The transverse flute is a musical instrument made of wood. It belongs to the wind instruments and belongs to the soprano register. changes through overblowing. Also, during the game, the holes are opened and closed by valves.

general information

The bamboo transverse flute is a rather rare occurrence today, since modern musical instruments of this type are usually made of metal (platinum, gold, silver, nickel), sometimes also of glass, plastic or other composite materials. The range is over three octaves. Transverse flute notes are recorded based on the actual sound. The timbre is transparent and clear in the middle register, in the lower register it is dull, in the upper register it is somewhat harsh. A variety of techniques are available to the flute. She often performs an orchestral solo. Used in brass and symphony orchestras. Also used in chamber ensembles. Symphony orchestras use from 1 to 5 flutes. Most often, their number is from two to three.

Instrument history

The transverse flute has been known to mankind for a long time. The earliest image of it was found on the Etruscan relief. It was created in 100 or 200 BC. Then the tool was directed to the left. Only in the illustration for a 16th century poem is it being held to the right.

Middle Ages

The transverse flute is also found in archaeological excavations. The first such finds in Western Europe date back to the XII-XIV centuries. ad. One of the earliest images dating back to that time is contained in the pages of an encyclopedia called Hortus Deliciarum. Researchers suggest that the instrument temporarily fell out of use in Europe, and then returned there, coming from Asia, through the Byzantine Empire. In the Middle Ages, the structure consisted of a single component, sometimes there were two. The tool had a cylindrical shape and six holes of the same diameter.

Renaissance and Baroque

The transverse flute did not change too much in the subsequent period. The instrument had a range of 2.5 octaves. It allowed you to take the entire list of notes of the chromatic scale with a good mastery of the fingering. The latter was very difficult. The middle register sounded best. Famous original instruments of this type are kept in Verona in a museum called Castel Vecchio. The first significant changes in the design of the instrument were made by the Otteter family. Its representative, Jacques Martin, divided the flute into 3 parts. Subsequently, they became 4. The body of the instrument, as a rule, was divided in half. Otteter changed to tapered drilling. In this way, the intonation between octaves has been improved.

In the 18th century, a large number of valves were added to the instrument. As a rule, there are 4 - 6 of them. Important innovations were introduced by Johann Joachim Quantz and Georg Tromlitz. During Mozart's lifetime, the most commonly used single-valve transverse flute. By the beginning of the 19th century, the number of these elements began to increase rapidly. The music for this instrument is more virtuoso. Additional valves, in turn, facilitated the execution of the most difficult passages.

There were many design options. The five-valve flute was popular in France. In England there were 7 or 8. There were many different systems in Italy, Austria and Germany. Here the number of valves could reach 14 and even more. The instruments were named after inventors: Ziegler, Schwedler, Meyer. There were valve systems made specifically to facilitate this or that passage. In the 19th century, flutes of the Viennese type were also created, they included the sound of G in a small octave.

The flute is a truly amazing wind instrument, irreplaceable in any orchestra. It has a long history dating back to antiquity. The first mention of this instrument appeared in Greek mythology, and according to the myth, the son of Hephaestus, Ardalus, is considered its inventor. Today, centuries later, it does not lose its position, and playing on it is a whole art.

What are the flutes

Today in the musical world there are a large number of different types of this amazing musical instrument. Moreover, many peoples have their own variety, and sometimes more than one. However, if you collect and structure all types, you can distinguish two main types - longitudinal and transverse. The first of them - longitudinal - the musician usually holds straight in front of him. Longitudinal flutes may be open or whistle... In the first case, air is blown obliquely into the open hole from above. In the second case, a whistle device is additionally installed in the inlet.
Perhaps the more familiar to us are transverse flutes... They are used in classical orchestras. By tradition, they belong to woodwind instruments, because they were originally made from wood. Of course, in our time they are made mainly of metal, and in some cases from ceramics or glass. The valves, which appeared on the transverse flute as early as 1832, help control the pitch. The transverse is also appreciated due to its great possibilities of virtuoso performance of even the most complex works at a fast tempo: trills, arpeggios, etc. Versatile playing is achieved thanks to the richness of timbre, wide range and various shades of sound.

What flutes do professionals and beginners play?

How to understand all the variety of flutes and make the right choice for yourself? It all depends on your skills and the musical style for which you will need this instrument. So, for example, simple and light classical music sounds great on one of the simplest varieties of this musical instrument. Its timbre is quite simple, the range is about two. That is why it is a great choice for aspiring performers. Orchestral flute with a range from the first to the fourth octave - the instrument is already more complex and perfectly copes with both classical music and modern styles - rock or jazz. The sound characteristics are also influenced by the material from which the instrument is made. So, metal modifications have a more sonorous, piercing and clear sound, while models made, for example, from reed, characterize more "empty" and lower sound, poor in overtones.

It is also important to know how the flute range is determined. First of all, it depends on the length and diameter of the instrument: the higher these indicators, the greater the air consumption during the performance and the lower the sound produced.
Today, there are several leading manufacturers of flutes on the musical instrument market. These include BRAHNER, Maxtone, Flight, Yamaha and HOHNER. You can trust these brands and be confident in the quality of the musical instruments produced. For more details see here -

(Italian - flauto, French - flute, German - Flote, English - flute)

The flute is one of the most ancient wind instruments. Its predecessors appeared during the period of primitive society. Instruments were made from shells, bone or reed tubes. There were both longitudinal and transverse (oblique) flutes.

In longitudinal flutes, air was sent directly into the open part of the barrel, while the transverse ones had a special hole for sending air, which was located on the side, which determined the horizontal position of the instrument during the performance.

An important step in the evolution of the flute was the invention of playing holes. At first, the holes appeared in the lower part of the instrument, at the bell, then as their number increased, they were located up the tube. Among the most ancient instruments there were already flutes with 4 and even 5 playing holes. The sound production mechanism was also gradually improved. The pointed edge of the barrel appeared on the longitudinal flutes, then a whistle device appeared. The beak-shaped tip greatly facilitated the extraction of sound: it was more convenient for the lips, at the same time it formed a narrow slit, which made it possible to accurately direct the air to the edge of the cross-section of the outer side of the instrument.

The flute was most widespread in Europe in the Middle Ages. The longitudinal straight flute with a beak tip was the predecessor of the German Schnabelflote (Blockflote), Schwegel (Schwegel) and Ruspfeif (Ruspfeif). The double longitudinal flute (Doppel-Blockflote) was also popular, consisting of two parallel barrels with a single sound-producing mechanism - a whistle device. The Pan flute was used in folk music practice.

Germany became the European homeland of the flute, due to which it received the name German. The instrument was a cylindrical beech tube with an air outlet on the upper side and 6 play holes. The narrow bore hole drilling made it easier to produce sound and brightened the tone of the instrument. The transverse flute was used in folk music making, later it became one of the favorite instruments of the minnesingers (German medieval poets-singers) and military musicians.

At the end of the XVI century. the barrel of the transverse flute has been conical in order to achieve purer intonation and ease of sound production. The flute head began to be made movable, which made it possible to adjust the pitch of the instrument.

In the second half of the 17th century. the bore of the transverse flute received a reverse conical shape, which significantly improved the timbre of the instrument. The flute barrel was made up of three parts. This made it possible to correct the component parts when adjusting the pitch.

Due to improvements in the transverse flute at the end of the 17th century. began to displace and at the end of the XVIII century. finally ousted the longitudinal from the orchestra. The advantage of the transverse flute was also due to the fact that it had a different character of sound in different registers. The longitudinal flute had a gentle, but monotonous sound.

At the beginning of the 18th century. the constructive improvement of the transverse flute continues. To achieve an accurate adjustment, as well as for ease of drilling the channel, the middle knee of the instrument was divided into two parts. By the middle of the century, the valves F, G-sharp, B-flat and C were introduced, which made it possible to extract the full chromatic scale on the instrument without the use of complex fingering combinations. The range of the flute was two and a half octaves (D first - A third). The invention of an annular device, which made it possible, together with the ring, to close an additional adjusting hole, belongs to the same time. This concludes the development of the simple (German) flute.

Since 1847, a flute designed by the German virtuoso flutist and composer Theobald Boehm has become widespread in Europe, who began to make instruments from metal (often from silver). The flute of his design has a cylindrical barrel bore and a more elongated head compared to a simple flute. The precise definition of the scale of the instrument and the significant expansion of the playing holes led to the emergence of a unique system of valves located under the fingers so conveniently that the performer could easily cope with the most difficult technical passages. These improvements made it possible to produce a strong and intonationally pure sound on the flute, as well as freely reproduce the sounds of the third octave. The flute still exists in this form.

Big flute, or simply - a flute is a cylindrical tube about 700 mm long, about 15-20 mm in diameter, made of metal or ebony. The tool consists of three parts - head, middle and bottom, or two parts - head and body. There is an ear-cushion hole in the head, in the lower part there is a screw with a stopper for adjusting the instrument. Sound production on a flute occurs by sending a stream of air to the edge of the ear cushion opening.

The sounds of B-minor, C and D-flat of the first octave are produced by turning on additional valves. The chromatic scale from D of the first to C-sharp of the second octave is reproduced by alternately opening the playing holes, starting from the mouth. The chromatic scale from D second to C sharp of the third octave is obtained by means of an octave overblowing. Sounds above the C sharp of the third octave are produced using complex fingering. The flute is a non-transposing instrument. Range and characteristics of registers (see example).

In terms of technical capabilities, the flute surpasses all other woodwind instruments. Diatonic and chromatic scales, arpeggios, jumps and trills, various passages in different strokes are easily performed on it. On the flute, you can easily manage the fine staccato technique, the execution of a double and triple attack of sound. The specific reception of frullato is also possible. Multiple keys to limit finger fluency with a lot of key characters. Trills are difficult to perform on the highest sounds, and on the three extreme sounds of the lower register, they are generally impracticable.

Varieties of flute.

Piccolo(piccolo flute, it. - flauto piccolo, French - petite fluto, German - Kleine Flote, English - piccolo). It became widespread in the second half of the 18th century. Its size is half that of a large one. Consists of two parts - head and body. It sounds like the highest wind instrument. The piccolo is notated in the treble clef, it sounds an octave higher than the written one. Range and characteristics of registers (by letter, see example).

The technical data for the piccolo is the same as for the big flute, but in terms of artistic possibilities it is inferior to the main instrument. In an orchestra, the piccolo flute is most often used to extend upward the scale of other woodwind instruments and to add brilliance to the overall sonority. It is often used as a solo instrument.

Alto flute(Italian - flauto contralto, French - fluto alto, German - Altflote, English - alto flute). It differs from the main tool only by a slightly longer tube length and diameter. The alto flute fingering is identical to the great flute. The alto flute is a transposing instrument (in G tuning); it sounds like a clean quarter below the written one. Occasionally there is an alto flute in F, which sounds in a clear fifth below the written one. Range and characteristics of registers (by letter, see example).

The alto flute has a full wide sound. The most beautiful and valuable is the lower register of the instrument, which, in comparison with the same register of the big flute, has a thicker color. The technical capabilities are the same as those of the big flute.

Flute d'amour building la. It sounded in a minor third below the great flute and differed from the latter only in a slightly larger size. It was very popular from the middle of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th century.

Bass flute(albisiphon, Italian - flauto basso, French - flute basse, German - Bassflote, English - Basso flute). It was invented at the beginning of the 20th century, but has hardly received any application so far. The instrument was designed in two types - a longitudinal and a transverse flute. The bass flute tube is twice as long as the big one. In the way of sound production and fingering, the instrument is similar to a great flute. It is notated in the treble clef, sounds an octave lower than the written one (see example).

FLUTE

Flute- woodwind musical instrument from the group of wood (since originally these instruments were made of wood). Unlike other wind instruments, the flute produces sounds as a result of cutting the air stream against the edge, instead of using the tongue. The musician playing the flute is usually referred to as the flutist.

D
the most jealous form of the flute seems to be whistle... Gradually, finger holes were cut through the whistle tubes, turning a simple whistle into a whistle flute, on which it was already possible to perform musical works.

Longitudinal flute was known in Egypt five thousand years ago, and it remains the main wind instrument throughout the Middle East. A longitudinal flute, which has 5-6 finger holes and is capable of octave overblowing, provides a full musical scale, the individual intervals within which can change, forming different frets by crossing the fingers, closing the holes in half, as well as changing the direction and strength of breathing.

Transverse flute(often just a flute; Italian flauto from Latin flatus - "wind, blow"; French flûte, English flute, German Flöte) - a woodwind musical instrument of soprano register with 5-6 finger holes was known in China at least at least 3 thousand years ago, and in India and Japan - more than two thousand years ago. In Europe during the Middle Ages, mainly simple instruments of the whistle type (the predecessors of the recorder and harmonic), as well as the transverse flute, which penetrated into Central Europe from the East through the Balkans, where it still remains the most widespread folk instrument, were widespread. The pitch of the sound on the flute is changed by overblowing (extracting harmonic sounds with the lips), as well as by opening and closing the holes with valves. In Greek mythology, the son of Hephaestus, Ardalus, is considered the inventor of the flute. The oldest form of the flute appears to be the whistle. Gradually, finger holes were cut through the whistle tubes, turning a simple whistle into a whistle flute, on which it was already possible to perform musical works. The earliest depiction of a transverse flute was found on an Etruscan relief that dates back to a hundred or two hundred years BC. At that time, the transverse flute was held to the left, only an illustration for a poem of the 11th century AD, for the first time depicts the manner of holding the instrument to the right. The first archaeological finds of Occident's transverse flutes date back to the XII-XIV centuries AD. One of the earliest images of that time is contained in the Hortus Deliciarum encyclopedia. Except for the one above-mentioned 11th century illustration, all medieval European and Asian depictions show performers holding the transverse flute to the left, while antique European depictions show flute players holding the instrument to the right. Therefore, it is assumed that the transverse flute in Europe temporarily fell out of use, and then returned there from Asia through the Byzantine Empire. In the Middle Ages, the transverse flute consisted of one part, sometimes of two for "bass" flutes. The tool had a cylindrical shape and had 6 holes of the same diameter.

As for the longitudinal or simply flute, syringa and avlos were also common among the wind instruments of Ancient Greece.

Avlos- an ancient Greek reed wind instrument. It was a pair of separate cylindrical or conical tubes made of reed, wood, bone, later made of metal with 3-5 (later more) finger holes.

The length of the avlos is different, usually about 50 cm. It was used by professional performers to accompany solo and choral singing, dancing, during funeral and wedding ceremonies, cult, military and other rituals, as well as in the theater. The right aulos made high pitches, while the left one made low pitches. This instrument was equipped with a mouthpiece and vaguely resembled an oboe. It was not easy to play on it, because both avlos had to be blown at the same time. Avlos was considered an instrument, whose sound and viscous melos excite a person more than others, arouses passionate feelings in him. There are various types of avlos (bomix, borim, kalam, gingr, niglar, elim), syringes (one-, two- and multi-tubular) and pipes (salpinga, keras and others).

Syringa or syrinx (Greek συριγξ) has two meanings - the general name of ancient Greek wind instruments (reed, wood, flute type (longitudinal), as well as the ancient Greek shepherd's multi-barrel flute or Pan's flute.

F Leyta Pan is a multi-barrel flute. The instrument consists of a set of reed, bamboo and other tubes of various lengths open from the upper end, fastened with reed strips and a rope. Each pipe emits 1 main sound, the height of which depends on its length and diameter. consisting of several (3 or more) bamboo, reed, bone or metal Tubes are from 10 to 120 cm long. Large panflutes, as well as double-row ones, are played together. The name of the Pan flute comes from the name of the ancient Greek god Pan, the patron saint of shepherds, who is usually depicted playing a multi-barrel flute. Pan is known for his passion for wine and fun. He is full of passionate love and pursues nymphs. Once the goat-footed Pan fell in love with a nymph named Siringa (literally "pipe").

Pan chased after her in order to seize,

Arthur Wardle Pan Flute a can just confess his love. The nymph Siringa fled in fear of Pan and rushed to the Ladon River. Siringa turned to her father, the river god, with a request to save her from encroachments, and her father turned her into a reed, which made a plaintive sound from the blowing of the wind. Pan cut that reed and made himself a pipe from it, bearing the name of the nymph, and the instrument was later called a flute. Pan connoisseur and judge of shepherd's competitions in playing the flute. Pan even challenged Apollo to a competition, but he was defeated by him, and King Midas, the judge of this competition, who did not appreciate Apollo, grew donkey ears as punishment. True, according to another legend, Apollo's rival had a different name. There is also a legend about Marsyas, a satyr who picked up the flute invented and thrown by Athena. In playing the flute, Marsyas achieved extraordinary skill and, puffed up, challenged Apollo himself to a competition. The daring rivalry ended with Apollo, playing the cithara, not only defeating Marsyas, but also skinning the unfortunate man.

R There are many types of panflute: samponya (samponyo, aka samponi, Indian flute - single-row or double-row); Moldavian nei (nai, muscal); Russian kugikly (from "kuga" - reed), they are also kuvikly, kuvichki; Georgian larchemi (soinari); Lithuanian bored; Chipsan and Polyanyas of the Komi people, in Great Britain - panpipes or pan-flute, etc. Some people call Pan's flute a flute. The popularization of the Pan flute in modern European musical culture was facilitated mainly by Romanian musicians - first of all, having widely toured since the mid-1970s. Gheorghe Zamfir.

Kuvikly(kugikly)- Russian version of "Pan's flute". Among the Russians, he was the first to notice the flute of Pan Gasri, who gave a very inaccurate description of it under the name of a flute or a flute. Dmitriukov wrote about kuvikly in the magazine "Moscow Telegraph" in 1831. Throughout the XIX century. In the literature, from time to time, there is evidence of playing the kuvikl, especially on the territory of the Kursk province. The area of ​​distribution of cuvicle in Russia is located within the modern Bryansk, Kursk and Kaluga regions. The vials are a set of 3-5 hollow tubes of various lengths (from 100 to 160 mm) and diameters with an open upper end and a closed lower end. This tool was usually made from the stems of kuga (reeds), reeds, bamboo, etc., with a trunk knot serving as the bottom. In Russian kuvikly, each pipe has its own name. In the Kursk region, pipes, starting from the big one, are called "buzz", "podduden", "average", "five" and the smallest "five", in other areas the names may differ. These names allow the performers to exchange cues as they play, suggesting how to play.

The repertoire is usually limited to dance tunes. While playing, someone sings from time to time, or more often sentences the text. Kugikly are good in combination with other folk instruments: pitiful, flute, folk violin. Pan flutes are used by different peoples and are arranged in different ways. Most often, the individual tubes of the flute are fastened together firmly. And in samponyo, they are simply tied in two rows, and any tube that fails can be easily replaced.

Earliest image of a transverse flute was found on an Etruscan relief that dates from one or two hundred years BC. At that time, the transverse flute was held to the left, only an illustration for a poem of the 11th century AD, for the first time depicts the manner of holding the instrument to the right. The first archaeological finds of Occident's transverse flutes date back to the XII-XIV centuries AD. One of the earliest images of that time is contained in the Hortus Deliciarum encyclopedia. Except for the one above-mentioned 11th century illustration, all medieval European and Asian depictions show performers holding the transverse flute to the left, while antique European depictions show flute players holding the instrument to the right. Therefore, it is assumed that the transverse flute in Europe temporarily fell out of use, and then returned there from Asia through the Byzantine Empire. In the Middle Ages, the transverse flute consisted of one part, sometimes two of the "bass" flutes. The tool had a cylindrical shape and had 6 holes of the same diameter.

François Boucher Bacchante playing the flute 1760

During the Renaissance, the design of the flute changed little. The instrument had a range of two and a half octaves or more, which exceeded the range of most block flutes of that time by an octave. Famous original flutes from the Renaissance are kept in the Castel Vecchio Museum in Verona.

Joseph Marie Vien. Allegory of Music.

The transverse flute was used mainly in ensemble playing - quartets of flutes, trios for voice, flute and lute, in consorts, richercars and other music by composers Aurelio Virgiliano, Claudio Monteverdi, Hieronymus Pretorius and others. At the end of the 17th century, the transverse flute began to be used at the French court, mainly as part of an opera orchestra (first used in Lully's opera Isis in 1667), and it took some time for the transverse flute to become more popular. At the beginning of the 18th century, more and more wind instrument performers appeared in Germany, England, Italy, at first mainly oboists, then flutists. In 1718 - 1719 the famous flutist and composer Joachim Quantz complained about the paucity of the transverse flute repertoire. Since 1700, collections of suites and pieces for flute solo and with accompaniment of basso continuo by composers Jacques Otetter, Michel de la Barre, Michel de Monteclair and others have been published in France. Beginning in 1725, sonatas and trio sonatas and other works for flute by French composers Joseph Boamortier, Michel Blavet, Jean-Marie Leclair and others appeared. Representatives of the Italian Baroque style of this period, such as Arangello Corelli, Francesco Veracini, Pietro Locatelli, Giovanni Platti, wrote sonatas where the transverse flute could be replaced by the violin or recorder. In 1728, Antonio Vivaldi became the first composer to publish concertos for transverse flute, followed by G.F. Telemann, D. Tartini, and later Pierre-Gabriel Buffardin, Michel Blavet, André Gretri, C.F.E.Bach. The first major changes in the design of the flute were made by the Otteter family at the end of the 17th century. Jacques Martin Otteter divided the instrument into three parts: the head, the body (with holes that were closed directly by the fingers) and the knee, on which, as a rule, one or more valves were located.

Subsequently, most of the 18th century transverse flutes consisted of four parts - the body of the instrument was divided in half. Otteter also changed the bore of the instrument to tapered to improve intonation between octaves. Possessing a more expressive sound and high technical capabilities, the transverse flute soon supplanted the longitudinal (block flute) and by the end of the 18th century took a firm place in the symphony orchestra and instrumental ensembles. At the end of the 18th century, more and more valves were added to the transverse flute - usually from 4 to 6, or more. Important innovations in the design of the transverse flute of that time were made by Johann Joachim Quantz and Johann Georg Tromlitz. In Mozart's time, the single-valve transverse flute was still the most common instrument design.

Adolph von Menzel Flute Concerto performed by Frederick the Great in Sanssoussi 1852

Berlin became an important center for the development of the flute school of that time, where at the court of Frederick II, who himself was a flute player and an outstanding composer, the transverse flute acquired special significance. Thanks to the monarch's unquenchable interest in his favorite instrument, many works for the transverse flute by Joachim Quantz (court composer and teacher Friedrich), C.F.E.Bach (court harpsichordist), Franz and his son Friedrich Benda, Karl Friedrich Fasch and other.

In the second half of the 18th century, Johann Christian Bach, Ignaz Pleyel, François Devienne, Johann Stamitz, Leopold Hofmann, Franz Hofmeister wrote for flute in the post-Baroque and early classicism style. The masterpieces of this period include works by W.A. Mozart, who wrote Concertos in G and D major for flute, Concerto for flute and harp in C major, 4 quartets and several early sonatas, and Serenade for flute, violin and viola by Ludwig Beethoven.

At the beginning of the 19th century, more and more valves were added to the design of the transverse flute, as the music for the instrument became more virtuoso and additional valves made it easier to perform difficult passages. In France, the most popular was a transverse flute with 5 valves, in England with 7 or 8 valves, in Germany, Austria and Italy there were the largest number of different systems at the same time, where the number of valves could reach 14 pieces or more, and the systems were named after their inventors: "Meyer", "Schwedler's flute", "Ziegler system" and others.

Flutist Theobald Boehm gave the transverse flute a modern look. His innovations differed from many others in that he put acoustic research and objective parameters of sound at the forefront, rather than the convenience of the performer. The Boehm system flute did not immediately find a response among the performers - in order to switch to the new system, it was necessary to completely retrain the fingering and not everyone was ready for such a sacrifice. The sound of the instrument was also criticized by many. Between 1832 and 1847 Boehm perfected the instrument, which has changed relatively little since then. He introduced the following most important innovations: 1) positioned the thumb holes in accordance with acoustic principles, rather than the convenience of performance; 2) equipped the tool with a system of valves and rings to help close all openings; 3) used a cylindrical channel of the old times, but with a parabolic head, which improved intonation and evened out the sound in different registers; 4) switched to the use of metal for the manufacture of the instrument, which, in comparison with a wooden instrument, increased the brilliance of the sound. In France, the instrument gained popularity faster than other countries, mainly due to the fact that the professor of the Paris Conservatory, Louis Doryus, became a devoted popularizer of it and taught on it at the conservatory. In Germany and Austria, Boehm's system did not take root for a very long time. Flutists ardently defended their predilections for this or that system, there were numerous discussions and disputes about the disadvantages and advantages.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the transverse flute repertoire was replenished with works by Karl Czerny, Johann Gummel, Ignaz Moscheles. A special place in the repertoire of this time belongs to the numerous works of Friedrich Kohlau, who was called the flute Beethoven.

The masterpieces of the romantic style in the flute repertoire include Franz Schubert's Variations on Dried Flowers, Karl Reinecke's Undine Sonata, and his Concerto for Flute and Orchestra (written by the composer at the beginning of the 20th century at an advanced age). The early works for flute by Frederic Chopin and Richard Strauss are also known.

The flute repertoire of the 19th century is dominated by virtuoso salon works of flutist composers - Jean-Louis Tulou, Giulio Briccialdi, Wilhelm Popp, Jules Demerssmann, Franz Doppler, Cesare Ciardi, Anton Fürstenau, Theobald Boehm, Joachim Andersen, Ernmi and others. for your own performances. There are more and more virtuoso concerts for flute and orchestra - Vilém Blodeck, Saverio Mercadante, Bernard Romberg, Franz Danzi, Bernard Molik and others.

Robert Sterl Flutist at Peterhof 1908

In the 20th century, the flute becomes one of the most demanded instruments in music. Most flutists switched to the Boehm system, although other systems were occasionally encountered until the 1930s. Most flutes were still made from wood, but metal instruments began to gain in popularity.

Willie Was Different

The high level of performers of the French flute school, such as Paul Taffanel, Philippe Gaubert, Marcel Moise, and later Jean-Pierre Rampal, makes France a flute center and a forge of flute repertoire masterpieces. In the first half of the 20th century, works for flute were written by composers, representatives of French impressionism in music and their followers - Edgar Varese, Claude Debussy, Gabriel Fauré, Henri Dutilleux, Albert Roussel, Francis Poulenc, Darius Millau, Jacques Ibert, Arthur Honegger, Cecile Chaminade, Lily Boulanger, Georges Yu, Eugene Bozza, Jules Mouquet, George Enescu and others.

In the second half of the 20th century, interest in baroque transverse flutes reappeared, many performers began to specialize in the authentic performance of baroque music on original instruments.