Phraseologisms with the word “mind” and their meaning. Modern problems of science and education Bring to mind the meaning

BRING TO MIND

1. Who whom

To teach, to help achieve the proper level of knowledge, understanding of something; admonish.

What is meant is that person, group of persons ( X) has an educational effect on another person, another group of people ( Y). Spoken to approval. speech standard. ✦ X brought it to mind Y-a. Nominal part unism. Usually a verb owls V. In the role tale Order of component words unfixed

Students at commercial universities are monstrously illiterate in the truest sense of the word, poorly organized, study according to the principle “The customer is always right!”, and teachers have difficulty bring this audience crazy. NG, 2001.⊛ - I am sure that this teacher always brings students crazy. (Speech)

⊜ I fulfilled her [mother’s] order. My brother and I did what she wanted: " Bring it on everyone crazy“I won’t talk about myself, but all my brothers and sisters are real hard workers, no matter what they do, they work “excellently” everywhere. N. Mordyukova, Don’t cry, Cossack girl!

⊝ "A crazy we you, Mityok, let's finish it If you don’t go, we’ll drag you in by force, for your own good.” V. Maksimov, Farewell from nowhere.

The playwright returned and said: “We let's finish it before crazy!" Yu. Trifonov, Long farewell.

Components phraseol. correlate with anthropic, i.e. actually human, a cultural code, and in combination with the preposition “before”, denoting the limit of movement, with a spatial code. At the heart of the image phraseol. lies the metonymic identification crazy and knowledge, skills. Introduction to mind as a naturally inherent human ability to think and act adequately refers to cultural universals. Mind- the basis of conscious, intelligent life, an indicator of the norm in human life; in this phraseol. mind symbolizes the completion of the process of learning something. Wed in folklore: Neither by measure nor by weight, but all people have(mind) ; All wisdom is from God; Where there is intelligence, there is sense. phraseol. generally conveys a stereotypical idea of ​​completed learning of something. M. L. Kovshova

2. Who What

Finish to the end, achieving the correct completion of what has been started; achieve a good result.

What is meant is that person, group of persons, social collective ( X) is finalizing smb. (R). Spoken to approval. speech standard. ✦ X brings to mind R. Nominal part unism. In the role tale Order of component words unfixed

It’s a shame that due to the low level of technical processing, domestic fabrics are not in demand... what they willingly buy from us is a cheap semi-finished product that is locally available bring "crazy". MK, 1996. The Tu-154 plane, which was stormed and riddled with bullets in several places, returned to Moscow this morning... the amount of work to pressurize the cabin and repair it turned out to be not that great. Finally it will bring to mind in Russia .... Evening Moscow, 2001.

The entire staff of our design bureau [design bureau] was divided into separate integrated teams, which scattered across all the “sea-oceans” bring to mind Chelomeev lionfish. LG, 1998.

In addition, ORT [Russian Public Television] has a golden reserve - a rich archive of old, but not outdated programs. On their replays plus information if bring her crazy, ORT can stay afloat for a long time. LG, 1998.

⊛ Mom, of course, warmed up the “orphan” brought to mind his thick novel about a modern advanced village, I registered it in my apartment. V. Astafiev, Dream of White Mountains.

The owners of the dacha came over at the end of the week, improved the house, brought up him, as they say, crazy. I. Ovchinnikova, King Lear from the Polyana cooperative.

Ignatyich's son was greatly puzzled. Where does this guy get such precocity? One thing crazy Not brought it- rushes to something else. L. Skorik, "...for Christ's Day."

For example, the dispute over the installation and testing building at Baikonur... the Khrunichev center took bring his crazy, created the so-called clean chamber for assembling spacecraft.... LG, 1998.

⊜ - I hope that when you write your article you'll bring it to mind, then it will not contain such errors. ( Speech)

⊝ - A good start has been made. now we let's finish it this project crazy! (Speech)

cultural commentary: Main comment cm. in BRING TO MIND 1.. Image phraseol. associated with an animistic form of awareness of the world, personifying the inanimate. Somebody The qualities of a person who has reached a certain level of professionalism, knowledge and skill are attributed to a business, enterprise, or subject. M. L. Kovshova

Large phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: AST-Press. E.N. Telia. 2006.

What. BRING TO MIND What. Simple Express To bring something into proper condition, into proper form. - Then a certain Karepanov from Udmurtia appeared - a cross between a colorless Votyak and a plump Russian woman... Mom, of course, warmed up the “orphan”, brought to mind his thick novel about a modern advanced village, and registered him in her apartment(V. Astafiev. Dream about white mountains). The owners of the dacha came at the end of the week, improved the house, brought it to mind(I. Ovchinnikova. King Lear from the Polyana cooperative). Ignatyich's son was greatly puzzled. Where does this guy get such precocity? One thing he hasn’t brought to mind, he rushes to another(L. Skorik. “...to the day of Christ”).

Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language. - M.: Astrel, AST. A. I. Fedorov. 2008.

See what “Bring to mind” is in other dictionaries:

bring to mind- improve the Dictionary of Russian synonyms... Synonym dictionary

bring something to mind- Bring it into line with the assigned tasks, put it in order. I still need to get the article right... Dictionary of many expressions

Bring to mind / bring to mind- Razg. 1. whom. To educate and prepare someone for independent life. 2. Successfully complete the work started. BTS, 265; NHS 70; SBG 5, 25; BotSan, 34; SRGM 1980, 24; F 1, 165; Glukhov 1988, 35; Mokienko 2003, 127 ...

bring- I’m leading, you’re leading; brought, led, lo; finished; finished; deno, dena, deno; St. who what. 1. whom what (to what). Leading, deliver to what point. places. The guide brought her to the gate. 2. what (to what). Lay to what length. place, limit. D. the way to... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

bring- I lead/, you lead; brought, led/, lo/; dove/dshiy; finished; den, dena/, deno/; St. see also bring, bring someone what 1) someone what (to what) Leading, deliver to what point. places. The guide brought her to the gate... Dictionary of many expressions

Drive to headlessness- whom. Sib. To deprive someone of their mind or reason. FSS, 61 ... Large dictionary of Russian sayings

What. BRING IT OUT. Simple Express To bring something into proper condition, into proper form. Then a certain Karepanov appeared from Udmurtia, a cross between a colorless Votyak and a plump Russian woman... Mom, of course, warmed up the “orphan” and brought it to mind... ... Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language

BRING TO MIND- 1. who to teach whom, to help achieve the proper level of knowledge, understanding of something; admonish. This means that a person, a group of persons (X) exerts an educational influence on another person, another group of persons (Y). Spoken with approval. speech... ... Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language

Bring it to mind- MIND, a, m. Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Drain from your mind- whom. Sib. Disapproved Bring someone to a state of extreme frustration. FSS, 36; SFS, 51 ... Large dictionary of Russian sayings

Books

• "Counting to three!" What to do if children drive us crazy, Katya Schnitzler. Quote Thought "I'm not the only one!" has an unusually beneficial and relaxing effect on parents, and therefore you will find in this book typical situations that drive moms and dads almost to the point of nervousness... Buy for 376 rubles
• I'm counting to three! What to do if children drive us crazy, Katya Schnitzler. What is the book about? Children open up a whole new world of emotions to parents: who else can overwhelm us with such unexpected waves of love that make our hearts ache? And who else can do this...

There are many smart people in the world. And a good mind is always highly valued in any society. Therefore, there are many phraseological units with the word “mind” in our speech.

Uma ward
In Rus', large spacious rooms were called chambers. When they say that a person has a “chamber of mind,” they thereby emphasize the power of his mind and the vastness of his knowledge.

Tenacious mind
This expression means that a person has analytical abilities, he knows how to quickly grasp all the most valuable things. This feeling of “attentiveness” is at its best.

Come to your senses
Phraseologism means that a person begins to think about his actions and behaves more prudently.

The mind goes beyond the mind
This is what they say when they lose the ability to reason sensibly and soberly (for example, when they are very tired.)

In my mind
The ability to solve numerical and other problems without the use of external aids, only using one’s mental reserves (calculate in the mind).

Lost Your Mind
This is what they say about a person who has stopped thinking sensibly and is incapable of logical reasoning.

Bring it to mind
Used in relation to something that needs to be brought to a state of completeness or completeness.

Live by your own (someone else's) mind
When a person is independent in his actions, they say that he lives by his own mind. Conversely, about a person who constantly turns to other people for help and does not know how to make decisions on his own, they say that he lives in someone else’s mind.

Strong in hindsight
This expression is ironic and refers to those people who come to their senses late. They do it first, and then think about how it should have been done correctly. In such people, the mind seems to go “behind” the owner, following him with a lag.

Small minded
This is how they characterize a stupid, short-sighted person.

One thing on my mind
This is what they say when a person is focused (fixated) on one thing.

Wisely
To act wisely means to carefully weigh and think through all actions.

Canny
About a secretive person whose thoughts are unknown to others.

Go crazy, be crazy
From a positive point of view, this means that a person experiences great joy from some event or is greatly impressed by someone. On the negative side, it means doing illogical things.

Get smart
Master new knowledge and skills, gain new experience, become smarter.

It's none of your business
A sharp form of response to a curious person who, as a rule, shows interest in matters that do not concern him.

Neither mind nor heart
This is how they speak about something that is useless both morally and informationally.

Not from a great mind
About a stupid, unreasonable act.

Drive you crazy
Negatively influence the thinking of another person, deprive him of the ability to think soundly.

I can't imagine
This is what they say when it is impossible to understand something or guess about something.

It's mind boggling
This is what they say about something unusual or inexplicable.

1

This article discusses Russian and English phraseological units that characterize human mental abilities. Intelligence and intellectual abilities are the internal qualities by which a person is assessed. It is phraseological units that contain an assessment of the mental actions and states of the subject. The article makes an attempt to describe and systematize, as well as to clarify the similarities and differences of images in phraseological units of the Russian and English languages. The study of phraseological units with the meaning “intellectual abilities of a person” in both languages ​​allows us to identify and compare the national idea of ​​​​a person - a bearer of knowledge, the characteristics of his mental actions and states.

intellectual abilities

intelligence

phraseological units

phraseological units

phraseological unit

1. Babkin A.M. Russian phraseology, its development and sources. – M.: Librocom, 2009. – 264 p.

2. Gurevich V.V., Dozorets Zh.A. Brief Russian-English phraseological dictionary. – M.: Vlados, 1995. – 290 p.

3. Druzhinin V.N. Psychology of general abilities. – St. Petersburg, 1999. – 368 p.

4. Kunin A.V. Large English-Russian phraseological dictionary. – M.: Rus. language – Media, 2005. – 1210 p.

5. Larin B.A. Essays on phraseology. On the systematization and methods of studying phraseology - L., 1956. - 196 p.

6. Litvinov P.P. 3500 English phraseological units and set phrases. – Astrakhan, 2007. – 285 p.

7. Ozhegov S.Yu., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M.: Azbukovnik, 1997. – 944 p.

8. Piaget J. Selected psychological works. – M.: Nauka, 1969. – 380 p.

9. Telia V.N. What is phraseology? – M.: Nauka, 1966. – 86 p.

10. Telia V.N. Russian phraseology: semantic, pragmatic and linguistic aspects. – M., 1996. – 204 p.

12. Shansky N.M., Bystrova E.A., Zimin V.I. Phraseological phrases of the Russian language. – M., 1988. – 519 p.

13. Stern V. Differential psychology and its methodological foundations. – M.: Nauka, 1998. – 80 p.

Introduction

Philosophers, scientists and experts of various qualifications have long been engaged in the study of human intelligence and intellectual abilities. The question of intelligence and intellectual abilities, the establishment and study of the structure of intelligence is of interest not only to psychologists, but also to teachers, philologists, physiologists, etc., who study its various aspects.

Term intelligence was introduced by the Austrian scientist W. Stern in 1911. Intelligence, according to Stern, is a certain general ability to adapt to new living conditions. According to Stern, an adaptive act is a solution to a life problem, carried out through action with the metal equivalent of an object, through “action in the mind.”

In the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, ed. Ozhegova S.Yu. and Shvedova N.Yu. “Intelligence” is defined as “the thinking ability, the mental principle in a person.” Based on this, we can say that the depth of mental activity, which determines mental characteristics, forms the basis of human intelligence. Intelligence is often identified with thinking in the definition: intelligence is the thinking ability of a person. However, the French psychologist J. Piaget separated these two concepts. He proposed to interpret intelligence as “mental adaptation to new conditions.” According to Piaget, “intelligence is a state of equilibrium towards which all successively located adaptations of the sensorimotor and cognitive order gravitate, as well as all interactions of the organism with the environment.”

A great contribution to the study of intellectual abilities was made by A. Binet and T. Simon, G. Eysenck, R. Sternberg, L.S. Vygotsky, F. Galton, B.G. Ananyev V.N. Druzhinin and others V.N. Druzhinin considered the problem of intellectual abilities within the framework of an operational approach, namely in factor models of intelligence: intelligence, like any other psychological reality, is latent, i.e. it is given to the researcher only through various indirect appearances in solving life problems.

The centuries-old history of peoples, the uniqueness of culture, life, and traditions are reflected in the fund of phraseological units. Phraseologism ( phraseological turn of phrase) is a stable combination of words in which one word cannot be replaced by another. Phraseological units really constitute special structures of language, distinct from words and variable phrases.

Phraseologisms are special units of language that capture folk wisdom and the value picture of the world of an ethnos. They express the cultural identity of the people - native speakers from generation to generation. According to B.A. Larina, phraseological units are a valuable source of information about the culture and mentality of the people. They “indirectly reflect the views of the people, the social system, and the ideology of their era. They reflect - like the light of the morning is reflected in a drop of dew.” The phraseological wealth of any language is the property of its people's national linguistic consciousness. After all, most phraseological units are not even translatable into other languages: each nation shows in them its own character, a habitual figurative style of speech. Professor Babkin A.M. believes that the phraseological fund of the people's language is a living and inexhaustible source that ensures the enrichment of the literary language with new expressive means and possibilities. The influence of this source gives the language the brightness of national character traits and that unique flavor that distinguishes from one another both the languages ​​of centuries-old culture and the literary languages ​​newly formed by writing.

The Russian language is very rich in phraseological units. His phraseological system captures the vast historical experience of the people, it reflects the life and culture of the nation; it is no coincidence that phraseological units are called the pearls of Russian speech. Getting acquainted with a foreign language, a person simultaneously penetrates into a new national culture. A number of works on phraseology propose the following properties of phraseological units: rethinking, stability within the framework of variation, reproducibility in finished form, separate design, semantic complexity, semantic integrity, imagery, expressiveness, global nomination, non-modelling according to the scheme of a variable combination of words. A V.N. Telia includes expressiveness among the categorical properties of phraseological units.

The world of phraseology in Russian and English is very large and diverse.

Many years ago, some linguists argued that phraseological units are untranslatable into other languages. And indeed, there are phraseological units that have no analogues in the English language: seven spans in the forehead, without a king in the head, empty talk, etc.

Literal translation of phraseological units is found very often, for example, and in the languages ​​of Western Europe many crippled phraseological units came from the Latin text of the Bible, and in Russian - from the Greek text of the Bible. In general, translatability is the possibility of translation and the ability to be translated, and it can be real (the ability to translate an idiom using its isomorphic analogue) and potential (the possibility of occasional translation in context). However, there are phraseological units whose motivation is nationally specific (eat for the bar, don’t slurp cabbage soup), they are not translated literally into other languages, either actually or potentially. Thus, if there are no analogues in the language, then we are dealing with absolute real literal untranslatability, but if isomorphic analogues are absent only in some languages, then we are dealing with relative real literal untranslatability. The originality of phraseological units is most often relative and not always unique. The conclusion from all of the above is the following: translatability is a secondary feature of a phraseological unit, and it is not so important when formulating a definition.

When studying phraseological units, first of all, we should talk about the evaluation of phraseological units - a quality derived from their emotional meaning. According to the definition of V.N. Telia, evaluation is understood as “a judgment about the value of the designated property as a whole or its individual property.” The presence of evaluation in phraseological units denoting the intellectual properties of a person is due to the fact that “evaluative values ​​are always relativized to the norms of existence and create a value picture of the world, always somewhat specific for a given linguistic community.” Thus, intelligence is a value; the presence of intelligence is assessed positively, the absence - negatively.

From the point of view of evaluation, phraseological units can be divided into two groups: phraseological units with a positive assessment and phraseological units with a negative assessment. In the minds of native speakers of Russian and English, the intellectual properties of a person are reflected primarily in the opposition “smart-fool.” In both Russian and English languages, a high level of intellectual ability is contrasted with mental limitation ( genius -genius, smart guy -awiseguy; idle talker- abagofwind, slow-witted- aslowcoach).

An intelligent person is presented in phraseological terms as a person with positive qualities, who: head in place- tohaveone"sheadscrewedontherightway; smart and resourceful -smartaspaint; tenacious mind -amindlikeasteeltrap etc. At the fool's chicken brain - thebrainofapigeon; brain How sieve - amemorylikeasieve; wind in my head - someoneisafeather -brain.

The presence of a smart person makes life easier: smart understands perfectly- awordisenoughtothewise. People say about fools: fools are born themselves, they are not sown -foolsgrowwithoutwatering; There is no law for fools- foolsrushinwhereangelsfeartothread; fools like to interfere in everything- everyfoolwillbemeddling.

In both Russian and English, there are more phraseological units denoting a fool than phraseological units denoting an intelligent person. Consequently, the representation of a person, taking into account his intellectual abilities, at the phraseological level of language mirrors the representation of a smart person and a fool at the lexical level: fool, stupid, incompetent; smart, quick-witted, understanding.

Comparing phraseological units that express human intellectual abilities in both languages, we found phraseological units that were similar in structure, i.e. similarities in structure, imagery and stylistic coloring were discovered. We can distinguish the following phraseological units with a positive assessment, expressing a person’s intellectual abilities, similar in structure in the Russian and English languages: be out of one's mind - jump out of one's mind; come into one's mind (to cross one's mind) - come to mind, head; occupy smb's mind - absorb someone's attention; have a head on one's shoulders - have a head on one's shoulders (be smart); read smb's mind - read other people's thoughts; listen to reason - listen to the voice of reason; be in one "s right mind (be of sound mind) - to be of sound mind; a wise guy - “smart guy”; a clear head - a bright head, a clear mind; a sound mind in a sound body - a healthy mind in a healthy body ; intellectual food - food for the mind (spiritual food). Phraseologisms with a negative meaning: beoutofone"smind - go crazy, lose your mind;gooutofone"smind - go crazy;poisonsmb"smind - to poison someone’s consciousness, mind;drivesmboutofhissense - to drive someone crazy, to drive them to white heat;notinone"srightmind - out of your mind, going crazy;ofunsoundmind - crazy, mentally ill;nottohaveabraininone"shead - to have nothing in your head, to be a brainless fool, to think poorly;tobefooled - to be a fool.

The positive degree of mental state is also expressed in the following phraseological units: haveone"sfeetonthehaveanoldheadonyoungshoulders - to be smart beyond your years;thinkingmug - head;аs wise as Solomon - mind's chamber; Withutone"seye - become prudent;drivehome - bring to mind and many others.

Phraseologisms with a negative degree of mental state form a kind of synonymous series : cogNot enough, Not All Houses -have got apartments to let, be eighteen bob in the pound, be a button short, to have a tile loose; wallowfool - Act the ass, make a fool, to play the fool, cut didoes, act the goat; get off With crazy - be a shingle short, be gone in the upper storey, have wheels in one's head, be off one's onion; crazy - Tom O"Bedlam, barmy, dotty, half-baked, scatter-brained, balmy on the crumpet, off one"s head, soft in the head.

It is important to note that very often when translating from language to language, a change in imagery often occurs. This is a very curious phenomenon in both languages ​​under consideration. The difference in images is observed in the following phraseological units: Thebrainofapigeon (dove brains) - chicken brains;laughatsmb"sbeard (to laugh at someone's beard) -to fool someone;runinblinkers (run around wearing eyecups) - to be a narrow-minded person, to be narrow-minded, to have blinders on your eyes.

It should be noted that the names of body parts are often involved in the formation of phraseological units in Russian and English; this is probably due to the fact that using the names of parts of speech in a figurative sense, a person tries to convey his thoughts and emotions from what was said more deeply and more fully. The head is a kind of container for the mind, which is why this lexeme is used in many phraseological units. In russian language: bright head, clear head, smart head, empty head, stupid head, oak head, head doesn't cook, come to your head, rack your brains over something, where was your head?, your head is swollen, your head doesn’t cook, without a king in your head, your head is stuffed with straw, headless; move your brains, shake your brains, straighten your brains, brain drain, chicken brains, brains on one side, brains don’t cook, no brains, brainless. It is important to note that these images are similar in both languages : clearhead - bright mind,tohaveagoodheadontheshoulders - to have a head on your shoulders;topicksmb"sbrains - use other people's thoughts;haveone"sfeetontheground - have common sense;turnsmb"sbrain - to drive someone crazy.

In the English language, in many verbal phraseological units, nouns are used only in the plural, since the action they denote is carried out by more than one person or the entities they denote are not singular: Cometoone"ssenses - come to your senses,nottohaveallone"sbuttons - go crazy;topicksmb"sbrains - use other people's thoughts,haveanoldheadonyoungshoulders - to be smart beyond your years,gobananas - go crazyloseone"smarbles - a cog in the head is missing,ameetingofminds - complete agreement, complete agreement etc.

Many English phraseological units expressing intellectual abilities are ambiguous, i.e. have two or more meanings: Beofthesamemind - 1) adhere to the same or the same opinion; 2) remain unconvinced;Doyoumind - 1) be kind; 2) do you mind?;Makeupone"smind - 1) decide, make a decision; 2) (tosmth.) come to terms with something, get used to the thought of something. In Russian mental phraseological units this phenomenon is not observed.

As has already been said, phraseological units preserve the memory of the history of the people; they reflect the thoughts of great people and lines that came from the pen of word artists. In the Russian language, one of the most important sources of phraseological units are Krylov’s fables. The people called the great Russian fabulist “Grandfather Krylov,” thereby expressing their respect and love for him. We observe a similar phenomenon in the English language; the works of the famous English classic William Shakespeare are one of the most important sources in terms of the number of phraseological units that have enriched the English language. We can distinguish the following Shakespeareanisms that characterize the mental state: tocudgelone"sbrains,midsummermadness - insanity, insanity,toout-HerodHerod - to confuseafool"sparadise- ghostly happinessthereismethodinmymadness- there is meaning in my madness.

Conclusion

Many other writers also enriched the English phraseological fund: Alexander Pope ( foolsrushwhereangelsfeartotread - no law is written for fools), A. Tennyson ( alittleriftwithinthelute - the beginning of madness), L. Carroll ( asmadasahatter andasmadasaMarchhare - out of your mind, crazy, to lose your mind).

Thus, the Russian and English languages ​​are a sign system that reflects the reality and way of life of a given people. Each language reflects a certain way of perceiving and organizing the world. Each nation has its own history, its own way of life, its own values, and phraseological units fully and with some particularity reflect the spirit and mentality of the people. The phraseological wealth of both languages ​​under study is the property of the national consciousness of both Russian and English peoples. We can say that the Russian language is richer in phraseological units, because this is explained by the geographical breadth of the country, its multinationality and the vast historical experience of the people. What is undeniable is that the research and study of phraseological units of both languages ​​is interesting and educational.

Reviewers:

Morozkina E.A., Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Department of Linguodidactics and Translation Studies, Bashkir State University, Ufa.

Fatkullina F.G., Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Department of Russian and Comparative Philology, Bashkir State University, Ufa.

Bibliographic link

Siraeva R.T., Siraeva R.T. PHRASEOLOGISTS WITH THE MEANING OF “INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES OF A HUMAN” IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES // Modern problems of science and education. – 2014. – No. 4.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=13568 (access date: 01/01/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

Introduction

1. Display of phraseological units of the Russian language in modern dictionaries

Phraseologisms characterizing human mental activity

Phraseologisms characterizing human speech activity

1 Linguistic features of phraseological units about speech

3.2 Stylistic differences between phraseological units about speech

3.3 Types of phraseological units depending on the degree of idiomaticity of their components

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Phraseologisms are semantically indivisible phrases that are characterized by the constancy of a special integral meaning, component composition, grammatical categories and a certain evaluation.

The set of all lexically indivisible phrases, i.e. the entire phraseological composition of a language is often called phraseology. The phraseology of the Russian language includes a wide variety of speech means, and its boundaries are still not clearly defined. In modern linguistic literature, two main directions have been identified in solving this problem.

Representatives of one direction (B.A. Larin, S.I. Ozhegov, A.G. Rudnev, etc.) classify as phraseological only such semantic units of a more complex order equivalent to the word, which are characterized by semantic renewal and metaphorization. Proverbs, sayings, many quotations and almost all complex terms are excluded from the field of phraseology, i.e. all those phrases that have not yet turned into lexically indivisible phrases, have not received a figuratively generalized meaning, have not become metaphorical combinations.

V.V. Vinogradov, in one of the first works on phraseology (“Basic concepts of Russian phraseology as a linguistic discipline,” 1946), considered proverbs and sayings as part of phraseological units, classifying them as a group of phraseological unities. In subsequent works (“On the main types of phraseological units in the Russian language”, 1947; “Russian language: The grammatical doctrine of the word”, 1947) proverbs and sayings are no longer included in phraseology.

A different opinion is shared by scientists such as V.L. Arkhangelsky, A.A. Reformatsky, A.I. Efimov, E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, N.M. Shansky and others. Along with phraseological phraseology itself, they include proverbial expressions, quotes that have become catchphrases, and complex terms. Such phrases are called phraseological expressions (N.M. Shansky). In this work we will adhere to this opinion.

What distinguishes a phraseological turn from a free phrase is the generality of the meaning of the entire turn as a whole. This is precisely what allows us to distinguish a special type of meaning of a phrase - phraseological meaning, which does not coincide with the lexical meaning of the words - the components that make it up.

In addition, phraseological meaning, as a rule, is not direct, but figurative, arising on the basis of the primary, nominative meanings of words in certain free combinations. Consequently, phraseological meaning has not a direct, but an indirect connection with the subject.

Compared with the direct meaning of words, in the semantics of phraseological units there is a noticeable increase in the evaluativeness of the expressed names, signs, actions (for example: to speak incorrectly - to break the tongue; to think hard - to rack one’s head, etc.).

In general, phraseological meaning does not consist of the sum of the lexical meanings of words and their components, but represents a new semantic generalized type of meaning of the entire phrase as a whole.

The purpose of our work is to study phraseological units with the meaning of human mental and speech activity (based on dictionary materials).

1. DISPLAYING PHRASEOLOGISTS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN MODERN DICTIONARIES

phraseological unit mind Russian language

As you know, dictionaries play a huge role in learning any language. They are especially necessary when it comes to languages ​​whose history of existence goes back several thousand years. One of these languages ​​is Russian, which has a huge vocabulary and is distinguished by its unique grammatical structure and phrase construction.

Phraseologisms of the Russian language, which have been used in Russia for a number of centuries, have not lost their relevance in our time. In order not to get into trouble, you need to know exactly what this or that phraseological unit means and the conditions for its use, which word is the key word in this or that phrase. Phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language help with this.

The phraseological wealth of the Russian language is collected in publications of various types and purposes.

Directory M.I. Mikhelson “Russian thought and speech. Yours and someone else's. Experience of Russian phraseology. A collection of figurative words and allegories" (1903 - 1904) contains native Russian and borrowed phraseological units, quotes from Russian and foreign writers, as well as individual words of a figurative nature. Many phraseological units are given synonyms from other languages.

In the collection “Winged Words” S.V. Maksimov (1899; repeated in 1955) explained (often in fictional form) the origin of a considerable number of figurative expressions, sayings, proverbs, as well as individual words. By “winged words” the ethnographer, lover and expert of folk life S.V. Maksimov understood not only all turns of a figurative nature, but also individual words like dissolute, shabby, goofy, bow, etc.

Over 4 thousand phraseological units are presented in the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by A.I. Molotkov (1967; 1987) with idioms and prepositional-case combinations that have a figurative meaning. The dictionary contains phraseological units such as seventh water on jelly, Augean stables, wagging the tail, throwing off the mask, cut off chunk, garden head and for the soul, in openwork, behind the eyes and under. Phraseologisms, synonyms and antonyms are also given. For some phraseological units, information about the source of occurrence is provided.

The “School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” (M., 1980) by V.P. is addressed to high school students. Zhukova. The dictionary covers phraseological units presented in fiction and journalistic literature, including the works of classics of the 19th and 20th centuries. Among the stable expressions included in the dictionary are native Russian phraseological units, as well as borrowings from the Old Church Slavonic language (with an explanation of outdated forms and those meanings of words that are absent in the modern literary language), and phraseological tracing papers.

Interesting historical and etymological information is contained in the “Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings” by V.P. Zhukova (1966). Speaking about proverbial material, one cannot help but recall the collection of V.I. Dahl “Proverbs of the Russian people”, vol. 1 - 2 (M., 1997).

The most commonly used proverbs, sayings and popular expressions in the modern Russian language are collected in the dictionary by V.N. Telia “Dictionary of figurative expressions of the Russian language” (1995). Here there are not only interpretations of phraseological units, but also a commentary from the point of view of how they reflect Russian history, literature and culture, indications of typical situations in which one or another phraseological unit can be used, etc.

Here’s what, in addition to the meaning, you can find out here, for example, about the saying shallow, Emelya, your week: “In large Russian families in Rus', there was a custom of working in turns. All household work was distributed among family members by week: one ground flour on hand millstones, another tended cattle, etc. The saying reflects this old custom.” In addition, the dictionary says that this proverb “is spoken with disdain or ridicule to someone whose words and stories are not believed and are not considered worthy of attention.”

Small in the number of phraseological units (about 800) “Dictionary-reference book on Russian phraseology” (1985) by R.I. Yarantsev’s book is interesting because phraseological units are arranged according to topics. This allows the writer to remember or choose the one he needs in terms of style, emotional coloring, character of the image, etc. turnover An alphabetical list of phraseological units helps to find phraseological units of a given topic, where each phraseological unit is provided with a number, under which all stable phrases of a given topic are located.

Phraseological units-barbarisms and words-barbarisms contain “Dictionary of foreign language expressions and words used in Russian without translation” by A.M. Babkin and V.V. Shendetsova, vol. 1-2 (1966).

Semantic groups of phraseological units are given in the “Educational Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by E. A. Bystrova, A. P. Okuneva, N. M. Shansky (1984). Indications are also given on the synonymous connections of phraseological units. The use of phraseological units is illustrated in the dictionary not only with quotations from fiction, but also with examples from periodicals.

The dictionaries mentioned above are publications whose special purpose was precisely the collection and commentary of certain phraseological units. But phraseology is also in explanatory dictionaries, and also with an explanation of its definition. Many proverbs, sayings and other phraseological units are contained in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dalia.

“Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by I.V. Fedosov, A.N. Lapitsky (2003) contains about 10 thousand phraseological units of the Russian language, used in Russia from the 19th century to the present day. The dictionary widely includes Russian proverbs and sayings, various folklore, works of Russian classics, and biblical expressions. A special feature of the dictionary is the accurate and concise disclosure of Russian phraseological units in their historical and literary context.

Since the topic of our work is phraseological units that characterize the mind and speech of a person, we will focus on them. Thus, in the above-mentioned dictionary there are over 40 phrases with the word mind. In particular:

In the mind - mentally, without writing it down.

To grasp (grasp, grasp) the mind - to become more prudent, more reasonable, to come to your senses.

Strong in hindsight - about an improvident, late-realizing person.

To bring to mind is to give something the necessary, finished look.

Keep something in your mind (head, thoughts) - think about something, remember.

Gain intelligence (mind) - become smart, grow wiser.

Instruct on the mind (or on the mind-mind), instruct the mind-mind - teach something useful, good, bring reason.

It’s none of my (your, our) mind’s business - I don’t understand anything about it, it doesn’t concern me.

On the mind (in the mind) to be - to be in thoughts.

Yours on your mind (on your own mind) - about a person who hides something, has a second thought.

And it’s not (wasn’t) in the mind - no one thought, didn’t imagine.

From a great mind (or from a great) mind - ironically, out of stupidity, foolishly.

Come (come) to mind (or into the mind) - 1) introduce yourself, remember; 2) about the emergence of a desire, intention to do something.

Don’t go out of your mind (out of your head) - be constantly in your thoughts, consciousness.

It doesn’t come to mind (in the head) - I don’t want to think about anything.

Spread your mind - think, figure out.

Wisely - wisely, based on common sense.

To live by your own mind is to be independent, independent in solving life issues and in your actions.

Living in someone else's mind means not showing independence in solving life's issues, resorting to authorities.

I can't imagine - I don't know, I can't understand.

Uma Chamber - about a very smart person.

To teach intelligence - to teach how one should act and live.

A smart head is about a smart, intelligent person.

Some of the phraseological units denote the physical and emotional state of a person:

Crazy (to be) - delighted, in admiration of someone, something.

In his (or sane) mind - being completely healthy, mentally quite normal.

To drive you crazy - 1) to drive you crazy, to the point of losing your mind 2) to captivate, enchant.

Out of his mind - about an abnormal, crazy person.

Go (crazy, crazy) crazy - 1) lose your mind, become crazy, crazy; 2) about someone acting rashly, doing or saying absurd things.

To become insane (damaged) in the mind is the same as to go crazy.

The mind has gone beyond the mind (goes) - about a state in which it cannot reason rationally or act.

Everyone (everyone) goes crazy in their own way - everyone has their own weaknesses, quirks.

Wow! - exclamation expressing strong surprise, admiration.

Darkness of mind (mind) - about something unusual, causing surprise, admiration.

Interesting sayings about the mind:

Intelligence does not wait for a beard - intelligence manifests itself in early youth.

There is strength - no intelligence needed - 1) disdain for anyone who, while distinguished by great physical strength, is not endowed with great intelligence; 2) joke, about those who use force where you need to think.

(Whoever is) drunk and smart has two lands in him - a joke, it is said to justify a smart but drinking person.

The word, as a unit of speech activity, is very widely used in phraseological units. In the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by I.V. Fedosov and A.N. Lapitsky there are over 30 phrases, combinations, sayings with different meanings about the word. For example:

Without distant (extra) words - without speaking, without arguing much, without wasting time in vain.

To be the master (master) of one’s word (one’s word) is about a person who fulfills a given word, a promise.

In two (brief, short, few) words - briefly, concisely.

Take (take) your words back - renounce your words, statements, admitting their fallacy, wrongness.

In one word - about a phrase or thought that was expressed or arose simultaneously among two or more people.

Pathetic words are about an excuse that evokes contempt.

Throw (launch) a word - mention something, hint at something.

By the way (to come to mind) - to be remembered, to be mentioned by the way, about something said.

By the way (to say) - by the way, in connection with what has been said or in addition to it.

In words - 1) orally; 2) only in conversation.

Two words - for a short conversation.

Not finding words for what, not enough words for what - about the difficulty in finding suitable words to express any strong feeling.

There are no words how... - it is impossible to express in words how...

In a word, one word is the same as a word.

From word to word or to word - everything without exception, from beginning to end.

From word to word - as the conversation develops.

The first word is 2) the most important, essential in something.

From the first word - from the very beginning of the conversation.

From hearsay - based on someone’s stories, and not on one’s own knowledge and observations.

There are no words (words) - of course, there really is no need to argue.

Words, words, words - about empty talk, when words are not supported by deeds.

Word for word - exactly, word for word (retell, repeat, translate).

Word by word - gradually, little by little, about the development of a conversation, a conversation.

According to words - 1) based on someone’s oral communication; 2) remembering what was said and heard without a book.

A firm word - about fidelity to a given promise, a guarantee of the fulfillment of something.

Only a word - it only says so, one name.

To waste words in vain (in vain, in vain) - speak in vain, in vain, without achieving the goal.

Along with phrases found in colloquial Russian speech, in Russian proverbs and sayings, and other types of folklore, great importance is attached to the characteristics of a person’s mind and speech.

Thus, phraseological units of the Russian language, characterizing the mind and speech of a person, have been used in Russia for centuries; they have not lost their relevance in our time. Their use is appropriate in different life situations: in an argument, in everyday everyday conversation, in public speeches, when preparing reports, writing abstracts and essays. Phraseologisms enrich our speech and decorate our language.

2. PHRASEOLOGISTS CHARACTERIZING HUMAN MENTAL ACTIVITY

1 Semasiological characteristics of phraseological units about the mind

Phraseologisms that characterize human mental activity can be both unambiguous and polysemantic.

For example, the following phrases are unambiguous: headlong (without thinking, without reasoning, recklessly), to get into the head (persistently, persistently appear in the mind, in consciousness), smart head (about a smart, intelligent person), with a fresh head (to study in an untired condition), a head and two ears (about an unsmart person), I can’t imagine (I can’t understand, guess, figure out), toil about foolishness (to commit stupid, thoughtless acts), to fool one’s minds (to confuse, mislead someone).

The revolutions have two or more values:

head on (1 - about an intelligent, intelligent, capable person; 2 - to do something thoughtfully and intelligently; 2 - quickly, easily understand, assimilate);

catch on the fly, on the fly (1 - listen very carefully, not missing anything said), 2 - quickly, easily understand, assimilate);

fill (fill) your head (1 - burden yourself with worries, worry about someone, something; 2 - overload your memory with a lot of unnecessary information, knowledge);

play the fool (1 - fool around, amuse others with stupid antics, amuse yourself with jokes; 2 - sit back, do nothing; 3 - behave frivolously, frivolously, act in the wrong way);

headlong (1 - do something recklessly, without thinking about the consequences; 2 - very quickly, run headlong, rush somewhere).

The 17-volume academic “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language” lists five main meanings and their shades for the phraseological unit to go crazy: 1) to lose reason, reason, to become mentally abnormal: - Basnin has gone crazy! This is absolutely clear. Let them order a medical examination of his mental abilities (Sergeev-Tsensky); 2) worry a lot, worry: “You see and you know,” said Los, “when I don’t see you, I go crazy with anxiety (A. Tolstoy); 3) to be overly interested in something or someone: The French have now gone crazy with Berlioz and become frantically enthusiastic about every note (P. Tchaikovsky); 4) do stupid things, act thoughtlessly: [Peter:] Are you going? Where? For what? [Aksyusha:] To the theater, to become an actress. [Peter:] What are you, come to your senses, you've gone crazy! (A. Ostrovsky); 5) as an interjection. An exclamation expressing surprise, admiration: The doctor was very surprised that Boris remained alive. - Wow! - he said when things got better (Slonimsky).

The polysemy of phraseological phrases is closely related to their synonymy, since the new meaning of a particular phrase contributes to the emergence of new semantic connections in the circle of stable phrases and leads to the expansion of the synonymous series.

For example, the meaning of the phrase "head cooks" (about a smart, smart person) allows it to be included in a synonymous series with the phrase "pot cooks" (simple), (there is) a head on the shoulders, seven spans in the forehead (about a very smart, wise person), mind chamber .

Different meanings of the phraseological unit fool fool (1 - about a very stupid, stupid person; 2 - about a person who finds himself in a stupid, awkward position) make it possible to use it in various synonymous rows.

In the case when they talk about “a very stupid, stupid person,” they use several synonymous phrases: without a king in his head (from the saying “your mind is a king in your head”), without a head.

When speaking “about a person who finds himself in a stupid, awkward position,” they use synonyms: play the fool (do something stupid, make a mistake), go crazy (2 - act rashly, do something, say something absurd).

Some of the synonymous expressions about a person’s mind are almost equivalent in meaning: short mind and short mind (about a short mind), chicken brains are simple, contemptible. (about a limited, small mind), narrow-minded (about a mentally limited person), without a head (about a stupid person; without thinking, it is reckless to do something), a complete fool (about a very stupid person),

Other synonymous phrases have differences in meaning or stylistic use. Eg:

rack your brains (think hard, solving a difficult question or trying to understand something complex, difficult), wiggle your brains (think hard), talk about lofty matters (talk about philosophical topics, talk about abstract subjects), think thoughtfully and folk poet . think a little thought (meditate, indulge in thought),

instruct on the mind (or on the mind-mind), instruct the mind-mind (teach something useful, good);

wisely (reasonably, based on common sense), wisely (get what you want in accordance with your smart actions),

he who dared ate two (about an enterprising, dexterous, cunning person who knows how to arrange things), fooled him (cleverly, cunningly deceived someone).

Quantitatively synonymous series of phraseological units are not the same. Some of them consist of two revolutions, others - of three or more. Eg:

to become smart, to grow wiser, to become more prudent, more judicious, to come to some sense: to gain intelligence (or reason), to take (grasp, grab) the mind;

about a smart, smart person: (has) a head on his shoulders, a head that cooks, seven spans in his forehead;

about an unpredictable, desperate person, someone imprudently brave, risking his head, his life: tear his head off, headlong, about two heads;

teach something useful, good, give everyday advice: instruct on the mind (or on the mind-mind), instruct the mind-mind, teach the mind-mind;

go crazy, lose your mind: get confused in the mind (or in the mind) and get confused in the mind (or in the mind); to go crazy, to go crazy, to go crazy, to go crazy, to go (or go crazy, crazy, etc.) crazy, to go crazy (or be damaged) in the mind,

In speech, a free phrase can enter into a synonymous relationship with a stable one: “The sisters are very similar in appearance, but their characters are different: the younger one is a very kind, sincere, trusting girl, and the older one is secretive, on her own mind.”

Individual words and phraseological units are often synonymous: “You must have been cunning, Kuzma? - For some reason, she was convinced that Tentennikov was always cunning and, as she claimed, was fooling everyone, especially her, who was so quiet and trusting (V. Sayanov). He could not, without violence against himself, imagine that such a person could be deceived, fooled around his finger... (K. Simonov).”

Among the phraseological units that characterize the human mind, there are also antonymic phraseological units. In terms of meaning and structure, antonymous phraseological units most often arise as a result of replacing one of the components with a semantically correlative antonym. For example:

To grab stars from the sky (to be distinguished by intelligence, abilities, to do something outstanding) - not to grab stars from the sky (to be mediocre, unremarkable, to have mediocre abilities);

To straighten one's brains (to make one come to his senses, to make one understand, to realize a mistake) - to powder one's brains (to confuse, to mislead someone).

Lively mind (sharp, lively, resourceful mind) - heavy mind (slow, not quick mind);

It doesn’t go from the head (or mind) (to be constantly in thoughts, consciousness) - it doesn’t go to the mind (or to the head) (I don’t want to think about anything, do anything);

To live by your own mind (to be independent, independent in solving life issues, in your actions) - to live by someone else’s mind (not to show independence in solving life issues, resorting to authorities).

However, there are also phraseological antonyms with different structures. For example:

There are not enough stars from the sky - seven spans in the forehead;

palmate goose (about a scoundrel, a swindler, on one’s own mind) - onion mountain (about an unlucky person), head and two ears (about an unsmart person).

Thus, the antonymy of phraseological units is not as widespread as their synonymy. In addition, among phraseological units about the human mind, one can distinguish single-valued and polysemantic combinations.

2 The degree of fusion of individual words in phraseological units

Let's consider how phraseological units differ in motivation of meaning and semantic cohesion.

The criterion for identifying types of indecomposable combinations is, first of all, the degree of merging of individual words in them. The stability and indecomposability of the elements of a phraseological phrase is considered, as a rule, from two points of view: firstly, from the point of view of their semantic cohesion and, secondly, from the point of view of the possibility of morphological changes in the words that make up a given phrase. At the same time, the unity of phrases in meaning is reflected in their grammatical properties. Thus, the more clearly the semantic indecomposability of the phrase as a whole is expressed, the weaker the grammatical connections become, and sometimes they are completely lost. Eg:

grief from the mind (about mediocre people’s misunderstanding of an intelligent person and the difficulties caused by this, as God puts it on his soul (as he pleases, as he has to), horse move (about an unexpected cunning act in a difficult situation), to bring to light (to incriminate someone , to expose someone’s crimes, intentions),

rack your brains (think hard when solving a difficult question or trying to understand something complex, difficult) - rack your brains (get exhausted by persistently thinking about something); go (or go crazy, go crazy) crazy - drive you crazy, head swells - head is swollen.

Among phraseological units about the mind, as well as among other phraseological units, according to the degree of lexical indivisibility and grammatical fusion of constituent parts, the following types of phrases can also be distinguished: phraseological adhesions, phraseological unities, phraseological combinations.

A special group should include some quotes, proverbs, sayings and a number of terminological phrases that acquire certain features of phraseological units proper, for example, reproducibility in the same composition and emerging metaphoricality. Such expressions are phraseological, they gradually move into one or another group of phraseological units proper.

Examples of phraseological units characterizing the human mind:

without hesitation (without hesitation, without hesitation), to go crazy, to go crazy),

off the cuff (thoughtlessly, frivolously, without understanding the matter, frivolously),

out of the blue (rashly),

neither boom-boom (to not understand something at all, not to understand),

head hammered (about a reckless, riotous person),

headlong - without thinking, without reasoning, recklessly),

measure by your own yardstick (judge in accordance with your own ideas).

These are lexically indivisible phrases, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the individual words included in them). The meaning of these phrases is not motivated by the meaning of the constituent components, since:

firstly, in the lexical system of the modern language there are no fully-fledged independently existing words in meaning than nothing, hesitation, bays, floundering, babbling, zabubenny, kondachok. Arshin - borrowing from the Tatar language; Russian measure of length equal to 0.711 meters, used before the introduction of the metric system.

secondly, the meaning of the words deduce, measure, drive in turns out to be lexically weakened, even emptied, under the conditions of this phrase. The main meanings of outline - “outlining the contours”, measure - “to measure the length, width.”

Thus, the main feature of phraseological fusion is its lexical indivisibility, absolute semantic cohesion, in which the meaning of the whole phrase cannot be deduced from the meaning of its constituent words.

Semantically, the fusion in most cases turns out to be the equivalent of a word (“a kind of syntactically compound word,” in the terminology of Academician V.V. Vinogradov). For example: if he doesn’t buy it dearly, he won’t think twice about it.

The grammatical forms of the words that make up the phraseological unit can sometimes change. For example, in his proposals, Prokhor also invited Protasov: he is universally educated and ate the dog in mining (Shishk.) or: - As for fabrics, I am not an expert in them, ask Queen Marya about them. The women ate the dog (A.K.T.) - the relationship between the word ate and the subject of the action is preserved: he ate, they ate, etc. However, such a change in grammatical forms does not affect the overall meaning of the fusion.

In some splices, the grammatical forms of words and grammatical connections can no longer be explained or motivated from the point of view of the modern Russian language, i.e. they are perceived as a kind of grammatical archaism. For example: without hesitation, so-so, incomprehensible to the mind, on one’s mind, telling a joke, etc. Outdated grammatical forms of words, and sometimes the word as a whole, and unmotivated syntactic connections only support the lexical indivisibility of the phrase, its semantic unity.

Syntactically, phraseological fusions act as a single member of a sentence. For example, in the sentence: “I was young in heart and soul... And I measured my human honor and conscience by a very long yardstick (M. Lermontov). Levchuk scolded himself for his indecision, for his timidity, but he wanted the best. He measured to his own yardstick, who knew that this Muscovite woman had different measurements than he did (V. Bykov). The highlighted phraseological fusion performs the function of an adverbial manner of action.

For phraseological unities, the general meaning depends on the figurative meaning of individual elements that make up the figurative “core” of the entire phrase. Examples of phraseological units characterizing the human mind:

Serpentine wisdom is subtle wisdom; prudence that does not shy away from guile.

A lively mind is a sharp, lively, resourceful mind.

To suck it out of thin air - to invent, to say something without sufficient grounds, without relying on facts.

To rack your brains is to become exhausted by persistently thinking about something.

The head is swollen - a state of extreme mental tension as a result of long thoughts, thoughts about something, an abundance of impressions.

With a fresh mind - study, do something in a non-tired state.

On your own head - to your own detriment, to your own detriment.

Don't wait, don't guess - don't assume, don't think.

I didn’t think, I didn’t guess - something happened completely unexpectedly.

A second thought is a hidden agenda, a secret intention.

To catch yourself thinking is to suddenly become aware of some of your own reflections and thoughts.

Brains on one side - about someone who acts, talks stupidly or absurdly.

These are lexically indivisible phrases, the general meaning of which is to some extent motivated by the figurative meaning of the words that make up this phrase.

Imagery, inherent to one degree or another in phraseological units of all types, is the result of the use of individual words that make up phraseological units in a figurative meaning. However, not all types of stable combinations have the same imagery, and not in each of them this imagery can be correlated with the meaning of individual components and motivated. Thus, the imagery of phraseological fusions is extinct, already unmotivated and completely independent of the meaning of the constituent elements. Unlike adhesions, phraseological unities “have the property of potential imagery.” This circumstance allows some scientists (B.A. Larin, A.G. Rudnev) to call phrases of this type metaphorical combinations. The imagery of phraseological unities distinguishes them not only from adhesions, but also from free phrases that are homonymous in design. For example:

headache - “something worries, worries” and headache - in the literal meaning;

come to a dead end - “to come to bewilderment, confusion, find yourself in difficulty” and come to a dead end - in the literal meaning;

to have a head on your shoulders - “to be smart, quick-witted” and to have a head on your shoulders - in the literal sense;

dizzy - "someone loses the ability to think clearly" and dizzy - someone feels dizzy - literally.

The lexical composition of phraseological units is indivisible. This brings them closer to the group of adhesions. But unlike fusions, parts of phraseological units can be separated from each other by the insertion of some words. For example: grief (my) onion, fools (me, myself, you, us) my head - confuses, deprives the ability to reason sensibly (me, myself, you, us); It’s none of your (my, our) mind’s business to ask you not to meddle in other people’s affairs.

The grammatical forms and syntactic structure of phraseological units are strictly defined, but, as a rule, they are explainable and motivated by the forms and connections existing in modern language (don’t get out of your head - don’t leave the room; rack your brain - break your leg).

Replacing words as part of a unity, as well as substituting a synonym, leads either to the destruction of the imagery inherent in a given phrase, or to a change in its expressive meaning. This creates favorable conditions for individual stylistic renewal of unities in speech, which is widely used in fiction. For example: “In the evening Karabanov was playing the fool and spinning between the beds like a demon” (A. Makarenko). “The time is over when it was possible to “play the fool,” and we must, in the end, come to our senses” (G. Medynsky).

Examples of phraseological combinations characterizing the human mind:

To live (use) your mind is to live at your own discretion.

It doesn’t get out of your head - it’s constantly in your thoughts, it’s not forgotten.

To come to mind, to come to mind - to arise, to appear in consciousness - about thoughts, intentions.

Drive (hammer, drive) into the head - to strengthen oneself in some belief or intention, stubbornly defending it.

Get out of your head, get out of your head - forget, stop thinking about someone or something. get it out of your head.

Keep in mind (or head, thoughts) - think, remember something.

Bring to mind (mind) - teach, bring to reason.

Mind's eye (look) - thought, consciousness.

It is incomprehensible to the mind - completely incomprehensible.

Without hesitation - without hesitation, without thinking.

These are stable phrases, the overall meaning of which depends entirely on the meaning of the constituent words. Words as part of a phraseological combination retain relative semantic independence, but are not free and manifest their meaning only in combination with a certain, closed circle of words, for example: the word with one’s mind is combined only with the words live, use. Consequently, one of the members of the phraseological combination turns out to be more stable and even constant, the other - variable. The presence of constant and variable members in combination significantly distinguishes them from adhesions and unities.

The meaning of constant members (components) is phraseologically related. For example, in the combinations throw out of your head and straighten your brains, the constants will be throw out and straighten out, since these words will turn out to be the main (core) elements in other phraseological combinations: throw out - out of your head, out of your mind; straighten - brains, mind, head. The use of other components is impossible (“get it out of your head”, “love the brain”), this is due to the existing semantic relationships within the language system. The meanings of such words are phraseologically related in the system of these phrases, i.e. are implemented only with a certain range of words.

Phraseological combinations differ from phraseological adhesions and unities in that they are not absolutely lexically indivisible. Despite the phraseological closedness of phrases of this type, even lexically non-free components can be replaced by a synonym without compromising the general phraseological meaning. For example: break your head - break your brains; move your brains - move your mind; get out of your head - get out of your head; to achieve a sense - to know (or understand) a lot - effectively (wisely, sensibly, efficiently), etc. This creates favorable conditions for the emergence of variants of phraseological unities, and often synonyms.

The syntactic connections of words in such phrases correspond to existing norms according to which free phrases are created. However, unlike the latter, these connections are stable, indecomposable and are always reproduced in the same form, semantically inherent in a particular phraseological unit.

Phraseological combinations that characterize the human mind are a fairly numerous group in composition and very common in use.

Conditionally separated from actual phraseological units are the so-called phraseological units (or expressions), which do not possess all the distinctive features of phraseological units, but only part of them: reproducibility in finished form and, to one degree or another, imagery. However, the words in them remain semantically complete. Such expressions include individual quotes, some proverbs, and a number of terminological combinations.

Examples of phraseological phrases characterizing the human mind:

Happiness without the mind is a bag full of holes - an unreasonable, stupid person will not be able to maintain his happiness, his happiness is unreliable.

(While) the woman is flying from the stove, seventy-seven thoughts will change her mind - about women’s ability to foresee everything, think about everything and quickly choose the only correct one from several decisions.

Try on (measure) seven times, cut once - before you do, decide anything responsible, serious, think carefully, provide for everything.

(Who) is drunk and smart, there are two lands in him - a joke. is said to justify a smart but drinking person.

Every Eremey understands himself - everyone must know when and what should be done, must act according to his own understanding.

He who dared ate two - about an enterprising, dexterous, cunning person who knows how to get comfortable.

(And) there is some sense, but not all of it - about a smart, intelligent, but still inexperienced, insufficiently trained person.

Simplicity is enough for every wise man - even an intelligent person is sometimes short-sighted and can do something stupid or make a mistake.

For an hour you lost your mind, forever (forever) you will be known as a fool - if one day you make a mistake, you don’t figure out in time to act in the right way, you will be considered a fool.

The need for invention is cunning - a person in need of something is inventive.

There is strength - no need for intelligence - 1) neglect. about someone who, while distinguished by great physical strength, is not endowed with great intelligence; 2) joke. about those who use force where you need to think.

A smart head, (yes) a fool got it - about a person who commits rash, reckless actions.

The morning of the evening is wiser - it is better to postpone it until the morning of the next day (since a decision with a fresh mind is more correct and reasonable).

Thoughts are just around the corner, but trouble (death) is behind us - a person thinks about something far away, thinks ahead, not knowing that grief and death are nearby.

These turns have acquired a certain metaphorical quality, which is nevertheless completely derived from the words that make up such expressions.

Proverbs that have lost their edifying part acquire a generalized figurative meaning, practically divorced from the original context. Sayings for the most part belong to different groups of phraseological units. he can’t invent gunpowder, there aren’t enough stars in the sky, without a king in his head (about a narrow-minded, stupid person, from “your mind is the king in your head”).

Thus, among phraseological units, according to the degree of lexical indivisibility and grammatical fusion of constituent parts, one can distinguish phraseological adhesions, phraseological unities, phraseological combinations and phraseological expressions.

3 Lexico-grammatical differences, origin and stylistic properties of phraseological units characterizing human mental activity

According to the lexical and grammatical composition, two groups can be distinguished among phraseological units that characterize the human mind:

Phraseological phrases that have the form of an independent sentence: a head and two ears (about an unsmart person), you can’t brew beer with a fool (you can’t do business with a fool, you can’t come to an agreement), a bad (unlucky) head doesn’t give rest to your feet (about someone who hasn’t thought it through his actions in advance, fussing around in vain, fussing, running around too much), found (found) a fool! (exclamation expressing disagreement, refusal to do something), the morning is wiser than the evening (it is better to postpone the latter until the next morning, the mind does not wait for a beard (the mind manifests itself in early youth).

The role of sentences is most often phraseological expressions, which, as a rule, have a syntactically complete form. Often, various turns of everyday speech are used for this purpose: hack (those) (on your own) nose.

Phraseological phrases that have the form of a phrase: to shake oneself (to remember, to take note, usually assuming that it may be needed, useful, taken into account for the future), with a fresh mind, to lose one's head, to come to one's senses, one's mind goes beyond one's mind ,. For example: “My mind is completely out of whack from endless worries and troubles” (L. Tolstoy).

Phraseologisms that characterize the human mind, for the most part, belong to primordial phrases. The original phrases are common Slavic (proto-Slavic), East Slavic (Old Russian) and Russian proper.

TO<#"justify">Phraseologisms about speech, like phraseological units about the mind, enter into synonymous relationships. For example:

about someone who is resourceful in conversation, argument, who is eloquent, speaks fluently, one can say: he does not reach into his pocket for a word, his tongue is well hung (or suspended), he has a sharp (sharp) tongue;

if they mean that a person is making things up, claiming something without sufficient grounds, not relying on facts, they say: he took it from the ceiling, sucked it out of his finger;

when emphasizing the correctness, truth of what is said or asserted, it is used: in truth (to say), in good conscience, to be honest;

about a talkative person who speaks in vain, to no avail, to pass time, we can say: the tongue is boneless, the tongue is loose, the tongue scratches, the tongue trembles (chatters, flails).

Such phraseological units form synonymous rows, which may also include corresponding lexical synonyms of the same row. For example: keep silent - hold your tongue, swallow your tongue, keep your tongue behind your teeth (or on a leash), take water into your mouth; I became numb - my tongue was paralyzed, my tongue stuck to my larynx.

Phraseological synonyms about speech activity may differ from each other in stylistic coloring: bookish, commonly used, colloquial, commonly used, colloquial.

The wealth of phraseological, as well as lexical, synonyms creates enormous expressive capabilities of the Russian language. Phraseological synonyms about speech may not have semantic differences, but may differ in shades of meaning:

to be honest, to tell the truth (to say), to speak honestly - used to emphasize the reliability, truth of what was said;

Hand on heart - completely sincerely, sincerely, frankly.

Phraseological synonyms about speech can also differ in the degree of intensity of the action, manifestation of the attribute: each subsequent synonym names a more intense action compared to the previous one. For example, chatter, idle talk: pour from empty to empty; chatter (whack, beat, click, play) with your tongue, sharpen laces (balls, balusters); pour water; poison gruel; bend the billet; breed jokers (bodyagu); grind nonsense; make nonsense; unfasten your mouth, etc. Phraseological synonyms here retain a semantic connection with the concept of idle talk.

Some phraseological synonyms may repeat some components:

remain silent and take a vow of silence;

didn’t say a word and didn’t say a word;

keep your mouth shut and swallow your tongue.

If phraseological units are based on different images, we have the right to call them synonyms). There are a number of other synonyms that characterize human silence, but their meaning is somewhat different. For example:

Silence is a sign of agreement - the assumption of an affirmative answer to a question that has not been answered.

To bypass (or pass) in silence is to deliberately not say or mention something.

To remain silent (keep silent) in a rag is not to express your, often negative, attitude towards something.

Mute (mute) like a fish (or grave) - about a person who is able to remain silent and keep secrets

Without unnecessary words - without saying much, without wasting time on unnecessary conversations.

As if (as if, as if, exactly) he had taken water into his mouth - as if he had become numb, lost the ability to speak (about stubborn silence, about reluctance to speak).

These expressions, although using the general image of “keep silent,” are not synonymous. Phraseological variants should be distinguished from phraseological synonyms, the structural differences of which do not violate the semantic identity of phraseological units: cast a fishing rod - cast a fishing rod; here phraseological variants differ in the grammatical forms of the verb.

Phraseological units that are similar in meaning but differ in compatibility and are therefore used in different contexts are also not synonymized. Thus, phraseological units with three boxes and chickens do not peck, although they mean “a lot,” are used in speech differently: the first is combined with the words slander, babble, promise, the second - only with the word money.

The antonymy of phraseological units about human speech activity is often supported by antonymic connections of their lexical synonyms:

spread your thoughts over the tree (talk about something in too much detail) - briefly and clearly (about a laconic, concise style of speech).

A separate group includes antonymic phraseological units that partially coincide in composition, but have components that are opposed in meaning: in different languages ​​(without mutual understanding) - in the same language (with understanding); find a common language (seek, achieve complete mutual understanding) - fail to find a common language (not achieve mutual understanding).

The components that give such phraseological units the opposite meaning are often lexical antonyms (find - not found, different - one).

Most phraseological units about human speech are characterized by unambiguity: they have only one meaning, their semantic structure is quite monolithic and indecomposable:

Take back your words (refuse what was said, admit your words are erroneous).

Not finding words (not being able to express your feelings).

Closer to the point (in short, to the point, without unnecessary details, used when addressing the speaker).

In your own words (not verbatim, conveying only the main meaning, content).

Throwing words to the wind (speaking uselessly or thoughtlessly; rashly promising and not fulfilling what was promised).

Take someone at their word (force someone to do or promise to do something they have been told to do).

From the first words (immediately, from the very beginning of a conversation, conversation).

Word for word (exactly, verbatim).

Let know (inform).

But there are phraseological units that have several meanings. For example,

In words - 1) orally 2) only in conversation.

By the way - 1) without paying serious attention, along with something; 2) by the way, if we speak in passing, the same as by the way, to say by the way.

From the fifth to the tenth - 1) omitting details, incoherently, inconsistently, 2) somehow, randomly, carelessly.

Polysemy usually arises in phraseological units that have retained partially motivated meanings in the language. For example, pouring from empty to empty: 1) doing something useless; wasting time aimlessly; 2) waste time on useless conversations; by the way - 1) without paying serious attention, along with something; 2) by the way, if we speak in passing, the same as by the way, to say by the way.

Polysemy is easier to develop in phraseological units that have a holistic meaning and in their structure are correlated with phrases: what is in the spirit - 1) very quickly; 2) very loud; loosen the tongue - 1) encourage or force to talk; 2) start talking, start talking a lot.

Homonymous relations between phraseological units about human speech arise when phraseological units of identical composition appear in completely different meanings: 1) to take the floor - to speak at a meeting on one’s own initiative; 2) take a word (from someone) - receive a promise from someone, an oath of something.

Phraseological units are also homonyms: 1) to give the floor - to promise and 2) to give the floor - to allow one to speak at a meeting, at a meeting; 1) there can be no conversation - anything is completely excluded; 2) there can be no conversation - it goes without saying, it is impossible to argue against it.

The source of phraseological homonyms can be the final break in the meanings of polysemantic phraseological units. For example, the meaning of the phraseological unit to roll around in the tongue in the sense of “really want to ask, to say about something important, exciting” served as the basis for the appearance of its figurative homonym “can’t remember” (about a futile effort to remember something well-known, familiar, but forgotten at the moment moment).

In such cases, it is difficult to draw the line between the phenomenon of polysemy of phraseological units and homonymy of two phraseological units.

2 Stylistic differences between phraseological units about speech

As we have already noted, Russian phraseology is distinguished by a wealth of functional-style and emotionally expressive synonyms. The stylistic coloring of phraseological units determines their consolidation in a certain style of speech. At the same time, two groups of phraseological units are distinguished: commonly used phraseological units that do not have a constant connection with one or another functional style, and functionally fixed phraseological units.

Commonly used phraseological units that characterize human speech activity include, for example: keep your word (keep to a given promise), choose words, expressions (speak carefully, consider, weigh each word), you can say (used to indicate the possibility, admissibility of something ), we are talking about (talking about someone or something), as for... then (if we talk about someone, something, then...).

They find application in both book and colloquial speech. In contrast to common vocabulary, which represents a very significant part of the Russian vocabulary, common phraseology, in terms of the number of units, occupies a modest place in the entire mass of Russian phraseological units.

The largest stylistic layer of phraseological units about speech is phraseology, which is used primarily in oral communication, and in written speech - in fiction:

Can’t string together three (two) words - can’t express anything clearly

(That's) the whole conversation - there is no need to talk about anything, discuss anything.

A different conversation means a different matter, a different situation.

To pull or pull the tongue - to force someone to speak, to speak out.

To wag your tongue (scratch, chatter, grind) - talk (in vain, to no avail, to pass time.

Sharp tongue, sharp (sharp) tongue - about a witty, caustic person.

Smart (pleasant) speeches are pleasant to listen to - they say when they hear what they were waiting for, what they agree with, that it is pleasant to listen.

The (word) came out of the tongue - involuntarily, unexpectedly for the speaker to be uttered.

To throw around words is to speak irresponsibly, to promise something without being sure of the fulfillment of your promise.

In short - concluding the above, used at the end of a speech, presentation).

In a word - briefly, in general (an expression that begins a conclusion, a generalization).

Jokes aside - speaking seriously (an appeal, an offer to get down to business).

Jokes are jokes (joke is a joke) - no matter how you joke, no matter how you say it.

Colloquial phraseological units are often given in explanatory dictionaries without stylistic markings, but they still stand out against the background of commonly used phraseological units with a bright colloquial coloring and a slightly reduced, familiar tone in sound. Colloquial phraseological units, as a rule, are figurative, which gives them special expression and liveliness. Their use in speech serves as a counteraction to cliches and bureaucracy.

Colloquial phraseological units, in general, are close to colloquial ones, but are distinguished by a greater reduction: scratch (waffle, chatter) with the tongue, pulled the tongue, three ha-ha (about something worthy of ridicule, capable of causing laughter), in a bad voice (shout, yell, yell), tap on someone’s tongue (an unkind wish to someone who says something they shouldn’t)

The crudely colloquial phraseology sounds even sharper: the devil pulled his tongue, tore his throat. It contains swear words that represent a gross violation of the language norm.

Another stylistic layer is formed by book phraseology. It is used in bookish functional styles, mainly in written speech. Bookish phraseological units include official business vocabulary: give evidence; bring to attention (to inform, notify, used in official, business papers; to give the floor (meaning: to allow one to speak at a meeting); to call a spade a spade (to speak about something directly, frankly, without hiding anything, without looking for mitigating words and expressions), take the floor (meaning of one’s own free will, initiative to speak at a meeting, session),

Phraseological units that came into the language from socio-political, journalistic and fiction also have a bookish connotation:

One speech is not a proverb - an opinion, a judgment, a statement by someone else is not an argument.

Put into whose mouth (words, thoughts) - show the heroes of literary and other works uttering words, expressing thoughts conceived by the author for them.

The gift of speech is the ability to express oneself freely and correctly.

The heart gives a message to the heart - it is said when close people understand each other without words or think about each other while being away from each other.

A word about a word - to talk about works of art.

Dot (period) the i. - finally find out everything, clarify all the details, bring everything to its logical conclusion.

As a rule, book phraseological units are neutral from an emotional-expressive point of view; they do not have connotative meanings. Only sometimes they have a sublime, solemn sound: from mouth to mouth (from one to another, about the transmission of a message, news); the first word (in the meaning, the most important, essential in something); the last word (the newest, highest, not yet surpassed achievement in any field of science, technology, culture).

Phraseologisms of colloquial style are expressively colored:

To turn a deaf ear is to not react, not to pay any attention to what is being said, what is being said.

What kind of question - of course, yes, definitely (expression of an indisputable statement in response to an unnecessary question).

Needless to say - an emotional expression of agreement, confirmation, conviction in something.

Pour out your soul - express frankly, to the end, your most cherished thoughts

Without (distant, unnecessary) conversations - without speaking, without arguing much, without wasting time.

Tongue slurred - about a person who cannot say anything clearly and clearly

Thus, the bright emotional and expressive coloring of colloquial phraseological units is due to their metaphorical nature and the use of a variety of expressive means in them. Colloquial style phraseological units about human speech are colored in familiar, playful, ironic, contemptuous, and dismissive tones.

3 Types of phraseological units depending on the degree of idiomaticity of the components

Among the phraseological units that characterize human speech, we should highlight phraseological adhesions - stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is not derived from the meaning of their constituent components, i.e., is not motivated by them from the point of view of the current state of vocabulary:

To suck it out of thin air - to invent, to say something without sufficient grounds, without relying on facts.

To sharpen your lasses is to chat about nothing.

To spawn - to get angry, swear, be indignant, usually over trifles.

A proverb is a subject of general conversation and gossip. The phrase is borrowed from church book language.

From the ceiling (take, say) - at random, as it comes to mind, without sufficient grounds.

Without blinking (saying, answering) - without any hesitation, confusion, without hesitation for a long time.

(Yes) and that’s it - and the conversation is over, and the matter is over.

To spread a thought through the tree is to talk for a long time.

The holistic meaning of these phraseological units is clear to every Russian person. However, the roots of phraseological units sometimes go back to such distant times that linguists do not come to an unambiguous conclusion about their origin.

Phraseological adjunctions can include obsolete words and grammatical forms: it’s a joke to say (not a joke!), the boron cheese flared up (not raw!), which also contributes to the semantic indecomposability of phrases.

Semantically, these adjuncts in most cases are the equivalent of the word: make a fool of yourself - joke around, joke, stall for time.

Phraseological unities are stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is partly related to the semantics of their constituent components, used in a figurative meaning:

The tongue is slurred - about a person who cannot say something clearly.

The tongue is like a razor - someone speaks sharply or wittily.

The language is well (not bad, great) - speaking freely, smoothly.

Keep your mouth shut (keep your mouth shut) - keep quiet.

Drop (start) a word - mention something, hint at something.

Without distant (or unnecessary) words - without speaking, without arguing much, without wasting time in vain.

To be the master (or master) of one’s word (one’s word) is about a person who fulfills a given word, a promise.

In two (short, few) words - briefly, concisely.

To waste words in vain (in vain, in vain) - to speak in vain, in vain, without achieving the goal.

Give free rein to your tongue - start talking a lot, talking uncontrollably.

To break the tongue is to speak incorrectly, distorting words and sounds.

Asking for language - for words, phrases ready to be spoken.

The tongue is suspended (good, bad) - about the ability (inability) to speak clearly.

You'll break your tongue - about a hard-to-pronounce word or phrase.

The tongue itches - about a great, uncontrollable desire to speak out, to express one’s opinion.

The tongue cannot move (to say, ask) - there is no determination

A catchphrase is a witty, apt expression, bright, expressive words.

Throwing words to the wind means speaking in vain, aimlessly.

Pour out (open) your soul - tell everything frankly.

Bite your tongue - shut up.

Such phraseological units can have “external homonyms” - phrases coinciding with them in composition, used in a direct (non-metaphorical) meaning: I was so thrown on a pothole that I bit my tongue and suffered from pain.

Unlike phraseological adhesions, which have lost their figurative meaning in the language, phraseological unities are always perceived as metaphors or other tropes. Some phraseological units owe their expressiveness to a pun, a joke, which is their basis: the tongue is braided, the tongue is fluttered, the tongue is given free rein. The expressiveness of some phraseological units is based on the play of antonyms: pouring from empty to empty, around and around. Phraseological unities give speech special expressiveness and folk-colloquial coloring.

Phraseological combinations are stable phrases, the meaning of which is motivated by the semantics of their constituent components, one of which has a phraseologically related meaning:

Yelling (or shouting) at the top of Ivanovskaya means shouting very loudly (from the name of the Kremlin’s Ivanovskaya Square, where in the old days decrees were read out).

Common language is mutual understanding between someone.

In different languages ​​- without mutual understanding.

Conversations to talk - to carry on a conversation, to have a conversation.

By the way, in connection with what was just said, in addition to what was said.

The tongue is stuck to the larynx - someone is numb (from fear, confusion).

Word for word - absolutely exactly, word for word.

A play on words is a witty joke, a pun.

The phraseologically related meaning of the components of such phraseological units is realized only in a strictly defined lexical environment.

Phraseological combinations often vary: talk to talk - start conversations.

The above-mentioned types of phraseological units complement phraseological expressions, which are also stable, but consist of words with free meanings, i.e., they are distinguished by semantic division. These are popular expressions, proverbs, sayings. Many phraseological expressions have a fundamentally important syntactic feature: they are not phrases, but entire sentences.

Not every (every) bastard is in line - not every mistake, thoughtless word, misdemeanor is blamed, it is said in justification or to console the one who made a mistake, misspoke, let slip.

The word is not a sparrow, if it flies out (releases it) you won’t catch it - before you say anything, you need to think carefully so that you don’t have to regret it later.

You can’t keep up with your (his, her) tongue (and) barefoot - it is said jokingly to someone or about someone who is too talkative.

The godfather went to God knows where - you talk nonsense, nonsense.

If you speak, you won’t turn it back, but if you spit, you won’t pick it up; you won’t be able to take back the spoken words.

For a clever word - because of the desire to say sharply (accurately) (part of the saying “For a clever word, he will not regret his own father”).

Not a single word - not a word.

In literature, often journalistic, there are errors caused by ignorance of the linguistic conditions of its use or inattention to the surrounding context. An example of such ignorance is the inappropriate use of the phrase, as they say, in many cases. Its meaning is “as it is customary to say, as they are expressed in such cases.” Two conditions are essential for the justified use of this expression: firstly, the acceptance, typicality of the designation referred to through the expression as they say, and secondly, the expressiveness of this designation (which is why it is often willingly used). This is exactly how phraseological units were used, as they say, by those authors whose linguistic authority, whose linguistic mastery was generally recognized. For example: “The clever publishers of the Northern Bee will surely no longer, as they say, put their fingers in his mouth” (P.); “I felt so happy that, as they say, I didn’t give a damn and didn’t give a damn about anyone’s ridicule” (Turgenev).

These examples clearly indicate that the justified use of an expression, as they say, presupposes the presence in the context of some accepted, widespread means of expression - phraseology, apt comparison, figurative designation, etc. The mentioned conditions are evident in the following newspaper excerpts, which is why the use of the expression in them, as they say, is completely justified: “They offered me to work on it. I was a little afraid, but, as they say, the eyes are afraid, but the hands do the work - so far they haven’t failed”; “Petryaev knew him - a respected man - one of those village leaders who, as they say, went through both fire and water...”; “Well, as for the skill of our wonderful couple, as they say, there’s no shortage of it.”

On the contrary, in the contexts given below, the specified conditions are absent, none of them have an accepted national means of expression, as a result of which the use of the phrase in them is, as they say, unjustified, and the phrase itself is simply not needed: “Public work? Valery, as they say, got used to it a long time ago”; “Now we are worried about the harvest of, as they say, perishable products”; “Everyone is going, as they say, about their own business.”

Thus, phraseological units that characterize human speech also have semasiological and stylistic differences. It is possible to distinguish the types of these phraseological units depending on the degree of semantic unity of their components.

Phraseologisms of the Russian language, characterizing the mind and speech of a person, have been used for centuries; they have not lost their relevance in our time. Their use is appropriate in different life situations: in an argument, in everyday everyday conversation, in public speeches, when preparing reports, writing abstracts and essays.

An analysis of phraseological units that characterize human mental and speech activity has shown that they have all the characteristic features of phraseological units of Russian speech, including:

Semantic integrity, developing as a result of the semantic weakening of the component words that make up the phraseological unit.

The stability of the combination of words that form a phraseological unit, i.e. its reproducibility in finished form.

The presence of a figurative meaning characterizing a wide range of phraseological units of the modern Russian language, in parallel with which homonymous correspondences are used, which do not represent phraseological units.

Expressive-emotional expressiveness. This characteristic stylistic feature is inherent in the overwhelming number of phraseological units.

A phraseological unit is a complex semantic phenomenon of a very diverse structure. We have indicated only its defining features, which do not necessarily appear in each individual case, but collectively they characterize phraseological units.

For phraseological turns that characterize the mental and speech activity of a person, synonymy is inherent (to rack one's brains, to wiggle one's brains, to talk about lofty matters; (there is) a head on the shoulders, a head that cooks, seven spans in the forehead, a head on the shoulders, a mind chamber; hold your tongue, swallow the tongue, keep the tongue behind the teeth (or on a leash), take water into the mouth; the tongue is boneless, the tongue is loose, the tongue scratches).

Among the phraseological units that characterize the mind and speech of a person, there are also antonymic phraseological units (to straighten the brains - to dust the brains; a lively mind - a heavy mind; to grab stars from the sky - not to grab stars from the sky; in different languages ​​- in one language; to spread thoughts throughout the tree - briefly and clearly).

Most of the phraseological units that characterize the mental and speech activity of a person are unambiguous (to hell with my head, I can’t imagine, toiling around like crazy, pouring from empty to empty, not finding words, throwing words to the wind, closer to the point).

Also, phraseological units that characterize a person’s mental and speech can be ambiguous (to fill one’s head - 1) to burden oneself with worries, to worry about someone; 2) overload the memory with a lot of unnecessary information and knowledge; in one voice - 1) all together, at the same time, 2) according to, unanimously, unanimously; in words - 1) orally, 2) only in conversation).

Homonymous relations between phraseological units arise when phraseological units of identical composition appear in completely different meanings: 1) take the floor - speak at a meeting on one’s own initiative; 2) take a word (from someone) - receive a promise from someone, an oath of something.

According to the motivation of the meaning and semantic cohesion, among the phraseological units that characterize the mind and speech of a person, we can distinguish:

phraseological adhesions (without a moment's hesitation, out of the blue, headlong, going crazy, making a fool of yourself, a byword, sharpening your lasses).

phraseological unities (snake wisdom, sharp tongue, catching yourself thinking, head hurts, reaching a dead end, the tongue is well hung, begs to be spoken, waste words in vain).

phraseological combinations (Live with your own mind, Bring to mind, Without hesitation, get out of your head, straighten your brains, sing from someone else's voice, talk - start conversations).

The so-called phraseological units, which have only reproducibility in finished form and, to one degree or another, figurativeness, are conditionally separated from actual phraseological units. Such expressions include proverbs, sayings, and catchphrases: Happiness without the mind is a leaky bag. Try on (measure) seven times, cut once. (And) there is some sense, but not all of it. There is strength - no need for intelligence. Simplicity is enough for every wise man. The word is not a sparrow, it will fly out (you will release it). You can't keep up with your tongue even barefoot. For the sake of words (he won’t spare his own father).

Phraseologisms that characterize the mind and speech of a person, for the most part, relate to primordial phrases (without a king in the head, the mind is short, headlong, strong in hindsight, sharpen the lasses, a catchphrase).

Some phraseological expressions are rooted in fiction (woe from mind; without further ado, extraordinary lightness in thoughts, pitiful words, fresh legend, but hard to believe). Phraseologisms also have a bookish connotation: putting words (thoughts) into the mouth, the heart gives the message to the heart.

In terms of expressive and stylistic meaning, most phraseological units characterizing the mind and speech of a person belong to the colloquial style (can’t invent gunpowder, copper forehead, garden head. spread out the mind, grab the mind, can’t connect three (two) words, pull or tug behind the tongue, throw around words, a word has slipped from the tongue, let it fall on deaf ears, what a question, the tongue gets tangled, pour out one’s soul).

Thus, in the work we examined the semantic characteristics, lexico-grammatical differences, origin, expressive and stylistic properties of phraseological units about the mind and speech of a person, their types in terms of motivation of meaning and semantic cohesion.

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