What did Pierre understand while in captivity? Topic: “The path of spiritual quest of Pierre Bezukhov. Episode “Pierre in Captivity” (Based on the novel by L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”). Epigraphs for the lesson

Creating the image of Pierre Bezukhov, L.N. Tolstoy started from specific life observations. People like Pierre were often encountered in Russian life at that time. These are Alexander Muravyov and Wilhelm Kuchelbecker, to whom Pierre is close in his eccentricity and absent-mindedness and directness. Contemporaries believed that Tolstoy endowed Pierre with traits of his own personality. One of the features of the portrayal of Pierre in the novel is the contrast between him and the surrounding noble environment. It is no coincidence that he is the illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov; It is no coincidence that his bulky, clumsy figure stands out sharply against the general background. When Pierre finds himself in Anna Pavlovna Scherer's salon, he worries her because his manners do not correspond to the etiquette of the living room. He is significantly different from all visitors to the salon with his smart, natural look. The author contrasts Pierre's judgments with Hippolyte's vulgar chatter. Contrasting his hero with his environment, Tolstoy reveals his high spiritual qualities: sincerity, spontaneity, high conviction and noticeable gentleness. The evening at Anna Pavlovna's ends with Pierre, to the displeasure of those gathered, defending the ideas of the French Revolution, admiring Napoleon as the head of revolutionary France, defending the ideas of the republic and freedom, showing the independence of his views.

Leo Tolstoy draws the appearance of his hero: he is “a massive, fat young man, with a cropped head, glasses, light trousers, a high frill and a brown tailcoat.” The writer pays special attention to Pierre's smile, which makes his face childish, kind, stupid and as if asking for forgiveness. She seems to say: “Opinions are opinions, but you see what a kind and nice fellow I am.”

Pierre is sharply contrasted with those around him in the episode of the death of old man Bezukhov. Here he is very different from the careerist Boris Drubetsky, who, at his mother’s instigation, is playing a game, trying to get his share of the inheritance. Pierre feels awkward and ashamed for Boris.

And now he is the heir to his immensely rich father. Having received the title of count, Pierre immediately finds himself in the center of attention of secular society, where he was pleased, caressed and, as it seemed to him, loved. And he plunges into the flow of new life, submitting to the atmosphere of great light. So he finds himself in the company of the “golden youth” - Anatoly Kuragin and Dolokhov. Under the influence of Anatole, he spends his days in revelry, unable to escape from this cycle. Pierre wastes his vitality, showing his characteristic lack of will. Prince Andrei tries to convince him that this dissolute life really does not suit him. But it’s not so easy to pull him out of this “pool.” However, I note that Pierre is immersed in it more with his body than his soul.

Pierre's marriage to Helen Kuragina dates back to this time. He perfectly understands her insignificance and outright stupidity. “There is something disgusting in that feeling,” he thought, “that she aroused in me, something forbidden.” However, Pierre's feelings are influenced by her beauty and unconditional feminine charm, although Tolstoy's hero does not experience real, deep love. Time will pass, and the “enchanted” Pierre will hate Helene and feel her depravity with all his soul.

In this regard, an important moment was the duel with Dolokhov, which took place after Pierre received an anonymous letter at a dinner in honor of Bagration that his wife was cheating on him with his former friend. Pierre does not want to believe this due to the purity and nobility of his nature, but at the same time he believes the letter, because he knows Helen and her lover well. Dolokhov's brazen behavior at the table throws Pierre off balance and leads to a fight. It is quite obvious to him that now he hates Helen and is ready to break with her forever, and at the same time break with the world in which she lived.

The attitude of Dolokhov and Pierre to the duel is different. The first goes into a fight with the firm intention of killing, and the second suffers from having to shoot a person. In addition, Pierre has never held a pistol in his hands and, in order to quickly end this vile business, he somehow pulls the trigger, and when he wounds his enemy, barely holding back his sobs, he rushes to him. “Stupid!.. Death... Lies...” he repeated, walking through the snow into the forest. So a separate episode, a quarrel with Dolokhov, becomes a milestone for Pierre, opening up to him a world of lies in which he was destined to find himself for some time.

A new stage of Pierre's spiritual quest begins when, in a state of deep moral crisis, he meets the freemason Bazdeev on his way from Moscow. Striving for a high meaning in life, believing in the possibility of achieving brotherly love, Pierre enters the religious and philosophical society of Freemasons. He is looking here for spiritual and moral renewal, hopes for rebirth to a new life, and longs for personal improvement. He also wants to correct the imperfections of life, and this task does not seem difficult to him at all. “How easy, how little effort is needed to do so much Good,” thought Pierre, “and how little we care about it!”

And so, under the influence of Masonic ideas, Pierre decides to free the peasants who belong to him from serfdom. He follows the same path that Onegin walked, although he also takes new steps in this direction. But unlike Pushkin’s hero, he has huge estates in the Kyiv province, which is why he has to act through the chief manager.

Possessing childlike purity and gullibility, Pierre does not expect that he will have to face the meanness, deceit and devilish resourcefulness of businessmen. He accepts the construction of schools, hospitals, orphanages as a radical improvement in the lives of peasants, while all this was ostentatious and burdensome for them. Pierre's undertakings not only did not alleviate the plight of the peasants, but also worsened their situation, because this involved the predation of the rich from the trading village and the robbery of the peasants, hidden from Pierre.

Neither the transformations in the village nor Freemasonry lived up to the hopes that Pierre had placed on them. He is disappointed in the goals of the Masonic organization, which now seems to him deceitful, vicious and hypocritical, where everyone is concerned primarily with their career. In addition, the ritual procedures characteristic of Freemasons now seem to him an absurd and funny performance. “Where am I?” he thinks, “what am I doing? Are they laughing at me? Will I be ashamed to remember this?” Feeling the futility of Masonic ideas, which did not change his own life at all, Pierre “suddenly felt the impossibility of continuing his previous life.”

Tolstoy's hero goes through a new moral test. It became a real, great love for Natasha Rostova. At first Pierre did not think about his new feeling, but it grew and became more and more powerful; A special sensitivity arose, intense attention to everything that concerned Natasha. And he leaves for a while from public interests into the world of personal, intimate experiences that Natasha opened for him.

Pierre becomes convinced that Natasha loves Andrei Bolkonsky. She perks up only because Prince Andrei enters and hears his voice. “Something very important is happening between them,” Pierre thinks. The difficult feeling does not leave him. He carefully and tenderly loves Natasha, but at the same time he is faithful and devotedly friends with Andrei. Pierre sincerely wishes them happiness, and at the same time their love becomes a great grief for him.

The exacerbation of mental loneliness chains Pierre to the most important issues of our time. He sees before him a “tangled, terrible knot of life.” On the one hand, he reflects, people erected forty forty churches in Moscow, professing the Christian law of love and forgiveness, and on the other hand, yesterday they whipped a soldier and the priest allowed him to kiss the cross before execution. This is how the crisis in Pierre’s soul grows.

Natasha, having refused Prince Andrei, showed friendly, spiritual sympathy for Pierre. And enormous, selfless happiness overwhelmed him. Natasha, overwhelmed with grief and repentance, evokes such a flash of ardent love in Pierre’s soul that he, unexpectedly for himself, makes a kind of confession to her: “If I were not me, but the most beautiful, smartest and best person in the world... I would this very minute on my knees I asked for your hand and love.” In this new enthusiastic state, Pierre forgets about the social and other issues that bothered him so much. Personal happiness and boundless feeling overwhelm him, gradually making him feel some kind of incompleteness of life, which he deeply and widely understands.

The events of the War of 1812 produce a sharp change in Pierre's worldview. They gave him the opportunity to get out of a state of selfish isolation. He begins to be overcome by an anxiety that is incomprehensible to him, and, although he does not know how to understand the events taking place, he inevitably joins the flow of reality and thinks about his participation in the destinies of the Fatherland. And these are not just thoughts. He prepares a militia, and then goes to Mozhaisk, to the field of the Borodino battle, where a new world of ordinary people, unfamiliar to him, opens up before him.

Borodino becomes a new stage in Pierre's development process. Seeing the militia men dressed in white shirts for the first time, Pierre caught the spirit of spontaneous patriotism emanating from them, expressed in a clear determination to steadfastly defend their native land. Pierre realized that this is the force that moves events - the people. With all his soul he understood the hidden meaning of the soldier’s words: “They want to attack all the people, one word - Moscow.”

Pierre now not only observes what is happening, but reflects and analyzes. Here he was able to feel that “hidden warmth of patriotism” that made the Russian people invincible. True, in battle, on the Raevsky battery, Pierre experiences a moment of panic fear, but it was precisely this horror that allowed him to especially deeply understand the strength of people's courage. After all, these artillerymen all the time, until the very end, were firm and calm, and now I want Pierre needs to be a soldier, just a soldier, in order to “enter this common life” with his whole being.

Under the influence of people from the people, Pierre decides to participate in the defense of Moscow, for which it is necessary to stay in the city. Wanting to accomplish a feat, he intends to kill Napoleon in order to save the peoples of Europe from the one who brought them so much suffering and evil. Naturally, he sharply changes his attitude towards Napoleon’s personality, his former sympathy is replaced by hatred of the despot. However, many obstacles, as well as a meeting with the French captain Rambel, change his plans, and he abandons the plan to kill the French emperor.

A new stage in Pierre's quest was his stay in French captivity, where he ends up after a fight with French soldiers. This new period in the hero’s life becomes a further step towards rapprochement with the people. Here, in captivity, Pierre had a chance to see the true bearers of evil, the creators of the new “order”, to feel the inhumanity of the morals of Napoleonic France, relationships built on domination and submission. He saw the massacres and tried to find out their reasons.

He experiences an extraordinary shock when he is present at the execution of people accused of arson. “In his soul,” writes Tolstoy, “it was as if the spring on which everything was holding had suddenly been pulled out.” And only a meeting with Platon Karataev in captivity allowed Pierre to find peace of mind. Pierre became close to Karataev, fell under his influence and began to look at life as a spontaneous and natural process. Faith in goodness and truth arises again, internal independence and freedom are born. Under the influence of Karataev, Pierre's spiritual revival occurs. Like this simple peasant, Pierre begins to love life in all its manifestations, despite all the vicissitudes of fate.

Close rapprochement with the people after his release from captivity leads Pierre to Decembrism. Tolstoy talks about this in the epilogue of his novel. Over the past seven years, the long-standing mood of passivity and contemplation has been replaced by a thirst for action and active participation in public life. Now, in 1820, Pierre's anger and indignation are caused by social orders and political oppression in his native Russia. He says to Nikolai Rostov: “In the courts there is theft, in the army there is only one stick, shagistics, settlements - they torture the people, they stifle enlightenment. What is young, honestly, is ruined!”

Pierre is convinced that the duty of all honest people is to... to counteract this. It is no coincidence that Pierre becomes a member of a secret organization and even one of the main organizers of a secret political society. The union of “honest people,” he believes, should play a significant role in eliminating social evil.

Personal happiness now enters Pierre's life. Now he is married to Natasha, and experiences deep love for her and his children. Happiness illuminates his whole life with an even and calm light. The main conviction that Pierre learned from his long life quest and which is close to Tolstoy himself is this: “As long as there is life, there is happiness.”

Please help me answer questions about the novel War and Peace! 1) Why did Pierre Bezukhov and A. Bolkonsky look like strangers in Scherer’s living room?

2) What are the standards of life for young representatives of high society?

3) The main events of the first volume.

4) What did Maria Dmitrievna give to Natasha for her birthday?

5) Who did N. Rostova dance with on her birthday?

6) From whom did M. Bolkonskaya first learn about A. Kuragin’s upcoming matchmaking?

7) What kind of injury did N. Rostov receive and in what battle?

8) Did Pierre propose to Helene to marry him?

9) Why didn’t Tushin and his battery retreat?

10) Why didn’t M. Bolkonskaya accept Kuragin’s offer?

11) How did the Battle of Austrerlitz end?

28 questions on volume 3 "War and Peace". Due by tomorrow, please answer!!! Need it by tomorrow, please answer!!!

If you answer, please indicate the question number.
1. Where was Emperor Alexander when he received the news that Napoleon’s troops had crossed the border?
2. Why did Prince Andrey search for Anatoly Kuragin on all fronts?
3. Why does Andrei Bolkonsky decide to serve in the army rather than at headquarters?
4. How did Nikolai Rostov distinguish himself in the case of Ostrovny?
5. How did Natasha cope with her story with Anatole?
6. Why does Petya Rostov ask for military service?
7. Which of the novel’s heroes secretly made their way to Red Square to watch the Tsar’s arrival?
8. Why didn’t old Prince Bolkonsky allow his family to be taken away from
Bald Mountains?
9. Which of the heroes brings the news to Bald Mountains that Smolensk has been surrendered?
10. What two opposing circles were created in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the war?
11. Which of the heroes of the novel met Napoleon and easily talked with him, and then returned to the Russian camp?
12. How did old Prince Bolkonsky die?
13. Who helps Princess Marya out of a difficult situation when the peasants refused to take her to Moscow? How did it happen?
14. Why does Pierre, a purely civilian, go to the Battle of Borodino?
15. What did Pierre and Bolkonsky talk about on the eve of the Battle of Borodino?
16. What kind of person does Tolstoy show Napoleon in the scene with the portrait of his son?
17. How did Pierre show himself during the Battle of Borodino, while on the Raevsky battery?
18. How does Tolstoy show Napoleon and Kutuzov during the Battle of Borodino?
19. How was Prince Andrey wounded?
20. Who, according to the author of the novel, is the driving force of history?
21. Through the eyes of which hero does Tolstoy show the military council in Fili?
22. Who is Helen going to marry?
23. For what purpose does Pierre remain in Moscow and disappear from his home?
24. How did it happen that the Rostov family gave their carts to the wounded?
25. Who gives the order to the crowd to kill Vereshchagin?
26. Why, according to the author, did a fire break out in Moscow, abandoned by Russian troops and occupied by the French?
27. Who told Natasha that the wounded Bolkonsky was traveling with them in the convoy?
28. How did Pierre get captured?

On the pages of the novel "War and Peace" even seemingly minor characters appear for a reason. The characterization of Platon Karataev occupies an important place. Let's try to remember what this hero was like.

Meeting of Pierre Bezukhov with Platon Karataev

The characterization of Platon Karataev in the great work of L.N. Tolstoy begins from the moment he met Pierre. This meeting takes place during a difficult period in Bezukhov’s life: he managed to avoid execution, but saw the death of other people. The main character has lost faith in the possibility of a better world and in God. A native of the “Platosha” people helps Pierre overcome this turning point in his life.

People's philosopher

Platon Karataev, whose characterization is the topic of this article, is a man who was able to introduce Pierre Bezukhov to the people's principles and the wisdom of ordinary people. He is a real philosopher. It is no coincidence that L.N. Tolstoy gave Karataev the name Plato. His speech is full of folk sayings; this seemingly ordinary soldier exudes wise calm.

The meeting with Platon Karataev became one of the most significant in life for Pierre. Even many years later, the already aging Bezukhov evaluates his actions and thoughts according to the principles that he learned for himself while communicating with this casual acquaintance.

"Round" start

The characterization of Platon Karataev, which takes shape in our minds, is very unusual thanks to the author’s figurative speech. Tolstoy mentions the “circular” and controversial movements of the folk philosopher. Platon Karataev's hands are folded as if he is about to hug something. His kind brown eyes and pleasant smile sink into your soul. There was something soothing and pleasant in his whole appearance, in his movements. Platon Karataev took part in a large number of military campaigns, but, having been captured, he abandoned everything “soldierish” and returned to the attitude of a native of the people.

Why does Tolstoy endow his hero with roundness of movements? Probably, Lev Nikolaevich emphasizes the peaceful nature of Platon Karataev. Modern psychologists say that circles are usually drawn by soft, charming, flexible people who are active and relaxed at the same time. The circle is a symbol of harmony. It is unknown whether the author of the great novel knew about this, but intuitively, of course, he felt it. The characterization of Platon Karataev is an unconditional confirmation of Tolstoy's life wisdom.

Platosha's speech

Speech can tell a lot about such a hero as Platon Karataev. “War and Peace” is a characteristic of the psychological world of the characters, since in this novel Tolstoy pays a lot of attention to the peculiarities of the language and behavior of those whom he wants to talk about in more detail.

The first words with which our hero addressed Bezukhov are filled with simplicity and affection. Platon Karataev's speech is melodious, it is riddled with folk sayings and sayings. His words not only reflect his own thoughts, but also express folk wisdom. “To endure an hour, but to live a century,” said Platon Karataev.

It is impossible to characterize this character without mentioning his story about a merchant who was sentenced to hard labor for someone else's crime.

The speech of Platon Karataev, his statements are a reflection of the ideas of the Christian faith about humility and justice.

About the meaning of life

The characterization of Platon Karataev in the novel “War and Peace” is given by the author in order to show a different type of person, not the same as Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky. This simple soldier, unlike the aforementioned main characters, does not think about the meaning of life, he simply lives. Platon Karataev does not fear death; he believes that a higher power controls his life. This hero looks at his life not as something separate, but as part of the whole. The essence of Karataev's nature is the love that he feels for everything in the world.

In conclusion, it should be said that L.N. Tolstoy, by creating the image of Platon Karataev, wanted to show how important a person is not in himself, but as a member of society who achieves common goals. Only by participating in public life can you realize your desires. This is the only way to achieve harmony. All this became clear to Pierre after meeting Platon Karataev. In accordance with this idea, I would like to add that this one, of course, is interesting to us in itself. However, much more important is the role he played in the life of Pierre Bezukhov. Thanks to this meeting, the main character was able to find inner harmony and agreement with the world and people.

The image of Platon Karataev is a spiritual folk principle, boundless harmony, which is given only through faith in God, in his will for everything that happens in life. This hero loves everyone around him, even the French to whom he was captured. Thanks to conversations with the “folk philosopher,” Pierre Bezukhov comes to the understanding that the meaning of life is to live, realizing the divine origin of everything that happens in the world.

So, we have characterized Platon Karataev. This is a native of the people who managed to bring into the life of the main character, Pierre Bezukhov, an understanding of the wisdom of ordinary people.

Pierre Bezukhov in captivity

(based on the novel "War and Peace")

Before we get to the question of how Pierre spent his time in captivity, we must understand how he got there.

Pierre, like Bolkonsky, had a dream to be like Napoleon, to imitate him in every possible way and to be like him. But each of them realized their mistake. So, Bolkonsky saw Napoleon when he was wounded at the Battle of Austerlitz. Napoleon seemed to him “an insignificant person in comparison with what was happening between his soul and this high, endless sky with clouds running across it.” Pierre hated Napoleon when he left his home, disguised and armed with a pistol, to take part in the people's defense of Moscow. Pierre recalls the Kabbalistic meaning of his name (the number 666, etc.) in connection with the name of Bonaparte and that he is destined to put a limit to the power of the “beast.” Pierre is going to kill Napoleon, even if he has to sacrifice his own life. Due to circumstances, he was unable to kill Napoleon; he was captured by the French and imprisoned for 1 month.

If we consider the psychological impulses that occurred in Pierre’s soul, then we can say that the Events of the Patriotic War allow Bezukhov to get out of that closed, insignificant sphere of established habits and everyday relationships that fettered and suppressed him. A trip to the field of the Borodino battle opens up a new world for Bezukhov, hitherto unfamiliar to him, reveals the real appearance of ordinary people. On the day of Borodin, at the Raevsky battery, Bezukhov witnesses the high heroism of the soldiers, their amazing self-control, their ability to simply and naturally perform the feat of selflessness. On the Borodino field, Pierre was unable to avoid a feeling of acute fear. “Oh, how terrible fear is, and how shamefully I surrendered to it! And they... they were firm and calm all the time until the end... - he thought. In Pierre's concept, they were soldiers, those who were at the battery, and those who fed him, and those who prayed to the icon... “They don’t say, but they do.” Bezukhov is overcome by the desire to get closer to them, to enter “in this common life with the whole being, to be imbued with what makes them so.”

Remaining in Moscow during its capture by French troops, Bezukhov is faced with many unexpected phenomena, contradictory facts and processes.

Arrested by the French, Pierre experiences the tragedy of a man sentenced to death for a crime he committed; he experiences the deepest emotional shock as he watches the execution of innocent Moscow residents. And this triumph of cruelty, immorality, inhumanity suppresses Bezukhov: “... in his soul, it was as if the spring on which everything was held was suddenly pulled out...”. Just like Andrei and Bolkonsky, Pierre acutely perceived not only his own imperfection, but also the imperfection of the world.

In captivity, Pierre had to endure all the horrors of a military court and the execution of Russian soldiers. Acquaintance with Platon Karataev in captivity contributes to the formation of a new outlook on life. "... Platon Karataev remained forever in Pierre's soul as the strongest and dearest memory and personification of everything “Russian, kind and round.”

Platon Karataev is meek, submissive to fate, gentle, passive and patient. Karataev is a vivid expression of the weak-willed acceptance of good and evil. This image is Tolstoy’s first step on the path to an apology (defense, praise, justification) of the patriarchal naive peasantry, which professed the religion of “non-resistance to evil through violence.” The image of Karataev is an illustrative example of how false views can lead to creative failures even of such brilliant artists. But it would be a mistake to think that Karataev personifies the entire Russian peasantry. Plato cannot be imagined with weapons in his hands on the battlefield. If the army consisted of such soldiers, it would not have been able to defeat Napoleon. In captivity, Plato is constantly busy with something - “he knew how to do everything, not very well, but not badly either. He baked, cooked, sewed, planed, and made boots. He was always busy, only at night he allowed himself conversations, which he loved, and songs.”

In Captivity addresses the question of heaven, which worries many in Tolstov's novel. He sees “a full month” and “endless distance.” Just as you can’t lock this month and a long distance in a barn with prisoners, you can’t lock up a human soul. Thanks to the sky, Pierre felt free and full of strength for a new life.

In captivity he will find the path to inner freedom, join the people's truth and people's morality. The meeting with Platon Karataev, the bearer of people's truth, is an era in Pierre's life. Like Bazdeev, Karataev will enter his life as a spiritual teacher. But the entire internal energy of Pierre’s personality, the entire structure of his soul is such that, joyfully accepting the offered experience of his teachers, he does not obey them, but goes, enriched, further on his own path. And this path, according to Tolstoy, is the only one possible for a truly moral person.

Of great importance in Pierre's life in captivity was the execution of prisoners.

“Before Pierre’s eyes, the first two prisoners were shot, then two more. Bezukhov notes that horror and suffering are written not only on the faces of the prisoners, but also on the faces of the French. He does not understand why “justice” is administered if both the “right” and the “guilty” suffer. Pierre is not shot. The execution has been stopped. From the moment Pierre saw this terrible murder committed by people who did not want to do it, it was as if the spring on which everything was held and seemed alive was suddenly pulled out in his soul, and everything fell into a heap of meaningless rubbish. In him, although he was not aware of it, faith and the good order of the world, both in humanity, and in his soul, and in God, had been destroyed.

In conclusion, we can say that “in captivity, Pierre learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in satisfying natural human needs, and that all unhappiness comes not from lack, but from surplus; but now, in these last three weeks of the campaign, he learned another new comforting truth - he learned that there is nothing terrible in the world.”

Municipal autonomous educational institution

"Secondary school No. 141

with in-depth study of individual subjects"

Sovetsky district of Kazan

Literature lesson notes

in 10th grade

Analysis of the episode “Pierre in Captivity”

(vol. 4, part 1, g. XI-XII novels by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

Prepared

teacher of Russian language and literature

Gimatutdinova Irina Lvovna

Kazan

2011

GOALS:

Formation of ideas about the philosophical views of L.N. Tolstoy (quietism) through the disclosure of the images of Platon Karataev and Pierre Bezukhov.

Development of abilities to evaluate and interpret an episode of an epic work.

I. Teacher's opening speech.

– The path of Pierre’s quest to continue the novel is a path of trial, error, doubt and disappointment.

– Why was Pierre captured?

– Captivity turned out to be the penultimate stage of his quest for Pierre. In one of his letters, Tolstoy argued that “the idea of ​​the boundaries of freedom and dependence” was central to the novel. Pictures of the execution of the “arsonists” are also dedicated to proving this idea.

II. Episode analysis.

– Who are the participants in this scene and how does Tolstoy portray them? (The participants in this scene are the French, the arsonists and the crowd. The “large crowd of people” consisted of Russians, Germans, Italians, French and stood in a semicircle. The French troops were positioned on “two fronts”, the arsonists were placed “in a certain order”).

– Why did the French try to end the execution as quickly as possible? ("… Allwere in a hurry , – and were in a different hurry thanare in a hurry to make things clear to everyone, but in a wayare in a hurry to complete what is necessary, butunpleasant and incomprehensible matter »).

– How did those sentenced to death behave, how did they feel? (“The cautious ones, approaching the post, stopped and... silently looked around them, as they lookdowned beast to a suitable hunter." “I couldn’t go to the factory. They dragged him under his arms, and he shouted something. When they brought him to the post, he suddenly fell silent..., waiting for the bandage along with others and, asshot animal , looked around me...” Let us pay attention to the nature of repeated comparisons).

– The brotherly bond between people is broken: some people have turned into “killed animals”, and others? (In "hunters")

– How do these “hunters” feel? (“There was smoke, and the French with pale faces and trembling hands were doing something near the pit.” “One old mustachioed Frenchman’s lower jaw was shaking...”).

- Why? What did everyone without exception understand, both those who executed and those who were executed? ("Everyone obviously knew without a doubt that they werecriminals , who needed to quickly hide the traces of their crime").

– What question torments Pierre? (« Who actually does this? They all suffer just like me. Who? Who?").

 This means that it was not them, but someone else or, more precisely, something else who created this whole nightmare. Man is a splinter drawn by the flow of history.

– How did this thought affect Pierre? (“From the moment Pierre saw this terrible murder committed by people who did not want to do it, it was as if the spring on which everything was held was pulled out in his soul... and everything fell into a heap of meaningless rubbish”).

 But at this moment it is absolutely necessary in the development of Pierre. To accept a new faith, it was necessary to lose faith in old beliefs, to abandon faith in human freedom. The entire execution scene, even more terrible than the scene of the Battle of Borodino (remember the description of burying factory material), was intended to show both Pierre and readers how a person is powerless to change the inevitable fatal order established by someone other than him.

 And here it is...

– Who does Pierre meet in captivity? (With soldier, former peasant Platon Karataev).

 We come to the ideological center of the novel. In Platon Karataev - the ultimate expression of Tolstoy's thoughts about boundaries of freedom and dependence. We need to take a closer look at everything that is said about Platon Karataev.

– What is Pierre’s first impression of Platon Karataev? (“Pierre felt something pleasant, soothing and round...”).

– What had such an effect on Pierre, what made him interested in this man? (“Round” movements, smell, Plato’s busyness, completeness, coherence of movements).

– What is Karataev’s manner of speech? (Its language is folk).

 Let’s analyze together one of Platon Karataev’s remarks (“Eh, falcon, don’t grieve,” he said with that tenderly melodious caress with which old Russian women speak. “Don’t grieve, my friend: endure an hour, but live a century!”). What features of speech did you pay attention to? (vernacular; rich in proverbs and sayings; manner of communication).

 Work on options:

Option I: vernacular, elements of folklore (“will be”, “potatoes are important”, “gospital”, “here and there”, “the yard is full of bellies”, etc.).

Option II: proverbs and sayings (“To endure an hour, but to live a century”, “Here is the judgment, so it’s not true”, “The worm gnaws at the cabbage, but before that you perish”, “Not by our mind, but by God’s judgment”, etc.). We will talk about the meaning of these sayings later, but for now we will only note the presence of these proverbs as a feature of Karataev’s speech.

Option III: manner of communication with the interlocutor (“... he said with a tenderly melodious caress...”, with a “restrained smile of caress”, “he was upset that Pierre did not have parents”).

 He listened to others and talked about himself with equal interest and readiness. He immediately began asking Pierre about life. For the first time (!), someone became interested not in the captive Bezukhov, but in the man Bezukhov. There is a caress in Plato's voice.

– Describe Karataev’s appearance. (“When the next day, at dawn, Pierre saw his neighbor, the first impression of somethinground was completely confirmed: the whole figure of Plato... wasround , the head was completelyround , back, chest, shoulders, even the arms that he carried, as if always about to hug something, wereround ; a pleasant smile and big brown gentle eyes wereround ).

 Natasha once said about Pierre that he « quadrangular ». Pierre is attracted by this “roundness” of Karataev. And Pierre himself should, as it were, "cut corners" in your attitude to life and also become "round" like Karataev.

– What is the meaning of Karataev’s story about how he became a soldier?

 Everything will happen as it should, and everything will be for the better. He became a soldier illegally, but it turned out that his brother’s extended family benefited from this. Karataev expresses Tolstoy’s idea that truth lies in the renunciation of one’s “I” and in complete submission to fate. All of Karataev’s proverbs boil down to this belief in the inevitability of doing what is destined to happen, and this inevitable is the best.

– “Yes, the worm gnaws at the cabbage, but before that you disappear.”- these are his thoughts about the war with the French. The French invasion eats into Russia like a worm into cabbage. But Karataev is sure that the worm disappears before the cabbage. This is the belief in the inevitability of God's judgment. Immediately in response to Pierre’s request to clarify what this means, Plato responds “not with our mind, but with God’s judgment.”

– This saying contains the basis of Karataevism: The less a person thinks, the better. The mind cannot influence the course of life. Everything will happen according to God's will.

 If this philosophy is accepted as true (quietism), Then you don’t have to suffer from the fact that there is so much evil in the world. You just need to give up the idea of ​​changing anything in the world.

 Tolstoy trying to prove it, but life refutes this philosophy.

– How did this Karataev philosophy influence Pierre? (Pierre “felt that the previously destroyed world was now being erected in his soul with new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations”).

III. Development of the theme in "subsequent episodes"(vol. 4, part 2, chapter XII, XIV).

– What has Pierre been striving for all his life? (Towards agreement with oneself).

– Where did he look for this calm? (“... he looked for this in philanthropy, in Freemasonry, in the dispersion of social life, in wine, in the heroic feat of self-sacrifice, in romantic love for Natasha; heI was looking for this through thought, and all these searches and attempts all deceived him."

- Where did Pierre find happiness now? (Happiness now lies in the absence of suffering, satisfaction of needs and “as a result, freedom of choice of activities”... “Satisfaction of needs - good food, cleanliness, freedom -Now , when he was deprived of all this, seemed to Pierre to be perfect happiness...").

 A thought that tries to raise a person above his immediate needs only brings confusion and uncertainty into the human soul. Man is not called to do more than that which concerns him personally. (Pierre “... never even thought about Russia, nor about war, nor about politics, nor about Napoleon”). A person must determine the boundaries of his freedom, says Tolstoy. And he wants to show that a person’s freedom is not outside of him, but within himself.

– How does Pierre respond to the guard’s rude demand not to leave the ranks of the prisoners? (“And he said out loud to himself: “The soldiers didn’t let me in. They caught me, locked me up. They’re holding me captive. Who am I? Me? Me—my immortal soul!”).

 Feeling inner freedom, becoming indifferent to the external flow of life. Pierre is in an unusually joyful mood, the mood of a man who has finally discovered the truth.

IV. Conclusion.

 Prince Andrei at Austerlitz was close to this truth (“endless high sky”). "Endless distances" opened up to Nikolai Rostov, but they remained alien to him. And now Pierre, having learned the truth, not only sees this distance, but feels like a part of the world. (« High There was a full moon in the bright sky. Forests and fields, previously invisible outside the camp, were now opening up.in the distance . And furtherfurther of these forests and fields one could see a light, swaying, calling into itselfendless distance . Pierre looked into the sky, into the depths of the receding, playing stars. “And all this is mine, and all this is in me, and all this is me!” - thought Pierre").

 This is how Tolstoy expressed the thought that, as he wrote to Pogodin, was most dear to him in the novel. We may not agree with Tolstoy’s views on the boundaries of human freedom and dependence, but we must understand them.

Continuing the lesson, the main provisions are introduced into the supporting diagram:

“Thought about the boundaries of freedom and dependence”

vol.4, part 1, ch. XII

French people

"two fronts"

"hunters"

are in a hurry

fear

List of used literature

Fein G.N. Roman L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". – M.: “Enlightenment”, 1996.