Drawing tools and devices. Drawing tools. What kind of paper is there?

DRAWING TOOLS, instruments by means of which the construction and production of drawings, plans, maps, diagrams, etc. are carried out. Drawing instruments include drawing boards, rulers, drawing bars, triangles, drawing boards of various designs, simple, proportional compasses, calipers, preparation tools, special devices for construction of conventional signs, patterns, stencils for inscribing drawings, brushes, pens, etc.

(Fig. 1) are used for gluing or otherwise strengthening drawing paper. Drawing boards are usually made in size 110 x 80 cm - and multiples of it from linden, alder or poplar wood; they are glued together from narrow boards with a mixture of wood glue and fish glue and equipped with transverse slats along the bottom or ends of the boards so that the board does not warp.

The requirements for drawing boards are as follows: 1) they must have a flat surface without knots, 2) be lightweight, 3) have regular straight edges converging at an angle of 90°, 4) they must not warp from wet and dry air, and 5 ) d.b. made of soft wood for easy insertion of buttons. For the convenience of draftsmen, special drawing tables are used, which allow the drawing board to be given any position.

The most advanced drafting table systems (Fig. 2) are equipped with metal legs to give greater stability; they allow the board to be installed at any angle to the horizontal, and; she then might. placed at any height without the need to secure it, since the entire system is balanced by a load or spring.

Drawing rulers made from various materials: wood, steel, iron, copper, aluminum, ebonite, celluloid, glass, helios, etc. Wooden rulers should be recognized as the best rulers for drawing work; they do not stain paper like iron or copper ones, do not lift paper fibers like ebonite ones, and are not flammable like celluloid ones. The best drawing rulers are made from stained solid pear wood or from pear wood with thin edges of mahogany or ebony attached to it at the edges. A good ruler should be about 70 cm long, about 5 cm wide and 2-2.5 mm thick (thin rulers are not very suitable for drawing purposes); its edges should be straight lines parallel to each other; the tree from which it is made, the ruler, not d.b. twisted, because such a ruler can easily warp. Before using a drawing ruler, it is necessary to check it as follows: 1) inspect the edges of the ruler for the presence of potholes and similar defects that interfere with work; 2) check the straightness of the edges of the ruler as follows: on a sheet of paper along one of the edges of the ruler MN (Fig. 3), draw a line mn with a finely sharpened pencil. Having turned the ruler 180°, apply it to the drawn line mn; if the edge of the ruler coincides with the drawn line along its entire length, then it can be considered correct.

(Fig. 4) serves to draw parallel lines, using the edge of the drawing board as a guide; it basically consists of two rulers a and b attached to each other at right angles.

It is subject to the same requirements as a simple drawing ruler, with the addition of the requirement that the edges of the rulers be perpendicular. More advanced crossbars have a second transverse ruler, which can be placed and secured with a screw at any angle to draw inclined lines.

When working with drawing tables, the gauge is usually replaced by a ruler moving parallel to itself; its ends are usually guided by two strings or thin steel ropes a and b (Fig. 5), thrown through a series of blocks c attached to the board, so that the movement of one end always causes an equal and parallel movement of the other.

(Fig. 6a and 6b) are made from good stained pear wood, celluloid, helios, steel, copper, iron, etc. The most common and widespread in drawing work are wooden and celluloid triangles. Wooden triangles are usually made from rulers of pear, black, mahogany or rosewood glued together.

These triangles are made 2.5-3 mm thick, with harder wood (black, red) bordering the outer sides of the triangle. Triangles made of pear wood with celluloid transparent edges a (Fig. 7) are very convenient, and the latter are much thinner than the triangle itself, etc. do not come into contact with the paper, which greatly reduces the risk of ink leaking under the edge of the triangle when drawing thick lines.

Most manufactured triangles are rectangular with angles of 60 and 30° (Fig. 6a) or 45° (Fig. 6b). Triangles must satisfy the following conditions: 1) the edges of the triangle must be straight and free of potholes and cracks; verification is carried out in the light between the edges of an accurate ruler and a triangle; 2) one of the angles of the triangle d.b. straight. For verification, a verified ruler is laid on a sheet of paper, to the edge of which a triangle is then applied with the smaller leg (Fig. 8); then along the edge of the larger leg of triangle H a line ab is drawn on paper.

After this, without moving the ruler, the triangle is rotated so that it takes position H 1, after which a second line is drawn along the edge of the larger leg: the coincidence of the newly drawn line with the first proves the correctness of the right angle. To check the correctness of the angle of 30°, proceed as follows: apply the verified triangle with leg ab to the edge of the verified ruler (Fig. 9, A) and draw a line along the hypotenuse cb, then rotate the triangle near edge cb and again draw a line along the edge of leg ab.

After this, the triangle is laid so that its side cb coincides with the second drawn line, and then drawn along the leg ab to the third line; if, by applying a verified triangle to the edge of the ruler, the drawn line coincides with the leg of the latter, then the verified angle of the triangle is correct. In the same way, the correct angle of the triangle is checked at 45° (Fig. 9, B). The 60° triangle angle is checked using the method shown in Fig. 10, giving the triangle positions I, II and III.

At the correct angle, line ABC d.b. straight. In addition to the described triangles with constant angles, special triangles with one movable side equipped with a protractor are currently being produced (Fig. 11a).

In connection with the parallel ruler described above, a sliding square (Fig. 11b) is convenient, fixed in any position with lever a and allowing you to draw a series of inclined parallel lines.

Recently, in mechanical engineering and architectural drawing, drawing machines(Fig, 12), which are basically a protractor a, held parallel to itself during all movements (for good machines, the angular error when moving from one end of the board to the other does not exceed several minutes) with the help of two pairs of rods b, b equal length.

Two replaceable scale rulers are pivotally connected to the protractor G, G, which are always at right angles to each other and can be set at any angle using a protractor and clamped in this position. The correct values ​​of the most common angles after 15° are ensured by a latch that fits into the cutouts of the protractor. Rulers g, g m. b. quickly replaced when changing the scale of the drawing. Using a drawing machine instead of a grid and a triangle significantly increases (up to 100%) the productivity of drawing work.

Drawing patterns They are curved rulers for drawing those curves that cannot be constructed using a circular compass. Usually for drawing work you need to have a whole set of patterns. The large number of individual patterns in the set forced us to switch to patterns with varying curvature.

In fig. 13 shows a pattern consisting of a steel flexible strip A, to which the racks are attached b; tubes are hingedly attached to the latter, into which the ends of the screws are screwed G with right and left cuts. By rotating the head, the screws are screwed into the tubes and bend the steel strip in the required manner. More convenient and easier to use is the pattern (Fig. 14), which retains the curvature given to it; it consists of a split lead core A(Fig. 15) with thin steel strips superimposed on it b; all this is surrounded by a layer of rubber V.

The friction between the lead core and the steel inserts is high enough for the pattern to maintain the position once given to it. In shipbuilding drawing, flexible slats are used to draw smooth curves A(Fig. 16), bent along the points of this curve and held in place by weights b.

Designed for drawing lines with ink; it consists of two or three (for drawing particularly thick lines) elastic steel plates, or blades, A And b(Fig. 17, A) inserted into the handle V. The free ends of the blades are pointed. Propeller passing through the blades G serves to bring them closer together; using it you can change the thickness of the line drawn by the drawing pen.

For ease of cleaning, the drawing feeders are equipped with a movable blade; two designs are used: 1) a hinged folding blade (Fig. 17, B) and 2) the more common one - a rotating one (Fig. 17, C).

Sometimes the drawing boards are equipped with a spring leg that is spread far apart, and to clean it it is enough to move the lever to the side A(Fig. 18a), serving as a support for the screw head b; The described device ensures that the drawing board remains unchanged after cleaning.

To draw particularly thick lines, there are special drawing feeders equipped with one or two additional blades. To carry out two parallel lines simultaneously, there are double drawing feeders mounted on one handle (Fig. 18b) and installed at the required distance using a screw A.

To draw lines of medium thickness (up to 1 mm), drawing pens with especially wide blades (Fig. 19) are advantageously used, holding a large amount of carcass and not requiring frequent filling.

For the same purpose, a drawing pen has recently been designed, its design reminiscent of an eternal pen. In fig. Figure 20 shows its external view and longitudinal section, where a is a handle serving as a reservoir for mascara, b is a channel for injecting air into the tube, c is a supply cap, d is a socket for a replaceable drawing pen, d is a plunger, f is a tube for mascara, g - nut for the oil seal.

Filling the pen with ink is done by pressing the cap e, and the stroke of the plunger, and, consequently, the size of the drop sent into the pen, is determined by the depth of the slot on which the cap is placed; acceleration of work when using this drawing board is ensured only on the condition that the feeding mechanism works without interruptions, otherwise all the time saved will be spent on cleaning, adjusting and setting up this eternal drawing board. Filling pens with ink is done using a goose feather, which is attached to the stopper that closes the bottle of ink. When choosing drawing boards, preference should be given to drawing boards made from a single piece of steel, since all folding legs are used. or m. will soon become loose.

The ends of the drawing board d. b. of the same length, well and correctly finished. The screw must connect the blades correctly, have a deep groove, operate freely, and even with a slight turn of its head, change the distance between the ends of the blades. To draw curved lines according to the pattern, use a special bow-legged runner(Fig. 21), designed so that it can rotate around an axis, due to which the same thickness of the line is achieved during sharp turns.

To draw dotted lines that require uniformity in the size of the dotted line and the gaps between them, special dotted drawing pens are made (Fig. 22), in which the pen itself A attached to the end of the lever b, raised to interrupt the line with a figured wheel V driven by a gear wheel G rolling along a ruler or rail; These drawing boards, however, are used very rarely in practice, since they require quite careful care and skill in handling them.

Compasses should be divided into three groups: 1) dividing, or marking, 2) circular and 3) calipers. A dividing or marking compass of the Swiss type (Fig. 23a) has two legs connected in the head by a through bolt, which serves as the axis of rotation of the legs; to the line A from the hinge the legs are made of brass or nickel silver, and below the line a to the end - of hardened steel.

The design described above is not entirely practical, because it does not allow replacing broken legs. Compasses of the Richter system are considered to be of a more advanced design (Fig. 23b and 23c). The head of the Richter compass consists of a clasping clamp A and two rivets b, passing through the legs and resting on the clamp with a ball head; the clamp is tightened with a screw V, with which you can adjust the ease of movement of the legs.

At the ends of the legs (Fig. 23c) there are two sockets into which replaceable steel needles are inserted, secured with special screws. The disadvantages of Richter compasses include the fact that over time, the supporting surfaces of the rivets are developed and the ends of the legs no longer coincide. For special purposes, dividing compasses with three legs are made (Fig. 24).

(Fig. 25) differs from the described division only in that the lower part A one of his legs maybe. taken out and replaced with another part, namely a leg with a pencil b, circular drawing pen V with extension leg G or without it; Replaceable legs are secured with a screw d.

(Fig. 26a) is a spring compass, the dissolution of which is installed with a screw with right and left threads A, which allows you to achieve greater accuracy. To draw circles of small diameter, callipers with replaceable inserts are made.

(Fig. 26b) is used for drawing circles of very small diameter; it consists of a needle leg A, which passes freely through the tube b, carrying on the second spring leg into a pencil G or circular drawing feeder d. To draw a circle, place a needle A to the center and tell the receiver b rotational movement, and the tool’s own gravity is sufficient to press the pen; This compass greatly speeds up drawing when there are a large number of circles of small diameter, for example, rivets in construction drawings.

To draw circles of very large diameter, use a caliper (Fig. 27), consisting of a rod A, on which the fixed center is fixed b and moving engine V, in which conventional inserts are fixed.

For calipers of very long length, and therefore weight, the end of the rod is supported by a stand on wheels. To accurately set the diameter, the fixed center is moved within small limits with a micrometer screw G. The requirements for compasses when purchasing them are the following: 1) the head hinge should not be weak, otherwise, when drawing circles, a spiral will be obtained, 2) inserts (pencil, drawing pen and extension leg) should not wobble in the sockets, and 3) the needles of the legs must be sharpened, otherwise they will tear the paper.

(Fig. 28, A and B) are used to change the removed length in an arbitrary ratio, to divide lines and circles. This is achieved by moving the axis of rotation of the compass along its legs.

It is obvious that when it opens, the ratio of the distances between the tips of both ends will be constant and equal to the ratio of the length from the ends of the legs to the axis of rotation. The most common ratios of linear dimensions, as well as the ratio of the sides of the n-gon to the diameter of the circumscribed circle, are marked on the legs of the compass with dashes along which the movable stage is installed A, carrying the axis of the compass. Sometimes the slide is equipped with a gear driven by a head b and moving the slide along the rack V on the leg of the compass; screw G the link is fixed motionless in this position. Since any change in the lengths of the legs of the proportional compass violates the accuracy of the calibration, the most advanced models are equipped with angular legs (Fig. 28, B), allowing for sharpening and sharpening of the ends without changing the working length of the legs. A proportional compass greatly speeds up the work of the draftsman, since it makes it possible to take dimensions from a drawing or directly and gives mechanically, without calculations and secondary measurements, the required dimensions increased or decreased according to the taken scales, which can be used. applied directly to the drawing.

The preparation kit is a set of drawing tools placed in a special box-case. Drawing work is carried out mainly with a compass with graphite or a circular pen and drawing pen. Therefore, for the majority of service personnel there is no need at all to have bulky ready-tools, and in large drafting rooms it would be more expedient to keep the tool not in large ready-to-use sets for each employee, but to combine all the items of the same name from the ready-to-use sets, supplying the draftsmen with the necessary number of these individual tools. This would make it easier to record and repair instruments. To save drawing tools, it is necessary to take the following measures: 1) you should not leave ink dried on the blades of the drawing pen, nor should you clean it off with a knife or other hard object, or, even worse, remove it with sandpaper; 2) to remove dried ink from the pens, wet the ends of the pen in warm water and wipe them with chamois; 3) the airfeeders should not be left with the flaps tightly compressed: the blades must be located at a considerable distance from each other; 4) the hinges and screws of drawing tools must be lubricated with oil (bone) from time to time; 5) the entire cooking utensil must be kept in a dry place and its parts must be protected from possible rust; 6) after working with the preparation tool, it is necessary to wipe all used tools with suede and place them in the appropriate slots of the case; 7) in no case should you draw on drawing pens with ordinary ink, since after this the drawing pens easily rust and the ink in them will curl up.

Other drawing tools include: brushes for coloring drawings, drawing pens and for inscriptions, utensils for diluting ink and paints. Paints are applied to paper using special drawing brushes made from ferret, kolinsky or squirrel wool. The frame of the brushes is made of metal. Brushes are made in different numbers (Fig. 29).

When choosing a brush, you usually try it by dipping it in clean water; The end of a good brush is made finely pointed and does not crumble with light pressure.

Various pens are used for inscriptions on drawings: for small inscriptions - small pens; For inscriptions in italics, it is recommended to use ordinary pens No. 86; to make inscriptions in rondo font, pens of different thicknesses are used, as well as double and triple parallel ones (Fig. 30); For inscriptions in normal font, metal or glass tubes are convenient.

To rub ink and dilute paints, you need to have two or more saucers with a smooth bottom and tightly ground edges. Convenient saucers are placed one on top of the other in the form of a stack (Fig. 31); Such saucers are suitable for ink and paint.

Drawing instruments include: stencils and templates for drawing standard parts, bolts and nuts, stencils for labeling drawings, etc.; They are made of transparent celluloid, which makes them easier to work with. In fig. 32 shows two types of stencils with holes of different sizes cut out in them for making inscriptions in a normal font; the method of forming each letter is given at the bottom of Fig. 32.

Experience working with them did not give positive results, and draftsmen who have mastered this font prefer to write without stencils - by hand. Stencils for quickly drawing nuts are very convenient, which are made for two projections of the nuts - for the front (Fig. 33a) and side (Fig. 33b) views of the nut.

These templates give not only the outlines of the contours of the nut curves with their centers a, b and c, but also the four points d and d, giving the outer and inner diameter of the thread. As a simple but convenient device for practice, we can recommend a stencil with cutouts of various shapes for applying to the drawing when wiping small lines with an elastic band so as not to touch adjacent ones. A protractor is used to construct and measure angles on plans. A simple protractor (Fig. 34a) consists of a semicircle attached to a ruler, on which degree divisions are marked.

Readings on such a protractor can be made with an accuracy of up to 15"; the center of the protractor circle is marked on the inner bevel of the ruler with a line or cutout. Protractors are made of copper, nickel silver, celluloid, aluminum and are even printed on cardboard. Tacheometric (circular) protractor (Fig. 34b) is a normal protractor extended to 360°.

For greater accuracy in constructing angles, use a protractor with an alidade (Fig. 35), which is a simple protractor of a larger diameter (20-25 cm), equipped with a rotating alidade ruler a with a vernier b, which allows you to construct and measure angles with an accuracy of 1-2".

A good protractor requires: 1) equality of the degree divisions marked on it, 2) parallelism of the diameter of the semicircle to the lower edge of the ruler, 3) coincidence of the outer curve with the circle with the center marked at the upper edge of the ruler. Circular protractors are required that the mutually perpendicular diameters passing through the 0-180°, or 0-0° and 90-270° or 90-90° divisions intersect at the center of the slot and align with the cross engraved on the inserted celluloid.

For protractors with an alidade, it is also required that the beveled edges of the alidade be parallel to each other and to the line connecting the center of the protractor to 0° of the vernier. For perspective drawings, in which it is often necessary to draw a large number of lines intersecting at one point lying far outside the drawing field, a special ruler is used, consisting of three rulers hingedly connected to each other A, b And V(Fig. 36), of which the ruler V serves to draw lines along it, and A And b sliding on the pins G 1 , G 2 stuck into the drawing board.

Due to constancy (with a given installation of movable rulers A And b) angles α 1 and α 2 (Fig. 37) straight V passes at all positions of the ruler system A, b, V through a constant point A lying on the circle defined by the points G 1 , G 2 and point B of the intersection of lines A And b.

When performing graphic work, a variety of drawing accessories can be used. There are many types of such tools, as well as materials intended for the same purposes. Most often, people who, due to the nature of their work, are forced to carry out a lot of drawings, use preparation tools. This is the name given to sets of drawing tools placed in a special case. On the modern market there are preparation stations designed to perform a wide variety of graphic works, differing in different configurations.

But, of course, if you wish, you can also purchase ordinary drawing tools. St. Petersburg, other cities of the country - you can buy these useful and popular tools everywhere. Further in the article we will look in detail at what drawing tools and materials exist on the modern market.

Types of accessories used for graphic work

The drawings themselves are in most cases drawn on paper. To create graphic images of this type, special varieties are used. In addition to paper, designers and engineers use such drawing tools and accessories as:

pencils with plain black lead;

• rulers of different lengths;

  squares;

  protractors;

  compasses of different types;

Drawing paper is often mounted on special boards. These designs allow you to perform graphic work with maximum convenience.

What kind of paper is there?

High quality white paper is usually selected for drawings. This may be an option marked "O" or "B". Paper “O” (regular) is available in two types: simple and improved. The latter option has greater density and is rigid. Premium quality "B" paper is best suited for drawing. It has an absolutely white color, is smooth and does not “shag” when using an eraser. You can distinguish it from other varieties by looking at the light. Manufacturers apply this to such paper. In addition to white paper, tracing paper and graph paper can also be used to make drawings.

Special boards

Drawing materials and supplies can be used by engineers and designers, thus different. When making professional drawings, boards are a mandatory attribute in most cases. This instrument is made from soft wood (for example, alder). It is intended primarily to facilitate the work of creating drawings. This device consists of several dies assembled into one sheet, fastened with end strips. The length, width and thickness of the drawing board may vary.

Pencils

This is perhaps the main tool used when performing drawing work. There are only three main types of pencils:

Solid. This option is marked with the letter “T” and is used, in fact, for making drawings.

Medium hard. Instruments of this variety are usually marked with the letters “TM”. They are used for outlining at the final stage of the drawing.

Soft. These pencils are used only for drawing. They are marked with the letter "M".

In addition to pencils, ink can be used in some cases to make drawings. It is produced in bottles. Designers and engineers most often use black ink, although it can come in different colors. In this case, special feathers are used as working tools.

Erasers

Drawing accessories of this type are used to remove incorrectly drawn or auxiliary lines. When making drawings, mainly two types of erasers are used: those designed to remove pencil lines and those drawn with ink. The first option is soft and when used does not affect the paper layer, removing only the lead. Mascara erasers contain harsh additives and when erasing

Rulers

This type of drawing tools can be made from different materials. Most often it is wood, metal or plastic. The last option is considered the most suitable for drawing drawings. Transparent short plastic rulers, like pencils, are the main working tool of an engineer or designer.

Before use, a new ruler must be checked for accuracy. To do this, place it on a sheet of paper and draw a line. Next, turn the ruler over to the other side and draw another line. If the first and second lines on the paper coincide, then the ruler is accurate and can be used in your work.

There are such drawing accessories for the board and a slightly different variety - drawing boards. These tools consist of three main parts: a ruler and two short bars. One of the strips is rigidly connected to the ruler, and the second can be rotated relative to it at any angle. By fixing one of the crossbars at the end of the board, using a crossbar you can easily draw parallel horizontal or inclined lines.

Compasses

When performing graphic work, rulers are used to draw straight lines. A compass is used for drawing circles. There are several varieties of such tools:

Measuring compasses. Both legs of such instruments end in needles. Compasses of this type are used mainly for measuring segments.

Goat leg compasses. This instrument has only one leg with a needle. The second part has a special wide ring for a pencil.

Graphic ordinary compasses. There is a needle on one leg of such instruments, and a graphite rod is inserted at the end of the other.

There are also special types of compasses. For example, a dot is a small button and can be used to draw concentric circles. Sometimes engineers and technologists also use calipers. This tool is very convenient for drawing circles of small diameter (0.5-8 mm).

Squares

Drawing supplies of this type are most often used to construct right angles. There are only two main types of squares used when making drawings: 45:90:45 and 60:90:30. Like rulers, such tools can be made from different materials. Transparent plastic ones are considered the most convenient to use.

Protractors

This is another tool necessary when creating drawings. Protractors are used mainly as an accessory to make work easier. Using them makes it much easier to draw corners. Protractors come in semicircular and round types. When drawing up drawings, the first option is most often used. There are also special geodetic protractors. To compile topographic maps, the TG-B version is usually used.

Patterns

Sometimes it is impossible to make curved lines in drawings using only a compass. In this case, they are drawn point by point by hand. To trace the resulting curved lines, special tools are used - patterns. They can have different shapes. Drawing accessories of this type should be selected in such a way that their edge best matches the shape of the lines that need to be drawn.

Ready rooms

As already mentioned, engineers and designers usually use ready-made kits in their work. You can find out exactly what set of drawing accessories the workbench includes by its markings. Those who carry out drawings at a professional level use universal kits. Such preparations are marked with the letter “U”. In addition to the standard set consisting of a compass, ruler, pencil and protractor, they include ink and tools designed to work with it.

Simple preparation sets are usually purchased by schoolchildren for drawing lessons. Such sets are marked with the letter "Ш". There are also such preparation shops: design ("K"), small design ("KM") and large ("KB").

Thus, we have found out what materials, accessories, and drawing tools exist that are used when making graphic images. Without compasses, rulers, pencils and erasers, you won’t be able to create accurate and complex drawings. And therefore, such tools, of course, will always be in demand.

Crossword Drawing tools and supplies. Horizontally 1. Compass for transferring dimensions. 2.A tool for measuring angles. 3.Ruler for drawing curved lines. 4. A plate whose outline corresponds to the outline of a drawing or product. 5. Accessory for removing pencil lines 6. Accessory for drawing lines. 7. A normative document establishing a set of norms, rules, and requirements. 8.Thick white paper for drawing. 9.Permanent paint for drawing, drawing, writing. 10.Preliminary drawing. 11.Tool for drawing straight lines. 12.Soft white limestone, used for chalkboard work. 13.What pencil do you use to draw the main line? 14.A tool for drawing circles of small diameter. Vertical 15.Rough drawing. 16. Tool for drawing lines with ink. 17.Set of drawing tools. 18. A thin plate in which the characters to be reproduced are cut. 19. A narrow hole through which you can crawl. 20.Form of written or printed characters. 21. Transparent paper. 22. The ratio of the length of the line in the drawing to the length of the line in reality. 23.Drawing tool for drawing parallel lines. 24. A drawing device used in production to make drawings. 25.Applied technical discipline, which contains rules and techniques for making drawings.

Fig.1 Fig.2 Taking the numbers from the rectangular projections in order and replacing them with letters from the corresponding elements of the Axonometric images, read the phrases. A BV How many balls and cubes are shown in pictures A, B, C? How many matches will you need to stick them into the apple as shown in the picture?

AND TECHNIQUES FOR WORKING WITH THEM

Drawing supplies

Paper

For training drawings You should take drawing paper (whatman paper), the surface of which allows you to erase pencil lines many times without becoming shaggy. For execution sketches Use checkered writing paper on which it is convenient to draw lines by hand.

Drawing board is a necessary accessory for producing quality drawings. It should be even and smooth.

Pencils. The ability to choose pencils for constructing and tracing various lines of a drawing largely determines its quality. For drawing, it is recommended to use “Constructor” or “KOH-I-NOOR” pencils (imported).

To draw a drawing in thin lines, use pencils with a hard lead - “T”, “2T” (“H”, “2H” - the designation of imported pencils); for tracing the basic lines of the drawing - pencils of medium hardness - “TM” (“HB”) and soft ones – “M” (“B”); for drawing extension and dimension lines - “T”, “2T” (“H”, “2H”); for making inscriptions - “TM”, “M” (“НВ”, “В”) and for technical drawing - soft pencils - “М”, “2М”, “ЗМ” (“В”, “2В”). The hardness marking on the pencil must be preserved, so pencils are sharpened on the side where there is no inscription.

Sharpen the pencil at a distance of 25...30mm from the end. The sharpened end of the pencil should have the shape cone(Fig.1, a).

Fig.1.

When tracing thick lines in a drawing, the lead can be sharpened "spatula", where the thickness of the cut end of the lead is made to be as wide as the line being drawn should be ( rice. 1, b).

When selecting pencils, you should also take into account the quality of the paper. You should not work with hard pencils on thin and loose paper, as they leave a deep mark, which creates difficulties when correcting the drawing, and the lines turn out to be pale and unclear.

Rubber to remove pencil lines, it should be soft and elastic, should not smear the lead and destroy the surface of the paper.

Drawing tools

Rice. 2 Fig. 3

Reisshina – This is a long ruler designed for working on a drawing board.

Reisshina with head ( Fig.2) has two transverse bars (head) at one end of the ruler. The lower bar is fixedly attached to the ruler at an angle of 90 0, and the upper one is movable and can be secured with a bolt, nut and washer at any angle to the bottom, which makes it possible to carry out horizontal ( Fig.3a) and inclined parallel lines at any angle ( Fig.3b).

Rulers used for drawing straight lines and measuring linear dimensions. They are made of wood or plastic.

Squares are made of wood or plastic.

Before using the square in work, it must be checked. To check the right angle, the square is placed on the crossbar (Fig. 4) and a vertical line is drawn through an arbitrary point. The square is then rotated 180° around the vertical side and a line is drawn through the same point again. If the conducted

Drawing squares come in two types: with angles of 45, 45 and 90° and with angles of 30, 60 and 90 (Fig. 4). When working on a drawing, it is more convenient to use squares whose legs with divisions have a length of 270...300 mm. Using squares and a straight edge, parallel vertical and inclined lines are drawn at an angle of 30, 45, 60 and 75°.

Rice. 4 Fig.5

On rice. 5 The arrow shows the direction of movement of the pencil along the side of the square.

Patterns are thin plates with curved edges, used for outlining pattern curves ( rice. 6). Patterns are used to draw smooth curved lines when these lines are not Rice. 6 can be drawn with a compass, since they have a variable radius of curvature. Patterns are made from wood or plastic.

The edges of the pattern should be smooth, without dents or chips. To work, you need to have 3...5 patterns of various shapes.

Ready room is a set of drawing tools in a case. The most commonly used drawing tools are:

Marking compass (meter) designed for measuring and plotting linear dimensions ( rice. 7a). When closing the legs of the meter, the needles should touch their points without distortion and have the same length, approximately 8... 10 mm. It is not recommended to move the legs of the meter apart by more than 60°, since due to the large inclination of the needles, an inaccurate measurement is obtained.

Marking calipers designed for measuring and plotting small linear dimensions ( rice. 7b). The distance between the legs of the caliper is adjusted with a sliding screw. When setting aside a large number of identical adjacent segments, you must first check the accuracy of the size setting. To do this, 5...6 injections are made on a draft, on a drawn segment, then their values ​​are added up, the resulting segment is measured and compared with the sum of all segments of a given size.

Drawing compass designed for drawing circles and arcs with a radius of at least 3 mm ( rice. 7v).

a B C D)Rice. 7

1 slide

Drawing tools and devices.

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Types of information graphic or pictorial - the first type for which a method was implemented for storing information about the surrounding world in the form of rock paintings, and later in the form of paintings, photographs, diagrams, drawings on paper, canvas, marble and other materials depicting pictures of the real world audio Text numeric video information

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Paper production China 2nd century BC Bamboo stems and silk tree bast “Paper” - (Greek bambakion) - bamboo

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Paper production Europe 11th-12th centuries Shredded hemp and linen rags 15th century – printing wood

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Eraser Abbreviation for the word "gum elastic" - a synonym for the word "rubber" Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese and Spanish navigator 1480-1521 Joseph Priestley English chemist 1733-1804

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The origin of the compass Compasses - (from Latin circulus - circle) Legends of Ancient Greece - the compass was invented by Talos The compass is about three thousand years old. 2 thousand years old is the oldest compass that was found in France. Many bronze compasses were found in the ashes of the Greek city of Pompeii. A steel compass-cutter of archeology was found during excavations in Novgorod. Vernier calipers are used to measure the size of parts.

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Compasses marking calipers micrometric proportional drawing drawing pen falling calipers (“ballerina”)

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Drawing tools and accessories 15 16 17 1 18 2 19 3 20 4 21 5 6 22 23.7 8 24 25.9 10 11 12 13 14

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1. Compass for transferring dimensions 1 15 16 17 1 18 2 19 3 20 4 21 5 6 22 23.7 8 24 25.9 10 11 12 13 14

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2. Tool for measuring angles 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 19 3 20 4 21 5 6 22 23.7 8 24 25.9 10 11 12 13 14 2

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3. Shaped ruler for drawing curved lines 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 conveyor 19 3 20 4 21 5 6 22 23.7 8 24 25 .9 10 11 12 13 14 3

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4. Tool for measuring dimensions 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 conveyor 19 3 lek 20 4 21 5 6 22 23, 7 8 24 25.9 10 11 12 13 14 4

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5. Accessory for erasing pencil lines 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 transfer 19 3 20 4 stencil l o n 21 5 6 22 23.7 8 24 25.9 10 11 12 13 14 5

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6. Tool for sketching For me, brothers, an elastic band is a fierce enemy! I can't get along with her in any way. I made a cat and a cat - beauty! And she walked a little - no cat! You can't create a good picture with it! 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 transport 19 3 medicine 20 4 template 21 5 cuts nka 6 22 23.7 8 24 25.9 10 11 12 13 14 6

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7. Generally accepted norm 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 transport 19 3 leklolo 20 4 template 21 5 rubber band 6 pencil 22 23.7 8 24 25.9 10 11 12 13 14 7

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8. Thick white paper for drawing 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 transfer 19 3 pattern 20 4 template n 21 5 rubber band 6 pencil 22 23.7 standard 8 24 25.9 10 11 12 13 14 8

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9. Permanent paint for writing, drawing letters 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 conveyor 19 3 leklo 20 4 stencil l o n 21 5 rubber band 6 pencil 22 23.7 stan dard 8 cotton 24 25.9 10 11 12 13 14 9

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10. Preliminary drawing 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 transport 19 3 leklolo 20 4 template 21 5 rubber band 6 pencil 22 23.7 standard 8 cotton 24 25.9 ink 10 11 12 13 14 10

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11. Tool for drawing straight lines All segments are my friends - Small and long... Who found out? Ruler I. The instrument is ancient. How to get a straight line, For those who don’t know: Pull the thread tight - Here you have a straight line... I don’t even remember all of them, There were so many ancestors. In ancient Rome - a line, In Rus' - a rule... 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 tr ansport 19 3 le kal o 20 4 w ablon 21 5 rubber band 6 pencil 22 23.7 stan dard 8 cotton 24 25.9 ink 10 e s k i z 11 12 13 14 11

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12. Soft white limestone, used for writing on the board 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 tr ansport 19 3 leklo 20 4 w ablon 21 5 rubber band 6 pencil 22 23.7 stan dard 8 cotton 24 25.9 ink 10 sketch 11 line 12 13 14 12

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13. What is the name of the pencil used to make sketches and drawings? 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 transport 19 3 medicine 20 4 template 21 5 cuts nka 6 pencil 22 23.7 stan dart 8 watman 24 25.9 ink 10 sketch 11 line yka 12 m e l 13 14 13

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14. Tool for drawing circles with a diameter from 0.6 to 12 mm 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 trans porter 19 3 leklo 20 4 template 21 5 rubber band 6 pencil 22 23.7 standard 8 cotton 24 25.9 t ush 10 e sk iz 11 line 12 chalk 13 soft 14 14

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15. Rough drawing 15 16 17 1 marking 18 2 transport 19 3 leklolo 20 4 template 21 5 rubber band 6 pencil 22 23.7 stan dard 8 watman 24 25.9 ink 10 sketch 11 ruler 12 chalk 13 soft 14 crown 15 aro

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16. Tool for drawing lines with ink 15 16 17 n 1 marking b 18 2 tranport 19 s 3 leklo 20 4 w ablon 21 to 5 rubber band 6 pencil 22 23.7 stan dart 8 whatman 24 25.9 tush b 10 sketch 11 ruler 12 chalk 13 soft 14 crown caliper 16 s e r

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17. Set, packaging of drawing tools 15 16 17 no. 20 4 template 21 dc 5 rubber band 6 pencil 22 23.7 stan dard 8 watman 24 25 ,9 ink 10 sketch 11 ruler 12 chalk 13 soft 14 crown compasses 17 oan

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18. A thin plate in which the characters to be reproduced are cut 15 16 17 n r g 1 marking byte 18 2 tr ans porti rof in 19 with 3 tape 20 4 template 21 tape 5 rubber band 6 pencil 22 23.7 stand rt 8 whatman 24 25.9 ink 10 sketch 11 ruler 12 chalk 13 soft 14 crown kul 18 a a t

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19. A narrow hole through which you can crawl 15 16 17 n r g 1 marking bit 18 2 tr ans port rt o f v r 19 s 3 tape 20 4 template 21 doodle 5 rubber band 6 pencil 22 r 23.7 st dart 8 watman 24 25.9 ink 10 sketch 11 ruler 12 chalk 13 soft 14 crown i r k u l 19 l a