Chekhov, which contain the name of Chekhov. These direct references, of course, do not exhaust the significance of the daily chronicle of events in Melikhovo for the biography of Chekhov. The “calendar of nature” and agricultural work, the arrivals and departures of relatives and guests - all these are marks that significantly clarify the chronological outline of Chekhov’s life, clarify the dating of his letters, etc.

A comparison of the notes of father and son reveals Chekhov's techniques of stylization. Chekhov made separate notes in the absence of his father, maintaining or only slightly exaggerating his manner, turns of speech, resorting to the designations characteristic of Pavel Yegorovich: P (noon); U (morning). But most of all, Chekhov’s imitation of his father’s chronicle techniques was reflected in the selection of facts, in the conscientious sequential recording of events, in the combination of facts of different kinds and series. Chekhov's stylization techniques are clearly revealed when compared with the notes of Pavel Yegorovich. Here are some of them (preserving the original spelling):

"28. It is snowing. 5°+ Antosha has arrived.

29. Same thing. There were Potapenko and Mezinova.

30. Sunday. Mass was celebrated in Vaskino. The red cow calved a daughter.

31. The guests left on 2 sleighs. The puppies were taken to Moscow" (January 1894).

"28. I left Moscow at 3 p.m. We met Masha and Misha in Lapasna. The road is bad. We rode in a troika with Roman and arrived in Melikhovo. at 10 ¼ o'clock. with Misha. They scolded the Zemstvo.

29. The pond went over the edge, it was flooded up to the terrace, the water was strong. Cranes are flying north" (March 1894).

“Easter 17. Matins and Mass ended late at 4 o’clock. The weather was calm and warm. The men were given vodka. The Prince and Princess were with us and had dinner.

18. Radishes are in abundance. In Sokolniki I stood at mass. No rain 30 gr. in the sun. Women came and gave 1 ruble. The bird flew into the room. The cucumbers have bloomed" (April 1894).

The diary was started by P. E. Chekhov in anticipation of the purchase of the estate, in 1892, and this fact was noted by him: “The estate was purchased by Anton under S. Melikhov. On March 1st, our whole family moved from Moscow to the village to live.” Pavel Yegorovich's diary ended with his death (October 12, 1898). On October 14, 1898, Chekhov wrote to his sister from Yalta: “It seems to me that after my father’s death life in Melikhovo will no longer be the same, as if with his diary the course of Melikhovo’s life stopped.”

Damp, chilly weather ... - The word “dank” is also found in Chekhov’s notebooks (see I, 72, 6 and IV, 4, 1). It is recorded in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V. Dahl; was used by Chekhov's contemporaries - for example, in A. Palm's novel “The Petersburg Locust” (see “New Time”, 1883, No. 2640, July 6).

Unified State Exam 2018

1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The basis of natural selection is hereditary variability, and the selecting factor is human activity.

2) In the process of natural selection, those animals that are more adapted to specific living conditions survive and leave full-fledged offspring.

3) Animals that are better adapted to specific living conditions are more likely to survive as a result of natural selection and leave behind full-fledged offspring.

4) In the process of the ongoing struggle for existence, traits useful for humans gradually accumulate in the offspring of animals from generation to generation.

5) Due to the incessant struggle for existence, only those animals whose hereditary characteristics are useful for humans survive and leave offspring

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

On the other side,

Against,

Despite this,

3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word REPRESENTATIVE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

REPRESENTATIVE, -i, m.

1) A person who acts on someone's behalf. on behalf of, expresses someone's. interests, views. P. plant. Plenipotentiary

2) A typical example of one or another category of animals, plants, etc. This flower is part of the northern flora.

3) Expressor of someone. interests, opinions, views, etc. P. needs of the people. To be someone's representative. interests.

4) A person who represents some kind of person. rank, group of people or some kind. area of ​​activity. The best representatives of the officers.

4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

profited

Boyhood

5. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

At the moment, smartphones are in development, and their design may CAN undergo changes.

The pain turned out to be UNTObearable, and a doctor approached the athlete right on the football field.

The INFORMATION portal of the All-Russian School Olympiad is very popular among high school students.

They stood silently at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, looking at the flames of the ETERNAL flame rushing in the wind.

The WARRANTY card must indicate the date of sale, name of the product, and its serial number.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

experienced TRAINERS

on BOTH sides

sounds no less LOUD

GO FORWARD

no SHOES

7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS		OFFERS
A) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial phrase B) a violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial phrase C) a violation of the temporal correlation of verb forms D) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition E) a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application		1) The new aesthetics that emerged in the work of Russian avant-garde artists radically changed the previous “Greco-Roman” ideas about the artistic value of art. 2) People who read Russian fairy tales and epics in childhood were breathtaking from heroic deeds. 3) Having higher reliability, portable receivers consume much less energy. 4) When, after graduating from school, my friend entered the factory, he acquired the qualifications of a turner in a short time. 5) According to I.N. Kramskoy, despite the fact that many landscape painters depict trees, water and even air in their paintings, there is a soul only in the painting “The Rooks” by A.K. Savrasova. 6) Most of the young scientist’s works are devoted to problems of theoretical physics. 7) The inner strength and courage of a person are glorified in the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". 8) Subsequently, he could not even explain to himself what made him rush across the horses. 9) Using the letter “ъ” at the end of words, in the 19th century it was only a tribute to tradition

A	B	IN	G	D

8. Identify the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

look...see

mountainous (terrain)

grow up

comp..nent

9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

soulless and... frightening

up..up, announcement

about..heated, ..threw

picked...picked, n..ruled

about..tear, on..top

10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

shirt...

skinny

nickel..vy

shameless

11. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank.

worried..worried

fall out..shit

moving..my

fighting

spread out...sew

12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

The son’s (IN)AUDIBLE answer aroused suspicion, and the father was forced to ask a few more questions.

Vasilisa returned home, (NOT) HAVING done the most important thing: she did not learn anything about Andrei’s fate.

Former students, in shabby overcoats, with still (NOT) HEALED wounds, returned to their families.

In I. S. Turgenev’s story “The Unhappy,” the hero talks about the impression that a sonata made on him, which he had (NOT) HEARD before.

(UN)AWARE of their purpose, the heroes of A.P. Chekhov’s plays often live their lives meaninglessly.

13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

(BY) how concentratedly silent L.N. Tolstoy was, his loved ones could guess (HOW) HOW hard his brain was working now.

(C) SUBSEQUENTLY, scientists found that magnesium plays an important role in regulating potassium levels in the body, and ALSO regulates the functioning of the adrenal glands.

From the first pages, I experienced a strange feeling: AS WELL as if from a dark world I (THAT) HOUR was transported to another world - sunny and bright.

(B)SUBSEQUENTLY, researchers have repeatedly said that the apotheosis of Russian glory is the painting “Bogatyrs”, in which V. M. Vasnetsov expressed his romantic and at the same time deeply civil understanding of Russia.

The physical properties of interstellar gas significantly depend on whether it is located in comparative proximity to hot stars or, on the contrary, sufficiently distant from them.

14. Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.

Already in V. Serov’s first landscape, almost all the features characteristic (2) of him as a landscape painter were manifested: sharpness of vision, deepest insight into the essence of what is depicted, sophistication and precision of color.

15. Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The captivating beauty of Russian landscapes is amazing and remains in the memory for a long time.

2) Among the most ancient images on the walls of Paleolithic caves are human handprints and incomprehensible patterns with random interweaving of wavy lines.

3) Descartes built the logic of knowledge from the simplest and obvious to the complex and incomprehensible.

4) Artistic speech is characterized by both imagery and emotionality.

5) The poet sees either the diamond shine of a birch tree, or the velvet shine of arable land, or the amber shine of candles.

16. Place all punctuation marks:

Returning the original beauty and splendor of (1) the Shuvalov Palace in St. Petersburg (2), the restorers coordinated the stages of their work with specialists (3) who were preparing the opening in its halls of the Carl Faberge Museum (4), famous for the creation of unique jewelry.

17. Place all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

18. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Chekhov's notes for the study “Medical Practice in Russia” (1), work on which (2) began in 1884 (3) were published only after the death of the writer.

19. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Foggy masses rose across the night sky (1) and (2) when the last starlight was absorbed (3) the blind wind, covering its face with its sleeves, swept low along the empty street (4) and then flew up to the roofs of houses.

20. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, excluding unnecessary word. Write this word down.

There was not a single flashy color in this landscape, not a single sharp feature in the relief, but its meager lakes, filled with dark and calm water, seemed to express the main essence of water more than all the seas and oceans.

21. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Lisa’s mother, Anna Sergeevna, who laughed at Paul, was horrified when her daughter called Paul her fiancé.

2) The last words of Paul Sepp, who died in battle, were addressed to his beloved girlfriend Lisa: “Farewell, dear.”

3) Seeing off sixteen people called up for war, the residents of the Estonian village of Orgo cried and behaved as if at a funeral ceremony.

4) Bubenchikov and Kozovalov were filled with pride that they would have to defend their Motherland, adding to the number of recruits.

5) Lisa was determined to go with Paul, who was going to serve, in order to become a sister of mercy and marry him at the first opportunity.

(1) In the evening they met again at the Starkins’. (2) They only talked about the war. (3) Someone started a rumor that the call for recruits this year will be earlier than usual, by the eighteenth of August, and that deferments for students will be cancelled. (4) Therefore, Bubenchikov and Kozovalov were oppressed: if this is true, then they will have to serve military service not in two years, but now.

(5) The young people did not want to fight: Bubenchikov loved his young and, it seemed to him, valuable and wonderful life too much, and Kozovalov did not like anything around him to become too serious.

(6) Kozovalov said sadly:

I'll go to Africa. (7) There will be no war there.

“(8) And I’m going to France,” said Bubenchikov, “and I will become a French citizen.”

(9) Lisa flushed with annoyance. (10) She screamed:

And don't be ashamed! (11) You must protect us, but you think for yourself where to hide. (12) And you think that in France you will not be forced to fight?

(13) Sixteen reserves were called from Orgo. (14) The Estonian caring for Liza, Paul Sepp, was also called up. (15) When Lisa found out about this, she suddenly felt somehow awkward, almost ashamed that she was laughing at him. (16) She remembered his clear, childishly pure eyes. (17) She suddenly clearly imagined a distant battlefield - and he, big, strong, would fall, struck by an enemy bullet. (18) Careful, compassionate tenderness for this departing one rose in her soul. (19) With fearful surprise she thought: “He loves me. (20) And me, what am I? (21) She jumped like a monkey and laughed. (22) He will go to fight. (23) Maybe he will die. (24) And when it’s hard for him, who will he remember, to whom will he whisper: “Goodbye, dear”? (25) He will remember the Russian young lady, alien, distant.”

(26) Those called were seen off solemnly. (27) The whole village gathered. (28) They made speeches. (29) A local amateur orchestra was playing. (30) And almost all the summer residents came. (31) The summer residents have dressed up.

(32) Paul walked ahead and sang. (33) His eyes sparkled, his face seemed sunny-bright - he held his hat in his hand - and a light breeze blew his light curls. (34) His usual baggy appearance disappeared, and he seemed very handsome. (35) This is how the Vikings and Ushkuiniki once went on campaigns. (36) He sang. (37) The Estonians enthusiastically repeated the words of the folk song.

(38) We reached the forest outside the village. (39) Summer residents began to return. (40) The conscripts began to get into the carriages. (41) Clouds were rolling in. (42) The sky was frowning. (43) Gray whirlwinds curled and ran along the road, beckoning and teasing someone.

(44) Lisa stopped Sepp:

Listen, Paul, come to me for a minute.

(45) Paul moved to a side path. (46) He walked next to Lisa. (47) His gait was decisive and firm, and his eyes boldly looked forward. (48) It seemed that the solemn sounds of warlike music beat rhythmically in his soul. (49) Lisa looked at him with loving eyes. (50) He said:

Don't be afraid of anything, Lisa. (51) While we are alive, we will not let the Germans go far. (52) And whoever enters Russia will not be happy at our reception. (53) The more of them enter, the fewer of them will return to Germany.

(54) Suddenly Lisa blushed very red and said:

Paul, these days I have fallen in love with you. (55) I will follow you. (56) They will take me as a sister of mercy. (57) We will get married as soon as possible.

(58) Paul flushed. (59) He leaned over, kissed Liza’s hand and repeated:

Darling, darling!

(60) And when he looked into her face again, his clear eyes were wet.

(61) Anna Sergeevna walked a few steps behind and grumbled:

What tenderness! (62) God knows what he imagines about himself. (63) You can imagine: he kisses the hand, like a knight to his lady!

(64) Bubenchikov imitated the gait of Paul Sepp. (65) Anna Sergeevna found it very similar and very funny, and laughed. (66) Kozovalov smiled sardonically.

(67) Lisa turned to her mother and shouted:

Mom, come here! (68) She and Paul Sepp stopped at the edge of the road. (69) Both had happy, radiant faces.

(70) Kozovalov and Bubenchikov approached together with Anna Sergeevna. (71) Kozovalov said in Anna Sergeevna’s ear:

And for our Estonians, militant enthusiasm suits us very well. (72) Look how handsome he is, like the knight Parsifal.

(73) Anna Sergeevna grumbled with annoyance:

Well, he's so handsome! (74) Well, Lizonka? - she asked her daughter.

(75) Lisa said, smiling joyfully:

Here is my fiance, mommy.

(76) Anna Sergeevna exclaimed in horror:

Lisa, what are you saying!

(77) Lisa said with pride:

He is the defender of the Fatherland.

(According to F. Sologub*)

* Fedor Sologub(1863-1927) - Russian poet, writer, playwright, publicist.

22. Which of the following statements are erroneous? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Proposition 4 indicates the consequence of what is said in sentence 3.

2) Sentences 15–18 contain descriptive elements.

3) Sentences 32–34 present the reasoning.

4) Sentences 38–40 present the narrative.

5) Sentences 51–53 contain description.

23. From sentences 64–72, write down a book word with the meaning “viciously, mockingly, sarcastically.”

24. Among sentences 64-72, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a collective numeral. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

25. Describing the events that took place in the summer of 1914 in an Estonian village, F. Sologub focuses primarily on the actions of the characters and their behavior, as a result of which he often uses a syntactic means of expression - (A)________ (sentences 1, 2, 26, 28, 38). But no less important to the author are the characters themselves: their appearance, feelings, thoughts. Thus, in creating the images of Lisa and Paul, the following tropes play an important role: (B)_______ (in sentence 9, “the sounds beat rhythmically” in sentence 48) and (C)________ (“clear, childlike eyes” in sentence 16 , “careful, compassionate tenderness” in sentence 18, “happy, radiant faces” in sentence 69), which the author skimps on when describing the other characters. And the trope found in the speech of Anna Sergeevna and Kozovalov - (G)________ (“like a knight to his lady” in sentence 63, “like a knight Parsifal” in sentence 72) - despite the sarcasm with which it is pronounced, only emphasizes the contrast between Lisa and Paul, on the one hand, and her family and friends, on the other.”

List of terms:

1) colloquial vocabulary

2) metaphor

3) comparison

4) opposition

5) a number of homogeneous members of the sentence

6) hyperbole

7) phraseology

9) one-part indefinite-personal sentences

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G