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State University of Maritime and River Fleet named after Admiral S.O. Makarova

Faculty of Economics and Finance

Department of Russian History, Political Science and History

Abstract on the topic:" Heroes of the War of 1812"

St. Petersburg 2014.

Introduction

1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov

2. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly

3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich

4. Denis Vasilievich Davydov

5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev

7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The Patriotic War of 1812 is a memorable, great event in the history of our country. In its course, courage, valor, boldness and love for the fatherland were clearly demonstrated.

In 1811, Napoleon informed his ambassador in Warsaw, Abbé de Pradt, that: “In five years I will be the ruler of the whole world. There is only Russia left - I will crush it...”

Napoleon's invasion was a great misfortune for Russia. Many cities were reduced to dust and ashes.

It was no coincidence that Kutuzov M.I., who combined the remarkable features of the Russian spirit, found himself at the center of events. Nominated by the people, society, that year he essentially became a national leader.

But the expulsion of the French from Russia did not mean that the fight against Napoleon was over. He still kept almost all of Europe under his control and conceived dominant plans. Russia, to ensure its security, continued military operations and led the movement for the liberation of European peoples from French rule. The victory in the Patriotic War was also of no small importance, marking the beginning of the liberation of the peoples of Central and Western Europe.

In the Patriotic War of 1812, the Russian people, through joint efforts with other peoples of Russia, defended their statehood and independence. This was one of the significant upsurges of patriotic feelings of all segments of the country's population: peasants, soldiers, and townspeople. The fight against Napoleonic aggression caused an increase in national self-awareness and gave impetus to the development of Russian culture.

1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov

Family and clan

Mikhail Kutuzov was born on September 16 (September 5, old style) 1745, in St. Petersburg. The noble family of Golenishchev-Kutuzov traces its origins to the warrior of Alexander Nevsky, Gabriel Oleksich, who defeated the Swedish commander Birger Jarl in the Battle of Neva in 1240. Gabriel's great-great-grandson Fyodor Alexandrovich retained the nickname of his father Alexander Proksha "Kutuz" (pillow) and became the ancestor of the Kutuzovs. The grandson of Alexander Proksha (“Kutuza”) and nephew of Fyodor Aleksandrovich Kutuzov, Vasily Ananyevich, had the nickname “Golenishche” for his height, and the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs came from him.

Mikhail's mother, Anna Larionovna Bedrinskaya, born in 1728, the daughter of an Opochetsky, Pskov and Gidovsky landowner, a retired captain of the Narva garrison regiment, died when her son was still very young. He was raised by his grandmother and then by his father.

Kutuzov's father, Illarion Matveevich (1717-1784), military engineer, lieutenant general and senator. Illarion Matveyevich Kutuzov began his military service under Peter the Great and served for at least thirty years in the engineering troops. Because of his intelligence and abilities, he was called a “reasonable book.” Under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, he drew up a project for the construction of the Catherine Canal (Griboyedov Canal) to eliminate the deadly consequences of floods of the Neva River. The construction of this canal was carried out under Empress Catherine the Great, and I.M. Kutuzov was presented with a gold snuff box sprinkled with diamonds. He was personally known to Catherine already at the beginning of her reign.

On February 3, 1765 he received the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree. Then he took part in the Turkish war of 1768-1774, under the command of Count Rumyantsev and was considered “very knowledgeable, not only in military affairs, but also in civil affairs.” Kutuzov's war French

At the beginning of 1744, Larion Matveevich was sent to Stockholm.

This time, the baron was supposed to take the post of Russian Minister-Resident at the Swedish royal court, that is, to become Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. The new ambassador and his adjutant went to Stockholm not by ship, but by a detour through Koenigsberg, Berlin, Hamburg and Copenhagen. The journey took almost a year, and during this time Larion Matveevich learned and saw a lot. During his stay in Stockholm, Larion Matveevich received a letter in which his wife Anna Illarionovna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova reported that they had a son named Mikhail. Returning home, Larion Matveevich was greeted by joyful household members and, seeing his first-born, Mishenka, for the first time, he took him in his arms

Personal lifeM.I.Kutuzova

Kutuzov got married in the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Golenishchevo, Samoluksky volost, Loknyansky district, Pskov region.

Mikhail Illarionovich's wife, Ekaterina Ilyinichna (1754--1824), daughter of Lieutenant General Ilya Alexandrovich Bibikov and sister of A.I. Bibikov, a major statesman and military figure (marshal of the Legislative Commission, commander-in-chief in the fight against the Polish Confederates and in the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion, friend of A. Suvorov).

On April 27, 1778, Kutuzov married Ekaterina Ilyinichna Bibikova. They had six children in a happy marriage. The son, Nikolai, died of smallpox in infancy and was buried in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovograd) on the territory of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

· Praskovya (1777-1844) - wife of Matvey Fedorovich Tolstoy (1772-1815);

· Anna (1782-1846) - wife of Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo (1779-1827);

· Elizabeth (1783-1839) - in her first marriage, the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich Tizenhausen (1782-1805); in the second - Nikolai Fedorovich Khitrovo (1771-1819);

· Catherine (1787-1826) - wife of Prince Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev (1786-1813); in the second - Ilya Stepanovich Sarochinsky (1788/89-1854);

· Daria (1788-1854) - wife of Fyodor Petrovich Opochinin (1779-1852).

Elizabeth's first husband died fighting under the leadership of Kutuzov; Catherine's first husband also died in battle. Since the field marshal had no offspring in the male line, the surname Golenishchev-Kutuzov was transferred to his grandson, Major General P.M., in 1859. Tolstoy, son of Praskovya.

Kutuzov also became related to the imperial house: his great-granddaughter Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1844-1870) became the wife of Evgeniy Maximilianovich of Leuchtenberg.

Kutuzov's father showed great influence on the education and upbringing of his son.

Since childhood, Kutuzov was a capable boy, combining curiosity, resourcefulness and playfulness with thoughtfulness and a kind heart. Already at the young age of twelve he entered the artillery and engineering school. There he attended lectures by M.V. Lomonosov and mastered the knowledge of four foreign languages, to which two more were added over time. He graduated from school in 1759 among the best, and was retained as a teacher at the school.

Military service

Two years after graduating from school, on January 1, 1761, he received the first officer rank (ensign) and, at his personal request, was sent as a company commander to the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment A.V. Suvorov. A year later, under the patronage of Empress Catherine, who knew I.M. well. Kutuzov, Peter III appointed Mikhail as aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of Revel, Prince of Holstein-Berg. In August 1762 M.I. Kutuzov was promoted to captain. In 1764, when visiting Revel, the Empress invited him to distinguish himself on the field of honor in Poland, where in battles against Prince Radziwill the future commander received baptism of fire. Then he again served in Reval, participated in the drafting of a new legislative code, working on the justice subcommittee, and fought with the Polish Confederates. Since 1770, Kutuzov has been fighting the Turks as part of the army of P.A. Rumyantseva. In 1772, the commander learned that Mikhail was imitating him at officer parties, got angry and transferred the merry fellow to the Crimean Army V.M. Dolgorukova. After this incident, the young officer became secretive and distrustful.

In July 1774, after the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kayiardzhi peace, Devlet Giray landed with a Turkish assault force in Alushta, but the Turks were not allowed to go deep into Crimea. On July 23, 1774, in a battle near the village of Shumas north of Alushta, a Russian detachment of three thousand defeated the main forces of the Turkish landing force. On July 24, during the pursuit of the Turks, Kutuzov, who commanded the grenadier battalion of the Moscow Legion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced the left temple and exited the right eye, which was “squinted,” but vision was preserved. After recovery, he again serves in Crimea under the command of L.V. Suvorov, at whose request he was promoted to colonel on June 28, 1777. For his participation in the suppression of the Crimean Tatar uprisings in 1782, he was appointed to brigadier, and in 1784 to major general. Since 1787, the general has been participating in the second Russian-Turkish war as part of the Yekaterinoslav army of Prince G.A. Potemkin. In the summer of 1788, with his corps, he took part in the siege of Ochakov, where on August 18, 1788, he was seriously wounded in the head for the second time. This time the bullet passed almost through the old channel. In 1790, he distinguished himself during the assault on Izmail; the 6th column, personally led by him, attacked the walls three times, finally broke into the fortress and defeated the garrison. Then he was appointed commandant of the captured fortress. In 1792, Kutuzov again fought with the Poles, and the following year, for his dedicated service, he received an estate in the Volyn province with 2,667 peasant souls and the position of governor-general of Kazan and Vyatka.

Catherine II highly appreciated the general's diplomatic abilities, appointing him ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary in Constantinople. The newly-minted diplomat successfully coped with his difficult responsibilities, strengthening Russia's influence in Turkey and actively countering the intrigues of the emissaries of the French revolutionary government at the Sultan's court. Returning to Russia in the fall of 1794, he became close to the Empress’s favorite, Count P.A. Zubov, and at the beginning of 1795 he was appointed commander of the troops and fleet on the Swedish border. Kutuzov became an experienced courtier; he was favored by both Catherine II and Paul I.

Kutuzov in 1797 was again sent to fight French diplomacy, but now as an extraordinary and plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) at the Prussian court. In December, he was appointed inspector of troops in Finland and chief of the Ryazan Musketeer Regiment, which from April 2, 1798 began to be called the Musketeer General of the Infantry Golenishchev-Kutuzov Regiment (this title was awarded to Kutuzov on January 4 of the same year). In 1799, he was appointed commander of the Russian troops in Holland, but due to the breakdown of Russia’s alliance with Austria and England, he returned to St. Petersburg, where on October 4 he was appointed holder of the Grand Cross of John of Jerusalem (Maltese Cross), and on December 19 he was appointed Lithuanian general. governor. On September 8, 1800, he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, the highest honor of the Russian Empire. At the end of the reign of Paul I, Kutuzov temporarily acted as governor of St. Petersburg, replacing the absent Count Palen.

Alexander I approved him in this position on June 17, 1801, but fired him a year later. Then Kutuzov lived on his estate Goroshki, Volyn province, doing housework. The commander, who was aggressive towards him, became needed only in March 1805 during the war with France. Thanks to his command, it was still possible to save the Russian army, which found itself alone in the face of superior enemy forces after the defeat of the Austrians near Ulm, but after the union of the allied forces, he was actually removed from leadership by Alexander I and therefore did not consider himself guilty for the defeat of the Russian-Austrian troops at Austerlitz.

In October 1806 Kutuzov was appointed Kyiv military governor, and in 1807. went to war with Turkey as assistant commander-in-chief of the Danube Army. Due to the intrigues of his superior, Field Marshal A.A. Prozorovsky, Kutuzov was obliged in 1809 to again assume the post of Lithuanian military governor. But it was difficult to do without a competent commander and diplomat, and in 1811 Kutuzov became commander-in-chief of the Danube Army. In June, he finally defeated the Turks at the Rushchuk fortress, repeating the success in early October and encircling the Turkish army.

On October 29 he was granted the title of count. Kutuzov consolidated his military successes with the help of diplomacy, concluding on May 28, 1812, a much-needed peace treaty for Russia on the eve of the war with Napoleon.

Patriotic War of 1812

The Patriotic War of 1812 met Kutuzov in St. Petersburg with nothing to do. When, while the Russian armies in the west were led by Barclay de Tolly and Bagration, Kutuzov was elected head of the St. Petersburg and then Moscow militias. Only after the surrender of Smolensk to the French, Alexander I was forced to meet the demands of the public and troops and appoint Mikhail Illarionovich commander-in-chief over the two armies, which by that time had united.

Enthusiastically greeted by the population along the way, Kutuzov arrived to the troops on August 17. Not agreeing with the proposal to immediately give the French a general battle, he led the army back for several days and on the 22nd stopped at the village of Borodino, where preparations for the battle began. On the morning of dawn on August 26, the Russian army met with Napoleon's army. Having lined up his troops in a deep battle formation, Kutuzov, with a sharp maneuver of forces and means, stopped all attempts by Napoleon to achieve a decisive advantage, and he himself successfully counterattacked. At the cost of huge losses, the French managed to push back the Russians on the left flank and in the center, but recognizing the futility of further actions. By evening, Napoleon withdrew his troops to their original positions. The Russian army lost 44 thousand people in this battle, the French - about 40. Kutuzov not only destroyed Napoleon’s dream of winning the war in one battle, but also preserved an impeccable combat-ready, morally strong army.

Carrying out a strategically advantageous plan for waging war, Kutuzov gave Moscow to the enemy on September 2, but already at that time the replenishment of the Russian army with reserves began, and partisan warfare began behind enemy lines. Having secretly maneuvered to the village of Tarutino, Kutuzov blocked the French’s path to the south, where they could provide themselves with food and fodder. Realizing that they were in a critical situation, Napoleon sent an adjutant to Kutuzov with a proposal for peace negotiations, but he replied that the war was just beginning.

Having left Moscow on October 7, Napoleon made his way to Maloyaroslavets, where Kutuzov blocked his road and, after a bloody battle, ordered the French to retreat along the Smolensk road they had destroyed. Having launched a counteroffensive, the Russian army launched attacks on the retreating French troops near Vyazma, Lyakhovo, and Krasny. Kutuzov’s caring attitude towards his soldiers is characteristic: seeing the gradual exhaustion of the French army, he said: “Now I won’t give ten Frenchmen for one Russian.” Hunger and the oncoming Russian cold increased the decline in the spirit of the French army, and after the Berezina its retreat turned into flight. Napoleon lost more than 500 thousand people in Russia killed, wounded prisoners, almost all the artillery and cavalry.

On December 21, Kutuzov, in an order to the army, congratulated the troops on expelling the enemy from Russia. For his skillful command of the Russian army in 1812, he was awarded the rank of Field Marshal and the title of Prince of Smolensk. He also received the Order of St. George, 1st degree, as a reward, becoming the first full holder of the Russian Military Order.

Kutuzov met Alexander 1’s decision to move the army further west without much enthusiasm: he was haunted by future human losses and the possible strengthening of France’s European rivals. With the arrival of the Tsar to the troops, he slowly withdrew from the main affairs of the command, his health weakened, and on April 16 in the city of Bunzlau (Poland) he died at the age of 67 years.

2 . Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclayde- Tolly

Family and clan

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly was born on December 13, 1761, on the Pamushis estate in Livonia province.

Johann Stefan moved to Livonia in 1664 and settled in Riga. It was he who became the founder of the Russian Barilaev line. Johann Stefan Barclay de Tolly married Anna Sophia von Derenthal, the daughter of a Riga lawyer, who bore him three sons. Johann Stefan turned out to be not only the founder of the Russian line of his surname, but also the first Barilaev Russian subject of his kind, since, together with all members of the Riga magistrate, he took the oath of allegiance to his new homeland - Russia. Two of Johann Stefan's sons became officers in the Swedish army. The eldest, Wilhelm, followed his father and in 1730 was elected a member of the Riga city magistrate. One of Wilhelm's sons, Weingold-Gotthard, was born in Riga in 1726. He served in the Russian Imperial Army and retired as a lieutenant. The poor officer, who received only the rank of eleventh class for military service, had neither peasants nor land and was forced to become a small tenant. In 1760, he began to live in Lithuania, on the small remote manor of Pamushis. Here, on December 13, 1761, his third son was born, who was named Mikhail. Thus, Mikhail Barclay de Tolly was a fourth generation Russian citizen and the son of an officer in the Russian army.

Since the boy’s father’s name was Weingold Gotthard and his second name translated into Russian meant “given by God,” later Mikhail Barclay de Tolly began to be called Mikhail Bogdanovich.

Study and beginning of military service

At a very early age of three, Barclay was sent to St. Petersburg to his uncle, brigadier of the Russian army von Vermeulen, who gave him his first elementary general and military education. At the age of 14, Barclay was assigned to serve in the Pskov Carabinieri Regiment and after 2 years of hard study and excellent service he became an officer. Since 1788, Barclay de Tolly fought in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791, and showed himself heroically in the army of G. Potemkin during the assault and capture of Ochakov. In 1790 he went to Finland, where he fought against the Swedes as part of the Russian army. When the Russian-Swedish war ended, he led a battalion of the grenadier regiment in St. Petersburg.

During the Russian-Prussian-French War of 1806-1807, acting as part of L. Bennigsen's corps, Barclay de Tolly distinguished himself in the battle of Pułtusk, where he commanded a vanguard detachment of five regiments. Barclay confirmed his military talent during the ice campaign through the Gulf of Bothnia to the Swedish company in 1809, for which he was promoted to lieutenant general and was soon appointed commander-in-chief of the Finnish army and Finnish governor general.

In January 1810 M.B. Barclay de Tolly took the post of Minister of War, energetically taking up reforming the army and preparing for war with France.

Patriotic War of 1812

With the outbreak of the Patriotic War on March 19, 1812, Barclay led the 1st Western Army. He was an opponent of the operational plan of the Prussian General K. Fuhl, according to which the forces considered to be the main ones were divided into two parts, and the battle was planned to be held in a military camp near the city of Drissa. After retreating and joining with the 2nd Western Army P.I. Bagration Barclay skillfully led the actions of Russian troops in the bloody battle near Smolensk. Despite the objections of Bagration and other generals, he gave the order to retreat, thereby turning the military and the broad masses of the civilian population against himself. What they forgave Kutuzov, they did not forgive Barclay de Tolly. With the appointment of Kutuzov as commander-in-chief, the commander of the 1st Western Army also came under his subordination. Mikhail Illarionovich ordered to leave the position at Tsarev-Zaimishche. Before receiving permission to leave the active army, citing serious health conditions, at a meeting in Fili, he advocated leaving Moscow without a fight.

After treatment in Kaluga, on February 4, 1813, he took command of the 3rd Army. The general took the Thorn fortress, and then distinguished himself in the battle of Bautzen. On May 19, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the united Russian-Prussian army.

On August 18, 1813, troops under his command defeated the enemy at Kulm, and in the Battle of Leipzig, commanding the center of the allied forces, with his skillful skill he again managed to achieve victory, for which he was elevated to the dignity of count. For the capture of Paris in 1814 M.B. Barclay de Tolly was promoted to field marshal general. The vicissitudes of fate undermined the field marshal's health. In the spring of 1818, Barclay went to Germany for treatment on the waters. His path lay through East Prussia. Here Barclay became seriously ill and died on May 13, 1818. This happened near the city of Insterburg, on the poor manor of Stilitzen.

3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich

Family and clan

Bagration Pyotr Ivanovich was born in 1765 in the city of Kizlyar (Tver region) in the family of a retired colonel from an old family of Georgian princes.

Personal life

One of the main events of Bagration was connected with Gatchina.

Here in early September 1800 he got married.

Bagration, during balls and masquerades, in a whirlwind of social entertainment, was noticed by the young St. Petersburg beauty Countess Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. At eighteen years old, she shone with beauty at balls and was surrounded by a large mass of fans. The beauty's attention to the famous General Bagration, shown in the summer of 1800, was not caused by serious feelings. Bagration was thirty-five years old at that time, he was not handsome, but he could attract attention. The military glory he won in tough battles created a romantic aura for him. Pyotr Ivanovich successfully distinguished himself from the courtiers: he was straightforward, honest, easy to use and shy in female society.

Study and beginning of military service

Bagration P.I. received knowledge at the Kizlyar school for chief and non-commissioned officer children.

He served in military service from 1782 to 1792. in the Caucasian Musketeer Regiment, and then in the Kiev Horse-Jager and Sofia Carabineer Regiments in the ranks from sergeant to lieutenant colonel. From 1783-1786 took part in military operations against the highlanders in the North Caucasus, and in 1788 on December 6 (17), he distinguished himself during the capture of Ochakov. In 1798 - colonel, commander of the 6th Jaeger Regiment, in 1799 - major general. In Suvorov's Italian and Swiss campaigns of 1799, Bagration commanded the vanguard.

Under the leadership of Bagration, troops played a significant role in the battles on the Adda river on April 16 (27), Trebbia on June 6-8 (17-19) and at Novi on August 4 (15), they successfully and bravely fought at St. Gotthard on 13-14 ( September 24-25, Chortova, Mosta.

During the War of the Third Coalition against Napoleon in 1805, he served in the army of M.I. Kutuzov, sent to help the Austrians. On November 4 (16), 1805, having at his disposal a small number of soldiers of only seven thousand, he covered the retreat of the Russian army to Moravia at Shengraben and repelled the attacks of Murat's fifty-thousand-strong corps. In the battle of Austerlitz on November 20 (December 2), 1805 he led the right wing, which steadfastly repelled the onslaught of the French; tried to capture the Pratsen Heights, but was repulsed by Murat and Lannes. After the battle, he successfully covered the retreat of the main forces of M.I. Kutuzova.

Played an important role in the war of the Fourth Coalition with Napoleon. January 26 (February 7), 1807, during the withdrawal of the Russian army L.L. Bennigsen to Preussisch-Eylau thwarted the French task of cutting off its routes of communication with Russia. In the battles of Preussisch-Eylau on January 27 (February 8), Heilsberg on May 29 (June 10) and Friedland on June 2 (14), 1807, he showed himself brilliantly.

Bagration - participant in the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. He led the Åland expedition of 1809. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. from July 1809 to March 1810 he commanded the Moldavian Army, and from August 1811 he headed the Podolian Army.

Patriotic War of 1812

During the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, in the conditions of the general retreat of Russian troops, M.B. made every effort to unite with the First Army. Barclay de Tolly. From March 1812 he commanded the 2nd Western Army. In the first period of the war, with a skillful maneuver from Volkovysk to Smolensk, he led his army out of the attack of the prevailing enemy forces to join the 1st Western Army, causing large losses to the French troops in the rearguard battles at Mir, Romanov and Saltanovka. In the Battle of Borodino in 1812, he commanded the left wing of the Russian army, which bore the main blow of the French, and courageously defended the Semyonov flushes. September 12 (24) Bagration P.I. was seriously wounded. He died in the village of Sima, Vladimir province, on the estate of his friend Prince B.A. Golitsyn, where he was buried.

4. Denis Vasilievich Davydov

Family and clan

Davydov Denis Vasilievich was born on July 16 (27), 1784 in the family of foreman Vasily Denisovich Davydov (1747-1808), who served under the command of A.V. Suvorov, in Moscow. A descendant from an ancient noble family, tracing its history from the first Kazan king Ulu-Magomed and Tsarevich Minchak Kasaevich, who swore allegiance to Ivan III, inherited from his ancestors a passion for horses, a love for dashing cavalry battles, surprise attacks and long raids on horseback. at your own risk. Denis’s mother was the daughter of General-in-Chief Evdokim Alekseevich Shcherbinin.

Study and military activities

Little Denis was introduced to military affairs from an early age. Despite his small stature, on September 28, 1801 D.V. Davydov still managed to enroll as an estandard cadet in the Guards Cavalry Regiment. On September 9, 1802 he was promoted to cornet, and on November 2, 1803 to lieutenant. As part of the Guards Hussar Regiment, he took part in the campaign of 1807, where he received a baptism of fire and was almost captured by the French. Davydov was appointed adjutant to the commander of the vanguard P.I. Bagration. During the Swedish War of 1808-1809. he was with the detachment of his friend Ya.P. Kulneva, and then took part in an ice campaign to the Åland Islands. In the Turkish campaigns of 1809-1810. Denis Vasilyevich again accompanies Kulnev, participating in the siege of the fortresses of Silistria, Shumla and Rushchuk. On April 8, 1812, Davydov was promoted to lieutenant colonel and sent to the Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment. Soon the most striking episode of his military biography begins: the 1812 campaign.

Patriotic War of 1812

On August 21, 1812, in sight of the village of Borodino, where he grew up, his parents’ house was already being hastily dismantled. Five days before the great battle, Denis Vasilyevich proposed to Bagration the idea of his own partisan detachment. Bagration's order to create a partisan detachment was one of his last before the Battle of Borodino. On the first night, Davydov's detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks was ambushed by peasants.

Because the peasants had little understanding of military uniforms, which were similar among the Russians and the French. In one of the forays, Davydov with the hussars and Cossacks captured 370 French, while repelling 200 Russian prisoners. His squad grew quickly. Quick successes of D.V. Davydov convinced Kutuzov of the advisability of guerrilla warfare, and he was not slow to give it wider development and constantly sent reinforcements. Participant in foreign campaigns of 1813-14, commanded a cavalry regiment and brigade. He was close with the future Decembrists M.F. Orlov, F.N. Glinka, A.A. Bestuzhev and others. After the war, his restless character forced him to frequently change places of service, and on November 14, 1823, to resign.

Denis Vasilyevich Davydov died on April 22, 1839 in the village of Verkhnyaya Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province. He was 55 years old. The cause of such an early death is a stroke.

5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

She was born on September 17, 1783 in Kyiv from the marriage of the hussar captain Durov with the daughter of the Little Russian landowner Alexandrovich, who married him against the wishes of her parents.

The Durovs had to lead a nomadic regimental life. The mother, who wanted to have a son, disliked her daughter, and her entire upbringing was entrusted to the hussar Astakhov. In such an atmosphere, the child grew up to the age of 5 and adopted the habits of a nimble boy.

In 1789 A.V. Durov leaves military service and receives the position of chief in the city of Sarapul. October 25, 1801 he marries his daughter to the head of the Sarapul Lower Omsk Court V.S. Chernova. In 1803, Nadezhda gave birth to a son, Ivan, but soon left the family.

On September 17, 1806, having changed into a man's dress, Nadezhda joined the Cossack regiment. On March 9, 1807, in Grodno, under the name of nobleman Alexander Vasilyevich Sokolov, Nadezhda Durova enlisted as a private in the Cavalry-Polish Uhlan Regiment, reducing her age by 6 years and without mentioning marriage and the birth of a child. She fought bravely on the battlefields of Gugstadt, Heilsberg, and Friedland.

Soon the parents managed to find their missing daughter. With a special courier she was sent to St. Petersburg, where on December 31, 1807 she was awarded the highest meeting with Alexander I. The Emperor personally presented the order, gave the go-ahead to remain in the army and ordered, under the name of Alexander Andreevich Alexandrov, to transfer her to the aristocratic Mariupol Hussar Regiment. Only in the capital, having received a letter from Grodno, Durova learned about her mother’s death. Three years later, she transferred to the Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, either because of a romantic story about a colonel’s daughter who fell in love with her, or for an everyday reason: the dear life of hussar officers. In the Battle of Borodino, Second Lieutenant Alexandrov received a contusion in the leg. After leaving Moscow, Nadezhda Andreevna already serves as M.I.’s adjutant. Kutuzova. Soon the consequences of the shell shock affected, and until May 1813 she was on vacation in Sarapul. In the battles for the liberation of Germany, Durova distinguished herself during the sieges of Hamburg and the Modlin fortress. At her father's request, in 1816 she retired with the rank of captain and settled in Sarapul. On March 21, 1866, she died, bequeathing to call herself Alexandrov during the funeral service, which, of course, was not the case.

6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev

Legendary hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 Ya.P. Kulnev was born on the night of July 24-25 (05.08) 1763 in the small Belarusian village of Sivoshino, located on the road to Polotsk Lyutsin (now the Latvian city of Ludza), where the family of officer Pyotr Vasilyevich Kulnev went on official business.

Poor nobleman P.V. Kulnev began serving as a corporal in 1746, took part in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763, during the Polish campaign of 1769 he was seriously wounded and retired, and after 1775 until his death in 1795 he served as a mayor in Lucin . He married a German Catholic during the Seven Years' War, Louise Grebippitz. They had seven children.

In 1770, Yakov and his younger brother Ivan entered the Land Noble Corps. In 1785 they were released with the rank of lieutenants and were accepted into the Chernigov infantry regiment, from where Y.P. In the same year, Kulnev transferred to the St. Petersburg Dragoon Regiment. In his first military campaign (in 1789 against the Turks), he distinguished himself during the siege of Bendery and was noticed by Prince G.A. Potemkin. But, however, the praises of the great commander A.V. were of much no less importance for the young officer. Suvorov during the Polish campaign of 1794, when, during the storming of Prague, the outskirts of the Polish capital Warsaw - Kulnev was one of the first to penetrate enemy fortifications, for which he was promoted to the rank of major.

Ya.P. Kulnev fought bravely during the French campaigns in 1805 and 1807. On May 24, 1807, the lieutenant colonel of the Grodno Hussar Regiment took part in the Battle of Gutstadts, the next day his regiment made a successful attack on two enemy columns, on May 29 it fought at Heilsberg, on June 2 - near Frindland. In the last battle, his regiment was surrounded, but thanks to the courage and courage, resourcefulness of the officer, the hussars broke through the encirclement.

The war with Sweden began in 1808. In the spring, Kulnev’s detachment acted very unsuccessfully and was forced to retreat before the prevailing enemy forces, suffering significant losses. In August, Kulnev led the vanguard of the army of General P.V. Kamensky. On the night of August 21, after the Battle of Kuorgan, Kulnev noticed the secret retreat of the Swedish troops and immediately moved to pursue the enemy. Thanks to his determination and courage, the enemy was completely defeated. On December 12, Yakov Petrovich was promoted to major general. During an ice campaign in the spring of 1809, his detachment reached the Swedish coast near Cape Grisselgama, just 100 versts from Stockholm. For his courage and determination, Kulnev was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree.

In February 1810, he became the head of the vanguard of the Commander-in-Chief of the Moldavian Army P.V. Kamensky in the war against the Turks. On August 26, the enemy was defeated in the battle of Batin.

However, after a skirmish with the commander-in-chief, he left the active army and in January 1811 was appointed chief of the Grodno Hussar Regiment, located in the Vitebsk province.

Kulnev wanted to get married and received consent, but the bride, whose last name is unknown, demanded that he resign. However, the courageous general did not want to leave service in such a difficult time for the Fatherland.

The first victories of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812 are associated with the name of Kulnev. Leading the vanguard of P. X. Wittgenstein’s corps, which covered St. Petersburg, he inflicted several defeats on the French, captured up to 1 thousand prisoners, including General Saint-Genis (Genier) , the first general captured by Russian troops in 1812. Covering the retreat of the main forces, Kulnev held back the corps of Marshal Udiio, which was many times larger than his.

7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich, famous Russian general and hero of the Patriotic War of 1812.

Mikhail was born on October 1 (12), 1771 in a family of emigrants from Herzegovina, Andrei Stepanovich, and the daughter of a Ukrainian landowner, Maria Andreevna Miloradovich. At the young age of nine, on November 16, 1780, he enlisted in the army and was soon transferred to the Izmailovsky Guards Regiment with the rank of lieutenant.

Education M.A. Miloradovich received it abroad, where in 1778 he was sent along with his tutor I. JI. Danilevsky, the father of the famous military writer A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky.

He studied for 4 years at the University of Königsberg under the guidance of the philosopher I. Kant, then for 2 years in Göttingen. Subsequently, Miloradovich lived in France for 3 years.

The Russian-Swedish war that began in 1788 found the young second lieutenant as part of the Izmailovsky battalion, where he took part in hostilities on the territory of modern Finland. On January 1, 1790, he was appointed lieutenant, and on January 1, 1796, captain.

Emperor Paul I, who was the chief and colonel of the Izmailovsky regiment, favored Miloradovich, who already in 1798 was promoted to major general and appointed chief of the musketeer regiment. The military unit was sent to Italy in 1799, where he was met by A.V. Suvorov joyfully, like the son of his comrade-in-arms. Miloradovich did not let the commander down; for the courage and courage shown in the battle of the village of Lecco (April 14), he was awarded the Order of St. Anne I and degree.

On April 29, two horses were wounded under him at the Battle of Basagnano. With a banner in his hands, he led the attack.

M.A. distinguished himself Miloradovich in the battle of Novi and the assault on St. Gotthard.

A.V. Suvorov appointed him army general on duty. M. D. Miloradovich, during the Italian and Swiss campaigns, became friends with Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.

In 1805, a separate brigade of Mikhail Andreevich covered the retreat of M.I.’s army. Kutuzova. Miloradovich's 4th column, in the Battle of Austerlitz, advanced in the center of the Russian troops, and was in the rearguard for three days, repelling endless attacks by the French.

From 1806 he took part in the Russian-Turkish war, and in 1809 he was appointed general of the infantry. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Miloradovich was engaged in the formation of army reserves, with which he arrived on August 18 at the disposal of M.I. Kutuzova. At the Battle of Borodino, he commands two corps on the right flank, and then moves to the center, where he repels countless French attacks. Soon he had to replace the wounded P.I. Bagration as commander of the 2nd Army.

During the retreat to Moscow, he commanded the rearguard, constantly engaging in battles with the enemy, which is why he was unable to participate in the famous council in Fili. Marshal Murat promised Miloradovich to suspend the movement of his troops so that the Russians could freely leave the capital without starting a battle on its streets. The troops retreated to Tarutino with fighting.

M.A. Miloradovich led the vanguard during the counter-offensive of the Russian army, which consisted of two cavalry and three infantry corps. The troops approached Maloyaroslavets with a forced march and saved D.S.’s corps from defeat. Dokhturova.

On October 22, the troops defeated the French near Vyazma. In early November, with a skillful flank maneuver, they bypassed Napoleon's army near the village of Krasny, which ensured the victory of the main forces.

On August 18, in the battle of Kulm, he led the troops, replacing the wounded A.I. Osterman, and on October 6 near Leipzig he led the Russian and Prussian guards.

Miloradovich was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

August 19, 1818 St. Petersburg military governor general. After the death of Alexander 1 M.A. Miloradovich began to actively support the candidacy of Konstantin Pavlovich as a contender for the Russian throne. His actions, especially the oath to Constantine, objectively played into the hands of the conspirators, and the attempt on December 14, 1825, during a speech on

Senate Square to persuade the soldiers to return to the barracks ended with a pistol shot by P.G. Kakhovsky. The mortally wounded general died at 3 a.m. on December 15 (27) and was buried in St. Petersburg on December 24.

Conclusion

The Patriotic War of 1812 was a difficult period for Russia. But neither retreat nor bloody battles broke the spirit of the Russian army. The heroic Patriotic War of 1812 brought about many similar fates. Those who went over to the side of the enemy, in difficult times for the country, of course, were treated with contempt by the Russian people, but no manifestos could prevent this. Those who surrendered to the enemy were not punished in any way, which once again speaks of the strength and greatness of the soul of the Russian people. They defeated the enemy who encroached on our Motherland.

The people who rose up to fight for the freedom of their homeland were the main heroes of the war of the twelfth year.

Bibliography

1. Efremova L.V., I.Ya. Kraivanova, O.P. Andreeva, T.D. Shuvalova, O.N. Papkov: Borodino Panorama, Moscow Worker Publishing House, 1985.

2. Zhukov E.M. Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. (Volumes used: 10, 4, 2), State scientific publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1962.

3. Levchenko Vladimir: Heroes of 1812. Collection. Young Guard, 1987.

4. Opalinskap M.A., S.N. Sinegubov, A.V. Shevtsov: History of the Russian State. Biography. XIX century, first half. Moscow, Publishing House "Book Chamber", 1997.

5. URL:http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/BAGRATION_PETR_IVANOVICH.html

6. URL: http://smol1812.a-mv.ru/index.php/geroi-vojny-1812-goda

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Alexander Osterman-Tolstoy

Among the ancestors of Alexander Ivanovich Osterman-Tolstoy there were many talented military men. Alexander himself did not disgrace the glory of his grandfathers. He served his homeland since 1788 - he was in the army of Prince Potemkin. Shortly before the start of the Patriotic War of 1812, he was seriously wounded in the leg - the bullet went right through. However, Osterman-Tolstoy, having learned about the start of a new serious campaign, did not wait for his recovery and was back in action.

Source: wikipedia.org

Osterman-Tolstoy took command of the 4th Infantry Corps in the 1st Western Army, led by. During this time, the count was shell-shocked, but even this circumstance could only put him out of action for a few days. In the battle of Kulm, Osterman-Tolstoy lost his arm. In 1814, the count became adjutant general of Alexander I. Osterman Tolstoy lived in the Russian Empire until the death of the emperor, and with his accession he moved to India.

Dmitry Neverovsky

Dmitry Petrovich Neverovsky came from a little-known noble family, which did not prevent him from climbing the career ladder to lieutenant general. Neverovsky met the War of 1812 as the chief of the Pavlovsk grenadier regiment. In the battle of Krasnoye, he met Murat’s troops and was forced to retreat, but even Murat himself later described Neverovsky as a selfless warrior.

Source: wikipedia.org

During the Battle of Borodino, Neverovsky was shell-shocked. “Such battles have hardly ever happened; the enemy himself admits to this,” Neverovsky later wrote. As a result of the battle, he was promoted to lieutenant general. Soon after this, Neverovsky took part in the battle of Tarutino, and then in. He continued to participate in the military campaign in 1813. In October, Neverovsky was mortally wounded near Leipzig and a few days after that he died in Halle, where he was buried. In 1912, the lieutenant general’s ashes were transferred to the Borodino field.

Alexander Kutaisov

Alexander Kutaisov's military career developed rapidly thanks to his father's status: Ivan Kutaisov gained favor with the emperor. By the age of 15, the young man was already a guard colonel. Kutaisov Jr. spent the years before the Patriotic War of 1812 in Europe, mastering military sciences.

I've done the work

9th grade student "A"

Kanafeev Timurlan

City of Elektrogorsk

Introduction

Heroes of the War of 1812

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

Family and clan of Kutuzov

Russo-Turkish wars

War with Napoleon 1805

During the war with Turkey in 1811

Patriotic War of 1812

Start of service

Bagration

Pedigree

Military service

Patriotic War

Personal life of Bagration

Gerasim Kurin

Nadezhda Durova

Biography

Literary activity

Conclusion

Applications on the topic

Bibliography

Introduction

I chose this topic for research because the Patriotic War of 1812, a just national liberation war of Russia against Napoleonic France that attacked it. It was a consequence of deep political and economic contradictions between bourgeois France and feudal-serf Russia.

In this war, the people of Russia and its army showed great heroism and courage and dispelled the myth of Napoleon's invincibility, freeing their Fatherland from foreign invaders.

The Patriotic War left a deep mark on the social life of Russia. Under its influence, the ideology of the Decembrists began to take shape. The striking events of the Patriotic War inspired the work of many Russian writers, artists, and composers. The events of the war are captured in numerous monuments and works of art, among which the most famous are the monuments on the Borodino Field (1) Borodino Museum, monuments in Maloyaroslavets and Tarutino, Triumphal Arches in Moscow (3) Leningrad, Kazan Cathedral in Leningrad, "War Gallery" of the Winter Palace , panorama "Battle of Borodino" in Moscow (2).

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

Family and clan of Kutuzov

The noble family of Golenishchev-Kutuzov traces its origins to a certain Gabriel, who settled in the Novgorod lands during the time of Alexander Nevsky (mid-13th century). Among his descendants in the 15th century was Fyodor, nicknamed Kutuz, whose nephew was called Vasily, nicknamed Boots. The sons of the latter began to be called Golenishchev-Kutuzov and were in the royal service. M.I. Kutuzov’s grandfather only rose to the rank of captain, his father already became a lieutenant general, and Mikhail Illarionovich earned hereditary princely dignity.

Illarion Matveevich was buried in the village of Terebeni, Opochetsky district, in a special crypt. Currently, there is a church at the burial site, in the basement of which in the 20th century. a crypt was discovered. The expedition of the TV project “Seekers” found out that Illarion Matveyevich’s body was mummified and thanks to this it was well preserved.

Kutuzov got married in the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Golenishchevo, Samoluksky volost, Loknyansky district, Pskov region. Nowadays, only ruins remain of this church.

Mikhail Illarionovich's wife, Ekaterina Ilinichna (1754-1824), was the daughter of Lieutenant General Ilya Aleksandrovich Bibikov, the son of Catherine's nobleman Bibikov. She married thirty-year-old Colonel Kutuzov in 1778 and gave birth to five daughters in a happy marriage (the only son, Nikolai, died of smallpox in infancy).

Praskovya (1777-1844) - wife of Matvey Fedorovich Tolstoy (1772-1815);

Anna (1782-1846) - wife of Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo (1779-1826);

Elizabeth (1783-1839) - in her first marriage, the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich Tizengauzen (1782-1805); in the second - Nikolai Fedorovich Khitrovo (1771-1819);

Catherine (1787-1826) - wife of Prince Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev (1786-1813); in the second - I. S. Saraginsky;

Daria (1788-1854) - wife of Fyodor Petrovich Opochinin (1779-1852).

Two of them (Liza and Katya) had their first husbands die fighting under the command of Kutuzov. Since the field marshal did not leave any descendants in the male line, the surname Golenishchev-Kutuzov was transferred to his grandson, Major General P. M. Tolstoy, the son of Praskovya, in 1859.

Kutuzov also became related to the Imperial House: his great-granddaughter Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1844-1870) became the wife of Evgeniy Maximilianovich of Leuchtenberg.

Start of service

The only son of Lieutenant General and Senator Illarion Matveyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1717-1784) and his wife, née Beklemisheva.

The generally accepted year of birth of Mikhail Kutuzov, established in literature until recent years, was considered to be 1745, indicated on his grave. However, the data contained in a number of formal lists of 1769, 1785, 1791. and private letters indicate the possibility of attributing this date to 1747. The year 1747 is indicated as the year of birth of M.I. Kutuzov in his later biographies.

From the age of seven, Mikhail studied at home; in July 1759 he was sent to the Noble Artillery and Engineering School, where his father taught artillery sciences. Already in December of the same year, Kutuzov was given the rank of 1st class conductor with an oath of office and a salary. A capable young man is recruited to train officers.

In February 1761, Mikhail graduated from school and with the rank of ensign engineer was left with it to teach students mathematics. Five months later he became the aide-de-camp of the Revel Governor-General of Holstein-Beck. Efficiently managing the office of Holstein-Beck, he managed to quickly earn the rank of captain in 1762. In the same year, he was appointed commander of a company of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment, which at that time was commanded by Colonel A.V. Suvorov.

Since 1764, he was at the disposal of the commander of the Russian troops in Poland, Lieutenant General I. I. Weimarn, and commanded small detachments operating against the Polish Confederates.

In 1767, he was brought in to work on the “Commission for the Drafting of a New Code,” an important legal and philosophical document of the 18th century that established the foundations of an “enlightened monarchy.” Apparently Mikhail Kutuzov was involved as a secretary-translator, since his certificate says “he speaks French and German and translates quite well, he understands the author’s Latin.”

In 1770 he was transferred to the 1st Army of Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev, which was located in the south, and took part in the war with Turkey that began in 1768.

Russo-Turkish wars

Of great importance in the formation of Kutuzov as a military leader was the combat experience he accumulated during the Russian-Turkish wars of the 2nd half of the 18th century under the leadership of commanders P. A. Rumyantsev and A. V. Suvorov. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-74. Kutuzov, as a combat and staff officer, took part in the battles of Ryaboya Mogila, Larga and Kagul. For his distinction in battles he was promoted to prime major. As chief quartermaster (chief of staff) of the corps, he was an active assistant to the commander and for his successes in the battle of Popesty in December 1771 he received the rank of lieutenant colonel.

In 1772, an incident occurred that, according to contemporaries, had a great influence on the character of Kutuzov. In a close circle of comrades, 25-year-old Kutuzov, who knows how to imitate everyone in his gait, pronunciation and grip, allowed himself to imitate Commander-in-Chief Rumyantsev. The field marshal found out about this, and Kutuzov received a transfer to the 2nd Crimean Army under the command of Prince Dolgoruky. As they said, from that time on he developed restraint, isolation and caution, he learned to hide his thoughts and feelings, that is, he acquired those qualities that became characteristic of his future military leadership.

According to another version, the reason for Kutuzov’s transfer to the 2nd Crimean Army was the words of Catherine II repeated by him about His Serene Highness Prince Potemkin, that the prince was brave not in his mind, but in his heart. In a conversation with his father, Kutuzov was perplexed about the reasons for the anger of his Serene Highness, to which he received an answer from his father that it was not for nothing that a person was given two ears and one mouth, so that he would listen more and talk less.

In July 1774, in a battle near the village of Shumy (now Kutuzovka) north of Alushta, Kutuzov, who commanded the battalion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced the left temple and exited near the right eye, which forever stopped seeing. The Empress awarded him the Military Order of St. George, 4th class, and sent him abroad for treatment, bearing all the costs of the trip. Kutuzov used two years of treatment to complete his military education.

Upon returning to Russia in 1776, he again entered military service. At first he formed light cavalry units, in 1777 he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the Lugansk pikeman regiment, with which he was in Azov. He was transferred to Crimea in 1783 with the rank of brigadier and appointed commander of the Mariupol Light Horse Regiment. In November 1784 he received the rank of major general after successfully suppressing the uprising in Crimea. From 1785 he was the commander of the Bug Jaeger Corps, which he himself formed. Commanding the corps and training the rangers, he developed new tactical fighting techniques for them and outlined them in special instructions. He covered the border along the Bug with the corps when the second war with Turkey broke out in 1787.

In the summer of 1788, with his corps, he took part in the siege of Ochakov, where in August 1788 he was seriously wounded in the head for the second time. This time the bullet pierced the cheek and exited at the base of the skull. Mikhail Illarionovich survived and in 1789 took over a separate corps, with which Akkerman occupied, fought near Kaushany and during the assault on Bendery.

In December 1790 he distinguished himself during the assault and capture of Izmail, where he commanded the 6th column that was going on the attack. Suvorov outlined the actions of General Kutuzov in his report:

“Showing a personal example of courage and fearlessness, he overcame all the difficulties he encountered under heavy enemy fire; jumped over the palisade, forestalled the Turks' aspirations, quickly took off onto the ramparts of the fortress, captured the bastion and many batteries... General Kutuzov walked on my left wing; but he was my right hand.”

According to legend, when Kutuzov sent a messenger to Suvorov with a report about the impossibility of holding on to the ramparts, he received an answer from Suvorov that a messenger had already been sent to St. Petersburg with news to Empress Catherine II about the capture of Izmail. After the capture of Izmail, Kutuzov was promoted to lieutenant general, awarded George 3rd degree and appointed commandant of the fortress. Having repelled the attempts of the Turks to take possession of Izmail, on June 4 (16), 1791, he defeated a 23,000-strong Turkish army at Babadag with a sudden blow. In the Battle of Machinsky in June 1791, under the command of Prince Repnin, Kutuzov dealt a crushing blow to the right flank of the Turkish troops. For the victory at Machin, Kutuzov was awarded the Order of George, 2nd degree.

In 1792, Kutuzov, commanding a corps, took part in the Russian-Polish war, and the following year he was sent as ambassador extraordinary to Turkey, where he resolved a number of important issues in favor of Russia and significantly improved relations with it. While in Constantinople, he visited the Sultan's garden, visiting which was punishable by death for men. Sultan Selim III chose not to notice the insolence of the ambassador of the powerful Catherine II.

In 1795 he was appointed commander-in-chief of all ground forces, flotillas and fortresses in Finland, and at the same time director of the Land Cadet Corps. He did a lot to improve officer training: he taught tactics, military history and other disciplines. Catherine II invited him to her company every day, and he spent the last evening with her before her death.

Unlike many other favorites of the empress, Kutuzov managed to hold out under the new Tsar Paul I. In 1798 he was promoted to infantry general. He successfully completed a diplomatic mission in Prussia: during his 2 months in Berlin he managed to win her over to the side of Russia in the fight against France. He was Lithuanian (1799-1801) and upon the accession of Alexander I was appointed military governor of St. Petersburg (1801-02).

In 1802, having fallen into disgrace with Tsar Alexander I, Kutuzov was removed from his post and lived on his estate, continuing to be listed in active military service as the chief of the Pskov Musketeer Regiment.

War with Napoleon 1805

In 1804, Russia entered into a coalition to fight Napoleon, and in 1805 the Russian government sent two armies to Austria; Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of one of them. In August 1805, a 50,000-strong Russian army under his command moved to Austria. The Austrian army, which did not have time to unite with the Russian troops, was defeated by Napoleon in October 1805 near Ulm. Kutuzov's army found itself face to face with an enemy with significant superiority in strength.

Retaining his troops, Kutuzov in October 1805 made a retreat march of 425 km from Braunau to Olmutz and, having defeated I. Murat near Amstetten and E. Mortier near Dürenstein, withdrew his troops from the looming threat of encirclement. This march went down in the history of military art as a wonderful example of strategic maneuver. From Olmutz (now Olomouc), Kutuzov proposed to withdraw the army to the Russian border so that, after the arrival of Russian reinforcements and the Austrian army from Northern Italy, go on a counter-offensive.

Contrary to the opinion of Kutuzov and at the insistence of Emperors Alexander I and Franz I of Austria, inspired by the slight numerical superiority over the French, the allied armies went on the offensive. On November 20 (December 2), 1805, the Battle of Austerlitz took place. The battle ended in the complete defeat of the Russians and Austrians. Kutuzov himself was slightly wounded by a bullet in the face, and also lost his son-in-law, Count Tizenhausen. Alexander, realizing his guilt, did not publicly blame Kutuzov and awarded him the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree, in February 1806, but never forgave him for the defeat, believing that Kutuzov deliberately framed the Tsar. In a letter to his sister dated September 18, 1812, Alexander I expressed his true attitude towards the commander: “from memory of what happened at Austerlitz because of the deceitful character of Kutuzov.”

In September 1806, Kutuzov was appointed military governor of Kyiv. In March 1808, Kutuzov was sent as a corps commander to the Moldavian Army, but due to disagreements regarding the further conduct of the war with the Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal A. A. Prozorovsky, in June 1809, Kutuzov was appointed Lithuanian military governor.

During the war with Turkey in 1811

In 1811, when the war with Turkey reached a dead end and the foreign policy situation required effective action, Alexander I appointed Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army instead of the deceased Kamensky. In early April 1811, Kutuzov arrived in Bucharest and took command of the army, weakened by the recall of divisions to defend the western border. He found less than thirty thousand troops throughout the conquered lands, with which he had to defeat one hundred thousand Turks located in the Balkan Mountains.

In the Battle of Rushchuk on June 22, 1811 (15-20 thousand Russian troops against 60 thousand Turks), he inflicted a crushing defeat on the enemy, which marked the beginning of the defeat of the Turkish army. Then Kutuzov deliberately withdrew his army to the left bank of the Danube, forcing the enemy to break away from their bases in pursuit. He blocked part of the Turkish army that crossed the Danube near Slobodzeya, and in early October he himself sent General Markov’s corps across the Danube in order to attack the Turks remaining on the southern bank. Markov attacked the enemy base, captured it and took the main camp of the Grand Vizier Ahmed Agha across the river under fire from captured Turkish cannons. Soon hunger and disease began in the surrounded camp, Ahmed Agha secretly left the army, leaving Pasha Chaban-oglu in his place. On November 23, 1811, Shepherd Oglu surrendered a 35,000-strong army with 56 guns to Kutuzov. Even before the capitulation, the tsar granted Kutuzov the dignity of count of the Russian Empire. Türkiye was forced to enter into negotiations.

Concentrating his corps to the Russian borders, Napoleon hoped that the alliance with the Sultan, which he concluded in the spring of 1812, would bind the Russian forces in the south. But on May 4 (16), 1812 in Bucharest, Kutuzov concluded a peace under which Bessarabia and part of Moldova passed to Russia (Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812). This was a major military and diplomatic victory, which shifted the strategic situation for Russia for the better at the beginning of the Patriotic War. After peace was concluded, the Danube Army was headed by Admiral Chichagov, and Kutuzov, recalled to St. Petersburg, remained out of work for some time.

Patriotic War of 1812

At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, General Kutuzov was elected in July as the head of the St. Petersburg and then the Moscow militia. At the initial stage of the Patriotic War, the 1st and 2nd Western Russian armies rolled back under the pressure of Napoleon's superior forces. The unsuccessful course of the war prompted the nobility to demand the appointment of a commander who would enjoy the trust of Russian society. Even before the Russian troops left Smolensk, Alexander I was forced to appoint infantry general Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of all Russian armies and militias. 10 days before the appointment, the tsar granted (July 29) Kutuzov the title of His Serene Highness Prince (bypassing the princely title). The appointment of Kutuzov caused a patriotic upsurge in the army and the people. Kutuzov himself, as in 1805, was not in the mood for a decisive battle against Napoleon. According to one piece of evidence, he expressed himself this way about the methods he would use against the French: “We will not defeat Napoleon. We will deceive him." On August 17 (29), Kutuzov received an army from Barclay de Tolly in the village of Tsarevo-Zaimishche, Smolensk province.

The enemy's great superiority in forces and the lack of reserves forced Kutuzov to retreat into the interior of the country, following the strategy of his predecessor Barclay de Tolly. Further withdrawal implied the surrender of Moscow without a fight, which was unacceptable from both a political and moral point of view. Having received minor reinforcements, Kutuzov decided to give Napoleon a general battle, the first and only one in the Patriotic War of 1812. The Battle of Borodino, one of the largest battles of the Napoleonic Wars era, took place on August 26 (September 7). During the day of the battle, the Russian army inflicted heavy losses on the French troops, but according to preliminary estimates, by the night of the same day it itself had lost almost half of the regular troops. The balance of power obviously did not shift in favor of Kutuzov. Kutuzov decided to withdraw from the Borodino position, and then, after a meeting in Fili (now a Moscow region), left Moscow. Nevertheless, the Russian army showed itself worthy at Borodino, for which Kutuzov was promoted to field marshal general on August 30.

After leaving Moscow, Kutuzov secretly carried out the famous Tarutino flank maneuver, leading the army to the village of Tarutino by the beginning of October. Finding himself south and west of Napoleon, Kutuzov blocked his routes to the southern regions of the country.

Having failed in his attempts to make peace with Russia, Napoleon began to withdraw from Moscow on October 7 (19). He tried to lead the army to Smolensk by the southern route through Kaluga, where there were supplies of food and fodder, but on October 12 (24) in the battle for Maloyaroslavets he was stopped by Kutuzov and retreated along the devastated Smolensk road. Russian troops launched a counteroffensive, which Kutuzov organized so that Napoleon's army was under flank attacks by regular and partisan detachments, and Kutuzov avoided a frontal battle with large masses of troops.

Thanks to Kutuzov's strategy, Napoleonic's huge army was almost completely destroyed. It should be especially noted that the victory was achieved at the cost of moderate losses in the Russian army. Kutuzov was criticized in pre-Soviet and post-Soviet times for his reluctance to act more decisively and aggressively, for his preference for certain victory at the expense of great glory. Prince Kutuzov, according to contemporaries and historians, did not share his plans with anyone; his words to the public often differed from his orders for the army, so the true motives for the actions of the famous commander give rise to different interpretations. But the final result of his activities is undeniable - the defeat of Napoleon in Russia, for which Kutuzov was awarded the Order of St. George, 1st class, becoming the first full Knight of St. George in the history of the order.

Napoleon often spoke contemptuously about the commanders opposing him, without mincing words. It is characteristic that he avoided giving public assessments of Kutuzov’s command in the Patriotic War, preferring to blame the “harsh Russian winter” for the complete destruction of his army. Napoleon's attitude towards Kutuzov can be seen in a personal letter written by Napoleon from Moscow on October 3, 1812 with the aim of starting peace negotiations:

“I am sending one of My adjutant generals to you to negotiate many important matters. I want Your Lordship to believe what he tells you, especially when he expresses to you the feelings of respect and special attention that I have had for you for a long time. Having nothing else to say with this letter, I pray to the Almighty that he will keep you, Prince Kutuzov, under his sacred and good protection.”

In January 1813, Russian troops crossed the border and reached the Oder by the end of February. By April 1813, troops reached the Elbe. On April 5, the commander-in-chief caught a cold and fell ill in the small Silesian town of Bunzlau (Prussia, now the territory of Poland). Alexander I arrived to say goodbye to the very weakened field marshal. Behind the screens near the bed on which Kutuzov was lying was the official Krupennikov who was with him. Kutuzov’s last dialogue, overheard by Krupennikov and relayed by Chamberlain Tolstoy: “Forgive me, Mikhail Illarionovich!” - “I forgive, sir, but Russia will never forgive you for this.” The next day, April 16 (28), 1813, Prince Kutuzov passed away. His body was embalmed and sent to St. Petersburg, where it was buried in the Kazan Cathedral.

They say that the people pulled a cart with the remains of the national hero. The Tsar retained Kutuzov’s wife to keep her husband’s full maintenance, and in 1814 he ordered Finance Minister Guryev to issue more than 300 thousand rubles to pay off the debts of the commander’s family.

Awards

The last lifetime portrait of M. I. Kutuzov, depicted with the St. George Ribbon of the Order of St. George, 1st class. Artist R. M. Volkov.

Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called (1800) with diamonds (12/12/1812);

M.I. Kutuzov became the first of 4 full St. George Knights in the entire history of the order.

Order of St. George 1st class. bol.kr. (12/12/1812, No. 10) - “For the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from Russia in 1812”,

Order of St. George 2nd class. (03/18/1792, No. 28) - “In honor of the diligent service, brave and courageous exploits with which he distinguished himself in the battle of Machin and the defeat of the large Turkish army by Russian troops under the command of General Prince N.V. Repnin”;

Order of St. George, 3rd class. (25.03.1791, No. 77) - “In respect for the diligent service and excellent courage rendered during the capture of the city and fortress of Izmail by attack with the extermination of the Turkish army that was there”;

Order of St. George, 4th class. (11/26/1775, No. 222) - “For the courage and bravery shown during the attack of the Turkish troops who landed on the Crimean shores near Alushta. Having been dispatched to take possession of the enemy’s retangement, to which he led his battalion with such fearlessness that a large number of the enemy fled, where he received a very dangerous wound”;

He received:

Golden sword with diamonds and laurels (10/16/1812) - for the battle of Tarutino;

Order of St. Vladimir 1st class. (1806) - for battles with the French in 1805, 2nd Art. (1787) - for the successful formation of the corps;

Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1790) - for battles with the Turks;

Holstein Order of St. Anne (1789) - for the battle with the Turks near Ochakov;

Knight Grand Cross of John of Jerusalem (1799)

Austrian Military Order of Maria Theresa 1st class. (1805);

Prussian Order of the Red Eagle, 1st class;

Prussian Order of the Black Eagle (1813);

This is what A.S. Pushkin wrote about him

In front of the saint's tomb

I stand with my head bowed...

Everything is sleeping all around; some lamps

In the darkness of the temple they gild

Pillars of granite masses

And their banners are hanging in a row.

This ruler sleeps under them,

This idol of the northern squads,

The venerable guardian of the sovereign country,

Suppressor of all her enemies,

This rest of the glorious flock

Catherine's Eagles.

Delight lives in your coffin!

He gives us a Russian voice;

He keeps telling us about that time,

When the voice of the people's faith

Called to your holy gray hair:

“Go and save!” You stood up and saved...

Listen today to our faithful voice,

Rise up and save the king and us,

O terrible old man! For a moment

Appear at the door of the grave,

Appear, breathe in delight and zeal

To the shelves left by you!

Appear to your hand

Show us the leaders in the crowd,

Who is your heir, your chosen one!

But the temple is immersed in silence,

And the silence of your grave

Undisturbed, eternal sleep...

Biryukov

Major General Sergei Ivanovich Biryukov 1st was born on April 2, 1785. He came from an ancient Russian noble family in the Smolensk region, the ancestor of which was Grigory Porfirievich Biryukov, who established the estate in 1683. The Biryukov family tree dates back to the 15th century. The Biryukov family is recorded in Part VI of the Noble Family Book of the Smolensk and Kostroma provinces.

Sergei Ivanovich Biryukov was a hereditary military man. His father, Ivan Ivanovich, married to Tatyana Semyonovna Shevskaya, was a captain; grandfather - Ivan Mikhailovich, married to Fedosya Grigorievna Glinskaya, served as a second lieutenant. Sergei Ivanovich entered the service in the Uglitsky Musketeer Regiment at the age of 15 in 1800 as a non-commissioned officer.

With this regiment he was in campaigns and battles in Prussia and Austria in 1805–1807 against the French. He took part in the battles of Preussisch-Eylau, Gutstatt, Helsburg, Friedland with the rank of lieutenant. For his courage and distinction, in 1807 he was awarded the Officer's Gold Cross for participation in the Battle of Preussisch-Eylau, the Order of St. Vladimir, IV degree with a bow, and the Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree.

From the Uglitsky Musketeer Regiment he was transferred to the Odessa Infantry Regiment with the rank of captain, and on May 13, 1812 he was promoted to major. The Odessa Infantry Regiment was part of the 27th Infantry Division under Lieutenant General D.P. Neverovsky as part of the 2nd Western Army of P.I. Bagration. In 1812 S.I. Biryukov took part in the battles near Krasnoye and Smolensk; on the eve of the Battle of Borodino he defended the Kolotsky Monastery and the advanced fortification of the Russian troops - the Shevardinsky redoubt. The last battalion to leave the Shevardinsky redoubt was the Odessa Infantry Regiment. On August 26, 1812, Major S.I. Biryukov. participated in the general battle against French troops near the village of Borodino, fought for the Semyonovsky (Bagrationov) flushes, towards which the tip of Napoleon’s attack was directed. The battle lasted from 6 o'clock in the morning until three o'clock in the afternoon. The Odessa infantry regiment lost 2/3 of its personnel killed and wounded. Here Sergei Ivanovich once again showed heroism and was wounded twice.

Here is the entry in his form list: “As a reward for zealous service and distinction in the battle against French troops near the village of Borodino on August 26, 1812, where he courageously attacked the enemy, who was strongly striving for the left flank, and overthrew him, setting an example of courage to his subordinates, and he was wounded by bullets: the first shot right through the right side and into the right shoulder blade, and the second shot right through into the right arm below the shoulder, and the last one broke the dry veins, which is why he can’t use his arm freely at the elbow and hand.”

For this battle S.I. Biryukov received the high Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree. He was also awarded a silver medal and a bronze medal “In memory of the Patriotic War of 1812.”

The wounds received by Sergei Ivanovich in the Battle of Borodino forced him to undergo treatment for two years, and on January 2, 1814, at the age of 29, he was dismissed from service “with a uniform and a pension of full pay with the rank of lieutenant colonel.” Then, for many years, he worked in various departments, but the dream of returning to the army did not leave him. His past life, natural will and determination take over, and he seeks the return of the epaulet of a combat lieutenant colonel to him.

In 1834, by the Highest Order, he received the position of caretaker of the buildings of the Government Senate in St. Petersburg. On August 7, 1835, Sergei Ivanovich, who in 1812 received the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree, for military merits, but without decorations, this time, in recognition of his diligent service, received the same badge with the imperial crown.

In 1838 he was promoted to colonel, and in 1842, on December 3, he was awarded a Knight of the Order of St. George, 4th class, for 25 years of impeccable service in officer ranks. To this day, in the St. George Hall of the Moscow Kremlin, on the wall there is a marble plaque with the name S.I. Biryukov - Knight of St. George. In 1844, His Imperial Majesty awarded him a diamond ring, which indicated the personal respect of Nicholas I.

Time passed, years and wounds made themselves felt. Sergei Ivanovich writes a petition for dismissal from service, to which the Highest ordered: “Colonel Biryukov is to be dismissed from service due to illness, with the rank of major general, uniform and full pension of 571 rubles. 80 k. silver per year, February 11, 1845." Sergei Ivanovich served in the army for more than 35 years.

His brother, Lieutenant Biryukov 4th, served in the Odessa Infantry Regiment with Sergei Ivanovich. In the newly recreated Cathedral of Christ the Savior - a monument to the wars of 1812, there is a marble plaque on the 20th wall “The Battle of Maloyaroslavets, the Luzha River and Nemtsov on October 12, 1812”, where the surname of Lieutenant Biryukov of the Odessa Regiment, who was wounded in this war, is written in gold letters. battle.

Sergei Ivanovich was a deeply religious man - his patron saint was Sergius of Radonezh. The field icon of Sergius of Radonezh was always with him in all campaigns and battles. Having acquired the village in 1835 from the princes of Vyazemsky. Ivanovskoye, Kostroma province, he added warm winter chapels to the stone Church of the Presentation, one of which was dedicated to Sergius of Radonezh.

S.I. died Biryukov 1st at the age of 69.

Sergei Ivanovich was married to Alexandra Alekseevna (nee Rozhnova). Had 10 children. Three of them graduated from the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps, served in the army, and took part in wars. All rose to the rank of general: Ivan Sergeevich (b. 1822) - major general, Pavel Sergeevich (b. 1825) - lieutenant general, Nikolai Sergeevich (b. 1826) - infantry general (my direct great-grandfather).

Bagration

Pedigree

The Bagration family originates from Adarnase Bagration, in 742-780 eristav (ruler) of the oldest province of Georgia - Tao Klarjeti, now part of Turkey, whose son Ashot Kuropalat (died in 826) became the king of Georgia. Later, the Georgian royal house was divided into three branches, and one of the lines of the eldest branch (princes Bagration) was included in the number of Russian-princely families, when Emperor Alexander I approved the seventh part of the “General Armorial” on October 4, 1803.

Tsarevich Alexander (Isaac-beg) Jessevich, the illegitimate son of the Kartalian king Jesse, left for Russia in 1759 due to disagreements with the ruling Georgian family and served as a lieutenant colonel in the Caucasian division. His son Ivan Bagration (1730-1795) moved after him. He joined the commandant's team at the Kizlyar fortress. Despite the statements of many authors, he was never a colonel in the Russian army, did not know the Russian language, and retired with the rank of second major.

Although most authors claim that Peter Bagration was born in Kizlyar in 1765, archival materials show otherwise. According to the petitions of Ivan Alexandrovich, the parents of the future general Bagration moved from the principality of Iveria (Georgia) to Kizlyar only in December 1766 (long before Georgia joined the Russian Empire). Consequently, Peter was born in July 1765 in Georgia, most likely in the capital, the city of Tiflis. Pyotr Bagration spent his childhood years in his parents' house in Kizlyar.

Military service

Pyotr Bagration began his military service on February 21 (March 4), 1782, as a private in the Astrakhan infantry regiment, stationed in the vicinity of Kizlyar. He acquired his first combat experience in 1783 during a military expedition to the territory of Chechnya. In an unsuccessful foray of a Russian detachment under the command of Pieri against the rebel highlanders of Sheikh Mansur in 1785, Colonel Pieri's adjutant, non-commissioned officer Bagration, was captured near the village of Aldy, but then ransomed by the tsarist government.

In June 1787 he was awarded the rank of ensign of the Astrakhan regiment, which was transformed into the Caucasian Musketeer Regiment.

Bagration served in the Caucasian Musketeer Regiment until June 1792, successively passing through all levels of military service from sergeant to captain, to which he was promoted in May 1790. From 1792 he served in the Kiev Horse-Jager and Sofia Carabinery Regiments. Pyotr Ivanovich was not rich, had no patronage, and by the age of 30, when other princes became generals, he barely rose to the rank of major. Participated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-92 and the Polish Campaign of 1793-94. He distinguished himself on December 17, 1788 during the storming of Ochakov.

In 1797 - commander of the 6th Jaeger Regiment, and the following year he was promoted to colonel.

In February 1799 he received the rank of major general.

In the Italian and Swiss campaigns of A.V. Suvorov in 1799, General Bagration commanded the vanguard of the allied army, especially distinguished himself in the battles on the Adda and Trebbia rivers, at Novi and Saint Gotthard. This campaign glorified Bagration as an excellent general, whose characteristic was complete composure in the most difficult situations.

Active participant in the war against Napoleon in 1805-1807. In the campaign of 1805, when Kutuzov's army made a strategic march from Braunau to Olmutz, Bagration led its rearguard. His troops conducted a number of successful battles, ensuring the systematic retreat of the main forces. They became especially famous in the battle of Shengraben. In the Battle of Austerlitz, Bagration commanded the troops of the right wing of the allied army, which staunchly repelled the onslaught of the French, and then formed a rearguard and covered the retreat of the main forces.

In November 1805 he received the rank of lieutenant general.

In the campaigns of 1806-07, Bagration, commanding the rearguard of the Russian army, distinguished himself in the battles of Preussisch-Eylau and Friedland in Prussia. Napoleon formed an opinion about Bagration as the best general in the Russian army.

In the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-09 he commanded a division, then a corps. He led the Åland expedition of 1809, during which his troops, having crossed the ice of the Gulf of Bothnia, occupied the Åland Islands and reached the shores of Sweden.

In the spring of 1809 he was promoted to general of the infantry.

During the Russian-Turkish War of 1806-12, he was commander-in-chief of the Moldavian Army (July 1809 - March 1810), and led the fighting on the left bank of the Danube. Bagration's troops captured the fortresses of Machin, Girsovo, Kyustendzha, defeated a 12,000-strong corps of selected Turkish troops at Rassavet, and inflicted a major defeat on the enemy near Tataritsa.

Since August 1811, Bagration has been the commander-in-chief of the Podolsk Army, renamed in March 1812 into the 2nd Western Army. Anticipating the possibility of Napoleon's invasion of Russia, he put forward a plan that provided for advance preparation to repel aggression.

Patriotic War of 1812

At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, the 2nd Western Army was located near Grodno and found itself cut off from the main 1st Army by the advancing French corps. Bagration had to retreat with rearguard battles to Bobruisk and Mogilev, where, after the battle near Saltanovka, he crossed the Dnieper and on August 3 united with the 1st Western Army of Barclay de Tolly near Smolensk. Bagration advocated involving broad sections of the people in the fight against the French and was one of the initiators of the partisan movement.

Under Borodin, Bagration's army, forming the left wing of the battle formation of the Russian troops, repelled all attacks of Napoleon's army. According to the tradition of that time, decisive battles were always prepared as if for a show - people dressed in clean linen, shaved carefully, put on ceremonial uniforms, orders, white gloves, sultans on shakos, etc. Exactly as shown in the portrait - with a blue St. Andrew's ribbon, with three stars of the orders of Andrei, George and Vladimir and many order crosses - were seen by Bagration's regiments in the Battle of Borodino, the last in his glorious military life. A cannonball fragment crushed the general's tibia in his left leg. The prince refused the amputation proposed by the doctors. The next day, Bagration mentioned the injury in his report to Tsar Alexander I:

“I was rather slightly wounded in the left leg by a bullet that shattered the bone; but I don’t regret this in the slightest, being always ready to sacrifice the last drop of my blood for the defense of the fatherland and the august throne...”

The commander was transported to the estate of his friend, Prince B. A. Golitsyn (his wife was Bagration’s fourth cousin), to the village of Sima, Vladimir province.

On September 24, 1812, Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration died of gangrene, 17 days after being wounded. According to the surviving inscription on the grave in the village of Sima, he died on September 23. In 1839, on the initiative of the partisan poet D.V. Davydov, the ashes of Prince Bagration were transferred to the Borodino field.

Personal life of Bagration

After the Swiss campaign with Suvorov, Prince Bagration gained popularity in high society. In 1800, Emperor Paul I arranged the wedding of Bagration with his 18-year-old maid of honor, Countess Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. The wedding took place on September 2, 1800 in the church of the Gatchina Palace. Here is what General Langeron wrote about this alliance:

“Bagration married the grandniece of the prince. Potemkin... This rich and brilliant couple did not approach him. Bagration was only a soldier, had the same tone, manners and was terribly ugly. His wife was as white as he was black; she was as beautiful as an angel, she sparkled with intelligence, the liveliest of the beauties of St. Petersburg, she was not satisfied with such a husband for long...”

In 1805, the frivolous beauty left for Europe and did not live with her husband. Bagration called the princess to return, but she remained abroad under the pretext of treatment. In Europe, Princess Bagration enjoyed great success, gained fame in court circles in different countries, and gave birth to a daughter (it is believed that she was the father of the Austrian Chancellor, Prince Metternich). After the death of Pyotr Ivanovich, the princess briefly married an Englishman again, and then returned to her surname Bagration. She never returned to Russia. Prince Bagration, nevertheless, loved his wife; shortly before his death, he ordered two portraits from the artist Volkov - his and his wife's.

Bagration had no children.

Davydov

Davydov, Denis Vasilievich - famous partisan, poet, military historian and theorist. Born into an old noble family, in Moscow, July 16, 1784; Having been educated at home, he entered the cavalry regiment, but was soon transferred to the army for satirical poetry, to the Belarusian Hussar Regiment (1804), from there he transferred to the Hussar Life Guards (1806) and participated in campaigns against Napoleon (1807), the Swedish (1808) ), Turkish (1809). He achieved wide popularity in 1812 as the head of a partisan detachment, organized on his own initiative. At first, the higher authorities reacted to Davydov’s idea with some skepticism, but the partisan actions turned out to be very useful and brought a lot of harm to the French. Davydov had imitators - Figner, Seslavin and others. On the great Smolensk road, Davydov more than once managed to recapture military supplies and food from the enemy, intercept correspondence, thereby instilling fear in the French and raising the spirit of the Russian troops and society. Davydov used his experience for the wonderful book “The Experience of the Theory of Guerrilla Action.” In 1814, Davydov was promoted to general; was chief of staff of the 7th and 8th army corps (1818 - 1819); In 1823 he retired, in 1826 he returned to service, participated in the Persian campaign (1826 - 1827) and in the suppression of the Polish uprising (1831). In 1832, he finally left service with the rank of lieutenant general and settled on his Simbirsk estate, where he died on April 22, 1839. - The most lasting mark left by Davydov in literature is his lyrics. Pushkin highly valued his originality, his unique manner of “twisting verse.” A.V. Druzhinin saw in him a writer “truly original, precious for understanding the era that gave birth to him.” Davydov himself speaks about himself in his autobiography: “He never belonged to any literary guild; he was a poet not by rhymes and footsteps, but by feeling; as for his exercise in poetry, this exercise, or, better to say, the impulses of it they consoled him like a bottle of champagne "... "I am not a poet, but a partisan, a Cossack, I sometimes visited Pinda, but in a hurry, and carefree, somehow, I set up my independent bivouac in front of the Kastal current." This self-assessment is consistent with the assessment given to Davydov by Belinsky: “He was a poet at heart, for him life was poetry, and poetry was life, and he poeticized everything he touched... His wild revelry turns into a daring but noble prank ; rudeness - into the frankness of a warrior; the desperate courage of another expression, which is no less than the reader himself is surprised to see himself in print, although sometimes hidden under dots, becomes an energetic outburst of a powerful feeling. .. Passionate by nature, he sometimes rose to the purest ideality in his poetic visions... Of particular value should be those poems by Davydov, the subject of which is love, and in which his personality is so chivalrous... As a poet, Davydov decisively belongs to the most bright luminaries of the second magnitude in the firmament of Russian poetry... As a prose writer, Davydov has every right to stand alongside the best prose writers of Russian literature. epigrams and the famous "Modern Song", with the proverbial caustic remarks about the Russian Mirabeau and Lafayette.

Gerasim Kurin

Gerasim Matveevich Kurin (1777 - June 2, 1850) - leader of a peasant partisan detachment that operated during the Patriotic War of 1812 in the Vokhonsky volost (the area of the present city of Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow region).

Thanks to the historian Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, wide public attention was attracted to Kurin’s detachment. He was awarded the St. George Cross, first class.

A street in Moscow was named after Gerasim Kurin in 1962.

Monument to the famous partisan of 1812 Gerasim Kurin. It is located behind Vokhna, opposite the bell tower of the Resurrection Cathedral. Here, under his leadership, the largest partisan formation in Russia was created. Untrained, almost unarmed peasants were able not only to resist the selected dragoons of Marshal Ney, but also to become winners in this confrontation... Near the village of Bolshoy Dvor, one of the French detachments clashed with local residents. In a short skirmish that ended with the flight of the confused enemy, the peasants acquired not only captured weapons, but also confidence in their abilities. Peasant partisans fought continuously for seven days. But there were losses, there were victories. Kurin's detachment, which initially consisted of two hundred people, after 5-6 days numbered almost 5-6 thousand, of which almost 500 were mounted and all were local. The short guerrilla war, just a week, brought significant damage. The partisans managed to block the path to Vladimir, and it is still unknown where Marshal Ney’s military career would have ended if he had not missed the Kuro partisans, who entered Bogorodsk immediately after the French retreat, in just a few hours. This event took place on October 1 (14), on the Intercession of the Virgin Mary.

Gerasim Kurin was a man of personal charm and quick intelligence, an outstanding commander of the peasant uprising. And - most importantly - for some reason everyone obeyed him, although he was practically a serf. (Although this is strange, because in the village of Pavlovskoye, it seems, there were no serfs).

Nadezhda Durova

Biography

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova (also known as Aleksandr Andreevich Aleksandrov; September 17, 1783 - March 21 (April 2), 1866) - the first female officer in the Russian army (known as a cavalry maiden) and writer. Nadezhda Durova served as the prototype for Shurochka Azarova, the heroine of Alexander Gladkov’s play “A Long Time Ago” and Eldar Ryazanov’s film “The Hussar Ballad.”

Born on September 17, 1783 (and not in 1789 or 1790, which is usually indicated by her biographers, based on her “Notes”) from the marriage of the hussar captain Durov with the daughter of the Little Russian landowner Alexandrovich, who married him against the will of her parents. The Durovs from the first days had to lead a wandering regimental life. The mother, who passionately wanted to have a son, hated her daughter, and the latter’s upbringing was almost entirely entrusted to Hussar Astakhov. “The saddle,” says Durova, “was my first cradle; horse, weapons and regimental music were the first children's toys and amusements.” In such an environment, the child grew up to the age of 5 and acquired the habits and inclinations of a playful boy. In 1789, his father entered the city of Sarapul, Vyatka province, as a mayor. Her mother began to teach her to do needlework and housekeeping, but her daughter did not like either one or the other, and she secretly continued to do “military things.” When she grew up, her father gave her a Circassian horse, Alcis, riding which soon became her favorite pastime.

At the age of eighteen she was married off, and a year later her son was born (this is not mentioned in Durova’s “Notes”). Thus, by the time of her military service, she was not a “maid,” but a wife and mother. The silence about this is probably due to the desire to stylize oneself as a mythologized image of a warrior maiden (such as Pallas Athena or Joan of Arc).

She became close to the captain of the Cossack detachment stationed in Sarapul; Family troubles arose, and she decided to fulfill her long-standing dream - to enter military service.

Taking advantage of the departure of the detachment on a campaign in 1806, she changed into a Cossack dress and rode on her Alkida behind the detachment. Having caught up with him, she identified herself as Alexander Durov, the son of a landowner, received permission to follow the Cossacks and in Grodno entered the Horse-Polish Uhlan Regiment.

She took part in the battles of Gutshadt, Heilsberg, Friedland, and showed courage everywhere. For saving a wounded officer in the midst of a battle, she was awarded the soldier's St. George's Cross and promoted to officer with transfer to the Mariupol Hussar Regiment.

At the request of her father, to whom Durova wrote about her fate, an investigation was carried out, in connection with which Alexander I wished to see Sokolov. The Emperor, struck by the woman’s selfless desire to serve her homeland in the military field, allowed her to remain in the army with the rank of cornet of the hussar regiment under the name Alexandrov Alexander Andreevich derived from his own, and also contact him with requests.

Soon after this, Durova went to Sarapul to visit her father, lived there for more than two years, and at the beginning of 1811 she again reported to the regiment (Lithuanian Uhlans).

During the Patriotic War, she took part in the battles of Smolensk, the Kolotsky Monastery, and Borodino, where she was shell-shocked in the leg by a cannonball, and went to Sarapul for treatment. Later she was promoted to the rank of lieutenant and served as an orderly under Kutuzov.

In May 1813, she again appeared in the active army and took part in the war for the liberation of Germany, distinguishing herself during the blockade of the Modlin fortress and the cities of Hamburg and Harburg.

Only in 1816, yielding to her father’s requests, she retired with the rank of headquarters captain and a pension and lived either in Sarapul or in Yelabuga. She always wore a man's suit, got angry when people addressed her as a woman, and was generally distinguished by great oddities, among other things - an extraordinary love for animals.

Literary activity

Her memoirs were published in Sovremennik, 1836, No. 2 (later included in her Notes). Pushkin became deeply interested in Durova’s personality, wrote laudatory, enthusiastic reviews about her on the pages of his magazine and encouraged her to become a writer. In the same year (1836) they appeared in 2 parts of “Notes” under the title “Cavalryman-Maiden”. An addition to them (“Notes”) was published in 1839. They were a great success, prompting Durova to write stories and novels. Since 1840, she began to publish her works in Sovremennik, Library for Reading, Otechestvennye Zapiski and other magazines; then they appeared separately (“Gudishki”, “Tales and Stories”, “Angle”, “Treasure”). In 1840, a collection of works was published in four volumes.

One of the main themes of her works is the emancipation of women, overcoming the difference between the social status of women and men. All of them were read at one time, even aroused praise from critics, but they have no literary significance and attract attention only with their simple and expressive language.

Durova spent the rest of her life in a small house in the city of Elabuga, surrounded only by her numerous dogs and cats she had once picked up. Nadezhda Andreevna died on March 21 (April 2), 1866 in Yelabuga, Vyatka province, at the age of 83. At burial she was given military honors.

Conclusion

The events of 1812 have a special place in our history. More than once the Russian people rose up to defend their land from invaders. But never before has the threat of enslavement given rise to such a rallying of forces, such a spiritual awakening of the nation, as happened during the days of Napoleon’s invasion.

The Patriotic War of 1812 is one of the most heroic pages in the history of our Motherland. Therefore, the thunderstorm of 1812 again and again attracts attention.

Yes, there were people in our time

Not like the current tribe:

The heroes are not you!

They got a bad lot:

Not many returned from the field...

If it weren't God's will,

They wouldn't give up Moscow!

M.Yu.Lermontov

The heroes of this war will remain in our memory for many centuries, if not for their courage and dedication, who knows what our Fatherland would have been like. Every person who lived at that time is a hero in his own way. Including women, old people: in general, everyone who fought for the freedom and independence of the Russian Empire.

Bibliography

1. Babkin V.I. People’s militia in the Patriotic War of 1812. M., Sotsekgiz, 1962.

2. Beskrovny L.G. Partisans in the Patriotic War of 1812 - questions of history, 1972, No. 1,2.

3. Beskrovny L.G. Reader on Russian military history. M., 1947. S. 344-358.

4. Borodino. Documents, letters, memories. M., Soviet Russia, 1962.

5. Borodino, 1812. B. S. Abalikhin, L. P. Bogdanov, V. P. Buchneva and others. P. A. Zhilin (responsible editor) - M., Mysl, 1987.

6. V.O. Punsky, A.Ya. Yudovskaya “New History” Moscow “Enlightenment” 1994

7. Heroes of 1812 / comp. V. Levchenko. – M.: Mol. Guard, 1987

8. Children's encyclopedia Moscow “Enlightenment” 1967

9. E. V. Tarle. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov - Commander and diplomat

10. Sat. “Journals of the Committee of Ministers (1810-1812)”, vol. 2, St. Petersburg, 1891.

12. Kharkevich V. “1812 in diaries, notes and memoirs of contemporaries.”

13. Orlik O. V. “The Thunderstorm of the Twelfth Year...”. - M. Education, 1987.

14. "Patriotic War of 1812" Materials of the VUA, vol. 16,., 1911.

15. “Collection of materials”, ed. Dubrovina, vol. 1, 1876.

The war with Napoleon became a nationwide war for Russia - ordinary people helped stop the army of the “little general” of the army. The confrontation with the French gave birth to many heroes, whose names are still known today.

Petr Ivanovich Bagration

This Russian commander of Georgian origin was the author of one of the defense plans against Napoleonic troops. However, the emperor did not accept him, which almost became the reason for the defeat of the Russian army. She was saved from this by the same Bagration and Barclay de Tolly, who united the two fronts into one.

Rice. 1. Bagration.

Pyotr Ivanovich supported Kutuzov’s plan for a general battle on the Borodino field and was mortally wounded in this battle. The commander was taken to his estate, where he died.

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly

This Russian commander was Scottish by origin. He also took the initiative to repel the French attack, even before open war began. On his initiative, many fortresses were built, but the emperor did not accept the most important one - on distributing instructions to the military commander in case of an attack.

When Napoleon invaded Russia, de Tolly commanded the Western army and, uniting with Bagration, did not allow the French to completely defeat the army. However, he was soon removed from the post of commander - he was replaced by Kutuzov.

After the Battle of Borodino, he received the Order of St. George, and after the death of Kutuzov, he completed his work of defeating the French army - it was under his command that the Russian army entered Paris. Emperor Alexander rewarded him with a princely title.

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Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov

In 1812, when the Patriotic War began, he was in tense relations with the emperor, who decided not to trust him with overall command. Instead, Kutuzov was appointed responsible for the people's militia in St. Petersburg, for which he became famous, because it was the actions of the partisans that significantly undermined not only the strength, but also the morale of the French.

It was he who made the decision to give the enemy a battle on the Borodino field and then another, much more difficult one - to leave Moscow. It caused a lot of criticism, but ultimately broke Napoleon and caused unrest in his army. He died in 1813, before the complete defeat of Napoleonic army, but even then it was clear that this would not have long to wait. Kutuzov was buried in St. Petersburg.

Rice. 2. Kutuzov.

There were other heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, known not only for their exploits, but also distinguished themselves in other ways.

Denis Davydov

It was he who proposed to Bagration the idea of forming partisan detachments and took upon himself the implementation of this initiative. On September 1, 1812, their first raid took place, and on November 4 they captured several French generals. For his exploits he received the Order of St. George, and after retiring he began writing poetry.

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

The only female soldier in the Russian army, by the time the war began she had already served for six years, since 1806. Durova met 1812 with the rank of second lieutenant of the Uhlan regiment and participated in many iconic battles of the Patriotic War, including Borodino, where she was wounded but survived. In September 1812, she became an orderly at Kutuzov's headquarters. In 1816, she retired and wrote memoirs about her service, especially the events of the War of 1812.

Publications in the Museums section

Generals of 1812 and their lovely wives

On the anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, we remember the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, look at their portraits from the Military Gallery of the Hermitage, and also study what beautiful ladies were their life partners. Sofya Bagdasarova reports.

Kutuzovs

Unknown artist. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov in his youth. 1777

George Dow. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov.1829. State Hermitage Museum

Unknown artist. Ekaterina Ilyinichna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova. 1777. State Historical Museum

The great commander Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov is depicted at full height in the portrait by Doe from the Military Gallery. There are few such large canvases in the hall - Emperor Alexander I, his brother Constantine, the Austrian Emperor and the Prussian King were awarded a similar honor, and only Barclay de Tolly and the British Lord Wellington were among the generals.

Kutuzov's wife's name was Ekaterina Ilyinichna, nee Bibikova. In the paired portraits commissioned in 1777 in honor of the wedding, Kutuzov is difficult to recognize - he is young, he has both eyes. The bride is powdered and rouged in the fashion of the 18th century. In their family life, the couple adhered to the mores of the same frivolous century: Kutuzov carried women of dubious behavior in his wagon train, his wife had fun in the capital. This did not stop them from loving each other and their five daughters dearly.

Bagrationi

George Dow (workshop). Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage Museum

Jean Guerin. Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration was wounded in the Battle of Borodino. 1816

Jean-Baptiste Isabey. Ekaterina Pavlovna Bagration. 1810s. Army Museum, Paris

The famous military leader Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration was seriously wounded on the Borodino field: a cannonball crushed his leg. They carried him out of the battle in their arms, but the doctors did not help - he died 17 days later. When in 1819 the English painter George Dow began a huge commission - the creation of the Military Gallery, he had to recreate the appearance of the fallen heroes, including Bagration, based on the works of other masters. In this case, engravings and pencil portraits were useful to him.

Bagration was unhappy in his family life. Emperor Paul, wishing only good things for him, in 1800 married him to the beautiful, heiress of Potemkin millions, Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. The frivolous blonde left her husband and went to Europe, where she walked in translucent muslin, indecently fitting her figure, spent huge sums and shone in the world. Among her lovers was the Austrian Chancellor Metternich, to whom she gave birth to a daughter. The death of her husband did not affect her lifestyle.

Raevsky

George Dow. Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage Museum

Nikolai Samokish-Sudkovsky. The feat of Raevsky's soldiers near Saltanovka. 1912

Vladimir Borovikovsky. Sofya Alekseevna Raevskaya. 1813. State Museum of A.S. Pushkin

Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky, who raised a regiment on the offensive near the village of Saltanovka (according to legend, his two sons, 17 and 11 years old, went into battle next to him), survived the battle. Dow most likely painted it from life. In general, there are more than 300 portraits in the Military Gallery, and although the English artist “signed” them all, the main array depicting ordinary generals was created by his Russian assistants - Alexander Polyakov and Wilhelm Golike. However, Dow still portrayed the most important generals himself.

Raevsky had a large, loving family (Pushkin long recalled his trip to Crimea with them). He was married to Sofya Alekseevna Konstantinova, the granddaughter of Lomonosov, and together with his adored wife they experienced many misfortunes, including disgrace and an investigation into the Decembrist uprising. Then Raevsky himself and both of his sons came under suspicion, but later their name was cleared. His daughter Maria Volkonskaya followed her husband into exile. It’s surprising: all the Raevsky children inherited their great-grandfather’s huge Lomonosov forehead - however, the girls preferred to hide it behind their curls.

Tuchkovs

George Dow (workshop). Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov. 1st half of the 19th century. State Hermitage Museum

Nikolay Matveev. The widow of General Tuchkov on the Borodino field. State Tretyakov Gallery

Unknown artist. Margarita Tuchkova. 1st half of the 19th century. GMZ "Borodino Field"

Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov is one of those who inspired Tsvetaeva’s poems, which later turned into Nastenka’s beautiful romance in the film “Say a word for the poor hussar.” He died in the Battle of Borodino, and his body was never found. Dow, creating his posthumous portrait, copied a very successful image by Alexander Warnek.

The picture shows how handsome Tuchkov was. His wife Margarita Mikhailovna, nee Naryshkina, adored her husband. When she received the news of her husband's death, she went to the battlefield - the approximate place of death was known. Margarita searched for Tuchkov for a long time among the mountains of dead bodies, but the search was fruitless. For a long time after this terrible search, she was not herself, her family feared for her mind. Later, she erected a church on the indicated site, then a convent, of which she became the first abbess, having taken monastic vows after a new tragedy - the sudden death of her teenage son.

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