What is a particle rule? Particles in Russian. The spelling of "not" is merged with the words. Some features of demonstrative particles

A particle is an auxiliary part of speech, which, without having its own completely independent lexical meaning, gives different shades to words and sentences or serves to create forms of words.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but can be part of sentences.
The main area of ​​use of particles is oral speech, fiction and journalism with elements colloquial speech. The use of particles in speech makes statements more expressive and emotional. Excessive use of particles leads to speech clogging and loss of semantic accuracy.

The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to introduce additional shades into the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, and strengthen those words that are necessary for a more precise expression of the content: « Already the sky was breathing in autumn, Already the sun shone less often.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already- a particle with an intensifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, the particles are related to in different parts speech: with adverbs ( only, only, barely, just, right and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, let it be, it would be, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (oh, yes, and, well and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, itself etc.), with interjections ( there, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech by origin: here you go and etc.

There are few particles in the Russian language. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred of the most used words (the same as , conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred most frequent words includes 11 particles ( no, same, here, only, yet, already, well, neither, even, whether, after all ).

Comparison with other parts of speech

In their structure and functions, particles are similar to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of the sentence, but can be part of the members of the sentence. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never connects anything.

At parsing the particle is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.

In the science of the Russian language there is no consensus according to particle classification. Classifications may vary among different authors.

Particle discharges.

According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into categories.

• formative,
• negative,
• semantic (modal).

Shaping particles

- particles that participate in the formation of certain forms various parts speech (verbs, adjectives, adverbs, nouns, pronouns).

• Particles that serve to form verb inflections:
  • imperative mood - yes, let (let), come on (let's) :long live, let him go, let's (let's) go;
  • subjunctive (conditional) mood - would(b): said would, helped would , put on b ; What would did not happen.
    Particle would(b) may appear before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, may be separated from the verb in other words: I b went to work. I wanted would live in Moscow. I did more would better. I would made it even better.

  Particles let, let, let, yes, come on (let's go) are part of the verb form and are part of the same part of the sentence as the verb, and are underlined with it. The formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written out with the verb during morphological analysis of the verb as a part of speech.

• Particles that form forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbs, names of states - more, less : more important, less important; more Interesting, less boring.
  The meaning of the comparative degree can be enhanced by particles more And All : more scarier All more interesting.

When forms are formed, particles become closer to morphemes: more important (the degree of comparison is formed using a suffix) - more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a particle).

Postfixes are not particles -sya(-s), -that, -either, -something And no, neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, participles and adjectives, regardless of combined or separate spelling. It is necessary to distinguish the particle -That And -That : Which -That, Where -That ( ) - I -That I know everything. (particle)

Comment.

In Babaytseva’s complex on the Russian language, some other authors (Glazunov, Svetlysheva) proposed a different approach, where -something, -either, -something - attributed to word-forming particles and form pronouns and adverbs : who - someone, someone, anyone, anyone; what - some, some etc. Negative particles are also classified as word-forming particles Not And neither : who - no one, no one; when never, never etc. In this case, the particles turn into .
Using a particle Not Words with opposite meanings are formed: friend - foe, happiness - misfortune.
Some words without Not no longer exist: bad weather, slob, ignorant, impossible and etc.
These questions should be clarified with your teacher.

Negative particles

No, neither- the most frequent particles. Besides: no, not at all, not at all.

Particle NOT plays a major role in expressing negation and gives the following meanings:

• negative meaning for the whole sentence: This will not happen.
• negative meaning to an individual member of a sentence: In front of us was not a small, but a large clearing.
• positive meaning, statement (via double negative with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; I couldn't help but say.

Most often a negative particle Not is part of the predicate: At night did not have rain. ( did not have- predicate) I Don't know. (Don't know- tale.)

NI particle gives:

• negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Neither from place!
• strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: Around No neither souls. Not it is seen neither zgi. In the sky No neither clouds. Sometimes neither used without Not : In the sky neither clouds.
• strengthening and generalizing any statement made in the main clause (for this, in subordinate clause particle is used neither ): What neither (= everything) would do, everything would work out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
• When repeating the particle neither becomes important coordinating (conjunctive) conjunction : Neither Sun, neither air won't help me. ( neither - union)
• Negative particles include words No. It is used when there is a negative answer to a spoken or unspoken question: Want? No . To strengthen the negative word No repeated or used before a negative predicate: No, I don’t want to.
  Particle No corresponds in its role to the affirmative particle in the sentence Yes : Will you go? Yes .
• not at all, not at all, not at all .

It is necessary to distinguish neither (not) prefix, particle and conjunction. The prefix is ​​written together ( someone, no one, no one). The particle and conjunction are written separately: no not a soul (particle, strengthens negation); Neither (conjunction) rain, neither (union) snow couldn't stop him.

Semantic particles

Semantic (modal) particles are particles that introduce various shades of meaning into a sentence (clarify, emphasize, intensify), express the feelings and attitude of the speaker.

Particle groups by value:

• Adding shades of meaning:
  • interrogative —whether, really, really :
    Really This is true? Is it true whether This? Isn't it do you disagree with me?
    Isn't it And really often act as synonyms: Is it (is it really) did not you recognize me? But they can also have different meanings.
    In sentences with isn't it doubt is expressed, the speaker seems to be arguing with the interlocutor, confident in the inadmissibility of the fact: Isn't it can I lie?
    In sentences with really doubt and surprise appear: Really did he deceive us?
  • index fingers — here (and here), there (and there), here and, there .
    Highlight the item you need to pay attention to: Here my village.
  • clarifying — exactly, just, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, exactly : Exactly she told me about it. Just he knew about it.
    Particles exactly , just serve to highlight the most important information.
  • express allocation, limitation(restrictive-excretive) - only, only, exclusively, almost, solely : I am not sick, only) a little tired.
• particles that express the feeling and attitude of the speaker:
  • exclamation marks particles - what the, how , Well: What a soul! How amazing! Gee!
    These particles express admiration, surprise, and indignation.
    Particle How has a homonym How - pronoun How and union How .
    Particle How usually used in exclamatory sentences: How evenings in Russia are delightful!
    Pronoun-adverb How used in interrogative sentences and is a member of the sentence : How are you feeling? How - circumstance.
    Union How - in complex sentences: I will tell you, How to live on.
  • express doubt —hardly, hardly: Barely whether this will do. Hardly he will agree.
  • amplifiers particles - even, well, neither, well, really, after all, only, only and etc.
    Particles highlight words in a sentence: Masha knows each other only famous monuments. ( Only - an intensifying particle, in a sentence it is part of the definition only known).
    Some particles of this discharge can perform the role of unions : The moon has become brighter, the stars or They just turned blue. Particle or highlights the word stars and connects the first and second sentences.
  • express relaxation of requirements — —ka.
    In combination with imperative verbs, this particle softens the meaning of the verb: Do It! - Do It -ka .

Examples:

• Day and night the cat is a scientist All walks around the chain. (A. Pushkin) - intensifying meaning
• Well what the neck, what thelittle eyes! (I. Krylov) - exclamation value
• Yeslong live the sun,Yesdarkness will hide (A. Pushkin) Let the brown one burst stronger. (M. Gorky) - forms the imperative form of the verb
• Same word, but not the samewouldsaid. - forms the subjunctive form of the verb.
• What we were talking about before only thought, now they have brought it to life. We just thought -only not an adverb, not a conjunction, since it does not connect anything, but enhances the meaning of the verb (they thought, but did not do). Therefore it is a particle.

The meaning of the particle, its morphological characteristics and syntactic function

Particle - an auxiliary part of speech that introduces various shades into the meanings of individual words, phrases, sentences, and also serves to create forms of words. For example: What a parable!.. (M. Lermontov). If you can’t fake it, then go ahead... (In. Annensky). That’s my whole soul... (S. Solovyov).

Particles differ both from significant parts of speech and from auxiliary ones. They differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, and from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences.

Some particles have a derivative nature, that is, they are formed from other parts of speech: adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, verb forms.

Because the particles do not have independent meaning, they are not members of the sentence, but they can be part of the members of the sentence. When parsing particle is highlighted together with the word it refers to, or not highlighted at all, for example: No, No need. I'm too tired (V. Inber).

Types of particles by origin and structure

Majority particles comes from certain parts of speech: a) from adverbs (only, only, barely, really, right and etc.); b) from verb forms (let it, let it, you see, come on, after all, I mean and etc.); c) from pronouns (all that and etc.); d) from unions (yes, ah, and and etc.).

Some particles are not related by origin with other parts of speech (here you go) and etc.).

Types of particles by value

Depending on the nature of the relationship expressed and taking into account the role in the sentence particles can be divided into four groups:

TO particles, expressing semantic shades include: a) clarifying particles (exactly, exactly, just, exactly); b) index fingers particles (here, here and, over there, over there, this, that); c) excretory-restrictive particles (only, only, almost, exclusively, solely, simply, at least); d) intensifying particles (even, well, and, after all, everything, nevertheless, after all, after all).

Modal meanings express: a) incentive particles (well, come on, come on); b) interrogative particles (whether, perhaps, really, but, what); c) comparative particles (exactly, as if, as if, as if).

TO negative relate particles not, not at all, far from, not at all, not at all. In addition to negative, they can express other meanings: a) positive with double negation (not I can’t help but think, I can’t help but help); b) intensifying (there is not a soul, not a soul in sight); c) generalizing (no matter what I do, everything works out; no matter what I take, everything is wrong; wherever I go, there are people everywhere).

TO formativeparticles include: a) particle would, forming the subjunctive mood of verbs; b) particles come on, come on, let it on, let it on Formative forms of the imperative mood of verbs.

In the science of the Russian language there is no consensus on the issue of classification particles. Classifications proposed by other scientists may look different.

A particle is an auxiliary part of speech that serves to express shades of meaning of words, phrases, sentences and to form word forms.

In accordance with this, particles are usually divided into two categories - semantic and formative.

Particles do not change and are not members of the sentence.

In school grammar, however, it is customary to emphasize the negative particle not together with the word to which it refers; This is especially true for verbs.

Formative particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative forms of the verb. These include the following: would (indicator of the conditional mood), let, let, yes, let (those) (indicators of the imperative mood). Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are components of the verb form and are part of the same part of the sentence as the verb; they are emphasized along with it even in a non-contact arrangement, for example: I would not be late if it had not rained.

Semantic particles express the semantic nuances, feelings and attitudes of the speaker. According to the specific meaning they express, they are divided into the following groups:

1) negative: not, neither, not at all, far from, not at all;

2) interrogative: really, really, whether (l);

3) demonstrative: here, there, this;

4) clarifying: exactly, just, directly, precisely, exactly;

5) restrictive-excretive: only, only, exclusively, almost, solely;

6) exclamation marks: what for, well, and how;

7) intensifying: even, same, nor, after all, really, after all, well;

8) with the meaning of doubt: hardly; hardly.

In some studies, other groups of particles are also identified, since not all particles can be included in these groups (for example, they say, allegedly).

The particle does not appear as negative in constructions impersonal offer with an omitted predicate (Not a sound in the room) and as an intensifier in the presence of an already expressed negation (Not a sound is heard in the room). When repeated, the particle does not act as a repeating coordinating conjunction (No rustling or other sounds are heard in the room).

The semantic particle -to must be distinguished from the word-forming postfix -to, which acts as a means of forming indefinite pronouns and adverbs. Let's compare: some, somewhere (postfix) - I know where to go (particle).

The postfixes -sya (-s), -to, -or, -ni and the prefixes not and are not particles in negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, as well as participles and adjectives, regardless of whether they are written together or separately.

Morphological analysis of a particle

Particles are sorted according to the following scheme:

1. Particle.

2. Grammatical features:

Immutable,

Rank by value.

According to school grammar, all particles - both semantic and formative - should be sorted out according to this scheme, but it should be noted that formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written out during morphological analysis along with the verb when parsing the verb as a part of speech.

Sample morphological analysis particles:

I'm not saying that he didn't suffer at all; I’m just now completely convinced that he could continue about his Arabians as much as he wanted, giving only the necessary explanations.

(F. M. Dostoevsky)

not - particle, unchangeable, semantic, negative.

only - a particle, unchangeable, semantic, restrictive-exclusive.

only - a particle, unchangeable, semantic, restrictive-exclusive.

According to school grammar, in this sentence you should also parse the particles as follows:

b - a particle, unchangeable, formative, serves to form the conditional form of the verb.

The concept of a particle. Particle values

Particle- an auxiliary part of speech that gives additional semantic nuances to both words and sentences, and also serves to form the forms of words.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but can be part of sentences.

Particles clarify, highlight, and strengthen those words that are necessary for a more precise expression of the content:

Many Russian writers and poets used particles in their work.

For example, A.S. Pushkin used the particle Here about 1000 times. And the particle even sounded by the poet more than 300 times. For example: " But dollseven these years Tatiana in handNot took" And who doesn’t know the famous “ Already the sky was breathing in autumn, Already the sun shone less often.» ? Already – particle with an intensifying meaning.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech:

with adverbs ( only, only, barely, just, right and etc.);

with verbs ( let, let, come on, let it be, it would be, after all, you see and etc.);

with unions (oh, yes, and, well and etc.);

with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, itself etc.), with interjections ( there, well and etc.).

Some particles are not related to other parts of speech by origin: here you go and etc.

There are few particles in the Russian language. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred of the most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred most frequent words includes 11 particles: no, same, here, only, yet, already, well, neither, even, whether, after all .

Particles can “travel” around a sentence, but their place is still strictly fixed: each particle is used by the speaker or writer before the word or phrase that is important for the author.

INot champion.Exactly I'm a champion.Really Am I a champion?!Even I'm a champion.

Iafter all champion.

Miniature by Felix Krivin “Be, Lee, Zhe.”

Would, Lee, Zhe... These are not just service words. They cannot be confused with some “Something” or “Something” that attach themselves to the members of a sentence and hold on to them with their own line.

The particles Would, Li, Zhe are not like that; despite their official position, they are completely independent and are written separately from other words - this must always be remembered. Each of them is busy with their own business - trying to emphasize the main idea.

And during off-duty hours... Oh, what the official words don’t say during off-duty hours!

“If I had not two, but three letters,” says the particle “By,” “I would say this!” Oh, this particle of Be, what a dreamer she is!

“Hardly,” Li’s particle objects to her, true to its habit of doubting everything.

“Do you need an extra letter?” “This is empty talk,” Zhe stops them, accustomed to looking at things realistically.

“Two letters are enough for you; spelling doesn’t allow for more.”

This is how these particles argue in their free time. Although they are all function words, each has its own character, so they behave differently in the text:

Would-dreams

Lee doubts

He claims.

And try to live without at least one of these particles! You won't live!

Particle discharges:

1) Meaning: really, really, etc.

2) Formative: would, come on, etc.

Shaping particles:

would(b), it would happen, yes, come on, let's, let, let.

These particles serve to form the forms of words.

1) Particle would (b) participates in the creation of the conditional mood of the verb and can stand in a sentence either next to the verb or be separated from it by other words.

Yes, I guess I ate would and left. If would you yesterday we weren't late , today all the work was would finished.

2) Particles let (let) And come on (come on) participate in creating the imperative form of the verb. Let The kids will go on a hike as a class.

3) Particle happened (was) forms a special form of the past tense: Bela, it happened , he sings songs to us or dances lezginka. Discontinued was the rain suddenly started pouring again.

4) Particles more, less, most form the form of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs: most brave, more Interesting.

Semantic particles

Semantic particles give different shades of meaning to an entire sentence or individual words:

particles really (really), really, really (li) express a question.

For example: Really Did all the carousels really burn down?Isn't it maybe it's boring in the park?

particles what the, how, well convey admiration, surprise, indignation. For example: How The Dnieper is wide!

particles here, there highlight the item that needs attention. For example: Here mill.Vaughn I once lived there.

Often these particles are used together with the conjunction A: And here and brother arrived.

·

particles even, after all, after all, the same, not, really, well are designed to strengthen a specific word in a sentence. For example: You have such hands that they ran awayeven trousers.

·

particles no, not at all, far from They express denial in different ways. For example: Not flowers bloom in late autumn ( the whole proposal is denied ). Not the wind is raging over the forest ( the word is denied ).

Particles expressing :

hardly, hardly . For example: Hardly I can read a book in one day.

Particles expressing:

exactly, just, directly, exactly, exactly . For example : Exactly I came across this question in an exam.

Particles expressing :

only, only, exclusively, almost, solely . For example : Only Mom understands me.

Particle expressing :

-ka. For example: Think about it-ka good.

Separate and hyphenated spelling of particles.

1. Separate writing of particles

Apart particles are written would (b), same (g), whether (l): I would have done it if, but, however, hardly, always.

Do not confuse with unionsso that, too, also , particleseven, really .

Particle union

Compare: Whatwould should I eat it?To to have a snack, we stopped for a rest.

Apart particles are written almost, just now (I'm almost done; she didn't cry just now).

2. Hyphenated spelling of particles

Hyphenated particles are written: -this, -either, -something, some-, some-, -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko.

For example: What-That , whose-or , Howsomeday , particles are part of indefinite pronouns and become suffixes;

Tell-ka , He-de , Yes-With , Well-ka , Well-tka , colloquial or obsolete expressions.

Don't be confused:as if written together.

Particle -That not only included in indefinite pronouns. She joins the words to add a touch of emotion.

For example: Far-That he won't run away. task-That decided?

Particles some-(some-) are written separately, if separated from the pronoun by a preposition: with someone, with someone.

· Particle - after all written with a hyphen:

After adverbs: anyway, pretty much

After particles: really, really ,

After verbs: He insisted and left.

In other cases -after all written separately:

· The old man finally achieved his goal.

· She left her family after all.

Morphological analysis of particles

1. Part of speech. General meaning.

2. Morphological characteristics: category, unchangeable.

3. Syntactic role.

Sample: When or will you start writing?

Zhe is a particle.

1. Semantic, intensifying.

2. The unchangeable word.

3. Not a member of the proposal.

Negative particles.

No, neither – the most frequent particles. Besides : no, not at all, not at all .

Particle NOT plays a major role in expressing negation and gives the following meanings:

negative meaning for the whole sentence: This won't happen.

negative meaning to an individual member of a sentence: In front of us was not a small, but a large clearing.

positive meaning, statement (via double negative with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; couldn't help but say.

Most often, the negative particle is not part of the predicate: There was no rain at night. (wasn’t – predicate) I don’t know. (I don’t know - saying.)

Particle NI gives:

negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Don `t move!

strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: There's not a soul around. You can't see a thing. There is not a cloud in the sky.

Sometimes neither is used without not: The sky is clear.

strengthening and generalization of any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle ni is used in the subordinate clause): Whatever (= everything) he did, everything worked out for him. Everywhere (= everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields.

When repeating the particle neither takes on the meaning of a coordinating (conjunctive) conjunction: Neither the sun nor the air will help me. (nor – conjunction)

Negative particles include the word - No .

It is used when there is a negative answer to a spoken or unspoken question: Want? No.

To strengthen the negation, the word no is repeated or used before the negative predicate: No I do not want.

Particle No corresponds in its role to the affirmative particle in the sentence Yes : Will you go? Yes.

Distinguishing the particle NI, the conjunction NI-NI, the prefix NI-

Consoleneither-

Neither is part of negative pronouns and adverbs: neither Who(pronoun), neither When(adverb).

If the particle neither is separated from the pronoun by a preposition, then it is written separately: neither with by whom,neither have whom.

Distinguish negative pronoun with prefix neither- from a pronoun with a particle Not .

Compare: It wasnone other than Dubrovsky. –Nobody else couldn't do it.

Remember:

Repeating conjunction no no…

As a recurring coordinating conjunction no no… serves for communication homogeneous members suggestions or simple sentences as part of a complex

For example: I do not wantneither condemn,neither forgive you.Neither she won't hurt anyoneneither no one will hurt her.

Particleneither .

Particle neither written separately with the words: It's been in my mouth since morningneither crumbs.

Single and double particles neither are included in stable phrases and are written separately. For example: Howneither whatever happened, whateverneither it becameneither aliveneither deadneither becomeneither sit down, etc.

Service. It is intended to indicate various emotional and semantic shades. Also, with its help, completely new words and their forms are formed.

All particles in the Russian language are divided into two large categories:

1) those that express shades of various meanings and emotions (modal);

2) formative and word-forming.

This division is based on what meaning and what role this part of speech plays in a sentence.

Modal particles in Russian

Depending on the shades of meaning and emotions they express, particles, in turn, are divided into the following groups:

1) incentive: let, well, come on, come on, come on;

2) negative and affirmative: no, yes, no, definitely, not at all;

3) exclamatory-evaluative particles: well, of course, what the, how, what;

4) interrogative: what, really, really, whether;

5) intensifying particles: yes and, and, even;

6) concessional at least, after all, nevertheless;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, as if;

8) excretory-restrictive particles: only, solely, only, exclusively, almost;

9) clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, exactly;

10) demonstrative: here and, there and, here, this, there, that.

Formative and word-forming particles in the Russian language

The latter are:

1) particles neither and not, if they are used as prefixes to form adjectives, nouns, adverbs, as well as pronouns (indefinite and negative): untruth, someone, nothing, etc.;

2) particles -or, -something, -that, something-. They are used as affixes. Formed with their help indefinite pronouns and adverbs: something, somewhere, somewhere, etc.

Shape-forming particle - would. With its help, the mood of the verb can be changed to the subjunctive: would help, would win.

Particles in Russian. Classification by origin

In the Russian language, some particles originate from various parts of speech, while others do not. On this basis, the following classification is made into:

1. Derivatives. They can come from adverbs: barely, directly, only, etc.; from verbs: come on, let, see, etc.; from pronouns: -some, everything, -that, it, etc.; from conjunctions: and, yes, same, a, whether, -or, etc.

2. Non-derivative particles. Their origin is not connected with any parts of speech: -ka, over there, here, etc.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "not" mixed with words

An unstressed particle is not used when one intends to express negation. It is written together with words only in the following cases:

a) if it serves as a prefix for nouns, adverbs and adjectives: unkind, sad, failure;

b) if the word is not used in use without it: ridiculous, inappropriate, slob;

c) if the forms of indefinite and negative pronouns are unprepositional: no one, no one, nothing, some;

d) if there is no full communion dependent words: unheated sun, uncorrected error.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "ni" is merged with words

This unstressed particle is used to express amplification. It is written together with words in cases where it acts as a prefix:

a) in negative adverbs: in no way, from nowhere, nowhere, not at all, not at all, not at all, nowhere;

b) in negative pronouns (in their non-prepositional forms): I didn’t have a chance to take anyone on the road.