The history of mankind is, unfortunately, not always a world of discoveries and achievements, but often a chain of countless wars. These include those committed from the 11th to the 13th centuries. This article will help you understand the reasons and reasons, as well as trace the chronology. It is accompanied by a table compiled on the topic “Crusades”, containing the most important dates, names and events.

Definition of the concepts of “crusade” and “crusader”

The Crusade was an armed offensive by a Christian army against the Muslim East, which lasted a total of about 200 years (1096-1270) and was expressed in no less than eight organized marches of troops from Western European countries. In a later period, this was the name for any military campaign with the goal of converting to Christianity and expanding the influence of the medieval Catholic Church.

A crusader is a participant in such a campaign. On his right shoulder he had a patch in the form of The same image was applied to the helmet and flags.

Reasons, reasons, goals of hikes

Military demonstrations were organized. The formal reason was the fight against Muslims in order to liberate the Holy Sepulcher, located in the Holy Land (Palestine). In the modern sense, this territory includes states such as Syria, Lebanon, Israel, the Gaza Strip, Jordan and a number of others.

No one doubted its success. At that time it was believed that anyone who became a crusader would receive forgiveness of all sins. Therefore, joining these ranks was popular both among knights and among city residents and peasants. The latter, in exchange for participation in the crusade, received liberation from serfdom. In addition, for European kings, the crusade was an opportunity to get rid of powerful feudal lords, whose power grew as their holdings increased. Wealthy merchants and townspeople saw economic opportunity in military conquest. And the highest clergy themselves, led by the popes, considered the crusades as a way to strengthen the power of the church.

The beginning and end of the Crusader era

The 1st Crusade began on August 15, 1096, when an unorganized crowd of 50,000 peasants and urban poor went on a campaign without supplies or preparation. They were mainly engaged in looting (since they considered themselves warriors of God, to whom everything in this world belonged) and attacked Jews (who were considered the descendants of the murderers of Christ). But within a year, this army was destroyed by the Hungarians they met along the way, and then by the Turks. Following the crowd of poor people, well-trained knights went on a crusade. By 1099 they had reached Jerusalem, capturing the city and killing a large number of inhabitants. These events and the formation of a territory called the Kingdom of Jerusalem ended the active period of the first campaign. Further conquests (until 1101) were aimed at strengthening the conquered borders.

The last crusade (eighth) began on June 18, 1270 with the landing of the army of the French ruler Louis IX in Tunisia. However, this performance ended unsuccessfully: even before the battles began, the king died of a pestilence, which forced the crusaders to return home. During this period, the influence of Christianity in Palestine was minimal, and Muslims, on the contrary, strengthened their position. As a result, they captured the city of Acre, which marked the end of the era of the Crusades.

1st-4th Crusades (table)

5th-8th Crusades (table)

Results

The table clearly demonstrates how successful the numerous crusades were. There is no clear opinion among historians about how these events affected the lives of Western European peoples.

Some experts believe that the Crusades opened the way to the East, establishing new economic and cultural ties. Others note that this could have been done even more successfully through peaceful means. Moreover, the last crusade ended in outright defeat.

One way or another, significant changes took place in Western Europe itself: the strengthening of the influence of the popes, as well as the power of kings; the impoverishment of the nobles and the rise of urban communities; the emergence of a class of free farmers from former serfs who gained freedom thanks to participation in the crusades.

28-01-2017, 12:30 |

The campaigns of the Crusaders, which began at the end of the 11th century. play an important role in the history of Medieval Europe. This is an indicator of how many people, including the clergy, hiding behind good intentions, set out to liberate the Holy Lands in Palestine. In fact, most people pursued their own personal goals, often selfish ones. This includes the conquest of new territories, the remission of sins, simply booty of war and, at worst, outright robbery.

The history of the Crusades itself is filled with many secrets, many of which we can no longer reveal. On the other hand, the crusaders are considered by some to be glorified warriors who crossed many lands and participated in bloody battles. Let's look at the Crusades table.

Table of the first crusades

The first four Crusades are considered the most famous. A lot of historical materials are presented about them and their participants. And we can safely argue that, for example, German and French feudal lords mainly participated in the first campaign. And in the second there are knights and peasants. And the campaign was led by three famous commanders and rulers of different states.

So, in 1095, at the Council of Clermont, the then Pope announced the beginning of a holy campaign to Palestine, where the Holy Sepulcher was located. At that time, these lands were occupied by the Seljuk Turks, and it was urgent to liberate them from the Muslims. Consider below the table of the first three crusades.

Table of the last crusades

The remaining crusades were caused by the recapture of Jerusalem. The goals of these campaigns, in addition to the reconquest of Jerusalem, were also the conquest of Constantinople and other lands of the East. After all, in the West there was a catastrophic shortage of land. And such campaigns were mainly carried out by those people who hoped to find their new home in the East.

Capturing the same Jerusalem, many soldiers remained to live there and started families. The seventh and last Eighth Crusades were carried out against Egypt. But they were unsuccessful, just like the previous ones. Due to the unpreparedness of the participants in the campaign and sometimes climatic conditions, the crusaders did not achieve their goals. Let's look at the table of the last Crusades.

Table of results of the Crusades

The Crusades in the history of world civilization occupied an entire era. Despite the fact that many of the eight campaigns were unsuccessful, they left their mark on history. Each campaign was received by the population with great enthusiasm. People walked as part of the crusaders with warm hope for the future. Only now everything turned out to be a disaster.

They never managed to liberate Palestine from Muslims, nor did they manage to seize new lands there. But with each campaign the number of dead increased. Not always from a sword or arrows. Sometimes many warriors died from plague epidemics. The table below shows the results of the Crusades.

Crusades table video

1124 – Capture of Tire by the Crusaders

Crusader states in the East before 1144

Second Crusade (1147 – 1149) – chronological table

1144 – Expulsion of the crusaders from Edessa by the Emir of Mosul Imadeddin. Bernard of Clairvaux's agitation in Europe for the Second Crusade.

1147 – The Second Crusade begins. The main participants were the French king Louis VII and the German emperor Conrad III of Hohenstaufen. Unsuccessful battles between the Crusaders and the Seljuks in Asia Minor. Transporting part of their army to Palestine by sea.

1148 – The joint campaign of European and Jerusalem crusaders against Damascus ends in failure.

1149 – Return of Louis VII to Europe. End of the Second Crusade

Third Crusade (1189 – 1192) – chronological table

1187 – The defeat of the Crusaders at Hittin by the Egyptian Sultan Saladin. The capture of Jerusalem by Saladin is the reason for the Third Crusade.

1189 – The Third Crusade begins. Its main participants are the German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, the French king Philip August and the English king Richard the Lionheart. The Palestinian crusaders besiege Akka (Acre), but their army near this city is in turn surrounded by Saladin's army.

1190 – Frederick Barbarossa’s defeat of the Seljuks at Iconium and his death while crossing the Selef River (June 10, 1190). The end of the German crusade.

1191 – French and English crusaders sail east from Sicily. Conquest of Cyprus by Richard the Lionheart. The French and English join the siege of Acre and take the city (July 12, 1191). The dispute between kings Richard and Philip over the candidacy of the new king of Jerusalem, which had not yet been taken (Conrad of Montferrat or Guy of Lusignan). Departure of Philip Augustus from Palestine. Capture of Joppa by Richard (Jaffa, September 7).

1192 – Two unsuccessful campaigns of Richard the Lionheart to Jerusalem. His restoration of the walls of Ascalon. The assassination of Conrad of Montferrat. Muslim attacks on Ascalon and Joppa. Truce between King Richard and Saladin: the crusaders retain the entire coastline from Tire to Joppa, but they do not regain Jerusalem. The end of the Third Crusade.

Results of the Third Crusade. Crusader states around 1200. Map

Fourth Crusade (1202 – 1204) – chronological table

1202 – The army of the Crusaders, preparing to sail from Venice to Egypt, begins their campaign with the plunder of Christian Zara (to pay the Venetians for crossing the sea to the East). Arrival of the Byzantine prince Alexei at the crusader camp. He asks the knights to restore to the throne his father, the former Emperor Isaac II Angelos, overthrown by his own brother Alexios III. As a reward, the prince promises to subordinate the Greek church to the pope, generously reward the crusading leaders and help them in their campaign against the Muslims.

1203 – Arrival of the troops of the fourth crusade at the walls of Constantinople. The main leaders of the crusaders were Baldwin of Flanders, Boniface of Montferrat and the Venetian Doge Dandolo. Siege of the Byzantine capital by knights. The flight of Emperor Alexei III, the enthronement of Isaac II and Tsarevich Alexei. The impudence of the crusaders soon leads to renewed clashes between them and the Greeks.

1204 – Patriotic coup by Alexei Murzufla (Murchufla) in Constantinople. Murder of Tsarevich Alexei, death of Isaac II. Capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders. Proclamation of the Catholic Latin Empire in the European part of Byzantium. Her choice by Emperor Baldwin of Flanders.

Participants of the Fourth Crusade near Constantinople. Miniature for the Venetian manuscript of Villehardouin's History, c. 1330

1212 – Children's Crusade. The legend that children will liberate Jerusalem from the hands of Muslims causes religious exaltation in France and Germany. The movement is led by the boys Stefan and Nikolai. Crowds of children go from France and Germany to the seaports, but some die from the difficulties of the journey, and some are captured as slaves by Mohammedan pirates.

Fifth Crusade (1217 – 1221) – chronological table

1217 – Arrival of the Crusader army led by the Hungarian King Andrew (Andras) in Palestine. His unsuccessful attack on the Muslim fortifications of Mount Tabor.

1218 – Return of Andrew of Hungary to his homeland. The remaining crusaders in the East, led by Leopold of Austria, sail to Egypt and besiege the Damietta fortress covering the entrance to the Nile Delta.

1219 – Capture of Damietta by the crusaders (where 65 thousand of the 70 thousand inhabitants die during the siege).

1220 – The Crusaders are slow to develop their success in Egypt. Having received a respite, the Egyptian Sultan builds a powerful fortified camp for Mansur on the opposite bank of the Nile.

1221 – The Crusaders of the Fifth Campaign try to resume the offensive against the Egyptians, but they open the Nile floodgates and flood the location of the Christian army. The knights leave Damietta and retreat from Egypt. End of the Fifth Crusade

The assault of the Crusaders of the Fifth Campaign on the tower of Damietta. Artist Cornelis Claes van Wieringen, c. 1625

Sixth Crusade (1228 – 1229) – chronological table

Fifth, sixth and seventh crusades. Map

Seventh Crusade (1248 – 1254) – chronological table

Eighth Crusade (1270) – chronological table

1260 - The energetic Baybars becomes the Egyptian sultan, who, after several invasions of Palestine, takes away all the cities except Tripoli and Acre from the local Christians.

1270 – Saint Louis sails on the Eighth Crusade. His initial goal is Egypt, but Louis's brother, King of Sicily Charles of Anjou, soon persuades the crusaders to sail to Tunisia for his own benefit. After landing in Tunisia, a pestilence begins among the knights. Louis IX dies from it, and Charles of Anjou makes peace with the Muslims and ends the Eighth Crusade.

Crusades

1095-1096 - March of poverty or peasant campaign
1095-1099 - First Crusade
1147-1149 - Second Crusade
1189-1192 - Third Crusade
1202-1204 - Fourth Crusade
1202-1212 - Children's Crusade
1218-1221 - Fifth Crusade
1228-1229 - Sixth Crusade
1248-1254 - Seventh Crusade
1270-12?? - The Last Crusade

CRUSADES (1096-1270), military-religious expeditions of Western Europeans to the Middle East with the aim of conquering Holy places associated with the earthly life of Jesus Christ - Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulcher.

Prerequisites and start of hikes

The prerequisites for the Crusades were: traditions of pilgrimages to Holy Places; a change in views on war, which began to be considered not a sinful, but a good deed if it was waged against the enemies of Christianity and the church; capture in the 11th century the Seljuk Turks of Syria and Palestine and the threat of capture by Byzantium; the difficult economic situation of Western Europe in the 2nd half. 11th century

On November 26, 1095, Pope Urban II called on those gathered at the local church council in the city of Clermont to recapture the Holy Sepulcher captured by the Turks. Those who took this vow sewed crosses from rags onto their clothes and therefore were called “crusaders.” To those who went on the Crusade, the Pope promised earthly riches in the Holy Land and heavenly bliss in case of death, they received complete absolution, they were forbidden to collect debts and feudal obligations during the campaign, their families were under the protection of the church.

First Crusade

In March 1096, the first stage of the First Crusade (1096-1101) began - the so-called. march of the poor. Crowds of peasants, with families and belongings, armed with anything, under the leadership of random leaders, or even without them at all, moved east, marking their path with plunder (they believed that since they were soldiers of God, then any earthly property belonged to them) and Jewish pogroms (in their eyes, the Jews from the nearest town were the descendants of the persecutors of Christ). Of the 50 thousand troops of Asia Minor, only 25 thousand reached, and almost all of them died in the battle with the Turks near Nicaea on October 25, 1096.

In the autumn of 1096, a knightly militia from different parts of Europe set out, its leaders were Godfrey of Bouillon, Raymond of Toulouse and others. By the end of 1096 - beginning of 1097, they gathered in Constantinople, in the spring of 1097 they crossed to Asia Minor, where, together with Byzantine troops, they began the siege of Nicaea, They took it on June 19 and handed it over to the Byzantines. Further, the path of the crusaders lay in Syria and Palestine. On February 6, 1098, Edessa was taken, on the night of June 3 - Antioch, a year later, on June 7, 1099, they besieged Jerusalem, and on July 15 captured it, committing a brutal massacre in the city. On July 22, at a meeting of princes and prelates, the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established, to which the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch and (from 1109) the County of Tripoli were subordinate. The head of state was Godfrey of Bouillon, who received the title “Defender of the Holy Sepulcher” (his successors bore the title of kings). In 1100-1101, new detachments from Europe set off for the Holy Land (historians call this a “rearguard campaign”); The borders of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were established only in 1124.

There were few immigrants from Western Europe who permanently lived in Palestine; spiritual knightly orders played a special role in the Holy Land, as well as immigrants from the coastal trading cities of Italy who formed special privileged quarters in the cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Second Crusade

After the Turks conquered Edessa in 1144, the Second Crusade (1147-1148) was declared on December 1, 1145, led by the King of France Louis VII and the German King Conrad III and which turned out to be inconclusive.

In 1171, power in Egypt was seized by Salah ad-Din, who annexed Syria to Egypt and in the spring of 1187 began a war against Christians. On July 4, in a battle that lasted 7 hours near the village of Hittin, the Christian army was defeated, in the second half of July the siege of Jerusalem began, and on October 2 the city surrendered to the mercy of the winner. By 1189, several fortresses and two cities remained in the hands of the crusaders - Tire and Tripoli.

Third Crusade

On October 29, 1187, the Third Crusade (1189-1192) was declared. The campaign was led by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the kings of France, Philip II Augustus, and the kings of England, Richard I the Lionheart. On May 18, 1190, the German militia captured the city of Iconium (now Konya, Turkey) in Asia Minor, but on June 10, while crossing a mountain river, Frederick drowned, and the demoralized German army retreated. In the fall of 1190, the crusaders began the siege of Acre, the port city and sea gate of Jerusalem. Acre was taken on June 11, 1191, but even before that Philip II and Richard quarreled, and Philip sailed to his homeland; Richard launched several unsuccessful attacks, including two on Jerusalem, concluded an extremely unfavorable treaty for Christians with Salah ad Din on September 2, 1192, and left Palestine in October. Jerusalem remained in the hands of Muslims, and Acre became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Fourth Crusade. Capture of Constantinople

In 1198, a new, Fourth Crusade was announced, which took place much later (1202-1204). It was intended to strike Egypt, to which Palestine belonged. Since the crusaders did not have enough money to pay for ships for the naval expedition, Venice, which had the most powerful fleet in the Mediterranean, asked for help in conquering the Christian (!) city of Zadar on the Adriatic coast, which happened on November 24, 1202, and then prompted the crusaders march on Byzantium, the main trading rival of Venice, under the pretext of intervening in dynastic feuds in Constantinople and uniting the Orthodox and Catholic churches under the auspices of the papacy. On April 13, 1204, Constantinople was taken and brutally plundered. Part of the territories conquered from Byzantium went to Venice, on the other part the so-called. Latin Empire. In 1261, the Orthodox emperors, who had established themselves in Asia Minor, which was not occupied by Western Europeans, with the help of the Turks and Venice's rival Genoa, again occupied Constantinople.

Children's Crusade

In view of the failures of the crusaders, the belief arose in the mass consciousness of Europeans that the Lord, who did not give victory to the strong but sinful, would grant it to the weak but sinless. In the spring and early summer of 1212, crowds of children began to gather in different parts of Europe, declaring that they were going to liberate Jerusalem (the so-called children's crusade, not included by historians in the total number of Crusades).

The church and secular authorities treated this spontaneous explosion of popular religiosity with suspicion and did their best to prevent it. Some of the children died on the way through Europe from hunger, cold and disease, some reached Marseilles, where clever merchants, promising to transport the children to Palestine, brought them to the slave markets of Egypt.

Fifth Crusade

The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) began with an expedition to the Holy Land, but, having failed there, the crusaders, who did not have a recognized leader, transferred military operations to Egypt in 1218. On May 27, 1218, they began the siege of the fortress of Damietta (Dumyat) in the Nile Delta; The Egyptian sultan promised them to lift the siege of Jerusalem, but the crusaders refused, took Damietta on the night of November 4-5, 1219, tried to build on their success and occupy all of Egypt, but the offensive floundered. On August 30, 1221, peace was concluded with the Egyptians, according to which the soldiers of Christ returned Damietta and left Egypt.

Sixth Crusade

The Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) was undertaken by Emperor Frederick II Staufen. This constant opponent of the papacy was excommunicated from the church on the eve of the campaign. In the summer of 1228, he sailed to Palestine, thanks to skillful negotiations, he concluded an alliance with the Egyptian Sultan and, in return for help against all his enemies, Muslims and Christians (!), received Jerusalem without a single battle, which he entered on March 18, 1229. Since the emperor was under excommunication, the return of the Holy City to the fold of Christianity was accompanied by a ban on worship there. Frederick soon left for his homeland; he had no time to deal with Jerusalem, and in 1244 the Egyptian Sultan again and finally took Jerusalem, carrying out a massacre of the Christian population.

Seventh and Eighth Crusades

The Seventh Crusade (1248-1254) was almost exclusively the work of France and its king, Louis IX the Saint. Egypt was again targeted. In June 1249, the crusaders took Damietta a second time, but were later blocked and in February 1250 the entire force, including the king, surrendered. In May 1250, the king was released for a ransom of 200 thousand livres, but did not return to his homeland, but moved to Acre, where he waited in vain for help from France, where he sailed in April 1254.

In 1270, the same Louis undertook the last, Eighth Crusade. His goal was Tunisia, the most powerful Muslim maritime state in the Mediterranean. It was supposed to establish control over the Mediterranean in order to freely send crusader detachments to Egypt and the Holy Land. However, soon after the landing in Tunisia on June 18, 1270, an epidemic broke out in the crusader camp, Louis died on August 25, and on November 18, the army, without having entered into a single battle, sailed to their homeland, taking with them the body of the king.

Things in Palestine were getting worse, the Muslims took city after city, and on May 18, 1291, Acre fell - the last stronghold of the Crusaders in Palestine.

Both before and after this, the church repeatedly proclaimed crusades against pagans (a campaign against the Polabian Slavs in 1147), heretics and against the Turks in the 14th-16th centuries, but they are not included in the total number of crusades.

Lesson 29: "Crusades. Reasons and participants

Crusades and their consequences."

The purpose of the lesson: Reveal the main reasons for the crusades in the East and the goals of their participants. Show the role of the church as the inspirer and organizer of these campaigns. To contribute to the formation of students' ideas about the aggressive and colonial nature of the crusade movement.

Plan for learning new material:

Reasons and participants of the crusades.

The First Crusade and the formation of the Crusader states.

Subsequent campaigns and their results.

Spiritual knightly orders.

Consequences of the Crusades.

At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher can update students' knowledge about the role of the Catholic Church in the life of medieval society.

When moving on to studying a new topic, the teacher pays attention to revealing the truereasons for the crusades:

The desire of the popes to extend their power to new lands;

The desire of secular and spiritual feudal lords to acquire new lands and increase their income;

The desire of Italian cities to establish their control over trade in the Mediterranean;

The desire to get rid of the robber knights;

Deep religious feelings of the crusaders.

Crusades - military-colonial movement of Western European feudal lords to the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean inXI- XIII centuries (1096-1270).

Reason for starting the crusades:

In 1071, Jerusalem was captured by the Seljuk Turks and access to the Holy Places was cut off.

Address of the Byzantine Emperor AlexeiIComnena to the Pope asking for help.

In 1095 Pope UrbanIIcalled for a campaign to the East and the liberation of the Holy Sepulcher. The motto of the knights is: “God wants it that way.”

Total was committed8 hikes:

The first – 1096-1099. The second - 1147-1149. Third - 1189-1192.

Fourth - 1202-1204. ……. Eighth - 1270.

Using the capabilities of a computer presentation, the teacher can invite students to familiarize themselves with the social composition of the participants in the crusades, their goals and the results achieved.

Participants of the Crusades and their goals:

Participants

Goals

results

Catholic Church

The spread of the influence of Christianity to the East.

Expanding land holdings and increasing the number of taxpayers.

Didn't receive any land.

Kings

The search for new lands in order to expand the royal army and the influence of royal power.

The craving for a beautiful life and luxury has increased.

Dukes and counts

Enrichment and expansion of land holdings.

Changes in everyday life.

Inclusion in trade.

Borrowing eastern inventions and cultures.

Knights

Searches for new lands.

Many died.

They did not receive any land.

Cities (Italy)

Merchants

Establishing control over trade in the Mediterranean Sea.

Interest in trade with the East.

Revival of trade and establishment of control of Genoa and Venice over trade in the Mediterranean.

Peasants

The search for freedom and property.

Death of people.

At the end of working with the table, students must independently draw a conclusion about the nature of the crusades (aggressive).

Traditionally, history classes cover the first, third, and fourth crusades in detail.

First Crusade (1096-1099)

Spring 1096 Autumn 1096

(campaign of the peasants) (campaign of the knights of Europe)

defeat victory

1097 1098 1099

Nicaea Edessa Jerusalem

Antioch

Working with the map in the workbook of E.A. Kryuchkova (task 98 pp. 55-56) or tasks on the contour map “Western Europe in the 11th-13th centuries. Crusades" (indicate the states of the crusaders and indicate their borders).

Crusader states

Jerusalem Edessa Antioch Tripoli

kingdom kingdom kingdom kingdom

(main state

in the Eastern Middle

earthsea)

Significance of the First Crusade:

Showed how influential the Catholic Church has become.

Moved a huge mass of people from Europe to the Middle East.

Strengthening feudal oppression of the local population.

New Christian states arose in the East, Europeans seized new possessions in Syria and Palestine.

Reasons for the fragility of the crusader states:

along with feudal relations, feudal fragmentation and civil strife were inevitably transferred here;

there were few lands suitable for cultivation here, and therefore there were fewer people willing to fight for them;

the conquered locals remained Muslims, which led to double hatred and strife.

Consequences of conquest:

plunder;

seizure of land, introduction of feudal relations;

huge taxes (from 1/3 to 1/2 of the harvest + taxes to the king + 1/10 to the church);

creation of spiritual knightly orders.

Reasons for the start of the second crusade:

Results of the first Struggle Liberation Call for a new one

Crusader conquered Edessa to the Crusader

the crusade of the peoples from the crusaders

Second Crusade (1147-1149) - headed the German

Emperor ConradIIIand the French King LouisVII.

The campaign against Edessa and Damascus ended in the defeat of the crusaders.

Third Crusade (Campaign of the Three Kings) (1189-1192) –

Frederick Barbarossa for Jerusalem Salah ad-Din (Saladin)

Richard the Lionheart (unified Egypt, Mesopo-

Philip II. Tamiya, Syria, returned

Jerusalem)

2-year siege of Acre

Truce.

Jerusalem was not returned, but Salah ad-Din agreed

on the admission of Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem shrines.

Reasons for the defeat of the Third Crusade:

death of Frederick Barbarossa;

Philip's quarrel IIand Richard the Lionheart, Philip's departure in the midst of battle;

not enough strength;

there is no single plan for the campaign;

the strength of the Muslims grew stronger;

there is no unity among the crusader states in the Eastern Mediterranean;

huge sacrifices and difficulties of campaigns, there are no longer so many people willing.

Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) - organized by dad

Innocent III

Capture of Zadar Capture of Constantinople pogroms and plunder

Collapse of the Byzantine Empire

Fight against Christians

Formation of the Latin Empire (before 1261)

Robbery opened

the essence of hiking

Loss of religious

essence of campaigns

In this campaign, the aggressive, predatory goals of the crusaders were most clearly manifested.

Gradually the crusaders lost their possessions in Syria and Palestine. The number of participants in the hikes decreased. The elation was gone.

The most tragic thing in the Crusader movement was the organized

in 1212 the Children's Crusade.

Question:

Why did the Catholic Church support the call to send children to liberate the Holy Sepulcher?

Answer:

The Church argued that adults are powerless to free the Holy Sepulcher because they are sinful, and God expects feats from children.

some of the children returned home;

As a result, some died of thirst and hunger;

some were sold by merchants into slavery in Egypt.

Eighth Crusade (1270)

to Tunisia and Egypt

Defeat.

The loss of all their lands in the Muslim world.

In 1291, the last stronghold of the crusaders, the fortress of Acre, fell.

The history of the Crusades is the story of how two different worlds failed to learn tolerance towards each other, of how the seeds of hatred sprouted.

One of the main consequences of the Crusaders' conquests in the East was the creation of spiritual knightly orders.

Signs of spiritual knightly orders:

were headed by masters;

obeyed the Pope, did not depend on local authorities;

their members renounced property and family - they became monks;

But – had the right to bear arms;

were created to fight the infidels;

had privileges: they were exempt from tithes, subject only to papal court, and had the right to accept donations and gifts;

They were forbidden: hunting, playing dice, laughing and unnecessary conversations.

Three major orders of chivalry

Templars

Hospitallers

Teutons

Order of the Knights of the Temple (“temple” - temple) - “templars”.

Created in 1118-1119.

Residence in Jerusalem.

The symbol is a white cloak with a red eight-pointed cross.

The Order supported heretics.

They were engaged in usury and trade.

In 1314, the Master of the Order de Male was burned at the stake, and the order ceased to exist.

Order of Equestrians of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem - Ionites.

Created in XIcentury in Jerusalem.

The hospital was founded by the merchant Mauro.

The symbol is a white eight-pointed cross on a black mantle, and later on a red cloak.

Later they settled on the island of Rhodes (Knights of Rhodes), then on the island of Malta (Knights of Malta).

The Order of Malta still exists today. Residence in Rome.

Order of the House of St. Mary of Teutonia.

(“Teuton” – German)

Created in XIIcentury in Jerusalem.

A hospital for German-speaking pilgrims was founded.

The symbol is a white cloak with a black cross.

IN XIIIcentury united with the Livonian Order.

Defeated at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.

The Nazis borrowed the cross from them.

In Germany, the Teutonic Order still exists.

As homework, students may be asked to fill out the following table:

Positive

Negative

disasters of the peoples of the East;

collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

Consequences of the Crusades:

Positive

Negative

revitalization of trade between West and East;

impetus for the development of European trade, the transfer of control over trade in the Mediterranean to Venice and Genoa;

new crops came to Europe from the East (watermelons, sugar cane, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, rice);

windmills spread to the East;

Europeans learned to make silk, glass, mirrors;

there have been changes in European everyday life (hand washing, bathing, changing clothes);

Western feudal lords gravitated even more towards luxury in clothing, food, and weapons;

People's knowledge about the world around them has expanded.

disasters of the peoples of the East;

huge casualties on both sides;

destruction of cultural monuments;

increasing hostility between the Orthodox and Catholic churches;

collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

the contradictions between the Muslim East and the Christian West became even deeper;

weakened the influence and power of the Pope, who was unable to implement such grandiose plans.

Consequences of the Crusades:

Positive

Negative

revitalization of trade between West and East;

impetus for the development of European trade, the transfer of control over trade in the Mediterranean to Venice and Genoa;

new crops came to Europe from the East (watermelons, sugar cane, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, rice);

windmills spread to the East;

Europeans learned to make silk, glass, mirrors;

there have been changes in European everyday life (hand washing, bathing, changing clothes);

Western feudal lords gravitated even more towards luxury in clothing, food, and weapons;

People's knowledge about the world around them has expanded.

disasters of the peoples of the East;

huge casualties on both sides;

destruction of cultural monuments;

increasing hostility between the Orthodox and Catholic churches;

collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

the contradictions between the Muslim East and the Christian West became even deeper;

weakened the influence and power of the Pope, who was unable to implement such grandiose plans.

Homework:

Textbooks:

A - §§ 22, 23; B - §§ 25, 27; Br - § 24; B - § 17; G - § 4.4; D - §§ 22, 23; K - § 30;

KnCh – pp. 250-264, 278-307.

Filling out the table: “Consequences of the Crusades.”

Participants in the Crusades were called crusaders.

The Crusades began in 1095, when Pope Urban II, at a church council in the southern French city of Clermont, called on all devout Christians to go to Palestine and liberate the “Holy Sepulcher” from the hands of Muslims. The Pope’s call found an immediate response in the souls of people, but, in addition to a sincere religious impulse, one can also discover a number of social reasons that contributed to the beginning of a mass movement for the liberation of the “Holy Sepulcher.”

In the 11th century law is being established in Europe majorate, according to which the feud was inherited only by the eldest son of the feudal lord, while the younger sons were forced to seek income for themselves by serving at the court of more powerful lords or the king. Therefore, for them, the Crusade seemed a real opportunity to obtain profitable land ownership in the East.

For impoverished peasants, the Crusade seemed to be a means of improving their financial situation and acquiring land free from the power of the lord.

The Pope's promise to forgive all participants in the Crusade for their sins and debts to the church prompted them to go to the East.

The papacy itself viewed the crusading movement as an opportunity to strengthen its authority, which was especially important in the era of the struggle for investiture with the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire.

The most successful was First Crusade (1096–1099), during which a number of territories in the Middle East were conquered from the Seljuks, including the city of Jerusalem. The success of the crusaders was largely determined by the fragmented actions of Muslim states against the Europeans.

In the conquered territories, four Christian states were created (the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch and the County of Tripoli), into which the feudal system that dominated Western Europe was transferred. All other Crusades, in fact, were only attempts to retain the conquered territories, but the crusaders failed to complete this task. By the end of the 13th century. Europeans lost all their possessions in the Middle East.

The Crusades to the East were the most general and long-lasting manifestation of the crusader movement. However, they also took place in other directions.

Crusades in the Baltics

At the beginning of the 13th century. Toulouse became the center of the Albigensian heresy, and the Toulouse count even patronized the heretics. Several Crusades were organized against the Albigensians. In 1226, the French king Louis VIII, at the head of a crusading army, conquered the County of Toulouse, which was included in the royal domain. In an effort to no longer allow such a large-scale and deep spread of heretical teachings, the Catholic Church in the 13th century. established the Inquisition- a special body whose main function was to identify and eradicate heresies.

The Crusades to the East had serious consequences for Europeans: acquaintance with Eastern culture, introducing European lords to Eastern luxury, expanding the diet, acquiring new geographical knowledge, etc.