Civil war and military intervention 1917 1922. Civil war and foreign intervention. The politics of war communism. List of used literature

The October Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent political and economic measures of the Soviet government and the Bolshevik leadership led the country to a deep internal split and intensified the struggle of various social and political forces. The period from the spring of 1918 to 1920 was called the Civil War.

Civil war is a state of society split in social-class, national-religious, ideological-political, moral-ethical and other respects, when violence (including armed violence) is the main means of resolving contradictions (not only in the struggle for power, but also simply for preservation of life).

1. The question of the chronological framework and periodization of the Civil War in Russian historiography is still ambiguous. Here are some of them:

I. V.I. Lenin defined four periods of the Civil War (from October 1917 - 1922)

1. Purely political since October 1917. Until January 5, 1918 (before the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly).

2. Peace of Brest-Litovsk.

3. Civil war from 1918 to 1920

4. Forced cessation of intervention and blockade by the Entente. 1922.

II. A number of historians share the Civil War of 1918 - 1920. for three periods:

The first – summer 1918 – March 1919. - the beginning of an armed uprising by the forces of external and internal counter-revolution and the large-scale intervention of the Entente.

III. Modern historian L.M. Spirin notes that Russia, since the overthrow of the autocracy, has experienced two Civil Wars:

2. October 1917 – 1922 At the same time, the period from the summer of 1918 to the end of 1920 is singled out as the most acute. Then from 1921 – the period of highest opposition.

IV. Modern historian P.V. Vlobuev believes: “It must be taken into account that it was not immediately after the revolution that the struggle began to be waged towards the mutual destruction of opposing forces. Period from October 1917 Until May 1918 - stage of the soft Civil War. There have already been cases of terror, but the mass of the people have not yet joined the fight. From the end of 1918 - 1919 The civil war has reached the peak of bitterness.”

V. Modern historian Yu. A. Polyakov gives his periodization of the Civil War of 1917 - 1922.

February – March 1917 The violent overthrow of the autocracy and the open split of society along social lines.

March – October 1917 Strengthening social and political confrontation in society. The failure of Russian democrats in trying to establish peace in the country.

October 1917 – March 1918 The violent overthrow of the Provisional Government and a new split in society.

March – June 1918 Terror, local military actions, the formation of the Red and White armies.

Summer 1918 – end of 1920 Massive battles between regular troops, foreign intervention.

1921 – 1922 The end of the Civil War, military operations on the outskirts of the country.

VI. Modern American historian V.N. Brovkin offers the following periodization:

1918 Collapse of the empire. The struggle of the Bolsheviks and socialists (Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries). The beginning of the intervention, the peasants protesting against the poor.

1919 Year of the Whites. The offensive of the army of Denikin, Kolchak and others. The peasantry again swung towards the Bolsheviks due to the threat of the “whites” to confiscate land in favor of the landowners.

1920 – 1921 Years of "red" and "green". Bolshevik victory in the Civil War. Under pressure from the “greens” - the abolition of surplus appropriation and the introduction of free trade.

Each of these periodizations can take place in Russian history in its own way, depending on what point of view you look at the Civil War from. There are many differences, but there are also common points - this is that all historians lean towards the period of the beginning and end of the Civil War from 1918 to 1920, the peak of the highest confrontation of forces in the country.

2. Like any historical phenomenon or event, the Civil War has its own signs and causes.

Signs:

1. Confrontation between classes and social groups;

2. acute class clashes;

3. resolution of contradictions with the help of armed forces;

4. terror towards political opponents;

5. lack of clear time and spatial boundaries.

It is not easy to find the answer to the questions: who is to blame for the Civil War, and what are its causes?

In modern historical science there are different opinions on this matter. Let us dwell on the most general interpretation of the causes of the Civil War.

1. Inconsistency between the goals of transforming society and the methods for achieving them;

2. Nationalization of industry, liquidation of commodity-money relations;

3. Confiscation of landowners' lands;

4. Creation of a one-party political system, establishment of the Bolshevik dictatorship.

At the same time, a feature of the Civil War in Russia is the presence of foreign intervention - the violent intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of another state, a violation of its sovereignty. In Russia there is an “overlay” of the Civil War and the intervention of the Entente countries and the countries of the Triple Alliance.

Reasons and goals of the intervention:

1. The fight against Bolshevism;

2. The desire to return your property in Russia and restore payments on loans - securities;

3. The Entente countries feared the pro-German orientation of the Bolsheviks and supported those who were capable of renewing the war with Germany;

4. They wanted to divide Russia into spheres of influence.

The intervention of the Entente and Triple Alliance countries began in March 1918 with the invasion of the Anglo-Franco-American landing force in Arkhangelsk and Murmansk. The Allies landed under the pretext of protecting their warehouses. The Japanese landed in the Far East in April. In July - August 1918, the British landed in Central Asia and Transcaucasia. At the same time, Germany, violating the terms of the Brest Peace Treaty, occupied Crimea and Donbass, the Turks captured Armenia and part of Azerbaijan. At the end of November 1918, British and French invaders landed in Novorossiysk, Sevastopol and Odessa, thereby blocking the Black Sea ports. In November 1918, the First World War ended, a revolution began in Germany, and accordingly, neither she nor her allies had any time for the situation in Russia.

On the contrary, the Entente countries could now exert greater influence on events in Russia.

There is a consolidation of the intervention and the “white movement”.

· The local population had a negative attitude towards the intervention;

· Among the interventionists, the Bolsheviks conduct anti-war propaganda;

· Contradictions among the Entente countries are intensifying;

· The “Hands off Soviet Russia!” movement is expanding in the Entente countries.

Thus, we can conclude that the intervention, in which France played a leading role, did not have a decisive impact on the civil war in Russia. In March–April 1919, due to unrest among French sailors on the Black Sea, the Supreme Council of the Entente began evacuating expeditionary forces. The British are based in the north and north-west of the country until September 1919, and then leave the opposing forces to sort things out among themselves.

Ticket

- The civil war and military intervention of 1917-1922 in Russia was an armed struggle for power between representatives of various classes, social strata and groups of the former Russian Empire with the participation of troops of the Quadruple Alliance and the Entente.

1. The causes of the war and its content.

The main reasons for the Civil War and military intervention were:

· irreconcilability of the positions of various political parties, groups and classes on issues of power, economic and political course of the country;

· the bet of opponents of Bolshevism on the overthrow of Soviet power by armed means with the support of foreign states;

· the desire of the latter to protect their interests in Russia and prevent the spread of the revolutionary movement in the world; the development of national separatist movements on the territory of the former Russian Empire;

· the radicalism of the Bolsheviks, who considered revolutionary violence one of the most important means of achieving their political goals, the desire of the leadership of the Bolshevik Party to put into practice the ideas of the world revolution.

(Military encyclopedia. Military publishing house. Moscow. In 8 volumes - 2004)

After Russia's withdrawal from the First World War, German and Austro-Hungarian troops occupied parts of Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states and southern Russia in February 1918. To preserve Soviet power, Soviet Russia agreed to conclude the Brest Peace Treaty (March 1918). In March 1918, Anglo-Franco-American troops landed in Murmansk; in April, Japanese troops in Vladivostok; in May, a mutiny began in the Czechoslovak Corps, which was traveling along the Trans-Siberian Railway to the East. Samara, Kazan, Simbirsk, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and other cities along the entire length of the highway were captured. All this created serious problems for the new government. By the summer of 1918, numerous groups and governments had formed on 3/4 of the country’s territory that opposed Soviet power. The Soviet government began to create the Red Army and switched to a policy of war communism. In June, the government formed the Eastern Front, and in September - the Southern and Northern Fronts.

By the end of the summer of 1918, Soviet power remained mainly in the central regions of Russia and in part of the territory of Turkestan. In the 2nd half of 1918, the Red Army won its first victories on the Eastern Front and liberated the Volga region and part of the Urals.

After the revolution in Germany in November 1918, the Soviet government annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and Ukraine and Belarus were liberated. However, the policy of war communism, as well as decossackization, caused peasant and Cossack uprisings in various regions and made it possible for the leaders of the anti-Bolshevik camp to form numerous armies and launch a broad offensive against the Soviet Republic.

In October 1918, in the South, the Volunteer Army of General Anton Denikin and the Don Cossack Army of General Pyotr Krasnov went on the offensive against the Red Army; Kuban and the Don region were occupied, attempts were made to cut the Volga in the Tsaritsyn area. In November 1918, Admiral Alexander Kolchak announced the establishment of a dictatorship in Omsk and proclaimed himself the supreme ruler of Russia.

In November-December 1918, British and French troops landed in Odessa, Sevastopol, Nikolaev, Kherson, Novorossiysk, and Batumi. In December, Kolchak’s army intensified its actions, capturing Perm, but the Red Army troops, having captured Ufa, suspended its offensive.

In January 1919, the Soviet troops of the Southern Front managed to push Krasnov’s troops away from the Volga and defeat them, the remnants of which joined the Armed Forces of the South of Russia created by Denikin. In February 1919, the Western Front was created.

At the beginning of 1919, the offensive of French troops in the Black Sea region ended in failure; revolutionary ferment began in the French squadron, after which the French command was forced to evacuate its troops. In April, British units left Transcaucasia. In March 1919, Kolchak's army went on the offensive along the Eastern Front; by the beginning of April it had captured the Urals and was moving towards the Middle Volga.

In March-May 1919, the Red Army repelled the offensive of the White Guard forces from the east (Admiral Alexander Kolchak), south (General Anton Denikin), and west (General Nikolai Yudenich). As a result of the general counteroffensive of units of the Eastern Front of the Red Army, the Urals were occupied in May-July and, in the next six months, with the active participation of partisans, Siberia.

In April-August 1919, the interventionists were forced to evacuate their troops from the south of Ukraine, Crimea, Baku, and Central Asia. The troops of the Southern Front defeated Denikin's armies near Orel and Voronezh and by March 1920 pushed their remnants into the Crimea. In the fall of 1919, Yudenich's Army was finally defeated near Petrograd.

At the beginning of 1920, the North and the coast of the Caspian Sea were occupied. The Entente states completely withdrew their troops and lifted the blockade. After the end of the Soviet-Polish War, the Red Army launched a series of attacks on the troops of General Peter Wrangel and expelled them from Crimea.

In the territories occupied by the White Guards and interventionists, a partisan movement operated. In the Chernigov province, one of the organizers of the partisan movement was Nikolai Shchors; in Primorye, the commander-in-chief of the partisan forces was Sergei Lazo. The Ural partisan army under the command of Vasily Blucher in 1918 carried out a raid from the region of Orenburg and Verkhneuralsk through the Ural ridge in the Kama region. She defeated 7 regiments of Whites, Czechoslovaks and Poles, and disorganized the rear of the Whites. Having covered 1.5 thousand km, the partisans united with the main forces of the Eastern Front of the Red Army.

In 1921-1922, anti-Bolshevik uprisings were suppressed in Kronstadt, the Tambov region, in a number of regions of Ukraine, etc., and the remaining pockets of interventionists and White Guards in Central Asia and the Far East were eliminated (October 1922).

Consequences of the war.

By 1921, Russia was literally in ruins. The territories of Poland, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Western Ukraine, Belarus, Kars region (in Armenia) and Bessarabia were ceded from the former Russian Empire. According to experts, the population in the remaining territories barely reached 135 million people. Losses in these territories as a result of wars, epidemics, emigration, and declining birth rates have amounted to at least 25 million people since 1914.

During the hostilities, the Donbass, the Baku oil region, the Urals and Siberia were particularly damaged; many mines and mines were destroyed. Factories shut down due to a lack of fuel and raw materials. Workers were forced to leave the cities and go to the countryside. In general, the level of industry decreased by 5 times. The equipment has not been updated for a long time. Metallurgy produced as much metal as it was smelted under Peter I.

Agricultural production fell by 40%. Almost the entire imperial intelligentsia was destroyed. Those who remained urgently emigrated to avoid this fate. During the Civil War, from hunger, disease, terror and battles, from 8 to 13 million people died (according to various sources), including about 1 million Red Army soldiers. Up to 2 million people emigrated from the country. The number of street children increased sharply after World War I and the Civil War. According to some data, in 1921 there were 4.5 million street children in Russia, according to others, in 1922 there were 7 million street children. Damage to the national economy amounted to about 50 billion gold rubles, industrial production fell to 4-20% of the 1913 level.

Losses during the war (Table 1)

Results of the intervention

“Some exotic African troops peacefully walked along the streets of this beautiful seaside city: blacks, Algerians, Moroccans brought by the occupying French from hot and distant countries - indifferent, carefree, poorly understanding what was going on. They did not know how to fight and did not want to. They went shopping, bought all sorts of rubbish and cackled, talking in a guttural language. Why they were brought here, they themselves didn’t know for sure.”

Alexander Vertinsky about the French intervention in Odessa, early 1919

The leaders of the White movement were actually in a hopeless situation regarding the question of accepting or not accepting help from the “allies”: a destroyed economy that required huge financial costs; the basing of all White Guard state formations without exception on the outskirts of the empire would certainly have a rear at sea, which did not have an industrial and material base - in contrast to the position of the Bolsheviks, who were based in the center of the country with its factories and military warehouses during the First World War. Unable to get by on their own, they were forced to make themselves strategically dependent on the interventionists, who, as Ph.D. writes. N.S. Kirmel, aligning himself on this issue with Doctor of Historical Sciences. N.A. Narochnitskaya, at a difficult moment they betrayed the White movement.

An important factor, skillfully used by the Bolsheviks against the White movement in the propaganda struggle, was the very presence on the territory of Russia of limited contingents of foreign troops, who, moreover, did not want to engage in the fight against the Red Army, and therefore, by the fact of their presence, brought not so much to the White movement good, so much harm, since they only discredited anti-Soviet governments among the masses and gave the Soviets a powerful propaganda trump card. Bolshevik agitators presented the White Guards as supposedly proteges of the world bourgeoisie, trading in national interests and natural resources, and their struggle as supposedly patriotic and fair.

List of used literature

1. Goldin V.I. Russia in the Civil War. Essays on modern historiography.-

M.-2000.-276s.

2. Civil war in documents and memoirs.-M.-1998.

3. History of the USSR. / Edited by Ostrovsky V.P. - M.: Prosvet, 1990.

4. Konovalov V. Civil war in Russia (1917-1922): myths and

reality // Dialogue.-1998.-No.9.-p.72-76

5. Levandovsky A.A., Shchetinov Yu.A. Russia in the 20th century: Textbook. M.: Vlados,

6. Our Fatherland. Experience of political history. T.2 – M.: Prosvet, 1991.

7. Domestic history / Edited by A.A. Radugin. – M.: Academy, 2003.

8. A manual on the history of the Fatherland / Ed. Kuritsina V.M. - M.: Space,

9. Shevotsukov P. A. Pages of the history of the Civil War.-M.-1995.

Related information.

1) Civil War Civil War 2) White and Red White and Red 3) From a leaflet of General Wrangel. From a leaflet of General Wrangel. 4) The beginning of the war The beginning of the war 5) The first stage The first stage 6) The end of 1918 - the beginning of 1919 The end of 1918 - the beginning of 1919 7) The decisive stage The decisive stage 8) The Soviet-Polish war The Soviet-Polish war 9) The final stage The final stage 10) P. N. Milyukov. From a report on the white movement. P. N. Milyukov. From a report on the white movement. 11) Results of the war Results of the war

Civil War CIVIL WAR in Russia is an irreconcilable armed struggle between social groups led by the Bolsheviks, who came to power as a result of the October Revolution, and their opponents; a struggle for power and property that led to numerous casualties.

White and Red In November-December 1917, the Volunteer Army, a White Guard military formation in the South of Russia, was created in Novocherkassk. Initially it was recruited on a voluntary basis, then through mobilization. It was headed by generals M.V. Alekseev, L.G. Kornilov, lieutenant generals A.I. Denikin, P.N. Wrangel, V.Z. May-Maevsky. Since 1919 it became part of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. The number increased from 2 thousand people (January 1918) to 50 thousand people (September 1919). The name "WHITES" came from the color of the banner of the king's supporters during the French Revolution. And in 1918 the Soviet Army was officially renamed the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA).

...Listen up Russian people! What are we fighting for? For the desecrated faith and insulted shrines. For the liberation of the Russian people from the yoke of communists, vagabonds, convicts, who completely ruined Holy Rus'. For stopping internecine warfare. For the peasant to acquire ownership of the land he cultivates and engage in peaceful labor. For true freedom and law to reign in Rus'. For the Russian people to choose their own master. Help me, Russian people, save the Motherland. General Wrangel.

The beginning of the war The split of society into supporters and opponents of the revolution began back in 1917, when street confrontations, walkouts and strikes escalated. The beginning of the war can be considered the displacement of the Provisional Government and the armed seizure of state power by the Bolsheviks. But the war acquired a national character only in mid-1918, when the actions of the two opposing camps involved millions of people in the war.

INITIAL STAGE After Russia’s withdrawal from World War I, German and Austro-Hungarian troops occupied part of Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states and southern Russia in February 1918, which led to the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty in March 1918. In March 1918, Anglo-French-American troops landed in Murmansk; in April, Japanese troops in Vladivostok; in May the mutiny of the Czechoslovak Corps began. All this created serious problems for the new government. By the summer of 1918, numerous groups and governments had formed on 3/4 of the country’s territory that opposed Soviet power. The Soviet government began creating the Red Army and switched to a policy of “war communism.”

In the 2nd half, the Red Army won its first victories on the Eastern Front, liberating the territories of the Volga region and part of the Urals. After the November Revolution in Germany, the Soviet government annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and Ukraine and Belarus were liberated. However, the policy of “war communism”, as well as “decossackization”, aimed at actually destroying the Cossacks, caused peasant and Cossack uprisings in various regions and made it possible for the leaders of the anti-Bolshevik camp to form numerous armies and launch a broad offensive against the Soviet Republic.

In the territories occupied by the White Guards and interventionists, the partisan movement expanded. In Siberia, on November 18, 1918, Admiral Kolchak came to power, proclaiming himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia (the Whites soon submitted to him), in the north Miller took the leading role, in the west Yudenich, and in the south Denikin, who subjugated the Don Army. But by the beginning of 1919, Soviet power managed to establish itself in most of Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states.

Decisive stage In the spring of 1919, the Supreme Council of the Entente developed a new plan for an anti-Soviet action, in which the leading role was given to the white armies. But in April August 1919, the interventionists were forced to evacuate their troops from the south of Ukraine, from Crimea, Baku, Sr. Asia. The troops of the Southern Front defeated Denikin's armies near Orel and Voronezh and by March 1920 pushed their remnants into the Crimea. In the fall of 1919, Yudenich's army was finally defeated near Petrograd. At the beginning the North and the coast of the Caspian Sea were occupied. The Entente states completely withdrew their troops and lifted the blockade, their plan failed, the Whites were defeated.

Soviet-Polish War On April 25, 1920, the Polish army, equipped by France, invaded the territory of Ukraine and captured Kyiv on May 6. On May 26, the Red Army launched a counteroffensive and, after a series of successful operations, reached Warsaw and Lvov in mid-August. As a result of the counterattack of the Polish troops, the Red Army was forced to retreat to the line of Augustow, Lipsk, Belovezh, Opalin, to Vladimir-Volynsky. The result of the war was the signing of a peace treaty on March 18, 1921 in Riga

The final stage During the Soviet-Polish war, General Wrangel became more active, turning Denikin's divisions into a combat-ready Russian army. But after the end of the war in Poland, the Red Army launched a series of attacks on the troops of General P. N. Wrangel and expelled them from Crimea. In the anti-Bolshevik uprisings were suppressed in Kronstadt, in the Tambov region, in a number of regions of Ukraine, etc., the remaining centers of interventionists and White Guards in Wed were eliminated. Asia and the Far East (October 1922).

First of all, the white movement was not created by individuals. It grew spontaneously, unpreventably, as an ardent protest against the destruction of Russian statehood, against the desecration of shrines... The meaning and significance of the white movement is not limited to the Russian scale. It is not for nothing that one of the real politicians of the West, Churchill, told his compatriots in the English Parliament in 1919: “It is not to the wavering, cracking at the seams stronghold of the Western limitrophes (border countries), but to the struggle of the east and south of Russia that Europe owes the fact that the wave of Bolshevik anarchy did not sweep her... Why did our ship crash? People were looking for an idea and staining the banner. Yes, it was. We knew our sins well... The Volunteers were unable to preserve their white vestments. Along with the confessors, heroes, martyrs of the white idea, there were money-grubbers and murderers... Volunteerism is flesh of the flesh, blood of the blood of the Russian people.

Results of the war The civil war brought enormous disasters. From hunger, disease, terror and in battles (according to various sources), from 8 to 13 million people died, including about 1 million Red Army soldiers. Up to 2 million people emigrated by the end of the Civil War. The damage caused to the national economy amounted to approx. 50 billion gold rubles, industrial production fell to 4-20% of the 1913 level, agricultural production fell by almost half.

The civil war and military intervention of 1917-1922 in Russia was an armed struggle for power between representatives of various classes, social strata and groups of the former Russian Empire with the participation of troops of the Quadruple Alliance and the Entente.

The main reasons for the Civil War and military intervention were: the intransigence of the positions of various political parties, groups and classes on issues of power, economic and political course of the country; the bet of opponents of Bolshevism on the overthrow of Soviet power by armed means with the support of foreign states; the desire of the latter to protect their interests in Russia and prevent the spread of the revolutionary movement in the world; the development of national separatist movements on the territory of the former Russian Empire; the radicalism of the Bolsheviks, who considered revolutionary violence one of the most important means of achieving their political goals, and the desire of the leadership of the Bolshevik Party to put into practice the ideas of world revolution.

(Military encyclopedia. Military publishing house. Moscow. In 8 volumes - 2004)

After Russia's withdrawal from the First World War, German and Austro-Hungarian troops occupied parts of Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states and southern Russia in February 1918. To preserve Soviet power, Soviet Russia agreed to conclude the Brest Peace Treaty (March 1918). In March 1918, Anglo-Franco-American troops landed in Murmansk; in April, Japanese troops in Vladivostok; in May, a mutiny began in the Czechoslovak Corps, which was traveling along the Trans-Siberian Railway to the East. Samara, Kazan, Simbirsk, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and other cities along the entire length of the highway were captured. All this created serious problems for the new government. By the summer of 1918, numerous groups and governments had formed on 3/4 of the country’s territory that opposed Soviet power. The Soviet government began to create the Red Army and switched to a policy of war communism. In June, the government formed the Eastern Front, and in September - the Southern and Northern Fronts.

By the end of the summer of 1918, Soviet power remained mainly in the central regions of Russia and in part of the territory of Turkestan. In the 2nd half of 1918, the Red Army won its first victories on the Eastern Front and liberated the Volga region and part of the Urals.

After the revolution in Germany in November 1918, the Soviet government annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and Ukraine and Belarus were liberated. However, the policy of war communism, as well as decossackization, caused peasant and Cossack uprisings in various regions and gave the opportunity to the leaders of the anti-Bolshevik camp to form numerous armies and launch a broad offensive against the Soviet Republic.

In October 1918, in the South, the Volunteer Army of General Anton Denikin and the Don Cossack Army of General Pyotr Krasnov went on the offensive against the Red Army; Kuban and the Don region were occupied, attempts were made to cut the Volga in the Tsaritsyn area. In November 1918, Admiral Alexander Kolchak announced the establishment of a dictatorship in Omsk and proclaimed himself the supreme ruler of Russia.

In November-December 1918, British and French troops landed in Odessa, Sevastopol, Nikolaev, Kherson, Novorossiysk, and Batumi. In December, Kolchak’s army intensified its actions, capturing Perm, but the Red Army troops, having captured Ufa, suspended its offensive.

In January 1919, the Soviet troops of the Southern Front managed to push Krasnov’s troops away from the Volga and defeat them, the remnants of which joined the Armed Forces of the South of Russia created by Denikin. In February 1919, the Western Front was created.

(other data were given in Soviet historiography), weapons. struggle for power between representatives of various classes, social layers and groups ex. Ross. empire with the participation of the troops of the Quadruple Alliance and the Entente. Basic reasons G.v. and V.I.: irreconcilability of political positions. parties, groups and classes in matters of power, economics. and watered. country rate; rate pr-kov owls. power to overthrow its armed forces. with the support of foreigners. state-in; the desire of the latter to protect their interests in Russia and prevent the spread of revolution. movements in the world; development of national separatist movements on the outskirts of the former. Ross. empires; Bolshevik radicalism. leadership, which considered one of the most important means of achieving its political goals. revolutionary goals violence, and his desire to put into practice the ideas of the “world revolution”.

Home Civil war (Oct. 1917 - Feb. 1918). As a result of the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 in Russia, the RSDLP(b) and the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party, which supported it (until July 1918), mainly expressed. interests grew up the proletariat and the poor peasantry. They were opposed by those who were variegated in their socialism. composition and often disparate forces of the other (non-proletarian) part grew up. companies represented by numerous parties, movements, associations, platforms, unions, etc., which were often at odds with each other, but, as a rule, adhered to anti-Bolsheviks. direction. An open clash in the struggle for power between these two main. watered forces in the country led to G.v. Ch. tools for achieving goals in G.V. were: on the one hand the Red Guard (then the Red Army), on the other - the White Army, hence the established terminology of the Civil War period. in the designation of the warring parties - “red” and “white”. Immediately after the October armed uprising in Petrograd in 1917, the Kerensky-Krasnov revolt of 1917 broke out, which was quickly suppressed. Revolutionary fighting in Moscow. detachments of workers and soldiers against supporters of the Time. production was carried out on October 26. - November 3 (November 8–16) and ended in the defeat of the latter. On Nov. - Dec. 1917 owls power is established in most of the territory. Russia. The proclamation by the 2nd Congress of Soviets of the right of nations to self-determination was used in various ways. nationalist forces to separate from Russia and create independence. national-ter. formations. In con. 1917 – beginning 1918 Finland and Ukraine declared their independence. adv. republic, Mountain republic, Transcaucasia Commissariat, Kuban Regional Administration, Moldova. adv. rep. etc. In a number of regions of the country, Ch. arr. in the Cossack regions, local authorities refused to recognize the owls. pr-vo (see Dutov's revolt of 1917-18, Kaledin's rebellion of 1917-18). Top. commander-in-chief armed by the forces of Russia. owls rep. gen.-l. N.N. Dukhonin refused to comply with the orders of the owls. pr-va contact german. command with a proposal for a truce and for disobedience according to the instructions of the previous one. SNK V.I. Lenin was removed from office, and the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command Rus. Army November 20 (December 3) busy roar. troops led by N.V. Krylenko and put into the service of the owls. authorities in order to conclude peace with Germany and demobilize the old army. November 21 (December 4) an agreement was signed with Germany. command about time. cessation of war actions, 2 (15) Dec. a truce has been concluded. To fight counter-revolutionaries. Revolutionary forces were sent to the places. squads. The fighting on both sides was carried out by the department. squads, ch. arr. along the railway per cr. us. points and railway nodes (see “Echelon warfare”). K ser. In the spring of 1918, the first centers of counter-revolution in the country were eliminated. Basic the reason for the subsequent deployment of G.v. the military man appeared. foreign intervention state-in.

Exit Sov. Russia from the 1st world. war, fight against German-Austrian military intervention (February - May 1918). Guided by the Decree on Peace, Sov. The government invited all warring states to start peace. negotiation. 9 (22) Dec. In Brest-Litovsk, negotiations began on concluding peace between Russia and Germany. Taking advantage of the fact that the Entente refused to negotiate, German. The delegation on January 27, 1918, in the form of an ultimatum, demanded from the Sov. Russia signing peace to the annexationist. conditions. Military threat. clashes with Germany forced the Sov. government to speed up the resolution of the issue of creating a new army, because old Russian the army finally lost its combat effectiveness and could not serve as a support for the Owls. authorities. 28 Jan The Decree on the organization of the Kyrgyz Republic was adopted. army, and 11 February. - Kr. fleet. They were supposed to be staffed only by representatives of the working classes on a voluntary basis. Meanwhile, in response to German. ultimatum head of the Sov. delegation of the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs del L.D. Trotsky arbitrarily interrupted the negotiations and announced a unilateral end to the war and the demobilization of the Russians. army. Against the Sov. The German-Austrian military intervention began in Russia in 1918. Remains of the old Russian. The armies, unable to offer resistance, began to retreat to the East in disarray on February 22. owls The government published a decree “The Socialist Fatherland is in danger!” and called on the people to fight the invaders. 23 Feb mass entry of workers into Kr. army and construction of fortifications in the most important directions. March 3 owls The government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918, which meant Russia’s withdrawal from the 1st World War. war on the side of the Entente. However, by agreement with Ukr. Center. The interventionists happily continued their offensive in Ukraine and soon completed its occupation, in March 1918. troops landed in Finland in April. captured Crimea, in the beginning. May occupied Rostov-on-Don and supported Krasnov, who acted as the head of the Don. Cossacks against the Sovs. authorities. Sov. Balt. the fleet was forced to relocate from the ports of Finland to Kronstadt, and Chernomor. The fleet, in order to prevent its capture by the Germans, was scuttled in Novorossiysk (June 18). On March 3, the Supreme Military Council was formed, which was entrusted with top functions. Command of the Armed Forces of the Sov. Republic. In April owls troops to the west the border was reduced to veils, a general war was introduced in the country. training (Vsevobuch), a local military was created. apparatus - military commissariats, a military institute was established in the army and navy. Commissars, on May 29, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree on universal military service. The construction of the regulation unfolded. Kr. army.

Sov. Republic in the ring of fronts (May - November 1918). The war that began in the spring of 1918. armed intervention Entente forces were a decisive factor in the expansion of the Civil War. in Russia. Entente troops landed in Murmansk and Vladivostok and invaded Sr. Asia and Transcaucasia. Having created bridgeheads in the north, east and south of the country, the Entente organized the rebellion of the Czechoslovak corps in 1918 (May 25), which revived the internal affairs. counter-revolution. With its help, in May - July 1918, the Czechoslovaks captured Wed. Volga region, Ural, Siberia and D. Vostok. To combat them, the Eastern Front was created in 1918-20. In the south of the country, with the help of interventionists, centers of counter-revolution also arose: the White Cossacks on the Don in Ch. with Ataman Krasnov, Volunteer Army (General L. A.I. Denikin) in the Kuban, bourgeois-nationalist. regimes in Transcaucasia, Ukraine, etc. United. hike external and internal counter-revolutions against the Republic. The Soviets demanded an increase in numbers. Kr. army, improving its organizational and staffing structure, operations. and strategist. management, increasing the level of combat training and discipline, especially the eradication of remnants of partisanship. Instead of curtains, a front began to be created. and Armenian associations with the corresponding governing bodies (Southern, Northern, Western and Ukrainian fronts). Having lost 3/4 ter. countries, Sov. Rep. found itself surrounded by fronts. Under these conditions, owls. The government nationalized the country. and Wed industry, took control of small-scale industries, introduced labor conscription for the population, surplus appropriation system, and on September 2, 1918 declared the country a unified military. camp. For the strategist. military leadership actions, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RMR) was created, headed by Trotsky, and the position of commander-in-chief was introduced. VS Rep. (I.I. Vatsetis). On November 30, 1918, the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense (Lenin) was established. All these measures made it possible to turn the tide of the war. struggle and win the first victories on the fronts. During the offensive of the Eastern Front of 1918 - 19, Wed were liberated. Volga region and Kama region. Sov. troops successfully repelled the Don offensive. White Cossacks to Tsaritsyn (Volgograd) (see Tsaritsyn defense 1918-19) and Denikin’s troops to Grozny and Kizlyar. Military successes Kr. The armies somewhat stabilized the situation and accelerated the transition of the middle peasants to the side of the Sovs. authorities and expanded social owl database Rep.

Failure of the Entente's attempts to destroy the Sov. The Republic on its own (November 1918 - March 1919). On Nov. 1918 Germany, defeated in the 1st World. war, capitulated to the Entente. Revolutions took place in Germany and Austria-Hungary. 11/13/1918 owls The government annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Sov. troops, advancing behind those retreating from the territories they occupied. German and Austro-Hungarians. armies, began to liberate Belarus, Ukraine and the Baltic states (see Offensive of the Red Army in Belarus and the Baltic states 1918-19, Offensive of the Ukrainian Front 1919). At the same time, the end of the 1st world. war freed the hands of the Entente. She decided to throw the released troops against the Sovs. Russia and destroy its own. forces. The White Guards were given auxiliary support. role. New units and connections landed in Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Vladivostok and other cities. interventionists. Help from the Whites increased sharply. to the troops. As a result of the military. military revolution was established in Omsk. dictatorship of the adm. A.V. Kolchak, a protege of the Entente. Ch. blow military Entente strategists decided to attack Moscow from the south. For this purpose, to the Black Sea. ports landed the cr. intervention contingents. However, they met stubborn resistance from the partisans. and rebel detachments in Ukraine and were able to advance into the interior of the country only 100-150 km. The actions of the Entente were also affected by the contradictions between the allies and the lack of firm and unified control of the multinational people. forces and a sharp drop in the morale of the troops, abandoned from one war to another and for this reason not burning with the desire to fight against their recent ally - Russia. Sov. Rep. skillfully used the contradictions in the camp of her leaders and organized active work to disintegrate the intervention troops. Sov. The strategy set the goal of first defeating the troops of Kolchak and Denikin, preventing them from uniting with the interventionists, and then defeating the Entente troops. In con. 1918 The offensive of the Red Army began. armies on all fronts. The Left Bank was liberated. Ukraine, Don region, South. Ural, a number of districts in the north and north-west. countries. Thus, the Entente’s plan to destroy the Soviets. authorities was thwarted. Revolutions began in her troops. speeches of soldiers and military. The Entente leadership hastily withdrew troops from Russia.

Decisive victories of Kr. armies on the Civil fronts. war (March 1919 - March 1920). In the beginning 1919 The Entente relied on internal forces. counter-revolutions and small states adjacent to Russia. A concentric plan was developed. the attack of these forces on Moscow. Basic the role was assigned to Kolchak's army. Aux. attacks were carried out: from the south by Denikin’s army, from the west by the Poles and Baltic troops. state-in, from the north-west. - white-haired North body and fin. troops, from the North - Whites. Northern troops region (Gen. E.K. Miller). Total in the combine The campaign was supposed to involve approx. 1 million people Kr. the army consisted of St. 500 thousand people In connection with the new military threat of the Sov. Rep. a course was set for further strengthening the Kr. army. The material basis for this was the strong union of the owls. authorities with the middle peasants and the design of the military-political. Union of Owls republics, which significantly strengthened the country's defense capability, made it possible to create an army of 3 million and carry out subsequent defeat of many pr-kov. In the spring of 1919 Sov. Rep. concentrated its efforts on V., where in front of Kr. The army was tasked with defeating Kolchak. During the strategist. defense, then the counter-offensive of the Eastern Front in 1919, Kolchak’s armies were defeated and thrown back beyond the Urals. In the summer of 1919, without stopping the victorious offensive in the Urals and Siberia (see Offensive of the Eastern Front 1919-20), Kr. The army repelled the offensive created on the basis of the Whites. North Corps North-West army (general from information and N.N. Yudenich) (see Petrograd defense 1919). In the fall of 1919, due to the fact that the bet on Kolchak failed and the Entente postponed Ch. blow from E. to S., main. efforts Kr. The armies were focused on the fight against Denikin’s troops, who launched an attack on Moscow (see Offensive of the Armed Forces of Southern Russia 1919). In the counter-offensive of the Southern Front of 1919, and then in the offensive of the Southern and South-Eastern Fronts of 1919-20, Denikin’s armies were defeated, and their remnants were thrown back to the North. Caucasus and Crimea. At the same time, Yudenich's new offensive against Petrograd failed, and his army was defeated. Destruction of the remnants of Denikin's troops in the North. Caucasus Kr. the army completed in the spring of 1920. In achieving decisive victories in 1919 it means. Partisans played a role (see Partisan movement in the Russian Civil War 1917-22).

The Soviet-Polish War and the defeat of Wrangel (Apr. - Nov. 1920). In the spring of 1920, the Entente organized a new campaign against the Soviets. Russia. This time bas. beat The Polish militarists, who planned to restore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth within the borders of 1772, and the Russian Army of 1920 (Len.-L. P.N. Wrangel) acted forcefully. The Soviet-Polish War of 1920 ended with Poland's withdrawal from the war (October 1920). Wrangel's troops were defeated in October. - Nov. during the counter-offensive of the Southern Front in 1920 and the Perekop-Chongar operation in 1920. The remnants of them went abroad. Basic foci of G.v. on ter. Russia were liquidated. But on the outskirts it still continued.

The final stage of the Civil War (1920-22). With the defeat of the main Counter-revolutionary forces continued fighting in Transcaucasia, Wed. Asia and the Far East. In the spring of 1920 Kr. the army came to the aid of the Azerbaijanis. Bolsheviks. As a result of the Baku operation of 1920, the Soviet Union was established. power in Azerbaijan. In May from the Whites. fleet cleared the Caspian Sea. In Aug. - Sep. 1920 Cr. the army provided assistance to Bukhara. revolutionaries who rebelled against the emir. As a result of the Bukhara operation of 1920, a bunk was established in Bukhara. power, and Bukhar. The emirate was liquidated. In the beginning 1921 Kr. the army came to the aid of Armenia. and cargo. revolutionaries who rebelled against their bourgeois nationalist. regimes, and helped them install owls. power in Georgia and Armenia (see Erivan operation 1921, Tiflis operation 1921, Batumi operation 1921). In the D. East, the fight against the Whites. The formations were led by the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic. In the summer of 1921, in cooperation with parts of the Kr. army and numerous rebel with detachments she defeated the troops of General-L. R.F. Ungern von Sternberg, who invaded the territory. Transbaikalia from Mongolia. July 6 owls troops entered Urga (Ulaanbaatar), where Mong was proclaimed. Nar. Rep. (see Mongolian operations 1921). In Feb. in the Volochaev operation of 1922 People's Revolutionary. The army (NRA) defeated the White rebels. army of the general-m. V.M. Molchanov, and in Oct. joint liberated Primorye with partisans (see Primorsky operation of 1922). 10.25.1922 NRA (I.P. Uborevich) and Primorye partisans entered Vladivostok, abandoned by the Japanese. interventionists and White Guards. With the liberation of Primorye, the Civil War ended.

Results of the Civil War. In a fierce armed fight against internal counter-revolution and foreign military With an intervention that lasted 5 years, the Soviet Union won. Rep. Ter. the integrity of the state, which disintegrated after the collapse of Russia. empire restored. Outside the union of owls. republics, the basis of which was Russia, only Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia remained, as well as Bessarabia, annexed to Romania, Western. Ukraine and Western Belarus, which went to Poland. Basic the reason for the Soviet victory. Russia in G.V. Sov support came. authorities main mass of people. Important conditions for victory were: military-political. union of the working class and the working peasantry, union of the Soviets. republics, broad support for the just struggle of the peoples of Russia by the working people of other countries. Sov. Rep. created in the conditions of G.V. powerful aircraft with clear org. structure, centralization leadership and high warrior. discipline. K con. 1920 Cr. the army numbered 5.5 million people. During the G.V. 22 armies were formed (including 2 cavalry), 174 divisions, of which 35 cavalry, as well as a large number of divisions. parts various branches of troops. In G.v. personnel of Kr. army showed great courage and heroism. Two armies (5A and 11A) became Red Banner. 55 parts, conn. and military training. institutions were awarded hordes for military exploits. Kr. Banner (established in September 1918), and 300 - Honorary Revolutionary. Kr. banner. Ord. Kr. The banner was awarded approx. 15 thousand people, of which approx. 300 people twice and three times, and military officers V.K. Blucher, S.S. Vostretsov, Ya.F. Fabricius and I.F. Fedko - four times. In the ranks of Kr. army and navy during the Civil War. served approx. 75 thousand officers and generals of the old Russian. army, whose experience and knowledge played an important role in the construction of the Owls. Armed Forces and their leadership on the battlefields. Of these, cr. military talent and organizer. abilities were demonstrated by I.I. Vatsetis, V.M. Gittis, A.I. Egorov, S.S. Kamenev, A.I. Cork, F.C. Mironov, D.N. Reliable, M.N. Tukhachevsky, I.P. Uborevich, V.I. Shorin and many others etc. Successfully proved themselves as military officers and many former. soldiers, sailors and non-commissioned officers of the old Russian. army: V.K. Blucher, S.M. Budyonny, P.E. Dybenko, B.M. Dumenko, V.I. Kikvidze, G.I. Kotovsky, N.G. Markin, V.M. Primakov, F.F. Raskolnikov, V.I. Chapaev and others, as well as M.V., who had not previously served in the army. Frunze, I.E. Yakir, A.Ya. Parkhomenko et al. Hard centralization. The leadership of the army and navy was carried out by the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic. Polit. work in the troops was led, as a rule, by large owls. and desk figures and prof. revolutionaries who held positions as members of the Revolutionary Military Council of fronts and armies: A.S. Bubnov, K. E. Voroshilov, S.M. Kirov, V.V. Kuibyshev, G.K. Ordzhonikidze, N.I. Podvoisky, P.P. Postyshev, I.T. Smilga, N.I. Smirnov, I.V. Stalin and many others etc. From the military. leaders of the White movement played a prominent role in the Civil War. played by generals M.V. Alekseev, P.N. Wrangel, A.I. Denikin, A.I. Dutov, L.G. Kornilov, P.N. Krasnov, E.K. Miller, G.M. Semenov, N.N. Yudenich, adm. A.V. Kolchak and others G.V. had a detrimental effect on the situation of the country, already weakened by the world. war. The total amount of damage caused to G.v. and V.I., amounted to approx. 50 billion gold rubles. K con. G.v. prom. production in Russia decreased to 4-20% of the level of 1913, and agricultural production. production - almost doubled. Irreversible losses Kr. the army amounted to 940 thousand people. (mainly from typhus epidemics), and sanitary - approx. 6.8 million people Belogv. troops, according to incomplete data, lost 125 thousand people in battles alone. Total losses of Russia in G.V. amounted to approx. 13 million people Uncompromising political goals of the parties participating in the civil war, determined its exceptionally violent nature, led to numerous casualties, loss for a long time. time intelligence. the country's potential and the destruction of its people. x-va. Seriously aggravated the consequences of G.V. and military intervention. During the years of G.V. originated and received means. development of owls military lawsuit