Eugene Onegin's first realistic novel. Essay “Realism of the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". The main characters and their characteristics

The novel “Eugene Onegin” occupies the main place in Pushkin’s work. There is no doubt that this is his best work. The appearance of the novel had a huge impact on the development of Russian literature. The novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” was completed in 1831. It took Pushkin eight years to write it. The novel covers events from 1819 to 1825: from the campaigns of the Russian army after the defeat of Napoleon to the Decembrist uprising. These were the years of development of Russian society during the reign of Tsar Alexander I. History and contemporary events for the poet are intertwined in the novel.
“Eugene Onegin” is the first Russian realistic novel that truthfully and broadly shows Russian life in the 19th century. What makes it unique is the breadth of its coverage of reality, its description of the era and its distinctive features. That is why Belinsky called “Eugene Onegin” “an encyclopedia of Russian life.”
One of the issues raised on the pages of the novel was the question of the Russian nobility. In his novel, Pushkin truthfully showed the way of life, life, and interests of the nobility and gave an accurate description of the representatives of this society.
The life of the landowner families proceeded in peace and quiet. They were like a “good family” with their neighbors. They could laugh and slander, but this is not at all like the intrigues of the capital.
In the families of the nobles, they “preserved the lives of the peaceful habits of dear old times.” They observed traditional folk and holiday rituals. They loved songs and round dances.
They passed away quietly, without fuss. For example, Dmitry Larin “was a kind fellow, belated in the last century.” He did not read books, did not delve into the household, raising children, “ate and drank in his dressing gown” and “died an hour before dinner.”
The poet very figuratively showed us the Larins’ guests who had gathered for Tatiana’s name day. Here are “fat Pustyakov”, and “Gvozdin, an excellent owner, owner of poor peasants”, and “retired adviser Flyanov, a heavy gossip, an old rogue, a glutton, a bribe-taker and a buffoon.”
The landowners lived in the old fashioned way, did nothing, led an empty lifestyle. They cared only about their well-being, had “a whole line of drinks” and, having gathered together, talked “about haymaking, about wine, about the kennel, about their relatives.” They weren't interested in anything else. Unless they talk about new people who have appeared in their society, about whom a lot of fables have been written. The landowners dreamed of marrying off their daughters profitably and literally caught suitors for them. So it was with Lensky: “All their daughters were destined for their half-Russian neighbor.”
The life of the peasantry in the novel is shown rather sparingly. Pushkin gives an accurate and complete description of the cruelty of the landowners in only a few words. So, Larina “shaved the foreheads” of the guilty peasants, “she beat the maids in anger.” She was greedy and forced the girls to sing while picking berries, “so that wicked lips would not secretly eat the master’s berries.”
When Evgeniy, having arrived in the village, “replaced the yoke... of the old corvée with a light quitrent,” then “his calculating neighbor sulked in his corner, seeing in this a terrible harm.”
The work depicts the life of the capital's aristocratic society. In the novel, as in an encyclopedia, you can learn everything about the era, how they dressed, what was in fashion, the menus of prestigious restaurants. We can also find out what was on in the theaters of that era.
The life of the nobles is a continuous holiday. Their main occupation is empty chatter, blind imitation of everything foreign, gossip that spreads with instant speed. They did not want to work, because “they were sick of persistent work.” Pushkin writes that a person’s fame depends on his financial situation. The author shows the monotony of metropolitan society, empty interests, mental limitations

The main character of A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” is a nobleman, an aristocrat. It is directly connected with modernity, with the real circumstances of Russian reality and with the people of the 1820s. Onegin is familiar with the Author and some of his friends....

Onegin's explanation with Tatiana in the garden. (Analysis of the episode of the fourth chapter of the novel by A.S. Pushkin.) (by SSSoft.ru) A.S. Pushkin Every writer in his works asks the eternal question: what is the meaning of life, and tries to answer it. A. S. Pushkin in his...

The letters of Tatiana and Onegin stand out sharply from the general text of Pushkin’s novel in verse “Eugene Onegin”. Even the author himself gradually highlights them: an attentive reader will immediately notice that there is no longer a strictly organized “Onegin stanza”, but a noticeable...

“Despite the fact that the novel bears the name of its hero, there is not one, but two heroes in the novel: Onegin and Tatyana,” V. G. Belinsky rightly wrote in one of his articles about “Eugene Onegin.” It was the feelings of Tatiana and Evgeny that became the plot core of the work...

Tatyana Larina is the main character of the novel in verse by A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”. Sometimes readers think that the author gave the wrong title to his work. The sympathy of everyone who undertakes to read the novel is always on the side of its magical heroine - Tatyana....

"Eugene Onegin" and realism. Eugene Onegin was the first Russian novel in which realistic principles were loudly announced. In it, reality is not divided into two hostile and incompatible spheres - the real and the ideal, as in romanticism, but appears as one, giving rise to the highest and most distant thoughts and containing irreconcilable contradictions. She is admirable and subject to criticism. Pushkin's heroes think, feel and act in accordance with their characters, which are determined by national and European historical life. Their lifestyle and behavior are furnished with many detailed motivations, thanks to which they fit firmly into reality. The general, characteristic of people of one environment, is manifested through the individual, special. Finally, the novel embodies one of the most amazing qualities of realism - the self-development of characters and literary types. The image created by the author is separated from the author and lives an independent life. Pushkin, for example, at the beginning of the novel did not imagine that his Tatyana would get married, and Onegin would write her a letter. However, the logic of the development of these characters turned out to be such that Pushkin was “forced” to marry Tatyana and write Onegin’s letter to her. The heroes began to act as prescribed by the logic of their characters. The author, in order to preserve the psychological truth of the type he deduced, had to follow the spiritual movements of the characters.

“Eugene Onegin” is a work in which “the century and modern man are reflected.” A.S. Pushkin in his novel tries to portray his heroes in real life, without much exaggeration. The novel was rightly named V.G. Belinsky “encyclopedia of Russian life”. After reading it, as in the encyclopedia, one could learn almost everything about the era in which many famous poets and writers lived and worked: how people dressed, what was in fashion, the menu of prestigious restaurants, what was on in the theaters of that era how they spent their time, how they interacted in secular society and much more. Reading the work, we become acquainted with all layers of Russian society of that time: with the high society of St. Petersburg, and with noble Moscow, and with the life of the peasants, that is, with the entire Russian people. This once again demonstrates that Pushkin was able to reflect in his novel the society surrounding him in everyday life from all sides. With particular impression, the author talks about the life and fate of the Decembrists, many of whom were his close friends. He likes the features of his Onegin, which, in his opinion, provide a true description of Decembrist society, which allowed us to become more deeply acquainted with the Russian people of the early nineteenth century.

Depicting the noble society of the 1820s, Pushkin raises issues at the everyday level and writes about the spiritual and moral life of the noble high society. A wide realistic coverage of reality also occurs due to the depiction of the local nobility. The village chapters are full of details of the life and habits of the landowners. Thus, Onegin’s uncle diligently read the “calendar of the eighth year” and did not keep “a single drop of ink.” Larina’s mother, although she had read Richardson in her youth, now enjoyed doing housework. And their spiritual world of communication is conversations “about haymaking, about wine, about the kennel, about their relatives.” The epic part of the novel is also filled with pictures from folk life. Pushkin talks about hard peasant labor and very rare moments of rest. These paintings are complemented by fabulous poetic images that go back to oral folk art: this is Tatyana’s dream, reminiscent of a Russian fairy tale, and fortune telling.

Define issues“Eugene Onegin” is very difficult. The poet created, in the words of V. G. Belinsky, “an encyclopedia of Russian life.” The title after the name of the main character does not narrow his thematic plan, does not reduce the entire action to a depiction of the fate of Eugene Onegin. The core of the plot, of course, is the love theme, which is traditional for this genre, but it is solved by Pushkin in an innovative way: He does not just show the failed happiness between Onegin and Tatyana, but delves into the reasons for this. In the novel, the poet asserts a new realistic method, depicting the influence of the environment on the formation of personality and its perception of the world. This is how chapters about childhood, youth, education, and the pastime of the characters appear in the novel. Pushkin is convinced that fate not only determines the range of a person’s external circumstances, but also shapes his psychology.

The characters of the heroes were built by Pushkin, the poet of reality, as he called himself, not according to literary schemes and norms, although they are often compared with other literary heroes, but according to the laws of real life. Since living people have a variety of multifaceted characters, the characters of the heroes are complex and do not fit into unambiguous and narrow formulas. In simple and complex situations, “circumstances develop” characters from different sides. The versatility and complexity of the characters is taken into account by the author, who portrays them either satirically, with a bitter smile, or ironically, with a slight smile, or lyrically, with obvious sympathy. Pushkin's heroes, excluding only the tertiary characters mentioned, are not divided into positive and negative. But even the minor characters involved in the plot are multifaceted in the novel. For example, Onegin and the author speak about Zaretsky either satirically or ironically. However, satire and irony do not prevent Onegin and the author from recognizing Zaretsky’s merits:

He wasn't stupid; and my Evgeniy,

Not respecting the heart in him,

Loved the spirit of his judgments,

And a common sense about this and that.<…>

Pushkin in the novel is not a judge, much less a prosecutor, he does not judge or accuse the heroes, but observes and analyzes their characters as a friend, an eyewitness, an ordinary person who does not like something about the heroes, but likes something. This approach to the depiction of characters ensured the life-like truthfulness of the novel and its closeness to the realistic type of narration. The noble household and social circle that raised Onegin and the Author evoke admiration and delight in the novel. This is a world of high culture, enlightened people, heated debates, interesting conversations and conversations, a world of hobbies and passions. Freedom and independence reign here; the cream of society gathers here. Holidays, balls, masquerades, theater, salons are feasts of the soul, where sophisticated people combine both the strength of feelings and the depth of spirit. The glorification of luxurious treats leaves no doubt that Pushkin loves and appreciates secular pleasures. Theater brings special pleasures. Home life is comfortable, beautiful and pleasant.

“Eugene Onegin” reflected the entire life of Russian society at the beginning of the 19th century. However, two centuries later, this work is interesting not only in historical and literary terms, but also in terms of the relevance of the questions that Pushkin posed to the reading public. Everyone, opening the novel, found something of their own in it, empathized with the characters, noted the lightness and mastery of the style. And quotes from this work have long become aphorisms, they are pronounced even by those who have not read the book itself.

A.S. Pushkin created this work for about 8 years (1823-1831). The history of the creation of “Eugene Onegin” began in Chisinau in 1823. It reflected the experience of “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, but the subject of the image was not historical and folklore characters, but modern heroes and the author himself. The poet also begins to work in line with realism, gradually abandoning romanticism. During the period of Mikhailovsky exile, he continued to work on the book, and completed it during his forced imprisonment in the village of Boldino (Pushkin was detained by cholera). Thus, the creative history of the work has absorbed the most “fertile” years of the creator, when his skill evolved at breakneck speed. So his novel reflected everything that he learned during this time, everything that he knew and felt. Perhaps the work owes its depth to this circumstance.

The author himself calls his novel “a collection of motley chapters,” each of the 8 chapters has relative independence, because the writing of “Eugene Onegin” took a long time, and each episode opened a certain stage in Pushkin’s life. The book was published in parts, each release becoming an event in the world of literature. The complete edition was published only in 1837.

Genre and composition

A.S. Pushkin defined his work as a novel in verse, emphasizing that it is lyrical-epic: the plot line, expressed by the love story of the heroes (epic beginning), is adjacent to digressions and author’s reflections (lyrical beginning). This is why the genre of Eugene Onegin is called a “novel.”

"Eugene Onegin" consists of 8 chapters. In the first chapters, readers get acquainted with the central character Evgeny, move with him to the village and meet their future friend - Vladimir Lensky. Further, the drama of the story increases due to the appearance of the Larin family, especially Tatyana. The sixth chapter is the culmination of the relationship between Lensky and Onegin and the escape of the main character. And in the finale of the work there is a denouement of the storyline of Evgeniy and Tatiana.

Lyrical digressions are related to the narrative, but it is also a dialogue with the reader; they emphasize the “free” form, the closeness to an intimate conversation. The same factor can explain the incompleteness and openness of the ending of each chapter and the novel as a whole.

About what?

A young nobleman, already disillusioned with life, inherits an estate in the village and goes there, hoping to dispel his blues.

Lensky introduces his friend to the Larin family: the old mother, sisters Olga and Tatyana. The poet has long been in love with Olga, a flighty coquette. The character of Tatyana, who herself falls in love with Evgeny, is much more serious and integral. Her imagination had been picturing a hero for a long time; all that remained was for someone to appear. The girl suffers, is tormented, writes a romantic letter. Onegin is flattered, but understands that he cannot respond to such a passionate feeling, so he gives a harsh rebuke to the heroine. This circumstance plunges her into depression, she anticipates trouble. And trouble really came. Onegin decides to take revenge on Lensky because of an accidental disagreement, but chooses a terrible means: he flirts with Olga. The poet is offended and challenges yesterday's friend to a duel. But the culprit kills the “slave of honor” and leaves forever. The essence of the novel “Eugene Onegin” is not even to show all this. The main thing worth paying attention to is the description of Russian life and the psychologism of the characters, which develops under the influence of the depicted atmosphere.

However, the relationship between Tatiana and Evgeniy is not over. They meet at a social evening, where the hero sees not a naive girl, but a mature woman in full splendor. And he falls in love. He is also tormented and writes a message. And he meets with the same rebuke. Yes, the beauty did not forget anything, but it’s too late, she was “given to someone else”: . The failed lover is left with nothing.

The main characters and their characteristics

The images of the heroes of “Eugene Onegin” are not a random selection of characters. This is a miniature of Russian society of that time, where all the known types of noble people are scrupulously listed: the poor landowner Larin, his secular but degenerate wife in the village, the exalted and insolvent poet Lensky, his flighty and frivolous passion, etc. All of them represent Imperial Russia during its heyday. No less interesting and original. Below is a description of the main characters:

1. Evgeny Onegin is the main character of the novel. It carries within itself dissatisfaction with life, fatigue from it. Pushkin talks in detail about the environment in which the young man grew up, about how the environment shaped his character. Onegin's upbringing is typical of the nobles of those years: a superficial education aimed at being successful in decent society. He was not prepared for real business, but exclusively for secular entertainment. Therefore, from a young age I was tired of the empty glitter of balls. He has “direct nobility of soul” (he feels a friendly attachment to Lensky, does not seduce Tatyana, taking advantage of her love). The hero is capable of deep feelings, but is afraid of losing freedom. But, despite his nobility, he is an egoist, and narcissism underlies all his feelings. The essay contains the most detailed description of the character.
2. Very different from Tatyana Larina, this image appears ideal: an integral, wise, devoted nature, ready to do anything for love. She grew up in a healthy environment, in nature, and not in the light, so real feelings are strong in her: kindness, faith, dignity. The girl loves to read, and in books she drew a special, romantic image, shrouded in mystery. It was this image that was embodied in Evgenia. And Tatyana gave herself up to this feeling with all passion, truthfulness and purity. She did not seduce, did not flirt, but took upon herself the courage to confess. This brave and honest act did not find a response in Onegin’s heart. He fell in love with her seven years later, when she shone in the world. Fame and wealth did not bring happiness to the woman; she married someone she didn’t love, but Eugene’s courtship is impossible, family vows are sacred to her. More about this in the essay.
3. Tatiana's sister Olga is not of great interest, there is not a single sharp corner in her, everything is round, it is not for nothing that Onegin compares her to the moon. The girl accepts Lensky's advances. And any other person, because why not accept, she is flirtatious and empty. There is immediately a huge difference between the Larin sisters. The youngest daughter took after her mother, a flighty socialite who was forcibly imprisoned in the village.
4. However, it was the flirtatious Olga that the poet Vladimir Lensky fell in love with. Probably because it’s easy to fill the emptiness with your own content in dreams. The hero still burned with a hidden fire, felt subtly and analyzed little. He has high moral concepts, so he is alien to the light and is not poisoned by it. If Onegin talked and danced with Olga only out of boredom, then Lensky saw this as a betrayal, his former friend became an insidious tempter of a sinless girl. In Vladimir’s maximalist perception, this is immediately a break in relations and a duel. The poet lost in it. The author poses the question, what could await the character if the outcome is favorable? The conclusion is disappointing: Lensky would have married Olga, become an ordinary landowner and become vulgar in routine vegetation. You may also need .

Themes

• The main theme of the novel “Eugene Onegin” is extensive - this is Russian life. The book shows life and upbringing in the world, in the capital, village life, customs and activities, typical and at the same time unique portraits of characters are drawn. Almost two centuries later, the heroes contain features inherent in modern people; these images are deeply national.
• The theme of friendship is also reflected in Eugene Onegin. The main character and Vladimir Lensky were in close friendship. But can it be considered real? They got together by chance, out of boredom. Evgeniy sincerely became attached to Vladimir, who warmed the hero’s cold heart with his spiritual fire. However, just as quickly he is ready to insult a friend by flirting with his beloved, who is happy about it. Evgeny thinks only about himself, the feelings of other people are absolutely unimportant to him, so he could not save his comrade.
• Love is also an important theme of the work. Almost all writers talk about it. Pushkin was no exception. True love is expressed in the image of Tatiana. It can develop against all odds and remain for life. No one loved and will love Onegin as much as the main character. If you miss this, you remain unhappy for the rest of your life. Unlike the sacrificial, all-forgiving feelings of the girl, Onegin’s emotions are self-love. He was afraid of a timid girl who had fallen in love for the first time, for whose sake he would have to give up the disgusting but familiar light. But Evgeny was captivated by the cold, secular beauty, with whom visiting was already an honor, let alone loving her.
• Theme of the extra person. The trend of realism appears in Pushkin’s works. It was the environment that raised Onegin to be so disappointed. It was precisely this that preferred to see superficiality in the nobles, the focus of all their efforts on creating secular splendor. And nothing else is needed. On the contrary, upbringing in folk traditions, the company of ordinary people made the soul healthy and the nature whole, like Tatyana’s.
• Theme of devotion. Tatyana is faithful to her first and strongest love, but Olga is frivolous, changeable and ordinary. Larina's sisters are completely opposite. Olga reflects a typical secular girl, for whom the main thing is herself, her attitude towards her, and therefore she can change if there is a better option. As soon as Onegin said a couple of pleasant words, she forgot about Lensky, whose affection was much stronger. Tatiana’s heart is faithful to Evgeniy all her life. Even when he trampled on her feelings, she waited a long time and could not find another (again, unlike Olga, who was quickly consoled after Lensky's death). The heroine had to get married, but in her soul she continued to be faithful to Onegin, although love had ceased to be possible.

Problems

The problematics in the novel “Eugene Onegin” are very indicative. It reveals not only psychological and social, but also political shortcomings and even entire tragedies of the system. For example, the outdated, but no less creepy, drama of Tatyana’s mother is shocking. The woman was forced into marriage, and she broke under the pressure of circumstances, becoming an evil and despotic mistress of a hated estate. And here are the current problems raised

• The main problem that is raised throughout realism in general, and by Pushkin in Eugene Onegin in particular, is the destructive influence of secular society on the human soul. A hypocritical and greedy environment poisons the personality. It imposes external requirements of decency: a young man must know a little French, read a little fashionable literature, be decently and expensively dressed, that is, make an impression, seem, and not be. And all the feelings here are also false, they only seem. That is why secular society takes away the best from people, it cools the brightest flame with its cold deception.
• Eugenia’s blues is another problematic issue. Why does the main character become depressed? Not just because he was spoiled by society. The main reason is that he does not find the answer to the question: why is all this? Why does he live? To go to theaters, balls and receptions? The absence of a vector, direction of movement, awareness of the meaninglessness of existence - these are the feelings that overcome Onegin. Here we are faced with the eternal problem of the meaning of life, which is so difficult to find.
• The problem of selfishness is reflected in the image of the main character. Realizing that no one would love him in a cold and indifferent world, Eugene began to love himself more than anyone else in the world. Therefore, he doesn’t care about Lensky (he only relieves boredom), about Tatyana (she can take away his freedom), he thinks only about himself, but for this he is punished: he remains completely alone and is rejected by Tatyana.

Idea

The main idea of ​​the novel “Eugene Onegin” is to criticize the existing order of life, which dooms more or less extraordinary natures to loneliness and death. After all, there is so much potential in Evgenia, but there is no business, only social intrigue. There is so much spiritual fire in Vladimir, and besides death, only vulgarization in a feudal, suffocating environment can await him. There is so much spiritual beauty and intelligence in Tatyana, and she can only be the hostess of social evenings, dress up and carry on empty conversations.

People who do not think, do not reflect, do not suffer - these are the ones for whom the existing reality suits. This is a consumer society that lives at the expense of others, which shines while those “others” vegetate in poverty and filth. The thoughts that Pushkin thought about deserve attention to this day and remain important and pressing.

Another meaning of “Eugene Onegin”, which Pushkin laid down in his work, is to show how important it is to preserve individuality and virtue when temptations and fashions are rampant around, subjugating more than one generation of people. While Evgeny was chasing new trends and playing the cold and disappointed hero Byron, Tatyana listened to the voice of her heart and remained true to herself. Therefore, she finds happiness in love, albeit unrequited, and he finds only boredom in everything and everyone.

Features of the novel

The novel “Eugene Onegin” is a fundamentally new phenomenon in the literature of the early 19th century. He has a special composition - it is a “novel in verse”, a lyric-epic work of large volume. In lyrical digressions, the image of the author, his thoughts, feelings and ideas that he wants to convey to readers emerges.

Pushkin amazes with the ease and melodiousness of his language. His literary style is devoid of heaviness and didacticism; the author knows how to talk about complex and important things simply and clearly. Of course, a lot needs to be read between the lines, since harsh censorship was merciless even towards geniuses, but the poet is also not a natural person, so he was able to tell in the elegance of verse about the socio-political problems of his state, which were successfully hushed up in the press. It is important to understand that before Alexander Sergeevich, Russian poetry was different; he made a kind of “revolution of the game.”

The peculiarity also lies in the image system. Evgeny Onegin is the first in the gallery of “superfluous people”, who contain enormous potential that cannot be realized. Tatyana Larina “raised” female images from the place of “the main character needs to love someone” to an independent and complete portrait of a Russian woman. Tatyana is one of the first heroines who looks stronger and more significant than the main character, and does not hide in his shadow. This is how the direction of the novel “Eugene Onegin” manifests itself - realism, which will more than once open the theme of the superfluous person and touch upon the difficult fate of women. By the way, we also described this feature in the essay “”.

Realism in the novel "Eugene Onegin"

"Eugene Onegin" marks Pushkin's transition to realism. In this novel, the author first raises the topic of man and society. A personality is not perceived separately, it is part of a society that educates, leaves a certain imprint or completely shapes people.

The main characters are typical, but at the same time unique. Eugene is an authentic secular nobleman: disappointed, superficially educated, but at the same time not like those around him - noble, intelligent, observant. Tatyana is an ordinary provincial young lady: she was brought up on French novels, filled with the sweet dreams of these works, but at the same time she is “Russian in soul,” wise, virtuous, loving, harmonious in nature.

It is precisely in the fact that readers for two centuries see themselves and their acquaintances in the heroes, and it is precisely in the inescapable relevance of the novel that its realistic orientation is expressed.

Criticism

The novel “Eugene Onegin” evoked a great response from readers and critics. According to E.A. Baratynsky: “Everyone interprets them in their own way: some praise them, others scold them, and everyone reads them.” Contemporaries criticized Pushkin for the “labyrinth of digressions”, for the insufficiently defined character of the main character, and careless language. The reviewer Thaddeus Bulgarin, who supported the government and conservative literature, especially distinguished himself.

However, V.G. understood the novel best. Belinsky, who called it “an encyclopedia of Russian life,” is a historical work, despite the absence of historical characters. Indeed, a modern lover of belles lettres can study Eugene Onegin from this point of view to learn more about the noble society of the early 19th century.

And a century later, the comprehension of the novel in verse continued. Yu.M. Lotman saw complexity and paradox in the work. This is not just a collection of quotes familiar from childhood, it is an “organic world”. All this proves the relevance of the work and its significance for Russian national culture.

What does it teach?

Pushkin showed the life of young people and how their fate could turn out. Of course, fate depends not only on the environment, but also on the heroes themselves, but the influence of society is undeniable. The poet showed the main enemy that affects young nobles: idleness, aimlessness of existence. Alexander Sergeevich’s conclusion is simple: the creator calls not to limit oneself to secular conventions and stupid rules, but to live life to the fullest, guided by moral and spiritual components.

These ideas remain relevant to this day; modern people are often faced with a choice: to live in harmony with themselves or to break themselves for the sake of some benefits or public recognition. By choosing the second path, chasing illusory dreams, you can lose yourself and discover with horror that your life is over and nothing has been done. This is what you need to fear most.

When creating his novel in verse, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin took advantage of the experience adopted from such famous literary predecessors as V.A. Zhukovsky and N.M. Karamzin. And the plot of the novel, and Onegin’s dissatisfaction, and the sad love story - all these are elements inherent in the work of the romantics, who, in comparison with the classicists, further deepened the psychological analysis of their heroes.

The character of a dreamy young man and a positive image of a Russian woman are outlined in Zhukovsky’s lyrics. Hence Lensky’s comparison of Tatyana with Svetlana.

As for the problems of the novel, there is clearly a connection with the work of the revolutionary romantics, for whom the fate of the young nobleman-intellectual was in the first place. Zhukovsky and the Decembrist poets with their creativity contributed to the birth from the depths of romanticism of a new direction in literature - realism, which gradually began to displace romanticism from the literary arena.

In Pushkin's novel, the life of Russian society, as well as Onegin, was reliably reflected in the period when the Decembrists were preparing for the uprising. But unlike his predecessors, who lacked the ability to think historically, Pushkin saw the dependence of an individual’s character on the social environment. In other words, despite the similarity of issues in Alexander Sergeevich’s novel and the work of his romantic predecessors, only Pushkin managed to show why the best young minds of the country waste their lives in idleness.

The methods of depicting the heroes of the novel that the romantics and even Pushkin himself used in his romantic works are also excellent. The conditions that contributed to the formation of the hero’s personality in “Eugene Onegin” were carefully studied by the author. Although the hero is generously gifted by nature, has intelligence and noble impulses, everything positive in his character does not find application in the society to which he belongs. And it’s all about his upbringing, which made Onegin a “reluctant egoist.”

Through his hero, the author criticizes society, the environment that morally disfigures the younger generation. This is where the origins of critical realism are located - a new direction in Russian literature. The approval of this direction could not be imagined without a corresponding transformation of the Russian language.

The narrative in the novel is for the most part nothing more than living spoken language. Moreover, here you can find the simplest words, the use of which in a poetic work was simply unthinkable before. It was clear that the author of the novel was seriously thinking about the democratization of the literary language. But we must admit that Pushkin was not a pioneer in this matter. Before him, some other prominent literary figures also made their contribution to the democratization of the native language. Pushkin, so to speak, brought this matter to its logical conclusion.

The work depicts the life of the capital's aristocratic society. In the novel, as in an encyclopedia, you can learn everything about the era, how they dressed, what was in fashion, the menus of prestigious restaurants. We can also find out what was on in the theaters of that era. The life of the nobles is a continuous holiday. Their main occupation is empty chatter, blind imitation of everything foreign, gossip that spreads with instant speed. They did not want to work, because “they were sick of persistent work.” Pushkin writes that a person’s fame depends on his financial situation. The author shows the monotony of metropolitan society, empty interests, and mental limitations.

The color of the capital is “necessary borders”, “angry gentlemen”, “dictators”, “seemingly evil ladies” and “unsmiling girls”. Everything about them is so pale and indifferent; They slander even boringly; In the barren dryness of speeches, Questions, gossip and news, no thoughts will flare up for the whole day, even by chance, even at random... The characterization of the nobles given by the poet shows that they had only one goal - to achieve fame and ranks. Pushkin condemns such people. He makes fun of their way of life. The poet shows us various pictures of Russian life, depicts before us the fates of different people, draws typical types of representatives of noble society for the era - in a word, depicts reality as it really is.

V. G. Belinsky wrote that “Eugene Onegin” can be called “an encyclopedia of Russian life and a highly folk work.” "Eugene Onegin" was written over several years, and therefore the poet himself grew up with him, and each new chapter of the novel was more interesting and mature. A. S. Pushkin was the first to poetically reproduce the picture of Russian society, taken at one of the most interesting moments of its development. V. G.

Belinsky said that “Eugene Onegin” is a historical work that describes the customs, mores and way of life of Russian society. The author can rightfully be called a national poet: he writes about his heroes, about nature, about the beauty of cities and villages with love and patriotism. Pushkin condemns secular society, which he considered hypocritical, flattering, unreal, changeable, because people who sympathized with a person today could turn away from him tomorrow, even if he did nothing wrong. This means having eyes, not seeing anything. Onegin was very close to the author, and through his actions the poet showed that society was not yet ready to change and accept such an advanced person as Eugene Onegin into its circle. Pushkin blames society for the death of Lensky, because for fear of becoming the cause of gossip, laughter and condemnation, Onegin decides to accept the challenge: ..

The old duelist intervened; He is angry, he is a gossip, he is talkative... Of course, there must be contempt at the cost of his funny words, But the whisper, the laughter of fools... Pushkin shows not only vices, but also the true virtue and ideal of a Russian woman in the image of Tatyana Larina. Tatyana, like Onegin, is an exceptional creature. She also understood that she was born before her time, but at the same time she believed in a happy future: Tatyana believed the legends of the common folk of antiquity, And dreams, and card fortune-telling, And the predictions of the moon. Tatyana had a cold attitude towards secular society, without regret she would exchange it for life in the village, where she could merge with nature: Tatyana (Russian in soul, Without knowing why) With her cold beauty Loved the Russian winter... Pushkin reflected in detail and truthfully in in the novel, the life of landowners in the village, their way of life, traditions: They kept in their peaceful life the Habits of dear old times; At Shrovetide they had Russian pancakes; Twice a year they fasted...

The author lovingly describes the beauty of Russian nature and sadly says that monotony has killed dreaminess, optimism, and love of life in people: But maybe this kind of Pictures will not attract you: All this is low nature; There's not much that's elegant here. A. S. Pushkin reflected the life of most Russian families in which a woman did not have the right to vote, but habit replaced grief, and, having learned to manage her husband, the wife could get everything she wanted: ... She was torn and cried at first, With her husband she almost divorced; Then I took up housekeeping, got used to it, and became happy. A habit has been given to us from above: It is a substitute for happiness.

Reading the novel in verse by A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, you understand how detailed and truthfully he described the life of peasants and landowners, the behavior and upbringing of children in the family, the life of secular society. Reading "Eugene Onegin", you can feel that the author lives in this world, he condemns some things, and is touched by others. I believe that Belinsky, calling the novel “an encyclopedia of Russian life,” acted wisely, because it reflects all aspects of life of that time. "Onegin" is a poetically true picture of Russian society in a certain era. IN.

G. Belinsky A. S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", created in the twenties of the nineteenth century, during the era of the birth and subsequent defeat of Decembrism, became the first realistic novel in Russian literature. The uniqueness of this work lies not only in the fact that the novel was written in verse, but also in the breadth of coverage of the reality of that time, in the multiple plots of the novel, in the description of the features of the era in which A. S. Pushkin lived. "Eugene Onegin" is a work in which "the century and modern man are reflected." A.

S. Pushkin in his novel tries to portray his heroes in real life, without much exaggeration. He truly and deeply showed a person in diverse connections with the society that surrounded him. And now, almost two centuries later, we can say with confidence that A.S. Pushkin really succeeded. It is not for nothing that his novel was rightly called by V. G. Belinsky “an encyclopedia of Russian life.”

In fact, after reading this novel, as in the encyclopedia, one could learn almost everything about the era in which many famous poets and writers lived and worked. I learned about how people dressed, how they spent their time, how they interacted in secular society, and much more. Reading this unique work and turning page by page, I was able to get acquainted with all layers of Russian society of that time: with the high society of St. Petersburg, and with noble Moscow, and with the life of peasants, that is, with the entire Russian people. This once again demonstrates that Pushkin was able to reflect in his novel the society surrounding him in everyday life from all sides. With particular impression, the author talks about the life and fate of the Decembrists, many of whom were his close friends. He likes the features of his Onegin, which, in his opinion, provide a true description of the Decembrist society, which allowed us, the readers, to become more deeply acquainted with the Russian people of the early nineteenth century.

The poet managed to depict the delights of St. Petersburg and Moscow beautifully and poetically. He loved Moscow, the heart of Russia, so in some lines of his lyrical digressions about this most wonderful city one could hear the following exclamations from the poet’s soul: “Moscow... how much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart!” Rural Russia is closer to the poet. This is probably why special attention in the novel was paid to village life, its inhabitants and descriptions of Russian nature. Pushkin shows pictures of spring, draws beautiful autumn and winter landscapes. At the same time, as in showing people and their characters, he does not strive to describe the ideal, the extraordinary.

In the poet’s novel, everything is simple and ordinary, but at the same time beautiful. This is what V.G. Belinsky wrote in his articles about the novel: “He (Pushkin) took this life as it is, without distracting from it only its poetic moments, he took it with all the coldness, with all its prose and vulgarity.” This, in my opinion, is what makes A. S. Pushkin’s novel popular to this day. It would seem that the plot line of the novel is simple.

At first, Tatyana fell in love with Onegin and openly confessed to him about her deep and tender love, and he managed to love her only after the deep shocks that took place in his chilled soul. But, despite the fact that they loved each other, they could not unite their destiny. And their own mistakes are to blame for this. But what makes the novel especially expressive is the fact that this simple plot line of real life seems to be strung together with many pictures, descriptions, lyrical digressions; many real people are shown with their different fates, with their feelings and characters. After reading the novel by A.

S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", I realized how important it is sometimes to know the truth of life. If it weren’t for the realistic creations of many writers and poets of those times, we, today’s generation, would probably never have known about the real life of past centuries, with all its flaws and features. The novel "Eugene Onegin" occupies a central place in the work of A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" is a realistic work.