The course of the July Revolution (1830). July Revolution Center of the July Revolution of 1830 in France

Revolution 1789 – 1799

Causes:

The existence of the Old Order in France with its underdevelopment of market relations;

Chaos in the management system, a corrupt system for selling government positions, lack of clear legislation, a “Byzantine” taxation system and an archaic system of class privileges

The existence of a monarchical system.

Results:

The revolution led to the collapse of the Old Order and the establishment of a new, more democratic and progressive society in France. However, speaking about the goals achieved and the victims of the revolution, many historians are inclined to conclude that the same goals could have been achieved without such a huge number of victims.

The revolution led to enormous casualties. It is estimated that from 1789 to 1815. Only from revolutionary terror in France up to 2 million civilians died, and up to 2 million soldiers and officers also died in wars.

Most historians believe that the Great French Revolution had enormous international significance, contributed to the spread of progressive ideas throughout the world, influenced a series of revolutions in Latin America, as a result of which the latter was freed from colonial dependence, and a number of other events in the first half of the 19th century.

Revolution of 1830, 1848

The reason for 1830 was the Conservative policy of King Charles X, whose highest goal was to restore the social order that reigned before the Great French Revolution of 1789.

The reason for 1848 was the adoption of a new constitution that limited the power of the king. The revolution of 1848 was the people's demand for a change of king and the proclamation of France as a republic, not a monarchy.

Results of the revolution of 1830

The July Revolution had an impact throughout Europe. Liberal movements everywhere gained confidence and determination. In some states of the German Confederation, unrest began, resulting in amendments or reissues of existing constitutions. Unrest also began in some Italian states, including the Papal States. However, the July Revolution had its greatest effect on the territory of Poland, divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria, causing the uprising of 1830. Russian troops managed to suppress this uprising only in the fall of 1831. In the long term, the July Revolution strengthened liberal and democratic aspirations throughout Europe. As King Louis Philippe increasingly moved away from his liberal origins and began to join the Holy Alliance, this led in 1848 to a new bourgeois-liberal revolution in France, the so-called February Revolution, as a result of which the Second French Republic was proclaimed. Like the July Revolution, it also led to uprisings and attempted coups throughout Europe.

Results of the revolution of 1848

On February 24, 1848, it resulted in the abdication of the once liberal king Louis Philippe I and the proclamation of the Second Republic. In the further course of the revolution, after the suppression of the social revolutionary uprising in June 1848, Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president of the new state.

Revolution of 1870

Causes: a long crisis of the Bonapartist regime, accelerated by the defeats of French troops in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. The immediate impetus was the news of the surrender of the French army and the surrender of Emperor Napoleon III at Sedan

Results:

The revolution marked the beginning of the Third Republic in France. The lack of experience and organization of the forces of the proletariat allowed the reactionary bourgeoisie to take advantage of the fruits of the workers' victory and usurp power: to form a government dominated by right-wing republicans and Orléanist monarchists; representatives of revolutionary democracy were not included in it.

Definition 1

The July Revolution" is an uprising in France in July 1830, which led to the overthrow of Charles X from the throne and the installation of his distant relative Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, on the throne.

Its other names are the Second French Revolution, the French Revolution of 1830, “Three Glorious Days.”

During the revolution, there was a transition from one constitutional monarchy - the restored Bourbon dynasty to - the July Monarchy. Thus, power passed from the House of Bourbon to a junior branch, the House of Orleans. During the revolution, the principle of popular sovereignty triumphed over the principle of the Divine Right of the King, a liberal regime was established in France, and the bourgeoisie finally prevailed over the landed aristocracy. In foreign policy, the revolution meant a blow to the principles of the Holy Alliance.

Note 1

The cause of the revolution was the conservative policy of Charles X, who set the highest goal to restore the social order that reigned before the Great French Revolution of 1789. During the revolution, supporters of the Bourbons were called Legitimists, and supporters of Louis Philippe - Orléanists.

Pre-revolutionary situation in France

The conservative cabinet of ministers, led by the reactionary Count Polignac, replaced the moderate government of Martignac in the summer of 1829 and subsequently subsequently ignored the House of Representatives. With the growing social problems of the beginning era of industrialization, such a policy created acute discontent in society, which was not alleviated even by the conquest of Algeria in the spring of 1830.

On March 2, 1830, the session of the House was opened by a royal speech in which Charles X threatened to take emergency measures if Parliament created obstacles to his power. The President of the Chamber, Liberal Royer-Collar, led the deputation, which on March 18 presented an address signed by 221 deputies to the king, which expressed concern for the liberties of the French people under the Polignac government. In response to this statement, Charles X postponed the parliamentary session, and on May 16 he dissolved the Chamber of Deputies. However, the opposition liberals managed to win the general elections on June 23 and July 19, strengthening their position and taking 274 parliamentary seats.

As during the French Revolution of 1789, the liberal bourgeoisie, this time reinforced by the ideals of Napoleon Bonaparte, united with the proletarian lower strata of society, which for the first time since 1795 had the opportunity to really influence politics. One of the inspirers of the revolution was the editor of the newspaper National, Adolphe Thiers, who became one of the key French politicians in future governments.

Revolution

The immediate cause for the July Revolution was four government decrees dated July 25-26, immediately signed by the king. According to these ordinances, the House of Representatives was dissolved, voting rights were tightened, freedom of speech was further limited, and the full scope of censorship was restored.

On July 27, barricade battles broke out on the streets of Paris, in which workers, artisans, students, and the petty bourgeoisie took part.

On July 30, the French tricolor rose over the royal palace, and the Chamber of Deputies proclaimed the Duke of Orleans governor of the kingdom.

On August 7, the Chamber of Deputies offered the crown to the Duke of Orléans, who accepted it on August 9 and was crowned Louis Philippe I.

The following changes were introduced to the Charter:

• expanded competence of parliament;
• the better provision of his dominion;
• ministry responsibility;
• trial by jury for "crimes of the press".

Freedom of speech was proclaimed without restrictions, and the government was deprived of the right to restore censorship in any form.

The king still had full executive power, and exercised legislative power jointly with the bicameral parliament. The right of legislative initiative now belonged not only to the king, but also to both chambers. The House of Peers, as before, was formed by the king at his own discretion. The Chamber of Deputies was elected by the population, but the age limit was lowered: passive suffrage was valid from 30 years, active - from 25 years. The property qualification remained, but it was regulated not by the Charter, but by additional special laws.

Thanks to the reduction of age and property qualifications, the number of voters increased by 2.5 times - up to 240 thousand; however, the vast majority of small owners and workers were still deprived of the right to vote. Also, laws prohibiting strikes and the creation of workers' unions were not repealed.

Note 2

The national tricolor again became the official state flag.

The unrest that broke out among the proletarian strata was quickly suppressed. The “Jacobins,” as the ardent anti-monarchists called themselves, could not win, since the abolition of the monarchy meant foreign policy complications, including possible intervention from the Holy Alliance. Power passed into the hands of the moderate party of the big bourgeoisie, led by A. Thiers and F. Guizot.

Consequences of the revolution

The July Revolution affected all of Europe. Everywhere liberal movements gained determination and confidence. In the long term, the revolution strengthened democratic and liberal aspirations throughout Europe. Due to the removal of King Louis-Philippe from liberal origins and his adhesion to the Holy Alliance, in 1848 a new bourgeois-liberal revolution took place in France, the so-called February Revolution, as a result of which the Second French Republic arose.

The revolution itself gave impetus to the following events:

• Unrest began in the states of the German Confederation, which led to amendments or reissues of existing constitutions;
• Unrest also began in some Italian states, including the Papal States;
• The revolution had its greatest effect in Poland, causing the 1830 uprising against the Russian Empire;
• The Southern Netherlands rebelled and declared an independent kingdom of Belgium. The monarchical constitution adopted by Belgium is considered the most progressive constitution in Europe at that time.

Bourbon Restoration. A huge desire to restore everything as it was before the great turmoil and at the same time punish these rebels.

Remember, when the Stuarts were restored to England in 1660, they concluded the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, where they promised not to persecute. But men are all like that: they promise and then don’t deliver. Oliver Cromwell was dug out of his grave and hanged. Then 20 more people were hanged.

Accordingly, the Bourbons have the same sentiments. They pass a law according to which... When they restored the power of the Bourbons, the Bourbons did not understand, but the Russian Tsar, the English monarch, the Austrian and Prussian monarchs understood that it was impossible to completely restore the pre-revolutionary situation, so they imposed on the Bourbons an agreement to accept in 1814 the creation of ___ tutional _____, according to which de facto a non-absolute , and the constitutionally limited monarchy and power in the country had to be shared by both the old forces in the person of the emigrant nobles who returned with the Bourbons, and the new forces: partly the Napoleonic nobility - the military, landowners and the bourgeoisie born during the years of the industrial revolution that began.

But the Bourbons, as Talleyrand’s contemporary said, forgot nothing and learned nothing. And so on December 5, they pass a law on the return to emigrants of lands previously confiscated from them, but not sold by that time, which were in the state register. All this dramatically changes the mood in the country. Bonapartist sentiments are growing again, which Napoleon took advantage of in the spring of 181__. Having escaped from the island of Elba, he lands in the south of France. And his path to Paris becomes triumphant. The troops that were supposed to stop him go over to his side. And the Bourbons are packing up their wealth in order to leave Paris and France.

The 100 days of Napoleon Bonaparte begins. The revival ended on June 18, 1815 with the Battle of Waterloo. Fatal defeat. The final collapse of the Napoleonic empire was already due to the forces of the 7th anti-French coalition consisting of England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

After this defeat in 1815, according to the Peace of Paris, France was actually returned to the borders of 1790.

A new stage of the Restoration begins, where the role of the expelled royalist nobles and the Catholic Church in society and the state is strengthened.

However, the development of France along the path of the industrial revolution and the establishment of a market economy continues no matter what. Although it is believed that the Bourbon regime, the Restoration regime, are the first rather timid steps towards the creation of a bourgeois constitutional monarchy, but not a purely bourgeois one, but where power was shared by 2 difficultly compatible forces: the old royalist nobles and the new forces of Bonapartists and the bourgeoisie.

Gradually, in the 1820s, the mood of conservatism in society began to prevail more and more. From among the royalists, the most aggressive, right-wing, conservative reactionary wing is being formed, which is called ultra-royalists. The further they go, the more they begin to set the tone in the politics of the state and government.

And when Charles 10 comes to power after Louis 18, this leads to the fact that these ultra-royalists finally take the helm of power.

Under Charles 10, the government takes extremely unpopular socio-economic and political steps, which again aggravate the situation and bring the country of France to the threshold of revolution by 1830.

What are these steps? This is 1825. A law was passed stating that all the victims, the poor servants of the king, i.e. emigrant nobles must receive compensation for their lost property in a monstrous amount: 1 billion gold francs. This compensation must be paid by the state from the budget, i.e. by taxing all French people. Those. in practice, these forces that lost the revolution receive material compensation at the expense of post-revolutionary France.

2nd Law: On crimes against religion. Strengthening the Jesuits and orders. These saints begin to control not only education, but also every sneeze of their parishioners. And in any tough mode, this will lead to not only a priest knocking on your door, but also a policeman.

Revolution of 1830. Here the results of a reactionary domestic policy and a reactionary foreign policy coincide, because France is becoming one of the stranglers of revolutionary movements in Europe. And according to the decision of the Holy Alliance in 1823 - intervention against the Spanish Revolution, the restoration of the Bourbons on the throne there.

All this leads to the fact that the country is heating up socially and politically by the end of the 1830s. The year 1828-1829 coincides with what is the threshold, the cause of every revolution: crop failures in agriculture, a trade and economic crisis. This leads to many losing their jobs, incomes falling, and the situation getting worse.

At the same time, the dissatisfaction of liberal circles and the same bourgeoisie with the dominance of ultra-royalists is intensifying. And twice the legislative body does not approve the ultra-royalist government led by Polignac.

Charles 10 dissolves the House twice. It does not help. Then, in violation of the constitutional charter of 1814, the Ordinances of 1830 were adopted. According to these Ordinances, the electoral system is changing. And from now on, only large landowners can be elected to these meetings. Those. The bourgeoisie is being pushed away from the levers of control and influence on the situation in the country.

And measures are being taken against the opposition liberal press. Censorship, bans.

Journalists begin protests and meetings. All this falls on favorable soil, because in France the intelligentsia is always burning with a quiet flame, the students are ready to explode, plus half-starved dissatisfied workers. The mass of the petty bourgeoisie, artisans, tavern owners whose incomes are falling.

All this leads to an uprising breaking out in Paris on July 27. Paris is covered with barricades, against which the royal regular troops are sent. From 14 to 28 thousand cannot take these barricades, despite the fact that they have artillery. As a result, part of the troops goes over to the side of the rebels. Within 3 days, the Bourbon regime, the restoration regime, loses power in the capital.

The revolution is spreading to the provinces, to the cities. The moderate liberal wing, the big bourgeoisie and the liberal nobility represented by the symbol of the French liberal nobility Lafayette, who fought for the republic in the USA during the War of Independence, then commanded the National Guard at the 1st stage of the great French Revolution, and now he begins to command again the National Guard, this is 1830, which is the armed force of the revolution.

Charles 10 abdicates the throne on August 2. And through the efforts of liberal circles, power is transferred to Louis-Philippe of Orleans, this is the Orleans branch of the Bourbons, who is appointed ruler, governor of the kingdom.

And after Charles 10 finally renounces the crown, on August 7 Louis Philippe is proclaimed king of all French.

The dissatisfaction of the Holy Alliance, the legitimate sovereigns of Europe, who want to organize an offensive in support, but this remains in words, because the disagreements between them are too serious, and each of them is bound by their own affairs.

For example, in Russia the Polish uprising of 1830-31. At the same time, the revolution of 1830 in the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the southern part, when the independent state of Belgium emerged.

The relatively favorable attitude towards the July Monarchy on the part of England leads to the fact that this monarchy is established. And the regime of the July Monarchy existed from 1830 to 1848.

The new constitution or charter of 1830, as a result of this revolution, reduces qualifications, property and age, and expands the electoral contingent from 90 thousand to 240 thousand. This is the first political conquest. Those. the big and middle bourgeoisie also receive the right to participate in elections.

The cleansing of the army and government begins. apparatus from the ultra-royalists. The coming to power of new people who have not tainted themselves with reactionary actions, views, or statements.

The July Revolution can be considered a bourgeois revolution, rather incomplete. It led to the fact that political power in France was transferred from the hands of large aristocrats to the hands of an alliance of part of the aristocrats and the big bourgeoisie, which was called the financial aristocracy. These are primarily bankers, large traders, and industrialists. This is the very top, the richest. And plus large landowners who recognized the realities of the July Revolution.

Louis Philippe d'Orléans represented both wings of those who came to power. He was a wealthy landowner, one of the largest in France, who ran a bourgeois, rented farming business. There was an aristocrat, Bourbon. On the other hand, he was involved in banking. He was involved in industry. In his face, the symbol of the new ruling coalition, the elite, emerged perfectly.

The July Revolution, as an unfinished bourgeois revolution, led to the fact that if the Bourbon monarchy is a step towards a constitutional monarchy, ...

... it has an upper faction, which is often called the financial aristocracy. It included bankers and moneylenders. Read Balzac's "Papa Gobsek", where the moneylender who made himself a multimillion-dollar fortune. "Evgenia Grande" who inherited lands and securities from her father. Those. really rich people. These are landowners, bankers, and large industrialists; railway construction begins. And moneylenders, merchants, traders, owners of factories.

The most important consequence of the revolution in the economy was that France received a powerful impetus for the further development of its industry and economy. Carrying out an industrial revolution.

1830 The beginning of railway construction in many countries. (In the USA, 1828.) 33 km of railways were built. By 1848 there were already 1930 km. Such rapid construction leads to the development of the mining and fuel industries, metalworking and metallurgical industries, and the engineering industry. Over the course of 18 years, France has been transformed into an agrarian-industrial country with a fairly strong economy. If in England the industrial revolution ends in the 1830-40s, then in France it ends by the middle of the 19th century (it is second after England), by 1848.

The completion and implementation of the industrial revolution, the creation of a modern agro-industrial economy, leads to the fact that society is changing. A new layer appears at the top that wants to eat and demands power and influence in society - this is the industrial bourgeoisie, and this new layer is increasingly making its claims, first to share the board, co-govern the country and society, and then to dominate in its own interests .

France is a country of small and medium-sized industry, and according to the Constitutional Charter of 1830, these forces were underrepresented in the management system. They did not all have the right to choose, much less get out. Therefore, at the end of the 1840s, the industrial bourgeoisie increasingly began to make its claims and demand political reforms in its interests, primarily participation in elections and governance of the country.

A huge number of workers are being formed at the bottom of society. In Paris there are several hundred daily wage, industrial, and transport workers who live in harsh conditions. The working day lasts up to 16 hours. They pay very little. The workers are dissatisfied with their difficult situation and demand its improvement, change, and so on.

These requirements are embodied in 2 forms. Direction 1 – practical. If you press too hard, they will rebel. 2 uprisings of Lyon weavers in 1831 and 1834 - suppressed. For the first time, a red banner appears on the barricades. Direction 2 - the search begins for some kind of ideology that would reflect and defend the interests of the growing labor movement, in addition to the strike struggle. And among the advanced workers, various seditious ideas begin to spread: utopian communism, utopian socialism.

We also had this under Khrushchev. In 1958, he said that the current generation of people would live under communism. And everyone clapped and rejoiced. And there was a joke in 1980: communism, scheduled for 1980, is replaced by the Olympics.

All sorts of organizations of a semi-conspiratorial closed type appear, such as the secret society “Vremena Goda”, which conduct agitation subversive work among the workers. Therefore, by the end of the reign of the July Monarchy, the situation in the country of the new ruling elite was not so great. Because she is under pressure from 3 factors:

1) people who want to eat, these are workers’ strikes, which are fraught with uprising;

2) pressure from the rapidly growing industrial bourgeoisie, middle and small, which also demands its share of the pie, its participation in management. The revolution of 1848 began with the spread of this part of the bourgeoisie, which organized opposition rallies, meetings, and processions.

3) the Orléanists were considered traitors among the monarchists, because there were Bourbonist-legitimist monarchists who believed that this fat man, Louis Philippe, who had jumped out and looked like a pear, had screwed over the real monarchs, the real branch of the Bourbons. Therefore, the Legitimists were a movement throughout the 19th century; they constantly staged intrigues and thwarted the Orléanist ruling regime. Therefore, at the end of the 1840s, life was not very sweet for the ruling regime and the elite in France.

Mandatory dates for the French Revolution:

1st Constitution 1791.

Varenna crisis: June-July 1791.

Execution of Louis 16: January 21, 1793 - by guillotine. Not by cutting off the head on the chopping block, like Charles 1.

Stage 3 of the revolution, Jacobin: June 2, 1793 to the night of July 27-28, 1794 (9 Thermidor).

Agrarian legislation: June-July 1793.

4th stage of the revolution (as Revunenko believed, although in all textbooks there are 3 stages of the revolution): from July 27, 1793 (?4) to November 9-10 (18 Brumaire) 1799. It is divided into 2 stages: the Thermidor regime: 1793-95 and the Directory regime 1795-99.

The 4th constitution, which legitimized the regime of this consulate - August 1799.

Consulate from 1799 to 1804.

1st Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte from 1804 to 1814.

Louis XVIII meets the army returning from Spain in the Tuileries. Painting by Louis Ducie. 1824

By 1814, the Napoleonic empire fell: Bonaparte himself was sent into exile on Elba, and the king returned to France, under the auspices of a coalition of victorious countries. Following Louis XVIII, the brother of the beheaded Louis XVI, recent aristocratic emigrants are sent to the country, expecting the return of their former privileges and hungry for revenge. In 1814, the king adopted a relatively soft constitution - the Charter, which guaranteed freedom of speech and religion, gave full executive power to the king, and divided legislative power between the king and the bicameral parliament. The Chamber of Peers was appointed by the king, the Chamber of Deputies was elected by the citizens. However, in general, the era of the Bourbon Restoration was a time of gradually thickening reaction and revanchism.

Karl H. Miniature of Henry Bon from a painting by Francois Gerard. 1829 The Metropolitan Museum of Art

In 1824, Charles X, the oldest of the French kings (at the time of coronation, he was 66 years old), once a close friend of Marie Antoinette, a supporter of the old absolutist order, ascended the throne. Jacobins, liberals, Bonapartists form secret societies, most newspapers are in opposition. The air was finally electrified when in 1829 the king appointed the ultra-royalist Prince Polignac as prime minister. Everyone understands that a decisive turn in domestic politics is being prepared, and the Charter is expected to be abolished. Parliament tries to resist Polignac's cabinet, but the king ignores him: in response to a message from 221 dissatisfied deputies, he postpones the parliamentary session for six months and then dissolves the chamber. All deputies will be re-elected in the summer. Karl starts a small victorious war in Algeria, but the tension does not subside. This is the third year that the country has had low harvests. "Unhappy France, unhappy king!" - they write in one of the newspapers.

Reading of the Ordinances in the Moniteur newspaper in the garden of the Palais Royal on July 26, 1830. Lithograph by Hippolyte Bellanger. 1831

On the morning of July 26, an issue of the state newspaper Moniteur Universel is published, containing five ordinances Ordinance- a royal decree that has the force of state law.. From now on, all periodicals are subject to censorship, the Chamber of Deputies, which has not yet had time to meet, is dissolved, new elections are scheduled for the fall, voting rights are retained only by landowners - thus, three-quarters of the former electorate remains out of work. At lunchtime that same day, the publishers of the Lennel Constitution newspaper hold a meeting in their lawyer's apartment, and 40 journalists draw up a manifesto: “The rule of law... has been interrupted, the rule of force has begun. In the situation in which we are involved, obedience is no longer a duty... We intend to publish our leaflets without asking for the permission imposed on us.”

Excited townspeople gather on the streets and read out ordinances, tension increases, and the first cobblestones from the pavement fly into Polignac's carriage.

Seizure of circulation in the editorial office of Le Constitutionnel. Lithograph by Victor Adam. Around 1830 Bibliothèque nationale de France

July 27 is the first of the “Three Glorious Days” of 1830. Liberal newspapers go into print in the morning - without censorship permission. Gendarmes burst into editorial offices and printing houses, but everywhere they meet resistance. The crowd, still unarmed, gathers around the Palais Royal, Saint-Honoré and the surrounding streets. Mounted gendarmes try to disperse people, open fire - in response, onlookers and indignant townspeople turn into rioters: gunsmith shopkeepers distribute their goods, the uprising spreads, and Minister Polignac is said to be quietly dining at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under the protection of a cannon.

Battle of the Gates of Saint-Denis on July 28, 1830. Painting by Hippolyte Lecomte. 19th century Musée Carnavalet

The next day, Paris is decorated with tricolors (at the time of the Restoration they were replaced by a white royalist flag with golden lilies). Barricades are growing in the center and east of the city, and fierce street battles have been going on since the very morning. The line troops opposing the crowd are few in number: quite recently a military expedition to Algeria was equipped. Many desert and go over to the side of the uprising. In the evening, Charles X sends an order from the country palace of Saint-Cloud to declare a state of siege in Paris.

Capture of the Paris City Hall. Painting by Joseph Baume. 1831 Musée national des châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon

The main battle on July 28 takes place at the Hotel de Ville, the Parisian city hall: several times during the day it goes to one side or the other. By noon, the tricolor flies over the city hall, and the crowd greets it with jubilation. An alarm bell sounds from the bell towers of the captured Notre Dame; Having heard him, the experienced diplomat and master of political intrigue Talleyrand says to his secretary: “A few more minutes, and Charles X will no longer be King of France.”

Capture of the Louvre on July 29, 1830: murder of the Swiss Guard. Painting by Jean Louis Besart. Around 1830 Bridgeman Images/Fotodom

On July 29, the entire city was engulfed in uprising, and the town hall was in the hands of the townspeople. The troops are concentrated around the Louvre and Tuileries palaces, where Polignac and his comrades are hiding. Suddenly, two regiments go over to the side of the uprising, the rest are forced to give up their positions and practically flee along the Champs-Elysees. Later, a crowd of students, workers and bourgeois seizes and sets fire to the barracks of the Swiss mercenaries - the most skilled in battle and therefore hated part of the state troops. By evening it becomes clear that the revolution has finally won.

Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette. Painting by Joseph Désiré Cour. 1791 Musée national des châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon

Now the acute question arises of what the revolution will lead to France. The most cautious option would have been the withdrawal of the ordinances and the resignation of Polignac, but the stubbornness and slowness of the king and ministers had already made this impossible. The most radical solution is the establishment of a republic, but in this case France would find itself in a very difficult foreign policy situation, perhaps even in the face of a military invasion by the states of the Holy Alliance, fearing the republican spirit like the plague. The face of the Republicans was General Lafayette, a hero of the revolution and the American War of Independence. In 1830, he was an elderly man and realized that he was no longer able to bear the burden of power.

Reading of the proclamation by deputies at the Paris Town Hall. Painting by Francois Gerard. 1836 Musée national des châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon

The compromise between the republicans and royalists was embodied by Charles X's cousin, Duke of Orleans Louis Philippe, who at one time joined the Jacobin club and fought for the revolution. Throughout the “Three Glorious Days” he stayed above the fray, realizing that if the crown eventually went to him, it was important to save face and enter the circle of European monarchs in the most legitimate way possible. On July 31, the Duke of Orleans arrives at the Palais Royal, where deputies read him a proclamation they had drawn up and declare him governor of the kingdom.

Louis Philippe I, King of France. Painting by Franz Xavier Winterhalter. 1839 Musée national des châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon

On August 2, Charles X abdicates the throne, and on August 7, the coronation of the “Citizen King” Louis Philippe I takes place. A new, more liberal charter will soon be adopted. In the ceremonial portrait, the king is depicted against the backdrop of Saint-Cloud Park, his right hand resting on the binding of the Charter, behind which is the crown and scepter. For France, 18 years of the July Monarchy begin, an era of checks and balances that will end with a new revolution and the Second Republic. Nevertheless, this is the golden age of the bourgeoisie, which led
Louis Philippe to power. In Europe, the July events were reflected in a number of national revolutions: among them the victorious Belgian revolution and the unsuccessful Polish uprising. This wave, however, was only a rehearsal for the storm that engulfed France and then Europe in 1848.

Introduction

The July Revolution was an uprising on July 27, 1830 against the current monarchy in France, which led to the final overthrow of the senior line of the Bourbon dynasty and the establishment of a liberal kingdom with significant powers of the bourgeoisie. The cause of the revolution was the conservative policy of King Charles X, whose highest goal was to restore the social order that reigned before the Great French Revolution of 1789.

1. Pre-revolutionary situation

The government under the leadership of Count Polignac consistently ignored the House of Representatives. Together with the social problems of the beginning era of industrialization, this policy by the summer of 1829 created acute public discontent, which even the conquest of Algeria in the spring of 1830 could not weaken. As with the revolution in 1789, the liberal bourgeoisie, this time reinforced by the ideals of Napoleon Bonaparte, united with the proto-proletarian lower strata of society, who for the first time since 1795 were again able to influence politics. One of the main inspirers of the revolution was the editor-in-chief of the newspaper National, Adolphe Louis Thiers, who became one of the leading French politicians in subsequent governments.

2. Revolution

New King Louis Philippe I

The immediate impetus for the July Revolution was the government decrees of July 26, according to which the House of Representatives was dissolved, voting rights were tightened and freedom of speech was further limited.

On July 30, the national French flag soared over the royal palace, and the Chamber of Deputies proclaimed the Duke of Orleans governor of the kingdom.

On August 7, the Chamber of Deputies offered him the crown, which he accepted on August 9 and was crowned Louis Philippe I, nicknamed the “Citizen King.”

The unrest of the proletarian strata was quickly suppressed. The “Jacobins,” as the ardent anti-monarchists called themselves, were unable to prevail, since the abolition of the monarchy would mean foreign policy complications up to the intervention of the Holy Alliance. The moderate party of the big bourgeoisie, led by Thiers and François Pierre Guizot, came to power. After these events, the era of the “July Monarchy” began, considered the golden age of the French bourgeoisie.

3. Consequences

The July Revolution had an impact throughout Europe. Liberal movements everywhere gained confidence and determination. In some states of the German Confederation, unrest began, resulting in amendments or reissues of existing constitutions. Unrest also began in some Italian states, including the Papal States. However, the July Revolution had its greatest effect on the territory of Poland, divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria, causing the uprising of 1830. Russian troops managed to suppress this uprising only in the fall of 1831.

There were consequences in the immediate vicinity of France. The southern Netherlands rebelled against the rule of the north and declared themselves the independent kingdom of Belgium. Despite its monarchical status, the constitution adopted by Belgium is considered one of the most progressive constitutions in Europe at that time. The final borders of Belgium were determined after some military operations in 1839.

In the long term, the July Revolution strengthened liberal and democratic aspirations throughout Europe. As King Louis Philippe increasingly moved away from his liberal origins and began to join the Holy Alliance, this led in 1848 to a new bourgeois-liberal revolution in France, the so-called February Revolution, as a result of which the Second French Republic was proclaimed . Like the July Revolution, it also led to uprisings and attempted coups throughout Europe.

2. Revolution

“Liberty Leading the People” (French: La Liberté guidant le peuple) is a painting by the French artist Eugene Delacroix.

Source: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_revolution