"Eugene Onegin" is the first realistic novel in Russian literature. Eugene Onegin" by Pushkin is the first realistic novel in Russian literature. Problems and images The novel Eugene Onegin is a truly realistic work

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Russian writers

When creating his novel in verse, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin took advantage of the experience adopted from such famous literary predecessors as V.A. Zhukovsky and N.M. Karamzin. And the plot of the novel, and Onegin’s dissatisfaction, and the sad love story - all these are elements inherent in the work of the romantics, who, in comparison with the classicists, further deepened the psychological analysis of their heroes.

The character of a dreamy young man and a positive image of a Russian woman are outlined in Zhukovsky’s lyrics. Hence Lensky’s comparison of Tatyana with Svetlana.

As for the problems of the novel, there is clearly a connection with the work of the revolutionary romantics, for whom the fate of the young nobleman-intellectual was in the first place. Zhukovsky and the Decembrist poets with their creativity contributed to the birth from the depths of romanticism of a new direction in literature - realism, which gradually began to displace romanticism from the literary arena.

In Pushkin's novel, the life of Russian society, as well as Onegin, was reliably reflected in the period when the Decembrists were preparing for the uprising. But unlike his predecessors, who lacked the ability to think historically, Pushkin saw the dependence of an individual’s character on the social environment. In other words, despite the similarity of issues in Alexander Sergeevich’s novel and the work of his romantic predecessors, only Pushkin managed to show why the best young minds of the country waste their lives in idleness.

The methods of depicting the heroes of the novel that the romantics and even Pushkin himself used in his romantic works are also excellent. The conditions that contributed to the formation of the hero’s personality in “Eugene Onegin” were carefully studied by the author. Although the hero is generously gifted by nature, has intelligence and noble impulses, everything positive in his character does not find application in the society to which he belongs. And it’s all about his upbringing, which made Onegin a “reluctant egoist.”

Through his hero, the author criticizes society, the environment that morally disfigures the younger generation. This is where the origins of critical realism are located - a new direction in Russian literature. The approval of this direction could not be imagined without a corresponding transformation of the Russian language.

The narrative in the novel is for the most part nothing more than living spoken language. Moreover, here you can find the simplest words, the use of which in a poetic work was simply unthinkable before. It was clear that the author of the novel was seriously thinking about the democratization of the literary language. But we must admit that Pushkin was not a pioneer in this matter. Before him, some other prominent literary figures also made their contribution to the democratization of the native language. Pushkin, so to speak, brought this matter to its logical conclusion.

It has long been recognized that the novel “Eugene Onegin” was the first realistic novel in Russian literature. What exactly do we mean when we say “realistic”? Realism, in my opinion, presupposes, in addition to the truthfulness of details, the depiction of typical characters in typical circumstances. From this characteristic of realism it follows that truthfulness in the depiction of particulars and details is an indispensable condition for a realistic work. But this is not enough. Even more important is what is contained in the second part of the characterization: the depiction of typical characters in typical circumstances. These words must be understood in their inseparability. The typical character itself could be found in a romantic work. For example, the hero of Pushkin’s romantic poem “Prisoner of the Caucasus” is certainly a typical character. Just like Aleko in “Gypsies”. For realism, what is important is not just the typical character, but the character shown in typical circumstances, explained by these circumstances. Characters in realistic works are given in their life, historical and social conditioning.

For a realist in art, not only the question is important: what is this or that hero? But the question is: why, under what circumstances did he become like this? This is what makes a truly realistic work both a true picture of life and an artistic exploration of life.

Does Eugene Onegin correspond to this understanding of realism? Without a doubt. The picture of Russian reality depicted by Pushkin in the novel is so accurate and truthful in particulars that Belinsky called the novel “an encyclopedia of Russian life.” In fact, from the novel you can get acquainted with Russian life in the 20s. XIX century, to study it not only in its main phenomena and processes, but also in detail. Let us recall, for example, one of Pushkin’s many surprisingly truthful descriptions - the description of the house in which Onegan’s uncle lived:

“The venerable castle was built,
How castles should be built:
Extremely durable and calm
In the taste of smart antiquity
There are lofty chambers everywhere,
There is damask wallpaper in the living room,
Portraits of kings on the walls,
And stoves with colorful tiles.”

The most remarkable thing here is the very precise, historically accurate details (“damask wallpaper”, “stoves in colorful tiles”, etc.). All descriptions are made up of true details. This is what makes the description so impressive and so artistically meaningful. This is a typical example for the novel “Eugene Onegin”.

We have already managed to make sure that all the characters in Pushkin’s novel are typical characters. How are they drawn by Pushkin, how does he portray his main characters? We get to know Onegin better and more fully through the circumstances of his life: through the peculiarities of his upbringing, the influence of St. Petersburg social life on him, then life in the wilderness of the village, etc. Tatyana is shown in the novel not by herself, but in the environment that raised her character and her soul: among the countryside, close to her nanny, next to her simple-minded parents who did not interfere with her in anything. These characteristic life circumstances helped her become what she is, and they help us to know and understand Tatyana more fully, more deeply, and to find out the whole truth about her. Lensky and other heroes of the novel are revealed through typical life circumstances. The novel "Eugene Onegin" in all its qualities turns out to be a truly realistic work. It is a realistic novel both in the nature of its depiction of characters and in the nature of its depiction of life in general.

The work depicts the life of the capital's aristocratic society. In the novel, as in an encyclopedia, you can learn everything about the era, how they dressed, what was in fashion, the menus of prestigious restaurants. We can also find out what was on in the theaters of that era. The life of the nobles is a continuous holiday. Their main occupation is empty chatter, blind imitation of everything foreign, gossip that spreads with instant speed. They did not want to work, because “they were sick of persistent work.” Pushkin writes that a person’s fame depends on his financial situation. The author shows the monotony of metropolitan society, empty interests, and mental limitations.

The color of the capital is “necessary borders”, “angry gentlemen”, “dictators”, “seemingly evil ladies” and “unsmiling girls”. Everything about them is so pale and indifferent; They slander even boringly; In the barren dryness of speeches, Questions, gossip and news, no thoughts will flare up for the whole day, even by chance, even at random... The characterization of the nobles given by the poet shows that they had only one goal - to achieve fame and ranks. Pushkin condemns such people. He makes fun of their way of life. The poet shows us various pictures of Russian life, depicts before us the fates of different people, draws typical types of representatives of noble society for the era - in a word, depicts reality as it really is.

V. G. Belinsky wrote that “Eugene Onegin” can be called “an encyclopedia of Russian life and a highly folk work.” "Eugene Onegin" was written over several years, and therefore the poet himself grew up with him, and each new chapter of the novel was more interesting and mature. A. S. Pushkin was the first to poetically reproduce the picture of Russian society, taken at one of the most interesting moments of its development. V. G.

Belinsky said that “Eugene Onegin” is a historical work that describes the customs, mores and way of life of Russian society. The author can rightfully be called a national poet: he writes about his heroes, about nature, about the beauty of cities and villages with love and patriotism. Pushkin condemns secular society, which he considered hypocritical, flattering, unreal, changeable, because people who sympathized with a person today could turn away from him tomorrow, even if he did nothing wrong. This means having eyes, not seeing anything. Onegin was very close to the author, and through his actions the poet showed that society was not yet ready to change and accept such an advanced person as Eugene Onegin into its circle. Pushkin blames society for the death of Lensky, because for fear of becoming the cause of gossip, laughter and condemnation, Onegin decides to accept the challenge: ..

The old duelist intervened; He is angry, he is a gossip, he is talkative... Of course, there must be contempt at the cost of his funny words, But the whisper, the laughter of fools... Pushkin shows not only vices, but also the true virtue and ideal of a Russian woman in the image of Tatyana Larina. Tatyana, like Onegin, is an exceptional creature. She also understood that she was born before her time, but at the same time she believed in a happy future: Tatyana believed the legends of the common folk of antiquity, And dreams, and card fortune-telling, And the predictions of the moon. Tatyana had a cold attitude towards secular society, without regret she would exchange it for life in the village, where she could merge with nature: Tatyana (Russian in soul, Without knowing why) With her cold beauty Loved the Russian winter... Pushkin reflected in detail and truthfully in in the novel, the life of landowners in the village, their way of life, traditions: They kept in their peaceful life the Habits of dear old times; At Shrovetide they had Russian pancakes; Twice a year they fasted...

The author lovingly describes the beauty of Russian nature and sadly says that monotony has killed dreaminess, optimism, and love of life in people: But maybe this kind of Pictures will not attract you: All this is low nature; There's not much that's elegant here. A. S. Pushkin reflected the life of most Russian families in which a woman did not have the right to vote, but habit replaced grief, and, having learned to manage her husband, the wife could get everything she wanted: ... She was torn and cried at first, With her husband she almost divorced; Then I took up housekeeping, got used to it, and became happy. A habit has been given to us from above: It is a substitute for happiness.

Reading the novel in verse by A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, you understand how detailed and truthfully he described the life of peasants and landowners, the behavior and upbringing of children in the family, the life of secular society. Reading "Eugene Onegin", you can feel that the author lives in this world, he condemns some things, and is touched by others. I believe that Belinsky, calling the novel “an encyclopedia of Russian life,” acted wisely, because it reflects all aspects of life of that time. "Onegin" is a poetically true picture of Russian society in a certain era. IN.

G. Belinsky A. S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", created in the twenties of the nineteenth century, during the era of the birth and subsequent defeat of Decembrism, became the first realistic novel in Russian literature. The uniqueness of this work lies not only in the fact that the novel was written in verse, but also in the breadth of coverage of the reality of that time, in the multiple plots of the novel, in the description of the features of the era in which A. S. Pushkin lived. "Eugene Onegin" is a work in which "the century and modern man are reflected." A.

S. Pushkin in his novel tries to portray his heroes in real life, without much exaggeration. He truly and deeply showed a person in diverse connections with the society that surrounded him. And now, almost two centuries later, we can say with confidence that A.S. Pushkin really succeeded. It is not for nothing that his novel was rightly called by V. G. Belinsky “an encyclopedia of Russian life.”

In fact, after reading this novel, as in the encyclopedia, one could learn almost everything about the era in which many famous poets and writers lived and worked. I learned about how people dressed, how they spent their time, how they interacted in secular society, and much more. Reading this unique work and turning page by page, I was able to get acquainted with all layers of Russian society of that time: with the high society of St. Petersburg, and with noble Moscow, and with the life of peasants, that is, with the entire Russian people. This once again demonstrates that Pushkin was able to reflect in his novel the society surrounding him in everyday life from all sides. With particular impression, the author talks about the life and fate of the Decembrists, many of whom were his close friends. He likes the features of his Onegin, which, in his opinion, provide a true description of the Decembrist society, which allowed us, the readers, to become more deeply acquainted with the Russian people of the early nineteenth century.

The poet managed to depict the delights of St. Petersburg and Moscow beautifully and poetically. He loved Moscow, the heart of Russia, so in some lines of his lyrical digressions about this most wonderful city one could hear the following exclamations from the poet’s soul: “Moscow... how much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart!” Rural Russia is closer to the poet. This is probably why special attention in the novel was paid to village life, its inhabitants and descriptions of Russian nature. Pushkin shows pictures of spring, draws beautiful autumn and winter landscapes. At the same time, as in showing people and their characters, he does not strive to describe the ideal, the extraordinary.

In the poet’s novel, everything is simple and ordinary, but at the same time beautiful. This is what V.G. Belinsky wrote in his articles about the novel: “He (Pushkin) took this life as it is, without distracting from it only its poetic moments, he took it with all the coldness, with all its prose and vulgarity.” This, in my opinion, is what makes A. S. Pushkin’s novel popular to this day. It would seem that the plot line of the novel is simple.

At first, Tatyana fell in love with Onegin and openly confessed to him about her deep and tender love, and he managed to love her only after the deep shocks that took place in his chilled soul. But, despite the fact that they loved each other, they could not unite their destiny. And their own mistakes are to blame for this. But what makes the novel especially expressive is the fact that this simple plot line of real life seems to be strung together with many pictures, descriptions, lyrical digressions; many real people are shown with their different fates, with their feelings and characters. After reading the novel by A.

S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", I realized how important it is sometimes to know the truth of life. If it weren’t for the realistic creations of many writers and poets of those times, we, today’s generation, would probably never have known about the real life of past centuries, with all its flaws and features. The novel "Eugene Onegin" occupies a central place in the work of A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" is a realistic work.

"Eugene Onegin" and realism. Eugene Onegin was the first Russian novel in which realistic principles were loudly announced. In it, reality is not divided into two hostile and incompatible spheres - the real and the ideal, as in romanticism, but appears as one, giving rise to the highest and most distant thoughts and containing irreconcilable contradictions. She is admirable and subject to criticism. Pushkin's heroes think, feel and act in accordance with their characters, which are determined by national and European historical life. Their lifestyle and behavior are furnished with many detailed motivations, thanks to which they fit firmly into reality. The general, characteristic of people of one environment, is manifested through the individual, special. Finally, the novel embodies one of the most amazing qualities of realism - the self-development of characters and literary types. The image created by the author is separated from the author and lives an independent life. Pushkin, for example, at the beginning of the novel did not imagine that his Tatyana would get married, and Onegin would write her a letter. However, the logic of the development of these characters turned out to be such that Pushkin was “forced” to marry Tatyana and write Onegin’s letter to her. The heroes began to act as prescribed by the logic of their characters. The author, in order to preserve the psychological truth of the type he deduced, had to follow the spiritual movements of the characters.

“Eugene Onegin” is a work in which “the century and modern man are reflected.” A.S. Pushkin in his novel tries to portray his heroes in real life, without much exaggeration. The novel was rightly named V.G. Belinsky “encyclopedia of Russian life”. After reading it, as in the encyclopedia, one could learn almost everything about the era in which many famous poets and writers lived and worked: how people dressed, what was in fashion, the menu of prestigious restaurants, what was on in the theaters of that era how they spent their time, how they interacted in secular society and much more. Reading the work, we become acquainted with all layers of Russian society of that time: with the high society of St. Petersburg, and with noble Moscow, and with the life of the peasants, that is, with the entire Russian people. This once again demonstrates that Pushkin was able to reflect in his novel the society surrounding him in everyday life from all sides. With particular impression, the author talks about the life and fate of the Decembrists, many of whom were his close friends. He likes the features of his Onegin, which, in his opinion, give a true description of the Decembrist society, which allowed us to become more deeply acquainted with the Russian people of the early nineteenth century.

Depicting the noble society of the 1820s, Pushkin raises issues at the everyday level and writes about the spiritual and moral life of the noble high society. A wide realistic coverage of reality also occurs due to the depiction of the local nobility. The village chapters are full of details of the life and habits of the landowners. Thus, Onegin’s uncle diligently read the “calendar of the eighth year” and did not keep “a single drop of ink.” Larina’s mother, although she had read Richardson in her youth, now enjoyed doing housework. And their spiritual world of communication is conversations “about haymaking, about wine, about the kennel, about their relatives.” The epic part of the novel is also filled with pictures from folk life. Pushkin talks about hard peasant labor and very rare moments of rest. These paintings are complemented by fabulous poetic images that go back to oral folk art: this is Tatyana’s dream, reminiscent of a Russian fairy tale, and fortune telling.

Define issues“Eugene Onegin” is very difficult. The poet created, in the words of V. G. Belinsky, “an encyclopedia of Russian life.” The title after the name of the main character does not narrow his thematic plan, does not reduce the entire action to a depiction of the fate of Eugene Onegin. The core of the plot, of course, is the love theme, which is traditional for this genre, but it is solved by Pushkin in an innovative way: He does not just show the failed happiness between Onegin and Tatyana, but delves into the reasons for this. In the novel, the poet asserts a new realistic method, depicting the influence of the environment on the formation of personality and its perception of the world. This is how chapters about childhood, youth, education, and the pastime of the characters appear in the novel. Pushkin is convinced that fate not only determines the range of a person’s external circumstances, but also shapes his psychology.

The characters of the heroes were built by Pushkin, the poet of reality, as he called himself, not according to literary schemes and norms, although they are often compared with other literary heroes, but according to the laws of real life. Since living people have a variety of multifaceted characters, the characters of the heroes are complex and do not fit into unambiguous and narrow formulas. In simple and complex situations, “circumstances develop” characters from different sides. The versatility and complexity of the characters is taken into account by the author, who portrays them either satirically, with a bitter smile, or ironically, with a slight smile, or lyrically, with obvious sympathy. Pushkin's heroes, excluding only the tertiary characters mentioned, are not divided into positive and negative. But even the minor characters involved in the plot are multifaceted in the novel. For example, Onegin and the author speak about Zaretsky either satirically or ironically. However, satire and irony do not prevent Onegin and the author from recognizing Zaretsky’s merits:

He wasn't stupid; and my Evgeniy,

Not respecting the heart in him,

Loved the spirit of his judgments,

And a common sense about this and that.<…>

Pushkin in the novel is not a judge, much less a prosecutor, he does not judge or accuse the heroes, but observes and analyzes their characters as a friend, an eyewitness, an ordinary person who does not like something about the heroes, but likes something. This approach to the depiction of characters ensured the life-like truthfulness of the novel and its closeness to the realistic type of narration. The noble household and social circle that raised Onegin and the Author evoke admiration and delight in the novel. This is a world of high culture, enlightened people, heated debates, interesting conversations and conversations, a world of hobbies and passions. Freedom and independence reign here; the cream of society gathers here. Holidays, balls, masquerades, theater, salons are feasts of the soul, where sophisticated people combine both the strength of feelings and the depth of spirit. The glorification of luxurious treats leaves no doubt that Pushkin loves and appreciates secular pleasures. Theater brings special pleasures. Home life is comfortable, beautiful and pleasant.