Dialectisms are words with local flavor. The importance of studying dialects. The role of dialects in modern language

Every native speaker of the Russian language knows and uses commonly used words in their speech. These words are familiar to everyone, and determining their meaning is not difficult. Every linguist knows that a language consists of dialects. They are limited geographically. And the meaning of this or that dialectism is not always clear. From the article you will learn what words are called dialectisms and their types, and examples of sentences from speech and literary texts with dialectisms will also be given.

Before giving an explanation of dialectism, it is necessary to say about the type of vocabulary to which these words belong. In other words, dialect vocabulary is regional words that are limited in use on a territorial basis.

Among dialectisms there are subtypes:

1. Dialect words based on phonetic features: fresh meat (must be fresh), do (must be doing). They are distinguished by a special phonetic design.
2. Dialect words according to grammatical criteria: podol (along). These words are distinguished by the combination of a root with an unusual or.
3. Lexical: wire rods (felt boots). They always have a synonymous word in literary language with a different root.

All lexical dialectisms can be divided into several subgroups:

• Actually dialectal linguistic units. They have words in the literary language that are equivalent in meaning, but not the same root. Example: shulushka (broth).
• Semantic. This group consists of lexemes that have a different meaning in the literary language. For example, greedy for work (diligent, diligent).
• Ethnographic. That is, used in everyday life in a given area: razletayka (light jacket).
• Phraseologisms. These are indivisible phrases. For example: “There is intelligence, but there is not enough intelligence.”

Examples of lexical dialectisms:

No.	dialectism	interpretation
1.	goose	Goose
2.	poked	Bye
3.	make a fire	scold
4.	promise	promise
5.	square	Mass of bushes
6.	go cold	cool down
7.	party	rage
8.	get busy	to contact
9.	lava	Street
10.	petun	rooster
11.	barkan	carrot
12.	readable	sober
13.	poke around	sit back
14.	kitushka	earring
15.	guys	boiling water
16.	Vankya	Vania
17.	Paneva	skirt
18.	cats	bast shoes
19.	guess	find out in person
20.	wild rosemary	Rhododendron Daurian
21.	plow	sweep
22.	dark	very much
23	to one side	from the side
24.	hole	Nora
25.	wonderful	a lot of
26.	dozhzhk	rain

Dialectisms of artistic speech

As already noted, dialect words are used as words known to a certain circle of people. For this reason, a natural question arises about how dialectisms can be used in artistic speech.

The answer to the question posed will be the works themselves. The author uses dialect words for various artistic purposes. They can emphasize the theme of the story or novel, the typical character traits and worldview of the main character, and the skill of the writer:

• Kokoshnik, kichka, paneva, amshannik, greenery, trunk, move apart, proshamshil - in the works of I. Turgenev.
• Gorenka, conik, hammanok, izvolok, gudoven - in the works of I. Nikitin
• Zaplot, oak, stance, feet, belly, battle - in the works of D. Mamin-Sibiryak.
• Povet, log, pima, vile, juice, kerzhak, urema - in the works of P. Bazhov.
• Elan - “Pantry of the Sun” M. Prishvin.
• Okoyom - from “The Meshchera Side” by K. Paustovsky.
• Yelling - from the poem “Motherland” by A. Surkov.

For example, he uses dialect words to convey the peculiarities of peasant speech. Sometimes in his texts dialectisms belong to the author’s speech. This is done in order to emphasize the aesthetics and originality of Lev Nikolaevich’s language.

Dialectisms are used to show the area of ​​their use. It is noteworthy that in Turgenev’s works all such words are provided with an interpretation. Thus, Ivan Sergeevich is trying to show that dialectisms are not part of the vocabulary of the Russian literary language.

Konstantin Paustovsky uses dialect words in own works in order to personalize your characters. Using them, Konstantin Paustovsky achieves ethnographic authenticity and artistic persuasiveness in his works.

Modern writers also use dialect words everywhere. They do this in order to create some kind of allusion to the text. Moreover, they do not give an interpretation to such words.

In modern journalism, the use of dialect words is quite common to emphasize local features, as well as the features of the speech of the hero of the essay.

Worth remembering! Journalism should strive for careful selection linguistic means, therefore, the use of dialect words should always be justified to the maximum.

Sentences with dialect words:

• Peter cooked plum porridge over the fire.
• The frog always screams for a reason.
• Nadys I spent the night with my aunt.
• I cooked a cauldron of potatoes.
• The food is delicious and even sweeter.
• It stood on the side of the market square.
• His friends treated him like he was a fool.
• The grandmother could not cope with the grip.
• The girls sang vocal songs in the evenings.
• Lush shangi lay on a towel.
• You need to run faster so that the storm doesn’t catch you.
• The dog ran along the rubble along the road.
• Chupaha-chuapahoy.
• I'll cut the mow at once.
• The Lithuanian needs to be knocked out so that she can become sharp.
• Kochet walks around the courtyard.

Dialectisms in literature:

No.	Example	Author
1.	They stuffed the sockeye... the blueberries are ripe...	N. Nekrasov
2.	Smells like loose dragon fruit...	S. Yesenin
3.	And in the ravines there are roe deer.	I. Turgenev
4.	Along the fire pits there is something great.	A. Yashin
5.	In the old fashioned... shushune.	S. Yesenin
6.	I look at the pale sky, at the honeydew...	V. Rasputin
7.	Her teals were completely torn.	V. Rasputin
8.	The hummocks were abandoned by a formidable river, fighting the Siberian frosts.	V. Rasputin
9.	There is kvass in the pot...	S. Yesenin
10.	Grumbling, the grandfather put on his malachai.	V. Shishkin
11.	Yarnik is growing more and more throughout the Elan trees.	V. Rasputin
12.	Yegor stood on the stove, extended his hands...	K. Sedykh
13.	Stop fussing.	K. Sedykh
14.	I was a little alarmed, forgive the fool.	V. Rasputin
15.	It is necessary to dig up beetroots.	V. Rasputin

Dictionary of dialect words

Dialect words are a rather interesting phenomenon in the lexical system of a language. In order not to lose them, special dictionaries are created.

The collection of dialect words began in the 19th century. The composition of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” edited by V.I. Dahl included a great variety of dialect words and phraseological units.

In the 20th century, D. Ushakov’s dictionary was published. It also contains quite a lot of dialectisms.

Afterwards, the systematization of quote cards from the works took place domestic writers and poets. As a result of this painstaking work The “Dictionary of Modern Russian Literary Language” was created.

Note! To date, the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects has gone through 13 editions.

The ZABGU of Chita published the “Dictionary of Transbaikalia dialects” edited by V.A. Pashchenko.

Dialect words in "Quiet Don"

Perhaps the most striking in terms of the use of dialectisms is M. Sholokhov’s epic novel “”. The publishing house "Drofa" in 2003 published a dictionary of dialect words found in "Quiet Don".

Consider quotes from this work:

• They said wonderful things about him on the farm.
• What are you, clawed one?
• Evdokey, prepare a snack.
• At the imperial review.
• What kind of weapon went.
• The forehead is covered in blood.
• For their Natalya.
• It might go into the ground.
• Don't be afraid to break up.
• A catfish splashed across the water.
• It won't come to Cherkassky.
• We'll push your woman into the ground.
• Gnawing on a chicken cobarga.
• Grigory came out empty-handed.
• The sky was gray in autumn.
• I was not a sick woman.
• Tell Grishka to come today.
• She runs around during the day anyway.
• I went to visit Mokhova.
• With a cucumber, what women leave for seeds.
• Didn't Mishatka bully you?

This article talks about dialectisms. A definition of this concept is given. Examples of individual dialectisms and sentences with such words are given.

In general, speaking about dialect vocabulary, it is worth remembering that it is an adornment of living Russian speech.

Today at school course literature and history are included to study regional dialectisms. This is done in order to preserve and pass on to descendants the heritage of the people’s language.

Useful video

Let's sum it up

In conclusion, I would like to quote lines from a poem by the Transbaikal poetess G.P. Zharkova:

But as before, quiet and pleasant,
Heard like a summer breeze
Distinctive from everyone else, incredible,
Transbaikal residents of our sayings.
“Soaring, hear, I sense a thunderstorm today,
Maybe we'll wait for a while for mowing now,
Let's start later. Let's spend the night
But tomorrow it will be, we’ll see.”

Dialectisms are words used only by residents of a particular area. Nowadays dialect words are rare even in speech rural residents. The most commonly used dialect words in our time are included in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language. A mark is given next to the word region(regional).

There are special dialect dictionaries. In V. I. Dahl's "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" there are many dialect words collected by him in different parts of our homeland.

Dialect words are sometimes used in literary works to convey the speech characteristics of residents of a certain area. The given dictionary contains many examples of dilatory words that children can write down for a Russian language lesson in the 6th grade.

Dictionary of dialectal and obsolete words and phrases for 6th grade schoolchildren.

Altyn is a three-kopeck coin.
Andel is an angel.
Archandel - archangel.
Arshin is a measure of length equal to 0.71 meters.
Badag – batog, stick, staff, whip.

Bazheny – beloved, from the word “bazhat” – to love, to desire.
The story is a lullaby song, a refrain when putting a child to sleep; from the verb baykat - to lull, rock, lull.
Balamolok - talker; from balamolit - to chat.
Balki are sheep.
Barenki are sheep.
Basalai is a dandy, a dandy, a rake, a braggart.
Basque - beautiful, handsome, elegant.
Bayat - talk, tell.
Bozhatka - godmother, named mother.
Birch, non-resected, birch bark - made from birch bark.
Painful - painful.
Brazumentochka, prozumentochka, prozument - from the word braid - braid, ribbon, usually embroidered with gold or silver, galloon.
Brany - woven with patterns.
It will be, it will be - full, enough, enough.
Buka – fantastic creature, which scares children.

Vadit, to take care of - to educate, to feed.
Vasilyev's evening - New Year's Eve, December 31st according to Art. Art.
Vasiliev's Day is a Christian holiday in honor of Basil of Caesarea, coinciding with the New Year (January 1, Art.).
In a row - a second time, another time, a second time.
Vereyki, verey - one of the pillars on which the gates are hung.
Lent is a seven-week fast before Easter.
Vsemirenochok, Vsemirshonok - a child born out of wedlock.
Vyaziga is a picky or quarrelsome person; dorsal string (chord) of red fish, used as food.

Gaitan is a cord used to wear pectoral cross; generally a lace, braid.
To hit - here: to serve a ball or a ball in a game.
Govena - fasting: fasting, not eating anything, preparing for church confession.
Gogol is a bird from the breed of diving ducks.
Year - live, stay, stay somewhere whole year.
Golik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - a leather glove without lining.
A penny is a coin worth half a penny.
Gulyushki are pigeons.
Threshing floor - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, covered floor.
Granatur, set – thick silk fabric.
Hryvnia is a silver ingot that served as a monetary and weight unit in Ancient Rus'.
Gunya - shabby, torn clothes.

Dolon - palm.
Doselny – past.
Woody - small.
To stretch, to stretch - to grow, thicken, become healthier, become stronger.

Yegariy, Yegoryev Day is a holiday in honor of the Christian saint George the Victorious. People celebrated two Egoriyas: autumn (November 26) and spring (April 23, O.S.).
Hedgehog is food.
Elen is a deer.
Elha, slokha - alder.

Belly – livestock, wealth, life.
Harvest - harvest time, time to harvest grain from the field; a field from which grain has been harvested.

Fun - beloved, dear.
Zavichat (bequeath, covenant) - command, strictly punish or command.
Zagovene is the last day before fasting when you can eat fast food.
Zaroda, zarod - a stack, a stack of hay, straw, sheaves, elongated.
Zaugolnichek is a nickname for an illegitimate child.
Matins - early, morning church service.
Winter Christmastide - the time from Christmas to Epiphany: from December 29 to January 6 according to Art. Art.
Zipun is a peasant working caftan. Zybka - cradle, cradle.

And mother - to catch.
If only - if.
Kamka is a silk patterned fabric.
Loaf is a large round loaf of bread.
Cast - to dirty, dirty, harm.
Wire rods - felt boots.
Kaftan is an ancient men's outerwear.
Chinese is a type of cotton fabric.
Koval is a blacksmith.
Peel, peel - skin.
Kolyada – mythological creature.
Kokoshnik is the headdress of Russian women.
Kolobok, kolobok is a round, spherical dough product.
Box - a chest woven from bast or curved from shingles; sleigh covered with bast.
Braid, braid - here: the tail of a rooster.
Rump is the hard bark of plants suitable for yarn (hemp flax).
Kostroma, Kostromushka is a mythological creature depicted by a girl or a stuffed animal.
Cats are women's shoes, a type of ankle boots, boots, shoes with high fronts.
Kochedyk is an awl, a tool for making bast shoes.
Kochet is a rooster.
Kroma - a loaf of bread, a crust; beggar's bag.
Kuzhel, kuzhen - tow, a bunch of flax prepared for yarn.
Kuzhnya - basket, wickerwork, box.
Kulazhka, kulaga – a delicious dish: steamed malted dough.
Kumach is scarlet-colored cotton fabric.
Kunya (fur coat) - made from marten fur.
Show off - mock, mock.
Kut is a corner of a peasant hut.
Kutia is a cult food served at funerals and on Christmas Eve (porridge made from barley, wheat, rice with raisins or other sweets).

Gusset, gusset - quadrangular multi-colored inserts in the sleeves of women's shirts.
Lying under images (icons) - dead people were placed under icons.
Bowl - wooden utensils for household needs.
Lubya, bast, bast - the subbark layer of linden and some other trees, from which baskets are made and bast shoes are woven.
Onion - arc, bow.
Bast – fibrous inner part linden bark and some others deciduous trees.
Lying - avoiding work, running away from work.
Lyadina, lyada - wasteland, abandoned and overgrown land.

Malek - from small: little guy, child,
Maslenitsa is a holiday of farewell to winter among the ancient Slavs, dedicated to Christian Church for the week before Lent; During Maslenitsa, they baked pancakes, ate plenty of cheese and butter, and organized various entertainments.
Mizgyro is a spider.
Myschatoye (tree) – possibly distorted: mast (tree).

Nadolba - a pillar, a curbstone by the road.
Nadolon, nadolonka - a piece of fabric or leather sewn onto a mitten from the palm side.
A daughter-in-law is a married woman in relation to her husband's relatives.
Stayed overnight - last night.
Needed, needed - poor, beggarly, wretched, meager.

Mass is a church service for Christians.
Drop - drop, lose.
A barn is a building in which sheaves were dried.
Ovsen (Avsen, batssen, tausen, usen, the personification of the New Year.
Clothes - the remains of hay from a stack or the bottom layer of hay, straw in luggage
Winter winter is a field sown with winter crops.
Ozorbdy - a seed, a stack. To die is to die.
Opara is a leaven for bread dough.
Oprbska - from overgrown; empty - here: free.
Yelling means plowing the ground.
Ochep (Otsep) - a flexible pole on which a cradle was hung.

To dirty - to harm, to pollute.
Dad, folder - bread (children's language).
Brocade – gold or silver fabric; silk fabric woven with gold and silver.
Parchevnik – vintage clothing from brocade.
Easter – Christian spring holiday in honor of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Plow (floor, hut) - sweep, sweep.
Pedaling - fidgeting with your fingers, moving your hands in vain.
Perezh, perezhe - before, in advance, earlier, first
Perelozhek, fallow land - a field that has not been plowed for several years.
A pestle is a pusher for grinding something in a mortar.
Pester is a basket woven or sewn from birch bark or bast.
Petun is a rooster.
Povet - a flooring over a barnyard where hay was stored, a roof over a barnyard.
Povoinik is the headdress of a married woman.
Drive - whip.
Pogost - cemetery, burial ground.
Podgrebica is a building above the cellar.
Pozhnya is a meadow during haymaking.
Polptsa - a shelf for storing food and dishes.
Polushka is an old quarter-kopeck coin.
To commemorate - to participate in the rite of remembrance of the deceased.
A funeral is a ritual meal in memory of the deceased.
More honest - more honest: friendly, courteous.
Pryadushka - weddings, get-togethers, parties; good spinner.
Helper - helper.
Delivery - each individual dish at the table, meal, break.
Pochepochka is a chain.
Honor - respect.
Ice hole - ice hole.
Pulanok – according to the performer’s explanation – is a sparrow.
The bullet is snot.

To wake up - to have fun, to disperse, to take a walk.
Undressed, undressed - a clergyman, deprived of rank or title.
Ripachok ribachok - from rpbusha: rags, rags, torn clothes, cast-offs.
Christmas is a Christian holiday (December 25, Old Art.) dedicated to birth Jesus Christ.
Horn - a dressed cow horn with a dried teat from a cow's udder attached - for feeding a baby.

Sazhen is an old Russian unit of length equal to 2.13 m.
To go crazy - to be cowardly, to go backwards, to lie.
Semik – folk holiday, celebrated on Thursday of the seventh week after Easter.
Sennaya girls are courtyard serf girls, maids.
Sibirka - a short caftan at the waist with a stand-up collar.
Skolotochek, skolotok - a child born out of wedlock.
Malt is a grain of bread sprouted in a warm place, dried and coarsely ground; used for making beer, mash, kvass.
Salop, salop - top women's clothing, a type of cloak.
Magpies - a holiday in honor of the forty martyrs, March 9 according to Art. Art.
Christmas Eve is the eve of the church holidays of Christmas and baptism.
Candlemas is a Christian holiday in honor of Christ (February 2, O.S.).
Stret - towards.
The wall is a shadow.
A pod is a pod.
Sugreva - dear, sweet, warm-hearted.
Susek - a chest for grain in a barn.
Wort is a sweet brew made from flour and malt.
To cheat, to cheat - to deceive, to deceive, from a cheat: a deceiver, a swindler.
Full - water sweetened with honey, honey decoction.

Tiun – clerk, manager, judge.
Oatmeal – crushed oatmeal; oatmeal food.
Tonya is a seine, a fishing net.
Sharpened - peasant canvas, whole tube, in a piece.
Trawls are trawls, bag-shaped nets for catching fish.
Reeds are marsh thickets or marsh plants.
Tuesok, tues - a type of bucket with a lid made of birch bark.
Tukachok, tukachok - a beaten, threshed sheaf.
Tickmanka - a poke in the head with your knuckles.
Tur is a stove pillar in a hut, the base of which is painted.

Ustoek, Ustoi – cream on established milk.
A grip is a type of iron fork used to place pots in and out of the oven.
Flail - threshed, a tool for threshing sheaves.
Child - child, child.
Scabs - scabs, scabs, rashes.
Shendrovat - distorted: to generous - to go from house to house singing on New Year's Eve, receiving rewards from the owners for this.
Shtofnik - silk sundress.
Brother-in-law - brother wives.
Yalovitsa is a non-pregnant cow or heifer.
Yarka – young sheep

Workshop on building knowledge on the topic “Dialectisms”.

Dubinskaya V.K., school-gymnasium No. 3, Astana.

Tasks:

a) educational – familiarizing students with the features

dialect speech, deepening knowledge on the topic, enriching

students' vocabulary;

b) developing – developing the ability to find in texts

dialect words, determine their role;

c) educating - instilling respect for the Russian language, its

lexical norms.

Epigraph: “A local word can enrich the language if it is figurative,

euphonious and understandable"(K. Paustovsky).

During the classes.

I Mobilizing beginning of the lesson, message of the topic, motivation for learning.

II Repetition:

Blitz survey:

Vocabulary is...

What words are called unambiguous?

What words are called ambiguous?

What are the names of words known to all people?

What are the names of words that are not known to all speaking people?

in Russian?

Work on the card “Dialectisms” (to refresh your knowledge on the topic).

Dialectisms.

Dialect words (dialectisms) - words used only by residents of a certain area: beetroot(beet), sula(zander), kochet(rooster), hefty(Very); sash(belt), peplum(Beautiful), golitsy,(mittens), sorrel(Red Ribes), smoking(house), drone(speak) and etc.

Words known to all people and used by everyone are called commonly used. Words that are not known to all Russian speakers are called not commonly used. These include, for example, dialectal And professional words.

Dialect words- these are words used only by residents of a particular terrain.

The speech of the inhabitants of a particular area is called a dialect.

There are three main groups of dialects in the Russian language: North Russian dialects (or North Russian dialect), South Russian dialects (or South Russian dialect), Central Russian dialects (or Central Russian dialects).

Russian folk dialects are divided into two dialects: northern and southern. Between these dialects there are Central Russian dialects.

Note. The speech of the inhabitants of a particular area consists ofcommon and dialect words.There are fewer dialect words in each dialect than the common ones demanding.

The adverbs of the Russian language differ from each other, in addition, in their phonetics and grammar. For example, northerners pronounce the sound [o] in place of the letterABOUT before stress: [water]; this pronunciation is called okaya. Southerners pronounce letters on the spotABOUT sound [a]: [vada]; This pronunciation is called Akaya. Among the Central Russian dialects there are both okaya and akaya. In Siberia and Far East There are settlements where they speak either a northern or a southern dialect.

The same objects (signs, actions) are often called differently in dialects and in the literary language.

Literary

words

Dialect words

Northern Russian

adverbs

South Russian

adverbs

rooster

duck

speak

belt

rooster

duck

beat up

hashnik

kochet

pitching

drone

belt

Dialect words are used in works of art to convey the speech characteristics of residents of a certain area.

Dialectal words used in works of art are called dialecticisms.

Dialectisms (in dialect words) are called words that are used predominantly by residents of one terrain. Yes, wordsmoking (house) used in dialect (dialect) of the Don Cossacks: rye shoots are called in the northwinter, and in the south - greenery; winter felted shoes in Siberia are calledpimami (pim - units h., im. etc.), and in the European part of Russia -felt boots.. For example, the word Yaruga(ravine) used comes out in speechrural residents of some places.

In Novgorod and some other northern regions they say - nagrezil (smeared), tina (tops), dyanki (mittens). In some southern regions they say to demand (disdain), deja (knead), etc.

The dialects still preserve the names of objects of rural life and economy, flora and fauna, designations of natural phenomena, actions, qualities, etc. For example: rooster - “cocking”, “song”; lightning - "thunderbolt"; forest - “forest”, “gai”; road - "stitch", "way".

In the dialects of the northern dialect, only dialects are used

words, for example: kryga- “ice floe”, plow up- “sweep” basswhoa- "Beautiful"; in the dialects of the southern dialect - others, for example)

kochet- "rooster", rahmanny-"worthless."

In literary language, speaking verbs: talk, say, talk- correspond to dialect words such as babble, babble, babble, babble.

Talking is a special variety of the modern Russian language, developing according to its own laws.

Many dialect words become commonly used and are included in synonymous groups, for example: house(common) hut(Northern Russian), hut(South Russian).

Dialecticisms are usually used in works of art to convey local flavor. The eastern wind blows across the native steppe. Log was covered in snow. The valleys and ravines were leveled. There are no roads or paths (M. Sholokhov). Log - ravine. Padina – narrow hollow. Yar - steep steep bank of the river.

Answers to questions in the form of a brainstorming session.

What words are called dialectal?

What words are called commonly used?

What words are called uncommon?

What words does the speech of the inhabitants of a particular area consist of?

For what purpose do writers use dialectisms in fiction?

III Work on this topic.

Studying new material from the textbook and other sources (work in groups followed by defense).

Dialectisms (lexical) are words characteristic of local dialects.

a) Reading a dialogue between a grandmother and her grandson and answering the question: “Why didn’t the boy understand his grandmother?”

Granddaughter, go to the garden and bring some beetroot for borscht.

- What should I bring, grandma?

Burakov.

What is it?

- Well, in our village that’s what they call beets.

Word beet commonly used, it is known to all Russian speakers. Word beetroot used only in the speech of residents of a certain area. This is a dialect word.

Dialect words are outside the boundaries of the literary language; their use in oral and writing instead of common literary words, it violates the norms of literary language and is unacceptable. However, in the language of fiction, dialectisms are usually used for special stylistic purposes: the writer needs dialectisms mainly to create local color and speech characteristics of the characters, the author strives to give a more expressive speech characteristic of the hero, to evoke in the reader more vivid ideas about the place where the action develops . Thus, the bright and original language of M.A. Sholokhov is distinguished by the skillful use of dialectisms. Drawing in novels " Quiet Don", "Virgin Soil Upturned" life Don Cossacks, the author uses the word kuren instead of the words izba and hut; a place in the yard fenced for livestock is called a base, a garden grove is called a levada, etc., for example: From pipes kuren in the mornings with scaffolding straight orange trunks of smoke rise. (“Virgin Soil Upturned.”)

“Where is the owner?” - “No-ma.” - “How? not at all? - “Absolutely.” - “And the hostess?” - “I ran into the settlement.” - “Who will open the door for me?” - I said, kicking her.

Such masters resorted to dialectisms artistic word, like Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, Nekrasov, Leskov, Melnikov-Pechersky, M. Sholokhov, F. Gladkov, A. Fadeev and others. However, the abuse of dialect words clogs speech and obscures its meaning. But, as we said, writers for authenticity and persuasiveness created paintings human life use the entire wealth of lexical means of the Russian language, therefore, in the fabric of a work of art, along with general literary words, words used only by residents of a certain area can sometimes be included - dialectisms, for example: kochet (rooster), gutarit (to speak), beam (ravine), buchilo (deep hole with spring water).

Some dialectisms, becoming commonly used, gradually enter the literary language, enriching it. Examples include the words strawberry, plowing, tentacle, clumsy and others, included in literary speech from local dialects.

We see that between the national and dialect dictionary there is no blank wall: many words that were dialectisms have entered the literary language. Among them are such as nonsense, owl, frail, boring, smile, take a nap, farmhand, mumble, clumsy and many others.

Some of the most commonly used dialect words in works of art are included in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language. With them, a litter of the region is given. (i.e. regional).

Turgenev introduced the dialectic rustle into literary use. In the story “Bezhin Meadow” this word was accompanied by the author’s explanation: “as they say here in the Oryol province.”

d) Example - a situation in a lesson with a girl who spoke a dialect.

-Anya! Go to the board! - the teacher addresses the girl sitting at the first desk. - Write the word station.

The girl writes hesitantly: station.

The teacher shakes her head negatively:

- Remember! After all, I explained that it is wrong to pronounceulisa, sinisa,_stancia. Learn to speak and write C!

The girl perked up. She briskly tapped the chalk on blackboard

She remembered! The word is written. But why does the teacher shake her head again? After all, Anya corrected the mistake! On the board it is written: _tstan tion.

We understand that the girl, having corrected the mistake, immediately made another, and rather strange one. Why did this happen? Why are the errors so unusual? Why station? And where did it come from station? Well I wrote would_stantsya - Got it.

~ Why, actually, is it clear? Well, how about it? ts in Russian it is always hard. But in words fish, cheese, soap we write after the hard ones s, and then ts- And. There are, however, exceptions - all the words in the phrase “The gypsy on tiptoe said “tsyts” to the chicken” - but this changes little

Station– this is not a defect in Anya’s individual speech. That's what everyone around her says. Since childhood, Anya had not heard the sound Ts around her: after all, her grandmother, and parents, and all her friends in her village spoke kurisa, Yayso. That's why she said so herself. For her C And WITH always merged into one sound before WITH.

As you can see, it is not easy for someone who has spoken a dialect since childhood to master the norms of a literary language. Therefore, dialects live on despite the existence of radio, newspapers, cinema, and television.

2. About V.I. Dahl's dictionary.

There are special dialect dictionaries, or dictionaries of Russian folk dialects. In Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl’s “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” there are many dialect words collected by him in different parts of Russia.

For example, dialect words are names of the wind used in the north.

In the speech of northerners, a system of names for all main winds: north(northern), letnik(southern), west(west), east(Oriental), Glubnik(northwestern), shelonik(southwestern), night owl(northeastern), dinner person(southeastern).

3. Reading the dialogue from V. Shukshin’s story “Stubborn”.

Read the dialogue from V. Shukshin’s story “Stubborn”, highlight the dialecticisms. Who do they belong to? What can replace them? For what purpose does the writer use dialectisms? Compare the speech of your interlocutors: do the remarks of one of them differ from those of the other in stylistic terms?

- Why are you like this today? - asked the grandmother when they were sitting having breakfast.

- Which? - Monya asked calmly and condescendingly.

- Satisfied. I squinted like a cat in the sun... I had a dream, what?

- I dreamed that I found ten thousand rubles in a briefcase.

- Go to hell! - The old woman grinned, paused and asked:

- So what would you do with the name?

What? … What about you?

4. Reading a fragment from N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Peasant Children.”

Read an excerpt from N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Peasant Children” and find d dialect word in the speech of a peasant boy. What common word corresponds to it?

- Hello, lad!

- „Get past it!"

- You're too formidable, as I can see!Where do the firewood come from?

From the forest, of course. Father, do you hear him chopping? And I'll take it.

5. Game “Who is faster?”

Explain the meaning of dialectisms and indicate in which works they were found.

Buchilo is a deep hole with spring water. (“Notes of a Hunter” by Turgenev.)

Yaruga is a ravine. (“Notes of a Hunter” by Turgenev.)

Greenery - rye shoots in the south. (“Notes of a Hunter” by Turgenev.)

Yar is a steep, steep bank of the river. (“Notes of a Hunter” by Turgenev,

"Dead Souls" by Gogol.)

Kuren is a house among the Don Cossacks, the same as a hut. ("Taras Bulba"

Gogol, “Virgin Soil Upturned” by Sholokhov.)

Base - a place in the yard, fenced for livestock. (“Notes of a Hunter”

Turgenev, “Virgin Soil Upturned” and “Quiet Don” by Sholokhov.)

6. Conclusions on the topic.

The variety of language is due to the fact that, in addition to the generally accepted normative literary language, there is also vernacular language. It is not easy for someone who has spoken a dialect since childhood to master the norms of a literary language. Therefore, dialects live on despite the existence of radio, newspapers, cinema, and television. Dialects are a special variety of the modern Russian language that develops according to its own laws. Some features are widespread over a vast territory (for example, “Okanye”), others are found only in isolated islands. But they are always associated with a specific area and can be indicated on the map. Such an area, the territory in which this or that linguistic feature is widespread, is called an area. And the variety of the Russian language itself, containing such features, is called a territorial dialect, or patois.

Russian folk dialects are numerous and varied. They are mainly distributed in rural areas, which is historically associated with the great isolation of life and life in the village, with the fact that there is a more stable, permanent population, and long-distance travel is rare.

So, a strictly standardized literary language, processed by masters of words - and the living, unorganized element of vernacular speech; the result of the fragmentation of distant feudal times that has survived to this day - territorial dialects - and rapidly developing in the century scientific and technological revolution professional “languages” - that’s what it turns out complicated thing Russian language. How many varieties, options, how many “languages” there are in it! It is not surprising that it is not so easy to understand all the patterns, all the subtleties, all the complexities in the structure of this language! It is also not surprising that a lot of effort is required to perfectly master its literary norms.

7. Creative work- writing an essay on a topic or fragment literary text using dialectisms.

8. Reflection.

Summing up the lesson.

Using dialectisms in speech, we must remember the words of K. Paustovsky: “A local word can enrich the language if it is figurative, euphonious and understandable.”

Homework - learn the meaning of terms and create an assignment on the topic of this lesson.

Research

Dialectisms in literary language (using the example of Russian fairy tales).

Table of contents.

2. Main part:

2.1. Dialect concept

2.2. Dialects as part of the vocabulary of the national Russian language

2.3. Types of dialects. Classification of dialectisms

3. Practical part:

3.1. Dialectisms in literary language (example of Russian fairy tales)

4. Conclusion
List of used literature
Application

Introduction.

The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that the dialectological sphere of language still arouses keen interest of linguists. Today, Russian folk dialects are disappearing, and with them go unique facts history of the language and culture of the Russian people in general, the importance of such works can hardly be overestimated, and over time it will only increase.

The object of the study was dialects of the Russian language.
In connection with our object of study there arises important question about the research boundaries of the object of our research.
As you know, the lexical composition is divided into 2 layers: the first layer is general linguistic, such lexemes are familiar and used by the entire group of Russian speakers; the second layer is of a lexical-corporate nature, in particular of a special scientific nature. This group of lexemes is familiar and used by a limited number of people. The peculiarity of dialects is that they belong to the vocabulary of limited use. The scope of our analysis included dialects collected by continuous sampling from Russian fairy tales.

Dialects have been studied many times in different languages. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that for the first time dialects of the Russian language became the object of study in Russian fairy tales from the point of view of typification.
The purpose of our research is to determine how, with the help of dialect means, the stylization of artistic narrative occurs, creating speech characteristic heroes. This study will be conducted using Russian fairy tales as an example.

Setting this goal led to the selection of the following tasks:

1. define the concept of dialect;
2. consider dialects as part of the vocabulary of the national Russian language;
3. identify types of dialects;
4. classify dialectisms;
5. analysis of dialectisms in literary language (using the example of Russian fairy tales).

The structure of the work corresponds to the assigned tasks.

Our material was analyzed based on the following methods: descriptive method, historical method, component analysis method.

Dialects and their influence on literature.

The purpose of this study is to determine how, with the help of dialect means, the stylization of an artistic narrative occurs and the speech characteristics of the characters are created. This study will be conducted using Russian fairy tales as an example.

Main part.

2.1. The concept of dialect.

Russian folk dialects, or dialects (gr. dialektos - adverb, dialect), contain a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. Thus, in the south of Russia, a stag is called a grip, a clay pot is called a makhotka, a bench is called an uslon, etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in oral speech peasant population. In an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to the common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature. The dialects imprinted the original language of the Russian people; in certain features of local dialects, relict forms of Old Russian speech were preserved, which are the most important source of restoration historical processes, which once affected our language [Rosenthal, 2002:15].

2.2. Dialects as part of the vocabulary of the national Russian language.

The vocabulary of the Russian language, depending on the nature of its functioning, is divided into two large groups: generally used and limited to the sphere of use. The first group includes words whose use is not limited either by the territory of distribution or by the type of activity of people; it forms the basis of the vocabulary of the Russian language. This includes the names of concepts and phenomena from different areas of social life: political, economic, cultural, everyday life, which gives grounds to identify various thematic groups of words in the national vocabulary. Moreover, all of them are understandable and accessible to every native speaker and can be used in a wide variety of conditions.
Vocabulary limited scope usage is common within a certain area or among people united by profession, social characteristics, common interests, pastime, etc. Such words are used mainly in oral non-standardized speech. However, artistic speech does not refuse to use them [Rosenthal, 2002:14].

2.3. Types of dialects. Classification of dialectisms.

In linguistic literature there is a broad and narrow understanding of dialectism as the main component of dialectology.

1. The broad approach (presented in the linguistic encyclopedia) is characterized by an understanding of dialectisms as characteristic of territorial dialects linguistic features included in literary speech. Dialectisms stand out in the flow of literary speech as deviations from the norm [Yartseva, 1990: 2].
2. The narrow approach (reflected in the monograph by V. N. Prokhorova) is that dialectisms are dialect words or stable combinations words used in the language of artistic, journalistic and other works [Prokhorova, 1957:7].

In our work, based on the object of study, we rely on a narrow approach and by the term dialectisms we understand the phonetic, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, semantic and other features of the language reflected in a work of art, inherent in certain dialects in comparison with the literary language.

In linguistics, the question of dialectisms in the composition of the language of a work of art is one of the least studied. Separate works of such scientists as V. N. Prokhorov “Dialectisms in the language of fiction”, E. F. Petrishchev “Extraliterary vocabulary in modern literary prose”, P. Ya. Chernykh “On the question of methods of artistic reproduction of folk speech” and others are devoted to him. A number of works are devoted to the analysis of dialect vocabulary in specific works Russians writers of the XIX– XX centuries: dialectisms in the works of I. S. Turgenev, S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, V. Belov, F. Abramov.

In works of fiction, the originality of dialects can be reflected to varying degrees. Depending on what specific features transmitted in dialect words, they can be classified into four main groups:

1. Words that convey the features of the sound structure of a dialect - phonetic dialectisms.

2. Words that differ in grammatical forms from words in the literary language are morphological dialectisms.

3. Features of the construction of sentences and phrases conveyed in the literary language of a work of art, characteristic of dialects - syntactic dialectisms.

4. Words from the vocabulary of the dialect used in the language of fiction are lexical dialectisms. Such dialectisms are heterogeneous in composition. Among the vocabulary contrasted vocabulary, the following stand out:

a) semantic dialectisms - with the same sound design, such words in the dialect have the opposite literary meaning (homonyms in relation to the literary equivalent);

b) lexical dialectisms with complete difference in terms of content from literary word(synonyms in relation to the literary equivalent);

c) lexical dialectisms with partial differences in the morphemic composition of the word (lexical-word-formative dialectisms), in its phonemic and accentological fixation (phonemic and accentological dialectisms).

5. Dictionary non-opposed vocabulary includes dialect words that are names local items and phenomena that do not have absolute synonyms in the literary language and require a detailed definition - the so-called ethnographisms.

The above classification of the use of dialectisms in the language of a work of art is conditional, since in some cases dialect words can combine the characteristics of two or more groups [Prokhorova, 1957: 6 - 8].

When dialectisms from oral speech come to the author’s disposal, he, interspersing them into the language of the literary text, subordinates each dialect word overall plan works, and this is done not directly, but through methods of narration.
For the original population of villages, dialect (that is, local dialect) is, first of all, native language, which a person masters in early childhood and connected with it organically. Precisely because articulatory speech skills are formed naturally, they are very strong in everyone. It is possible to rebuild them, but not for everyone and not in everything.

With the help of dialectology data, it is possible to more clearly resolve the issue of the principles of selection of dialecticisms of the author, the manifestation of his artistic taste, awareness in the selection of material for creating images of folklore. colloquial speech. Dialectological data helps answer the question of what vocabulary of the dialect the artist prefers to use.

Thus, the processes occurring in the sphere of dialect language as part of the language of a work of art have much in common with the processes characteristic of Russian colloquial speech, the oral variety of the literary language. In this regard, dialectisms represent a rich source for identifying processes and trends in the literary language.

We came to the conclusion that dialects differ from the national dialect national language various features - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely in original words, unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common characteristics.

Lexical dialectisms are words known only to native speakers of the dialect and have neither phonetic nor word-forming variants outside of it. For example, in southern Russian dialects there are the words buryak (beetroot), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (to speak); in the northern ones - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects and concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.

Ethnographic dialectisms are words that name objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - “pies prepared in a special way”, shingles - “special potato pancakes”, nardek - “watermelon molasses”, manarka - “a type of outerwear”, poneva - “a type of skirt,” etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves denoted by these words have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, foods, plants and fruits.

Lexico-semantic dialectisms are words that have an unusual meaning in a dialect. For example, the bridge is “the floor of a hut”, the lips are “mushrooms of all varieties (except white)”, shouting (to someone) is “calling”, oneself is “the owner, the husband”. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.

Phonetic dialectisms are words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect. For example, tsai (tea), chap (chain); hverma (farm), bamaga (paper), passport (passport), zhist (life).

Derivational dialectisms are words that have received a special affix design in the dialect. For example, peven (rooster), guska (goose), heifer (calf), strawberry (strawberry), bro (brother), shuryak (brother-in-law), darma (for free), zavsegda (always), otkul (from where), pokeda (bye) ), evonny (his), ichniy (theirs), etc.

Morphological dialectisms are forms of inflection not characteristic of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person (to go, to go); ending -am for nouns in the instrumental case plural(under the pillars); ending -e for personal pronouns in the genitive case singular: from me, from you, etc. [Rosenthal, 2002:15].

Practical part.

3.1. Dialectisms in literary language (using the example of Russian fairy tales).

There is another one unsolved phenomenon: This is the language of Russian fairy tales, which is called simple, colloquial.
In the language laboratory, we will highlight the simplest thing: lexical categories. Let's name the individual functions of the Russian verb.

1.GET TO GET, gather in a crowd, flock, gang, crowd. Passing birds are flocking. || Novg. chickens Thumb. get to know, communicate, hang out, get in touch with someone; get acquainted, make friends.
(Dictionary V.Dal)

“The princess cried a lot, the prince persuaded her a lot, commanded her not to leave the high tower, not to go to conversation, not to bully other people, not to listen to bad speeches.” (“White Duck”)

2. SWIM OUT
3.ZAREZATI

Let's group dialects by type:

Ethnographic
1. BERDO, reed, cf. (tech. region). Weaving machine accessory, comb for nailing weft to fabric.

There was a lot of yarn; It’s time to start weaving, but they won’t find reeds that are suitable for Vasilisa’s yarn; no one undertakes to do something.
(“Vasilisa the Beautiful”)

Lexical
1. KISA, kitties, female. (colloquial fam.). An affectionate designation for a cat (from the call: kitty-kiss).
II. KISA, kitties, female. (pers.) (reg.). A purse or bag secured with a drawstring. “Taking out a flask of wine and a large pie with cabbage from the kitty, he sat down.” Zagoskin. (In Ushakov's dictionary)
2. FLY, flies, women's.
1. A short piece of fabric (eg linen), towel, scarf (region).
2. A stitched or inserted strip of fabric from the motni (step) to the top in the front of the pants, trousers (port.). (In Ushakov's dictionary).

Sagittarius visited the king, received a whole bunch of gold from the treasury and comes to say goodbye to his wife. She hands him a fly and a ball (“Go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what”).

3. DAMAGE, damage, plural. no, female
1. Action and condition according to Ch. spoil and deteriorate. Damage to instruments. Damage to vision. Damage to relationships. Damage to character.
2. In popular belief - a disease caused by witchcraft (reg.).
(Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov)

So the king went hunting. Meanwhile, a witch came and cast a spell on the queen: Alyonushka became sick, and so thin and pale. (“Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka”).

4. BOILING, boiling, boiling; boiling, boiling, boiling. 1. Boiling, heated to a boil (reg.). 2. Boiling, foaming. A seething stream. 3. transfer Intensely active, stormy. He discovered his ebullient character here. Full of activity. “In... ... (Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary)

Alyonushka, my sister! Swim out, swim out to the shore. The fires are burning flammable, the cauldrons are boiling, the knives are sharpening damask knives, they want to stab me to death! (“Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka”).

5. POMELO, a, plural. (region). pomelya, ev, cf.
A stick wrapped at the end with a rag for sweeping, sweeping; broom. Kitchen p. Drive him with a broom. (Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Ushakov).

Soon a terrible noise was heard in the forest: trees were cracking, dry leaves were crunching; Baba Yaga left the forest - she rides in a mortar, urges with a pestle, and covers her trail with a broom (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).

6. UPPERSONA, upper rooms, women. 1. Room, original. room on the top floor (outdated). 2. Clean half of the peasant hut (region). Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... (Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary).

You should follow the fire! - the girls shouted. - Go to Baba Yaga! And they pushed Vasilisa out of the upper room (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).

7. Dashing, dashing, plural. no, cf. (regional, folk-poet.). Evil. “You can’t escape from the dash.” (last).
To remember someone dashingly (colloquial) - to remember someone badly.
II. LIKHO, adv. to dashing. (Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov)

The blacksmith lived happily, he knew no dashing (“The One-Eyed Dashing”).

8. CLOSER, bins, plural. bin, husband (region). A fenced-off area in barns for storing grain. “There’s not a grain in the bins.” A. Koltsov (Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940).

Baba Yaga began to go to bed and said:
- When I leave tomorrow, look - clean the yard, sweep the hut, cook dinner, prepare the laundry, and go to the granary, take a quarter of the wheat and clear it of the nigella (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).

Phonetic
1. APPLE TREE (abbreviation: Y.) - apple trees, w. (region). Same as apple tree. The apple tree brings apples; Hazel is nuts, but the best fruits come from good upbringing. K. Prutkov (Explanatory Dictionary of D.N. Ushakov).
There are apple trees.
- Apple tree, mother apple tree. Hide me! ("Swan geese").

Derivational
1. RAM
- Don’t drink, brother, otherwise you’ll become a little lamb (“Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”).
2. RINSE
- Tsar! Let me go to the sea, drink some water, rinse my intestines (“Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”).
3. NIECE
- There, niece, a birch tree will whip you in the eyes - you tie it with a ribbon (“Baba Yaga”).
4. FROM HERE
- Is there any way to get away from here? (“Baba Yaga”).

Morphological
1. SWIM OUT
Alyonushka, my sister! Swim out, swim out to the shore (“Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”).
2. KILLED
The fires are flammable, the cauldrons are boiling, the damask knives are sharpening, they want to stab me to death. (“Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka”).
The gerund is often used as a predicate. This is a syntactic feature. Participles are formed using suffixes.
3. Happily Ever After The blacksmith lived happily, he knew no dashing (“The One-Eyed Dashing”).
4. DON'T STAY
She locked herself in her room and got to work; She sewed tirelessly, and soon a dozen shirts were ready (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).
5. FLAX
Go buy me the best flax, at least I’ll spin (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).
Adjectives often have contracted forms.
6. ABOUT CHEESE
The king of the sea galloped to the lake and immediately guessed who the duck and the drake were; hit the damp ground and turned into an eagle (“ Sea king and Vasilisa the Wise").
7. AFTER
- Why didn’t you destroy the church and capture the priest? After all, it was them! - the sea king shouted and he himself galloped after Ivan Tsarevich and Vasilisa the Wise (“The Sea King and Vasilisa the Wise”).
8. ASSISTANCE - ASSISTANCE, blue, I mean; Sov., to whom what (simple and regional). Help, assist. P. mow. Help my grief (help in trouble). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary.
- Help, grandma! After all, the archer returned and brought a deer - golden antlers (“Go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what”).

This is truly a piece of jewelry, but almost unexplored by stylists and lexicologists. It remains to add that the language of fairy tales is an unplowed field where everyone who values ​​the richest Russian speech can find their own corner.

Conclusion

During the study, we came to the following conclusions:

1. in Russian fairy tales, dialectisms reflect the worldview of the people, their national and cultural specifics;
2. analysis of dialects of the Russian language can be focused on reconstructing the process of interaction between different ethnic cultures;
3. ethnographic analysis showed how language in different forms of its existence, on different stages its history reflected and reflects the history of the people;
4. language at all its levels should be considered as an ethnocultural phenomenon.

List of used literature.

1. Avanesov R.I. Dialectological dictionary of the Russian language.
2. Avanesov R.I. Essays on Russian dialectology. - M., 1949.
3. Blinova O.I. Language works of art as a source of dialect lexicography. – Tyumen, 1985.
4. Kasatkin L.L. Russian dialectology. – M.: Academy, 2005.
5. Kogotkova T.S. Letters about words. – M.: Nauka, 1984.
6. Nazarenko E. Modern Russian language. Phonetics. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Morphology (names). – Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2003.
7. Prokhorova V.N. Dialectisms in the language of fiction. – Moscow, 1957.
8. Russian language. Textbook for pedagogical students institutions. In 2 hours Part 1. Introduction to the science of language.
9. Russian language. General information. Lexicology of the modern Russian literary language.
10. Phonetics. Graphics and spelling / L.L. Kasatkin, L.P. Krysin, M.R. Lvov, T.G. Terekhova; Under
11. ed. L.Yu.Maksimova. – M.: Education, 1989.
12. Modern Russian language. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. – M.: 2002.
13. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: In 4 volumes / Ed. D.N. Ushakova. - M.: State. Institute "Sov.encyclical."; OGIZ; State Publishing House of Foreign and National Slovakia, 1935-1940.
14. Wonderful miracle, wondrous wonder: fairy tales / Hood. S.R. Kovalev. – M.: Eskimo, 2011.
15. The language of works of art. Sat. articles. – Omsk, 1966.
16. Yartseva V.N. Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.

Internet sites.
1. dic.academic.ru
2.slovopedia.com
3.classes.ru
4. slovari.yandex.ru
5. TolkSlovar.Ru
6. DICTIONARIES.299.RU

Have any incidents ever happened to you when, while reading the works of Russian classics, you did not understand what they were writing about? Most likely, this was not due to your inattention to the plot of the work, but because of the writer’s style, including outdated words, dialectisms.

V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Sholokhov, N. Nekrasov, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Shukshin, S. Yesenin liked to express themselves in words of this type. And this is only a small part of them.

Dialectisms: what is it and how many types are there?

Dialects are words whose distribution and use are limited to a certain territory. They are widely used in the vocabulary of the rural population.

Examples of dialectisms in the Russian language show that they are characterized by individual characteristics concerning phonetics, morphology, vocabulary:

1. Phonetic dialectisms.

2. Morphological dialectisms.

3. Lexical:

• actually lexical;
• lexical-semantic;

4. Ethnographic dialectisms.

5. Word-forming dialectisms.

Dialectisms also occur at the syntactic and phraseological levels.

Types of dialectisms as individual features of the original Russian people

In order to find out the original features of the dialect of the Russian people, it is necessary to consider dialectisms in more detail.

Examples of dialectisms:

• Replacing one or more letters in a word is typical for phonetic dialectisms: pshono - millet; Khvedor - Fedor.
• Changes in words, which are not the norm from the point of view of the agreement of words in sentences, are characteristic of morphological dialectisms: in mene; spoke to smart people (substitution of cases, plural and singular).
• Words and expressions that are found only in a certain area and have no phonetic or word-forming analogues. Words whose meaning can only be understood from the context are called lexical dialectisms. In general, in the known vocabulary they have equivalent words that are understandable and known to everyone. The southern regions of Russia are characterized by the following dialectisms (examples): beet - beet; cibula - bow.
• Words that are used only in a specific region and have no analogues in the language due to their correlation with the characteristics of the life of the population are called “ethnographic dialectisms.” Examples: shanga, shanga, shaneshka, shanechka - a dialectic denoting a certain type of cheesecake with a top potato layer. These delicacies are widespread only in a certain region; they cannot be described in one word from common usage.
• Dialectisms that arose due to a special affixal design are called word-formative: guska - goose, pokeda - bye.

Lexical dialectisms as a separate group

Due to their heterogeneity, lexical dialectisms are divided into the following types:

• Actually lexical: dialectisms that have a common meaning with general literary ones, but differ from them in spelling. They can be called peculiar synonyms of generally understood and well-known words: beets - sweet potatoes; stitch - path.
• Lexico-semantic. Almost the complete opposite of lexical dialectisms themselves: they have a common spelling and pronunciation, but differ in meaning. Correlating them, they can be characterized as homonyms in relation to each other.

For example, the word "cheerful" in different parts country can have two meanings.

1. Literary: energetic, full of strength.
2. Dialectal meaning (Ryazan): elegant, neat.

Thinking about the purpose of dialectisms in the Russian language, we can assume that, despite the differences with common literary words, they replenish the Russian literary word fund on an equal basis with them.

The role of dialectisms

The role of dialectisms for the Russian language is varied, but first of all they are important for the inhabitants of the country.

Functions of dialectisms:

1. Dialectisms are one of the most important means of oral communication for people living in the same territory. It was from oral sources that they penetrated into written ones, giving rise to the following function.
2. Dialectisms used at the level of district and regional newspapers contribute to a more accessible presentation of the information provided.
3. Fiction takes information about dialectisms from the colloquial speech of residents of specific regions and from the press. They are used to convey local features of speech, and also contribute to a more vivid transmission of the character of the characters.

Some expressions slowly but surely find their way into the general literary stock. They become known and understandable to everyone.

Researchers studying the functions of dialectisms

P.G. Pustovoit, exploring the work of Turgenev, focused on dialectisms, examples of words and their meaning, he names the following functions:

• characterological;
• educational;
• dynamization of speech;
• cumulation.

V.V. Vinogradov based on the works of N.V. Gogol identifies the following series of functions:

• characterological (reflective) - it helps color the characters’ speech;
• nominative (nominal) - manifests itself when using ethnographisms and lexical dialectisms.

The most complete classification of functions was developed by Professor L.G. Samotik. Lyudmila Grigorievna identified 7 functions for which dialectisms in a work of art are responsible:

Modeling;

Nominative;

Emotive;

Culminative;

Aesthetic;

Phatic;

Characterological.

Literature and dialectisms: what are the dangers of abuse?

Over time, the popularity of dialectisms, even at the oral level, decreases. Therefore, writers and correspondents should use them sparingly in their works. Otherwise, it will be difficult to perceive the meaning of the work.

Dialectisms. Examples of inappropriate use

When working on a work, you need to think through the appropriateness of each word. First of all, you should think about the appropriateness of using dialect vocabulary.

For example, instead of the dialect-regional word “kosteril” it is better to use the common literary word “scold”. Instead of “promised” - “promised”.

The main thing is to always understand the line between moderate and appropriate use of dialect words.

Dialectisms should help the perception of the work, and not complicate it. To understand how to correctly use this figure of the Russian language, you can ask for help from word masters: A.S. Pushkina, N.A. Nekrasova, V.G. Rasputina, N.S. Leskova. They skillfully, and most importantly, used dialectisms moderately.

The use of dialectisms in fiction: I.S. Turgenev and V.G. Rasputin

Some works by I.S. Turgenev is difficult to read. When studying them, you need to think not only about the general meaning literary heritage writing work, but also over almost every word.

For example, in the story “Bezhin Meadow” we can find the following sentence:

“With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and, instead of this familiar plain ˂...˃ I saw completely different places unknown to me.”

U attentive reader a logical question arises: “Why did Ivan Sergeevich put the seemingly usual and appropriate word “square” in brackets?”

The writer personally answers it in another work, “Khor and Kalinich”: “In the Oryol province, large continuous masses of bushes are called “squares.”

It becomes clear that this word is widespread only in the Oryol region. Therefore, it can safely be attributed to the group of “dialectisms”.

Examples of sentences using terms of a narrow stylistic focus, used in the speech of residents of certain regions of Russia, can be seen in the stories of V.G. Rasputin. They help him show the character's originality. In addition, the hero’s personality and character are reproduced precisely through such expressions.

Examples of dialectisms from Rasputin’s works:

• To become cold - to cool down.
• To make a fuss is to rage.
• Pokul - for now.
• Engage - get in touch.

It is noteworthy that the meaning of many dialectisms cannot be understood without context.