Dungan origin. Lagman and ancient customs. According to ancient customs

Dungan, Dungan (Turkic), Lohui, Lohuihui, Hui (self-name), people in Kazakhstan (30.2 thousand people), Kyrgyzstan (36.9 thousand), a small part in Uzbekistan (1106 people). There are 635 people in Russia. The total number is over 69.3 thousand people. They speak the Dungan language of the Sino-Tibetan family. Russian, Kyrgyz, Kazakh and other languages ​​are also common. Writing based on the Russian alphabet. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

The Dungans are descendants of the Hui who migrated to Kazakhstan and Central Asia in the late 70s and early 80s. 19th century from Chinese provinces Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang, fleeing persecution by the Manchu-Chinese authorities after the suppression of the liberation uprising of 1862-77. In the new lands, the Dungans settled in compact groups according to the compatriotic principle: in Kazakhstan in the villages of Karakanuz and Shortyube - Shaanxi people (immigrants from Shaanxi province), in Kyrgyzstan in the village of Yrdyk - Gansu people (Gansu province), in the village of Aleksandrovka on the Sokuluk River - Xinjiang people. Initially, there was almost no communication between them; regional differences in culture and endogamy persisted for a long time. By the 30s. XX century a literary language was formed.

The main occupations are agriculture (irrigated rice growing, vegetables), livestock raising (mainly cattle), poultry farming, some Dungans are engaged in trade and industry. The Dungans had a beneficial influence on the development of agriculture among the neighboring Turkic peoples.

The family is small, but traditions are strong big family, family and community connections. In the past, polygamy existed.

Regularly planned settlements. Traditional home frame-post construction (walls made of mud brick or stone) or adobe, multi-chamber, with access from the rooms to a covered outdoor gallery. A characteristic feature was a heated couch (kan) in the bedroom. They slept on it and ate sitting at a low table.

Traditional men's and women's clothing are similar in cut: an open jacket, fastened on the right side, and wide trousers. Women's clothing decorated with embroidery. Shoes made of fabric.

The food is predominantly flour (long flour and starch noodles, rice porridge, etc.) and vegetables with meat seasonings (beef, lamb, chicken). Vegetable oils are most often used for frying. Numerous snacks and sweet dishes. Many types of food are steamed; preference is given to boiled. Meals begin with tea, lunch ends with soup. They eat with chopsticks. They eat a lot of pepper, garlic, onions, vinegar, etc.

Preserved ethnoscience, rich folklore (legends, fairy tales).

In the 20th century, connections with other nations grew significantly. The form has become widespread modern culture, which was reflected in the transformation of housing, clothing, food, and family organization. A national literature and intelligentsia were formed.

A. M. Reshetov

Peoples and religions of the world. Encyclopedia. M., 2000, p. 165-166.

(city of Bish-kek, north of Chui and Is-syk-Kul regions, Osh region), in the south-east of Kazakh-sta-na (Al- Ma-Ata region and the city of Dzham-bul) and the east of Uz-be-ki-sta-na (Fergana do-li-na).

The number in Kyrgyzstan is 58 thousand people, Kazakh-sta-not 36 thousand people, Uz-be-ki-sta-not 1.8 thousand people (2007, estimate). In Russia there are 0.8 thousand people (2002, census). They speak the Dun-Gan language; they also speak Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Uzbek, Uy-Gur, and Russian languages. Believers - mu-sul-ma-ne-sun-ni-you ha-na-fit-sko-go maz-ha-ba.

The Dungans - after that, Hu-hey, moved to Central Asia and Ka-zakhstan from China after the Dong-gan-sko of the 1862-1877 uprising. People from the province of Gan-su settled first in the village of Yr-dyk near Kara-kol and in Osh; later, part of the Osh Dungans went to the north and os-no-va-la the village of Dun-ga-nov-ka (now Jal-pak-Tyu-be) near the city of Aulie-Ata (now -not Ta-raz); immigrants from the province of Shen-si settled in the villages of Kara-ku-nuz (first-in-chal-but Yin-pan, literally - temporary la -ger) and Shor-Tyu-be on the right bank of the Chu River, opposite the city of Tok-mak; from the province of Xinjiang - in the village of Alek-san-d-rov-ka on the So-ku-luk river, the city of Jar-kent (Dun-gan-skoe - Samyr, now not Pan-fi-lov), villages of Chi-lik and Ili, near the city of Ver-ny (now not Al-ma-Ata). At the beginning of the 20th century, the Dun-Gan-Syo-lok arose in the Sred-ne-Chir-Chik-sky district near Tash-ken-tom. In 1884, there were about 8.8 thousand people.

The main traditional occupation is arable land, mainly irrigation, land-le-de-lie. In Kazakh-stan and Kyrgyzstan, the Dungans introduced ri-so-vod-st-vo (variety dun-gan-sha-la) and vi-no-gra into the culture dar-st-vo, in Is-syk-Kul-kot-lo-vi-ne (city of Ka-ra-kol) - bo-bo-vye and le-kar-st-ven-ny poppy, in Osh- How did the Uzbeks receive cotton; after all, but once again, there is no such thing. The earth is covered with a Chinese plow (shao lihua), when it is used a stone 8-sided ka-tok (gun-za). Once upon a time, large cattle, poultry. Were there wide-spread countries based on transportation, saddlery and other industries, middle-of-the-road trade. Dun-gan layers arose in the cities of Ver-ny, Pish-pek, Dzhar-kent, Tok-mak, Kara-kol, Osh, Au-lie-Ata .

Traditional village re-gular plan. Residential kar-kas-noe damp-tso-howl or stone-noe, heated-li-va-elk kanom (kon), ori-en-ti-ro-va-but you-ho -a house to the south, had a male and female floor; where did you go to the covered-to-external ga-le-ray. Men's and women's clothing is close to the Northern Chinese: right-to-back (for men it’s also straight-to-back) ha -la-you and jackets, wide trousers, ma-ter-cha-ty shoes without a heel; Pre-o-la-da-yut black and blue colors, women's clothing is embroidered. Headdresses - co-lo-men hats, fur and felt caps. Young women walked with uncovered heads, older women with headscarves. Traditional food - often cooked or cooked on pa-ru: noodles made from wheat (la-myang), go-ro-ho -howl or bo-bo-howl mu-ki (feng-tiao), rice with a side of meat and vegetables, pam-push-ki; Unlike the Chinese, the Dungans consume living fats. The middle-not-Asi-at-skie le-pesh-ki also pe-kut in tan-dy-re. They eat pa-loch-ka-mi, tra-pe-zu na-chi-na-yut with tea, lunch for-kan-chi-va-yut soup.

In the villages, the Dungans have established castle communities, governed by elected elders. we are united in self-governing volosts. The decisive influence was had by the elected Muslim spirit: the imam who performed the Friday worship service ; mu-dar-rsi-akhun, who educated the children in the theological school; ha-tip-akhun, who completed the re-re-za-nie, etc. Until the middle of the 20th century, large families remained, poly-hy-nia, complex matchmaking ritual (matchmaking, exchange of gifts, de-vish-nik with op-la-ki-va-ni-em not- weight-you, sw-deb-ride, ri-tu-al-naya fight-ba and games with tre-bo-va-ni-you-ku-pa, etc.; until 1930 's years would-va-lo-um-ka-nie). Women were used in the family in the car.

IN Central Asia, initiated in 1924, the ethnonym “Dungan”, previously used in Russian literature, was chosen as the official name for Chinese-speaking Muslims. This word was not known in inland China. In Xinjiang, it began to be used by surrounding peoples as a name (but not a self-name) of those Huizu, who were massively resettled from the provinces of Gansu and Shaanxi as military settlers - mainly in 1871 during the formation of the Ili General Government with its center in Ghulja. According to one version, the word “Dungan” is of Turkic origin. According to another, recently proposed by a professor at Xinjiang University Hai Feng, the word Dungan goes back to the Chinese word Tunken(屯垦) - “military settlements of border lands”, widespread in Xinjiang during the period of its development by Qing China. In Chinese literature words donganren(东干人） "Dungan", donganzu东干族 "nationality" Dungan"is used only in relation to the Dungans of the USSR/CIS countries.

Currently, the Dungans are most widely represented in the population of the Dzhambul region of Kazakhstan (about 40 thousand people; 36.9 thousand in all of Kazakhstan according to the 1999 census), as well as in northern Kyrgyzstan, where these people number approximately 55 thousand or 1 .2% of the population of the republic (51,766 according to the 1999 census) According to the 2010 census, 1,651 Dungans live in Russia, which is more than double the figure for the previous census (for 2002) - 800.

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Subtitles

Famous Dungans

Notes

In shaping this Russian people religion played a decisive role. Descendants of Arabs and Chinese, the Dungans were deeply religious Muslims - and this is in the middle of Confucian-Taoist China! Thanks to the Russian Empire, the Dungans were saved from extermination.

Remaining

The main place of residence of the Dungans are the former Central Asian republics of the USSR - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. In Russia, according to the 2010 census, there are more than 1,600 representatives of this people. The Dungans' closest relatives, the Huizu, live in their common historical homeland - China, which almost all Dungans left in the second half of the 19th century.

There are several legends about the origin and appearance of the Dungans in China. The most romantic one says that one day the Chinese emperor dreamed of a monster that tried to kill him. Only a young man in green robes could defeat him. In this figure, interpreters saw a symbol of Islam, which was supposed to protect the emperor and his country from enemies. Then the ruler invited three thousand Arab soldiers, and in order to keep them, he married beautiful Chinese women. The mass wedding took place according to the canons of Islam, but taking into account local traditions, and from these marriages came the Dungans.

A more severe version of the legend claims that the Arab warriors themselves came to Chinese soil and took the most beautiful girls, taking advantage of the fact that no one can stop them. However, no matter how the authors of the legends evaluate the kinship with the Arab strangers, its very fact is recognized by everyone.

There is no clear version of the origin of the name of the people. Some researchers believe that it is connected with the Turkic word “turgan” - “remaining”. Others are sure: it appeared when the Dungans moved to Russia and said that they came from the east, and this supposedly sounds like “Dungan” in one of the Chinese dialects. In any case, the people received this name already in Central Asia. The Dungans themselves used the self-name “khoi-khoi” - “Muslim”. The Chinese called them the same.

Shortage of brides

The path of the Dungans to the Russian Empire was associated with tragic events. In 1862 - 1877, these people rebelled, which was brutally suppressed by the Chinese authorities. Fleeing from extermination, they fled under the protection of Russia. It is known from historical documents that the Chinese authorities demanded that the Russians hand over the fugitives, but were refused. The Russians, as always, stood up for the unfortunate and disadvantaged people.

However, the new place was not without problems and misunderstandings. For example, Dungans were prohibited from marrying in early age(in China, they could start families from the age of 10), and men could wear a long Chinese braid. The Dungans resisted these prohibitions with their characteristic harshness and hot temper, and could threaten them with weapons. Russian empire received very emotional and not very law-abiding subjects.

However, no matter how persistent the Dungans were, in the new place they had to partially change their way of life. They actually started getting married later. But this was connected not only with the demands of the authorities, but with the demographic situation. In the Central Asian lands where they moved, there were fewer women than men, and the size of the bride price increased significantly. Not everyone could collect such a sum quickly. Because of this, the Dungans began to marry not only their own, but also local girls and lamented that a “Russian” wedding costs them much more.

By ancient customs

The Dungan wedding ceremony follows ancient customs. It was always preceded by matchmaking, exchange of gifts, bachelorette party and mourning of the bride. During the celebration itself, a ransom was demanded for the girl, various ritual games and wrestling took place. Almost until the middle of the twentieth century, the Dungans also practiced bride kidnapping. Polygamy was allowed, as was divorce (though for good reason).

In a Dungan family, a woman enjoyed authority and walked with an open face. Unmarried women They might not even cover their heads at all. Girls learned to read and write on an equal basis with boys, studied Islam and the Arabic alphabet. From an early age, children were taught to unquestioningly obey adults in everything. The eldest man is the undoubted head of the family.

In general, Dungans are distinguished by their love of cleanliness and order. They zealously observe the rules of hygiene, eat a lot of vegetables, so they can safely be called adherents healthy image life. Back in the 19th century, researchers noted that the Dungans differed from their neighbors in good health and longevity.

Uniting lagman

Another one distinguishing feature people, noticed by all ethnographers, is a special reverence for food. Dungans love to cook and eat. They have many traditions and rituals associated with food.

Thus, the future mother-in-law will approve the bride’s candidacy only when she is convinced of her ability to cook. On the fourth day after the wedding, the wife's parents go to the newlyweds with gifts - four bundles of noodles, meat and vegetables. From all this you need to immediately prepare lagman. It is believed that one of the worst insults for a Dungan woman is to call her a bad cook and housewife.

Dungan food is prepared only in a separate room - “zhuefon”. It is necessary to maintain almost surgical cleanliness there. Under no circumstances should unwashed dishes be put aside until the morning: they are compared to a dead person who was not buried and left at home.

The basis of Dungan cuisine– noodles, rice, meat and vegetables. There are six main types of dough alone, which are also divided into subspecies. The Dungans love tea very much and start every meal with it and end with soup. Loudly knocking chopsticks or clinking spoons while eating is strictly prohibited: this can scare away wealth. The owner of the house cannot leave the table first, and the guest cannot refuse food after trying it. The Dungans also keep sweets brought from the holidays: according to legend, they attract happiness to the house.

Lagman is almost a cult dish for Dungans. They claim that it was their people who made this dish popular throughout the world, and its name comes from the Dungan word “lyumyan” or “lamyan” - “stretched dough”. One of the favorite legends of this people is precisely about the wilting of lagman: three hungry travelers who met by chance simply threw into the wok what they each had - flour, dried meat, radish and spices. The nobleman who came by allegedly liked the resulting dish so much that he rewarded them. Since then, the travelers have been friends who do not know poverty.

Today, the Dungans prepare lagman both on weekdays and on holidays, and it again unites them at one common table.

Maria Andreeva