What are participles and gerunds examples. Isolation of participial and participial phrases Theory A participial phrase is a participle with a dependent word or words, i.e. with words to which you can ask a question from the participle

Participles and gerunds are characteristic of writing rather than oral speech. Therefore, it is extremely important to carefully study their functions, properties and characteristics in order to learn to write competently, accurately, and expressively. However, there are difficulties associated with their use, because these morphological units are often confused with each other.

Terminology

A participle is a morphological unit, a special form of a verb (some linguists distinguish the participle as an independent part of speech), denoting a characteristic of an object by action. It has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.

A gerund is a morphological unit, a special form of a verb (some linguists distinguish the gerund as an independent part of speech, like a participle), denoting an additional action in the main action. It has the characteristics of a verb and an adverb.

In order to understand how they differ from each other, you first need to highlight the ways in which they are similar.

Common features characteristic of participles and gerunds

The formation of both verb forms requires verb stem and special suffixes. For participles: - ush, - yush, -ash, -yash, -enn, -yonn, - nn, -om, -em, -im, - vsh, -sh. For participles: - lice, -shi, -v, -a, -ya.

If a sentence contains dependent words, then both forms can form participle and participial phrase respectively. Example: The man who just left the room was once famous photographer. Participial phrase: “just left the room.” Leaving the restaurant, the company of bosom friends went down the street. Participial phrase: “leaving the restaurant.”

Possess the characteristics of a verb:

• View(perfect and imperfect). Example: perfective verb “sell”. From it we form the perfect participle “sold” (which one?/what did you do?), the perfect participle “sold” (what did you do?). The imperfective verb “dance”, from it the imperfective participle “dancing” (which?/what is doing?), the imperfective gerund “dancing” (what doing?) are formed.
• Refundability/non-refundability(presence/absence of the reflexive suffix -сь/-ся). Example: reflexive verb“to laugh”, from it the reflexive participle “laughing” and the reflexive gerund “laughing” are formed. Non-reflexive verb“shout”, from it the irrevocable participle “screaming”, the irrevocable gerund “shouting” are formed.
• Transitivity(control of the prepositional form of the noun, which is in the accusative case). Example: transitive verb “to taste” - to taste the quick-ripening glory, tasting the quick-ripening glory, tasting the quick-ripening glory. The intransitive verb “to fall in love” is to fall in love with beauties, falling in love with beauties, falling in love with beauties.

What is the difference between a participle and a gerund?

Not all verbal features are inherent in both morphological units.

Verb features characteristic of participles:

1. Pledge(active and passive). Example: the verb “to tell”, from it the active participle “telling” and the passive participle “told” are formed.
2. Time category. Example: the verb “to love”, from it the participles “loving” (present tense/ doing what?), “loving” (past tense/ doing what?) are formed.

Verb features characteristic of gerunds:

• Pledge. Participles can only appear in active voice. Some linguists also distinguish the average reflexive voice, which, in fact, is such a verbal feature as reflexivity.

Features of an adjective characteristic of a participle:

1. Genus. Example: the verb “buy” - “bought tie”, “bought shirt”, “bought dress”.
2. Number. Example: the verb “to feed” is “fed cat, “fed cats.”
3. Form(completeness and brevity, only passive participles change). Example: verb “roast” - “roasted chestnuts”, “roasted chestnuts”.
4. Case(Only participles in full form can change by case). Example: the verb “to confuse”, from it the participle “confused” is formed.

• I.p. (who?/what?) - embarrassed young man.
• R.p. (who?/what?) - an embarrassed young man.
• D. p. (to whom?/what?) - to the embarrassed young man.
• V. p. (who?/what?) - an embarrassed young man.
• etc. (by whom/what?) – to an embarrassed young man.
• P. p. (about whom?/about what?) – about an embarrassed young man.

Syntax function- definition, adjacent to the subject or object. Example: A tear-stained woman watched the departing train. Woman (what?) – tearful. Participial phrases perform a similar function, being separate definitions (if they are not at the absolute beginning of the sentence; separated by commas). The streams of rain lashing the windows flickered in the dim light of the lantern. Jets of rain (what?) lashing the windows.

Answers questions asked about the adjective: “which?”, “which?”, “which?” etc. The participle does not have the characteristics of an adjective, but it has the characteristics of an adverb.

Features of an adverb characteristic of a gerund:

1. Immutability. Participles cannot change according to tenses, genders, cases and numbers, like participles.
2. Syntax function– circumstance (separate, separated by commas). Example: Blushing, he admitted to his mother that he had been skipping classes at music school. He confessed to his mother (how?) - blushing. A similar function is performed by the participial phrase (a separate circumstance separated by commas). After asking directions from an old man passing by, she finally found the house where they had been waiting for her for a long time. She found the house (how?) by asking directions from an old man passing by.
3. Answers questions asked to the adverbs “how?”, “when?”, “why?” etc.

Generalization

The key difference between these morphological units is what syntactic role they play. They also have different characteristics.

Participle and gerund are special parts of speech that combine morphological characteristics several parts of speech. This is how they differ from the rest. By the way, many linguists classify participles and gerunds as verb forms, and do not separate them into a separate part of speech. In this article we will talk about them as independent.

Communion concept

The participle and the gerund in the Russian language are united by the fact that both of these parts of speech contain some morphological features of the verb: the categories of aspect, reflexivity and tense.

However, the participle gravitates towards adjectives and expresses the attribute of an object or phenomenon by its action: reading, listening, being built, being read. This part of speech answers the questions: what is he doing? what did he do? From the adjective, the participle “inherited” gender, number and case - thus they agree with the noun, which includes: written book - written books (plural) - about a written book (prepositional case) - written novel (masculine gender) .

Also, the participle can be used in full and short forms. Diploma awarded - certificate awarded. Unlike adjectives, short participles contain only one letter n. Foggy lowland - the lowland is foggy (short adjective); sown field - the field is sown (short participle).

Depending on the meaning, participles can be active (denote a sign created directly by an action - constructing) or passive (denote a sign of an action experienced from the outside - constructing).

The concept of gerunds

The gerund gravitates, according to grammatical characteristics, to the adverb: from it the part of speech has adopted immutability, but from the verb the gerund remains the form (listening - having listened) and reflexivity (washing - washing).

The gerund denotes an additional, additional action; it can easily be replaced by a homogeneous predicate.

• I walked down the street, enjoying the spring sun. - I walked down the street and rejoiced in the spring sun.

The complementary action indicates how the main verb acts. She walked, rejoicing - the gerund “rejoicing” means an additional sign, an emotion with which the main action “walked” is performed.

Active participles: formation, suffixes

Participles and gerunds are formed from verbs using specific suffixes. As for the active participles of the present tense, their productive stem is the verb of the same tense. For the latter, the ending is simply discarded and a characteristic participle suffix is ​​added: - ush-/-yush- And - ash-/-box-.

Here it should be remembered that the first suffixes are characteristic of participles formed from verbs of the first conjugation - ash-/-box- used for participles of verbs of the second conjugation.

• Sunbathing - sunbathing (present tense verb, I conjugation) - sunbathing (present active participle).
• Glue - glue (present tense verb, II conjugation) - gluing (present active participle).

These same past participles are formed from the stem of the verb of the same tense using suffixes -vsh-, -sh-.

• Carry - carried - carried, crawl - crawled - crawled.

The unstressed vowel before the suffix (the word is placed in the past tense) is also checked: winnow - winnow - winnow.

Passive participles: formation, suffixes

Passive present participles must be formed from the stem of the verb I or II conjugation using suffixes -eat-/-im- respectively.

• Decide - decide - solved; wear - wear - wearable.

Suffixes - enn-, -nn-, -t- are used to form passive past participles. The productive base is the infinitive verb: decide - decided; wash - washed; read - read. It should be remembered that in the suffix - enne- only the letter e is always written after hissing words. For example, burned, resolved.

In addition, two letters are always written in the same suffix n. This is how participles differ from verbal adjectives. The latter do not have prefixes or dependent words - they are written with one letter n. Sauerkraut (verbal adjective) - sauerkraut by mother (participle, there is a dependent word) - sauerkraut (participle, there is a prefix)

Participles: formation, suffixes

Participle and gerund are similar in that both have a verb as their derivative base.

If we talk about imperfective participles, then the stem of the present tense verb is taken and the suffix is ​​added to it - A- or - I-.

• Watch - watchmen; shine - shining; move - moving; breathing - breathing.

There are a number of verbs from which the formation of gerunds is not possible: plow, bake, sew, dance.

If we talk about perfect participles, they should be formed from the stem of the infinitive. This involves suffixes -in-, -lice-, -shi-. For example, write - having written, having written; bring - having brought.

Thus, the spelling of suffixes of participles and gerunds depends on the type of verb of the generating stem and its conjugation. Also, sometimes you should take into account the type (this is especially true for gerunds). Suffixes of participles and gerunds different meaning you should know them by heart, then writing them correctly will not cause any difficulties.

Spelling not with participles and gerunds

It should be said about one more spelling that often causes difficulties. How to write a particle Not, participle and gerund. The rules regarding the latter are quite simple: with the gerund, this particle is written separately, except for words that are not used without it. For example: without doing, without thinking, without grabbing, without bringing, but indignant, hating.

The participle will be written with and not separately in the following cases:

1. It has dependent words. In other words, if there is not a single participle, but a participle phrase (Flowers that were not picked yesterday bloomed in all their glory).
2. The sentence contains a contrast built with the help of a conjunction A ( These were not withered, but quite fresh flowers).

Together Not with participles will be written outside the participle phrases: incessant rain, unplowed field, unread book.

Also written together with Not participles that are not used without this particle: indignant, hating.

Goals:

• generalization and systematization of students’ knowledge on the topics “Communion” and “Communion”;
• consolidation of the practical ability to find participles and participles, participial and participial phrases in the text;
• consolidation of the ability to compose a monologue statement on a linguistic topic;
• development logical thinking, skills independent work with text;
• nurturing a sense of mutual assistance, developing interest in reading through analytical work with the text of N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba”.

Lesson type: combined lesson on the use of ZUN.

Method: reproductive-creative, visual-figurative.

Equipment:

1. Table “N.V.Gogol. "Taras Bulba".
2. Information card (4 options).
3. Cards for individual work.
4. Table “ Features participles and gerunds” (filled in during the lesson).
5. Individual counters for counting earned points.

Epigraphs:

They [participles] serve as abbreviations for the human word, containing a name and a verb force.

M.V. Lomonosov

[Adverbial phrases] are primarily a part of book speech. Their undoubted advantage... lies in their brevity and dynamism. They are also characterized by great expressiveness

D.E. Rosenthal

During the classes

I. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Guys! We have finished studying the topics “Communion” and “Communion”. Today in the lesson we will summarize and systematize your knowledge by compiling a table “Distinctive features of participles and gerunds.” Why is such a table needed? Firstly, as already mentioned, to systematize your knowledge, because knowledge brought into the system remains in memory firmly and for a long time. Secondly, perhaps some of you will have to take an oral exam in the Russian language at the final certification at the end of 9th grade. In this case, the table we have compiled will help you quickly remember all the information about participles and gerunds. Third, and most importantly, you will be able to create similar comparison tables on other topics.

At home, you have prepared examples of sentences with participial and adverbial phrases from N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba”, which you will use when compiling the table. Each of you also has an information card from which you can take examples to illustrate one or another position of the table.

During the lesson, you will independently calculate the points you earn. The class is divided into two teams. At the end of the lesson, when the winning team is determined, the one of you who brings the most points to the winning team will receive additional credit.

II. Epigraph.

Epigraphs have been selected for our lesson, but before they appear on the board, determine what they are talking about.

(The teacher reads out the epigraphs, the children add the missing words: participles, participial phrase.)

III. Drawing up a table.

Which grammatical features do participles and gerunds have? By what criteria will we compare them?

(Students name a grammatical feature, then tell how it manifests itself in participles and gerunds. At this time, the teacher fills out the table on the board. It is better to prepare cards in advance and attach them to the board using magnets.

For each position in the table, children give examples from homework or from the information card).

VI. A coherent story on a linguistic topic.

One representative from each team draws a ticket and answers the questions: “What do I know about the sacrament?” or “What do I know about gerunds?”

During the answer, the class listens carefully and reviews the answer.

V. Individual work using cards or graphic dictation.

(at the discretion of the teacher)

Summing up the lesson.

The result is summarized according to individual counters:

26-28 points – “5”;

22-25 points – “4”;

17-21 points – “3”.

The student from the winning team who scores the most points receives an additional grade of “5”.

In the Russian language, speech structures can be enriched with participial and participial phrases. This article discusses the features and rules for using each type of phrase, and provides examples of their proper use in speech.

Communion and gerunds in Russian- This special forms verb (some authors have independent parts of speech), which together with dependent words form special syntactic constructions: participial and participial phrases.

• Participial, like a single participle, denotes a sign of action, answers questions Which? What? What is he doing? What did he do? and in a sentence refers to the word being defined. Syntactic role – a separate or non-separate definition.

  Examples of sentences with participial phrases: Sitting by the window the boy put the book aside and looked at his mother (the boy (which one? What was he doing?) sitting by the window). Furniture, brought from the dacha, we placed in the corridor (furniture (what?) brought from the dacha).

• Participial turnover indicates an additional action, answers questions Doing what? What did you do? and in a sentence refers to the predicate verb. Performs the syntactic role of a separate adverbial adverb.

  Examples of using participial phrases: While doing the exercise, the student noticed a typo in the textbook (noticed (doing what?) doing the exercise). Having cooked dinner, Katya decided to rest a little (decided to rest (having done what?) by preparing dinner).

Note! When forming a participial phrase, the main word of the construction can only be a participle, and a participial phrase can only be a gerund.

Isolation of participial phrases

In a sentence, the isolation (set off with commas) of the participial phrase in the sentence depends on its position in relation to the word being defined:

• Before the word being defined, the participial phrase is not isolated.

  Examples: Dima raised fallen from a hanger hat. The student redrawn given in the textbook diagram.

• After the word being defined, the participial phrase is highlighted with commas on both sides.

  Examples: Janitor, swept away the leaves all morning, left for lunch. Painting, drawn in Art Nouveau style, hung over the sofa.

Also, the participial phrase is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun or expresses an adverbial meaning.

Examples: Transferred to another group, they haven’t had time to meet each other yet. Worried about a friend, the man called the hospital every hour (he called (why? what was he doing?) worried about his friend).

Isolation of adverbial phrases

In adverbial phrases, the rule of isolation in sentences is the same - the participial phrase is always separated by commas, regardless of its position in relation to the predicate verb.

TOP 5 articleswho are reading along with this

Examples: Frightened by the roar, the kitten hid under the sofa. Grandma made us tea asking about what happened.

The participial phrase is not separated by commas:

• If it is part of a phraseological expression L(people listened to the guest ears hanging down) ;
• If a gerund has turned into an adverb and can be replaced with a synonymous adverb (They walked leisurely (slowly)).
• If the adverbial phrase includes a dependent word which or derivatives (We attended a lecture, after listening to which we began to better understand the subject).

A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. A participle is a part of speech that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. It can be found using schematic clue words: doing-done (for active participles), done-done (for passive participles).

If the participial phrase is before the main word, it is not highlighted in the text with commas; if after it, it is highlighted:

Waiting for luggage passengers crowded around the transporter.

Passengers, waiting for luggage, crowded around the conveyor.

Both the participle and the participle phrase as a whole in a sentence always serve as a definition.

The participle answers the questions: What are you doing? or Having done what? Both a single gerund and a participial phrase are separated in writing by commas and are circumstances.

Exceptions are cases when the gerund becomes an adverb, then in the syntactic structure it is considered precisely as an adverb.

In Russian syntax participial is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, as a rule, it is an integral syntactic structure, that is, it is not divided into parts, and serves as a definition.

Wolves avoid roads laid by man.

Participial phrase standing after the word being defined is always isolated.

But there are cases of highlighting this phrase even when it is far from the word being defined, for example:

Across the sky driven by the wind, ran ragged, gloomy clouds.

If the participial phrase has adverbial meaning causes or concessions, even if it is before the defined noun, it is separated by commas, for example:

Frightened by the crackle of firecrackers, the puppy hid under the bench.

Tired of exam anxiety, the boy quickly fell asleep.

Participial turnover constitutes the gerund itself surrounded by dependent words.

Noisy and playing on the rifts, the river carried its waters.

This phrase always stands out in a sentence, except for some special occasions, for example, if the participial phrase is a homogeneous adverb along with the adverb and there is a conjunction between them And:

He said lazy And slightly stretching out the words.

In order to understand phrases, you need to remember what a participle and a gerund are.

The participle denotes the attribute of the subject, and the gerund denotes the attribute of the verb.

The participle answers the question: Which? which?, and the gerund: what to do, what to do?

A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words.

Accordingly, a participle with dependent words is called a participle phrase.

The participial phrase in a sentence in most cases appears in the form of a definition.

Examples of participles: looking, considering, thinking, dreaming, etc.

Example of a participial phrase: Young woman, sitting by the fire, looked attractive.

Sitting by the fire - this is a participial phrase.

Since it is in the middle of the sentence, it must be separated by commas on both sides.

If the participial phrase is at the beginning of the sentence, then there is no need to separate it with a comma.

If at the end, then a comma is placed before the turn.

For example: The girl wearing a red coat looked stunning.

The girl looked stunning wearing a red coat.

Examples of participles: learning, reading, unlocking, reading.

The participial phrase is always separated by a comma.



Yes, from a point of view parsing sentences, the participial phrase always performs the function of definition (because it answers the question Which/which/which/which? and is a sign).

For example:

1. child playing in the garden - child (what?) playing
2. strong wind dispersing clouds - wind (what?) dispersing

While the participial phrase will appear in the sentence in the syntactic role of an adverbial adverbial and answer the question how?:

1. the wind intensified, dispersing the clouds - intensified (how?) dispersing = circumstance of the course of action
2. playing calmly in the garden, the child was left without the attention of adults

• A participle phrase is a participle with dependent words and a participial phrase is a participle with dependent words!

  Participial phrase: I saw a cat lapping from a bowl.

  He listened to the music coming from the receiver.

  Participial phrase: I looked at rising Sun without taking his eyes off.

  The goose, seeing the children, flew away.

  A participle phrase is nothing more than a participle with dependent words. In a sentence it acts as a modifier because it defines a noun. It is separated by commas if it comes after the noun being defined.

  A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence it acts as a circumstance and is always separated by commas.

  In Russian, a participle phrase is usually called a participle with a dependent word.

  The participial phrase is separated by commas if it appears in the sentence after the noun, the attribute of which it denotes. If it comes before a noun, it is not separated by commas.

  Grandfather, who came to us, was very ill.

  Grandfather came to us and went to rest.

  We call a participle a sign of a verb, and a participial phrase is a participle combined with a word dependent on it. In sentences, the participial phrase is always separated by commas, no matter where it is found.

  Having described a circle, the paper airplane crashed behind a woodpile..

  Mother walked through the door, taking off her gloves as she walked..

  The participle phrase is a participle with dependent words and answers the questions: how? When? Why? for what purpose? how?. For example: Bees flying out of the hive hover over the flowering willows, collecting golden pollen. In this sentence, the adverbial phrase is separated by commas. And the participial phrase is a participle with dependent words, that is, verb + adjective. The participle answers the questions: which one? which? which? which? what is he doing? what did he do? For example: flying, crazy.

  A participial phrase is a participle together with dependent words. The participial phrase is always a definition in a sentence, since it determines the noun that comes before or after it. The participial phrase is set off with commas only if it comes after the noun being defined; if before, it is not set off with commas.

  For example:

  There was a boy standing on the shore waiting for the ship.

  An adverbial phrase is a participle together with dependent words. The participial phrase in the sentence acts as an adverbial circumstance. Always separated by commas.

  For example:

  Masha walked home, singing the song.

  To remember the rules and practice distinguishing one from the other, there are many tests both for home use and online. I bring to your attention a few:

  Russian language test by Zakharyina

  Questions may arise

  And on this portal you can read in more detail about syntactic traps, in which cases the participial phrase cannot be used at all and why.