The history of the symphony. Musical genres: Symphony How many parts does a classical symphony have

Among the many genres of music, one of the most honorable places belongs to the symphony. Always, from the moment of its inception to the present day, it has sensitively reflected its time: symphonies by Mozart and Beethoven, Berlioz and Mahler, Prokofiev and Shostakovich are reflections about the era, about man, about the ways of the world, the ways of life on earth.

Symphony as an independent musical genre emerged relatively recently: some two and a half centuries ago. However, during this historically short period of time, it has come a gigantic way. Word symphonia translated from Greek means just consonance... In ancient Greece, this was the name for a pleasant combination of sounds.

Later they began to denote either the orchestra, or the introduction to the dance suite.

At the beginning of the 18th century, this term replaced the current concept of overture.

The first symphonies in the present sense appeared in the center of Europe in the second half of the 18th century. Both the place and time of her birth are not accidental. Having originated simultaneously in different parts of Europe, in the depths of the old, previously established musical forms - the dance suite and the opera overture, the symphony was finally formed in the countries of the German language. In Italy, opera was the national art.

In France, a pre-revolutionary, already saturated atmosphere of free-thinking and rebelliousness, other arts came forward, such as literature, painting and theater - more concrete, directly and intelligibly expressing new ideas exciting the world. When a few decades later it came to music, the song "Carmagnola", "Ca ira", "Marseillaise" entered the ranks of the revolutionary troops as a full-fledged fighter.

The symphony - and to this day the most complex of all types of music not related to other arts - required different conditions for its formation, for full-fledged perception: it required thoughtfulness, generalization - work calm and concentrated. It is no coincidence that the center of philosophical thought, which reflected the social shifts in Europe at the end of the 18th century, ended up in Germany, far from social storms. At the same time, Germany and Austria developed rich traditions of instrumental music. This is where the symphony appeared.

It arose in the works of the composers of the Czechs and Austrians, and acquired its final form in the works of Haydn, in order to flourish with Mozart and Beethoven. This classical symphony (Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven entered the history of music as "Viennese classics", since most of their work is associated with this city) developed as a cycle of four parts that embodied different aspects of human life.

The first movement of the symphony is fast, active, sometimes preceded by a slow introduction. It is written in sonata form.

The second part is slow - usually brooding, elegiac or pastoral, that is, dedicated to peaceful pictures of nature, calm relaxation or dreams. There are second parts and sorrowful, concentrated, deep ones.

The third movement of the symphony is a minuet, and later, by Beethoven, a scherzo. This is a game, fun, vivid pictures of folk life, a fascinating round dance ...

The finale is the result of the entire cycle, the conclusion from everything that was shown, thought out, felt in the previous parts. The finale is often characterized by a life-affirming, solemn, victorious or festive character.

In the general scheme, the symphonies of different composers are very different. So, if Haydn's symphonies are mostly cloudless, joyful, and only in very few of the 104 works of this genre there are serious or sad tones, then Mozart's symphonies are much more individual, sometimes perceived as predecessors of romantic art.

Beethoven's symphonies are full of images of struggle. They fully reflected the time of the era of the Great French Revolution, the lofty civil ideas inspired by it. Beethoven's symphonies are monumental works, in terms of depth of content, breadth and power of generalization, not inferior to opera, drama, and novel. They are distinguished by deep drama, heroism, pathos. The last of Beethoven's symphonies, the Ninth, features a choir singing the ecstatic and majestic hymn "Hug, Millions" to the verse of Schiller's ode "To Joy." The composer paints here a grandiose picture of a free, joyful humanity striving for universal brotherhood.

Ludwig van Beethoven. Ode "To Joy" from Symphony No. 9

At the same time with Beethoven, in the same Vienna, another remarkable Austrian composer, Franz Schubert, lived. His symphonies sound like lyric poems, like deeply personal, intimate expressions. With Schubert, a new trend came to European music, to the genre of symphony - romanticism. Representatives of musical romanticism in the symphony are Schumann, Mendelssohn, Berlioz.

Hector Berlioz, an outstanding French composer, was the first to create a program symphony (see the story about program music), writing for it a poetic program in the form of a short story about the artist's life.

A symphony in Russia is, first of all, Tchaikovsky. His symphonic compositions are exciting, exciting stories about a person's struggle for life, for happiness. But this is Borodin: his symphonies are distinguished by epic breadth, power, and a truly Russian scale. These are Rachmaninov, Scriabin and Glazunov, who created eight beautiful, light, balanced symphonies.

The XX century with its storms, tragedies and achievements is embodied in D. Shostakovich's symphonies. They reflect the events of our history and the images of people of the composer's contemporaries, building, struggling, seeking, suffering and victorious. Symphonies by S. Prokofiev are distinguished by epic wisdom, deep drama, pure and light lyrics, sharp joke.

D. Shostakovich. Symphony No. 7, op. 60 "Leningradskaya" in C major. Part 1

Any symphony is a whole world. The world of the artist who created it. The world of the time that gave birth to it. Listening to classical symphonies, we become spiritually richer, we join the treasures of human genius, equal in significance to the tragedies of Shakespeare, Tolstoy's novels, Pushkin's poems, Raphael's paintings.

Lecture

Symphonic genres

The history of the birth of the symphony as a genre

The history of the symphony as a genre goes back about two and a half centuries.

At the end of the Middle Ages, an attempt was made in Italy to revive the ancient drama. This marked the beginning of a completely different type of musical and theatrical art - opera.
In early European opera, the choir did not play such a leading role as the soloists with a group of instrumentalists who accompanied them. In order not to disturb the audience from seeing the artists on the stage, the orchestra was located in a special depression between the stalls and the stage. At first, this very place began to be called "orchestra", and then - and the performers themselves.

SYMPHONY(Greek) - consonance. In the period from the XVI-XVIII centuries. this concept meant “Harmonious combination of sounds”, “harmonious choral singing” and “polyphonic piece of music”.

« Symphonies " called orchestral intermissions between acts of the opera. « Orchestras"(Ancient Greek) were called platforms in front of the theater stage, where the choir was originally located.

Only in the 30s and 40s. In the years of the 18th century, an independent orchestral genre was formed, which began to be called a symphony.

The new genre represented a work consisting of several parts (cycle), and the first part, which contains the main meaning of the work, must certainly correspond to the "sonata form".

The birthplace of the symphony orchestra is the city of Mannheim. Here, in the chapel of the local elector, an orchestra was formed, the art of which had a huge influence on orchestral creativity, on the entire subsequent development of symphonic music.
« This extraordinary orchestra has enough space and facets- wrote the famous music historian Charles Burney. Here were used the effects that such a mass of sounds can produce: it was here that the "crescendo" "diminuendo" was born, and the "piano", which was previously used mainly as an echo and was usually its synonym, and "forte" were recognized as musical colors, available their shades, like red or blue in painting ... ".

Some of the first composers to create the symphony genre were:

Italian - Giovanni Sammartini, French - Francois Gossek and Czech composer - Jan Stamitz.

Still, Joseph Haydn is considered the creator of the genre of classical symphony. He owns the first brilliant examples of the clavier sonata, string trio and quartet. It was in the work of Haydn that the genre of symphony was born and took shape, it took its final, as we now say, classical outlines.

I. Haydn and W. Mozart summed up and created in symphonic creativity all the best that orchestral music was rich before them. And at the same time, the symphonies of Haydn and Mozart opened up truly inexhaustible possibilities of the new genre. The first symphonies of these composers were designed for a small orchestra. But later I. Haydn expands the orchestra not only quantitatively, but also by using the expressiveness of sound combinations of instruments that correspond only to one or another of his ideas.

This is the art of instrumentation or orchestration.

Orchestration is a living creative act, the design of the composer's musical ideas. Instrumentation is creativity - one of the sides of the soul of the composition itself.

During the period of Beethoven's work, the classical composition of the orchestra was finally formed, which included:

Strings,

Paired composition of wooden instruments,

2 (sometimes 3-4) French horns,

2 timpani. This composition is called small.

G. Berlioz and R. Wagner strove to increase the scale of the orchestra's sound, by increasing the composition by 3-4 times.

The pinnacle of Soviet symphonic music was the work of S. Prokofiev and D. Shostakovich.

Symphony... It is compared to a novel and a story, a film epic and a drama, a picturesque fresco. Meaning all these analogies are understandable. In this genre, it is possible to express that important, sometimes the most important thing for which art exists, for which a person lives in the world - striving for happiness, for light, justice and friendship.

Symphony is a piece of music for a symphony orchestra, written in a sonata-cyclical form. Usually it consists of 4 parts, expressing complex artistic thoughts about human life, about human suffering and joys, aspirations and impulses. There are symphonies with more and fewer parts, up to one-part.

To enhance sound effects, sometimes in symphonies, choir and solo vocal voices. There are symphonies for string, chamber, spiritual and other orchestra ensembles, for orchestra with a solo instrument, organ, chorus and vocal ensemble .... Four parts symphonies express typical contrasts of life states: pictures of a dramatic struggle (first movement), humorous or dance episodes (minuet or scherzo), sublime contemplation (slow movement) and a solemn or folk dance finale.

Symphonic music - music intended to be performed by symphonic
orchestra; the most significant and richest field of instrumental music,
covering large multi-part works, saturated with complex ideological
emotional content, and small pieces of music The main theme of symphonic music is the theme of love and the theme of enmity.

Symphony Orchestra,
combining a variety of tools, provides the richest palette
sound colors, expressive means.

Symphonic works are still very popular: L. Beethoven Symphony No. 3 ("Heroic"), No. 5, overture "Egmont";

P Tchaikovsky Symphony No. 4, No. 6, overture "Romeo and Juliet", concerts (piano,

S. Prokofiev Symphony No. 7

I. Stravinsky excerpts from the ballet "Petrushka"

J. Gershwin symphonic jazz "Rhapsody in the style of the blues"

Music for the orchestra developed in constant interaction with other types of musical art: chamber music, organ music, choral music, and opera music.

Typical genres of the 17th-18th centuries: suite, concert- ensemble-orchestral, overture opera sample. Varieties of the suite of the 18th century: divertissement, serenade, nocturne.

The powerful rise of symphonic music is associated with the advancement of the symphony, its development as a cyclical sonata form and the improvement of the classical type of symphony orchestra. Symphony and other types of symphonic music often began to include choir and solo vocal voices... The symphonic beginning has intensified in vocal and orchestral compositions, opera and ballet. The genres of symphonic music also include symphonietta, symphonic variations, fantasy, rhapsody, legend, capriccio, scherzo, potpourri, march, various dances, various kinds of miniatures, etc. The concert symphony repertoire also includes individual orchestral fragments from operas, ballets, dramas, plays, films.

Symphonic music of the 19th century embodied a huge world of ideas and emotions. It reflects the themes of a wide public sound, the deepest experiences, pictures of nature, everyday life and fantasy, national characters, images of spatial arts, poetry, folklore.

There are different types of orchestra:

Military band (consisting of brass and woodwind instruments)

String Orchestra :.

The symphony orchestra is the largest in composition and the richest in its capabilities; designed for concert performance of orchestral music. The symphony orchestra in its modern form did not take shape immediately, but as a result of a long historical process.

A concert symphony orchestra, unlike an opera one, is located right on the stage and is constantly in the field of view of the audience.

Due to historical traditions, concert and opera symphony orchestras have long been distinguished by their composition, but today this distinction has almost disappeared.

The total number of musicians in a symphony orchestra is not constant: it can fluctuate between 60-120 (and even more) people. Such a large group of participants requires skillful leadership to play consistently. This role belongs to the conductor.

Until the beginning of the 19th century, the conductor himself played an instrument during the performance - for example, the violin. However, over time, the content of symphonic music became more complicated, and this fact, little by little, forced the conductors to abandon such a combination.

Symphony(from the Greek "consonance") - a piece for orchestra, consisting of several parts. Symphony is the most musical form among concert orchestral music.

Classic structure

Due to the relative similarity of the structure with the sonata, the symphony can be called a grand sonata for orchestra. Sonata and symphony, as well as trio, quartet, etc., belong to the "sonata-symphonic cycle" - a cyclical musical form of a work in which it is customary to present at least one of the parts (usually the first) in sonata form. The sonata-symphonic cycle is the largest cyclical form among the purely instrumental forms.

As in the sonata, the classical symphony has four movements:
- the first movement, at a fast pace, is written in sonata form;
- the second movement, in slow motion, is written in the form of a rondo, less often in the form of a sonata or variation form;
- third movement, scherzo or minuet in three-part form;
- the fourth movement, at a fast pace, in sonata form or in the form of rondo, rondo sonata.
If the first movement is written at a moderate tempo, then, on the contrary, it can be followed by a fast second and a slow third movement (for example, Beethoven's 9th symphony).

Considering that the symphony is designed for the great powers of the orchestra, each part in it is written in a wider and more detailed way than, for example, in a conventional piano sonata, since the richness of expressive means of a symphony orchestra provides for a detailed presentation of musical thought.

Symphony history

The term symphony was used in ancient Greece during the Middle Ages and mainly to describe various instruments, especially those capable of producing more than one sound at a time. So in Germany, until the middle of the 18th century, a symphony was a general term for the varieties of the harpsichord - spinets and virginels, in France the so-called barrel organs, harpsichords, two-headed drums, etc.

The word symphony to denote "sounding together" pieces of music began to appear in the titles of some works of the 16th and 17th centuries, such as Giovanni Gabrieli (Sacrae symphoniae, 1597, and Symphoniae sacrae 1615), Adriano Banchieri (Eclesiastiche Sinfonie, 1607 ), Lodovico Grossi da Viadana (Sinfonie musicali, 1610) and Heinrich Schütz (Symphoniae sacrae, 1629).

The symphony that took shape under Domenico Scarlatti at the end of the 17th century can be considered the prototype of the symphony. This form was already called a symphony at that time and consisted of three contrasting parts: allegro, andante and allegro, which merged into one whole. It is this form that is often seen as the direct forerunner of the orchestral symphony. The terms "overture" and "symphony" were used interchangeably for much of the 18th century.

Other important progenitors of the symphony were the orchestral suite, which consisted of several parts in the simplest forms and mostly in the same key, and the ripieno concerto, a form reminiscent of a concerto for strings and continuo, but without solo instruments. In this form, the works of Giuseppe Torelli were created and, perhaps, the most famous ripieno concert is "Brandenburg Concerto No. 3" by Johann Sebastian Bach.

The founder of the classical model of the symphony is considered. In a classical symphony, only the first and last movements have the same key, while the middle movements are written in keys akin to the main one, which determines the key of the entire symphony. Outstanding representatives of the classical symphony are Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven dramatically expanded the symphony. His Symphony No. 3 ("Heroic"), with a scale and emotional range that surpasses all his earlier works, his Symphony No. 5 is perhaps the most famous symphony ever written. His Symphony No. 9 becomes one of the first "choral symphonies" to include parts for soloists and choir in the last movement.

The romantic symphony has become a fusion of classical form with romantic expression. The tendency of programmaticity is also developing. Appear. The main distinguishing feature of romanticism was the growth of form, composition of the orchestra and sound density. The most prominent symphony composers of this era include Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn, Hector Berlioz, Johannes Brahms, PI Tchaikovsky, A. Bruckner and Gustav Mahler.

Since the second half of the 19th century and especially in the 20th century, there has been a further transformation of the symphony. The four-part structure has become optional: symphonies can contain from one (7th Symphony) to eleven (14th Symphony by D. Shostakovich) parts or more. Many composers experimented with the size of the symphonies, so Gustav Mahler created his 8th symphony called the Symphony of a Thousand Participants (due to the strength of the orchestra and choirs required to perform it). The use of the sonata form becomes optional.
After Beethoven's 9th symphony, composers began to introduce vocal parts into symphonies more often. However, the scale and content of the musical material remains constant.

List of prominent symphony composers
Joseph Haydn - 108 symphonies
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - 41 (56) symphonies
Ludwig van Beethoven - 9 symphonies
Franz Schubert - 9 symphonies
Robert Schumann - 4 symphonies
Felix Mendelssohn - 5 symphonies
Hector Berlioz - several program symphonies
Antonín Dvořák - 9 symphonies
Johannes Brahms - 4 symphonies
Pyotr Tchaikovsky - 6 symphonies (as well as the "Manfred" symphony)
Anton Bruckner - 10 symphonies
Gustav Mahler - 10 symphonies
- 7 symphonies
Sergei Rachmaninoff - 3 symphonies
Igor Stravinsky - 5 symphonies
Sergei Prokofiev - 7 symphonies
Dmitry Shostakovich - 15 symphonies (also several chamber symphonies)
Alfred Schnittke - 9 symphonies

Word "symphony" translated from Greek as "consonance". Indeed, the sound of many instruments in an orchestra can only be called music when they are in tune, and do not emit sounds each by itself.

In ancient Greece, this was the name for a pleasant combination of sounds, joint singing in unison. In ancient Rome, this was already the name of an ensemble, an orchestra. In the Middle Ages, secular music in general and some musical instruments were called a symphony.

The word has other meanings, but they all carry the meaning of connection, involvement, harmonious combination; for example, the principle of the relationship between the church and secular authorities, formed in the Byzantine Empire, is also called a symphony.

But today we will only talk about a musical symphony.

Symphony varieties

Classical symphony- this is a musical work in a sonata cyclical form, intended for performance by a symphony orchestra.

A symphony (in addition to a symphony orchestra) may include choir and vocals. There are symphonies-suites, symphonies-rhapsodies, symphonies-fantasy, symphonies-ballads, symphonies-legend, symphonies-poems, symphonies-requiems, symphonies-ballets, symphonies-dramas and theatrical symphonies as a kind of opera.

There are usually 4 parts in a classical symphony:

the first part - in fast pace(allegro ) , in sonata form;

the second part - in slow pace, usually in the form of variations, rondo, rondo sonata, complex three-part, less often in the form of a sonata;

the third part - scherzo or minuet- in the three-part form da capo with a trio (that is, according to the A-trio-A scheme);

fourth part - in fast pace, in sonata form, in rondo or rondo sonata form.

But there are also symphonies with fewer (or more) parts. There are also one-part symphonies.

Program symphony Is a symphony with a specific content, which is set out in the program or expressed in the title. If a symphony contains a title, then this title is the minimum program, for example, "Fantastic Symphony" by G. Berlioz.

From the history of the symphony

The creator of the classical form of symphony and orchestration is considered Haydn.

And the prototype of the symphony is the Italian overture(an instrumental orchestral piece performed before the start of any performance: opera, ballet), formed at the end of the 17th century. Significant contributions to the development of the symphony were made by Mozart and Beethoven... These three composers are called "Viennese classics". The Viennese classics have created a high type of instrumental music, in which all the richness of figurative content is embodied in a perfect artistic form. This time also coincided with the formation of a symphony orchestra - its permanent composition, orchestral groups.

V.A. Mozart

Mozart wrote in all forms and genres that existed in his era, attached particular importance to opera, but also paid great attention to symphonic music. Due to the fact that throughout his life he worked in parallel on operas and symphonies, his instrumental music is distinguished by the melodiousness of an opera aria and dramatic conflict. Mozart has composed over 50 symphonies. The most popular were the last three symphonies - No. 39, No. 40 and No. 41 ("Jupiter").

K. Schlosser "Beethoven at Work"

Beethoven created 9 symphonies, but in terms of the development of symphonic form and orchestration, he can be called the greatest symphonic composer of the classical period. In his Ninth Symphony, the most famous, all its parts are merged into a single whole. In this symphony, Beethoven introduced vocal parts, after which other composers began to do it. In the form of a symphony said a new word R. Schumann.

But already in the second half of the XIX century. the austere forms of the symphony began to change. The four-part became optional: appeared one-part symphony (Myaskovsky, Boris Tchaikovsky), symphony from 11 parts(Shostakovich) and even from 24 pieces(Howaness). The classic fast-paced finale was supplanted by the slow finale (Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony, Mahler's Third and Ninth Symphonies).

The authors of the symphonies were F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, I. Brahms, A. Dvořák, A. Bruckner, G. Mahler, Jan Sibelius, A. Webern, A. Rubinstein, P. Tchaikovsky, A. Borodin, N. Rimsky- Korsakov, N. Myaskovsky, A. Scriabin, S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich and others.

Its composition, as we have already said, took shape in the era of the Viennese classics.

A symphony orchestra is based on four groups of instruments: bowed strings(violins, violas, cellos, double basses), woodwind(flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, saxophone with all their varieties - old recorder, shalmey, shalyumo, etc., as well as a number of folk instruments - balaban, duduk, zhaleika, flute, zurna), brass(French horn, trumpet, cornet, flugelhorn, trombone, tuba), drums(timpani, xylophone, vibraphone, bells, drums, triangle, cymbals, tambourine, castanets, there and there and others).

Sometimes other instruments are included in the orchestra: harp, piano, organ(keyboard-wind musical instrument, the largest type of musical instruments), celesta(a small keyboard-percussion musical instrument that looks like a piano, sounding like bells), harpsichord.

Harpsichord

Big the symphony orchestra can include up to 110 musicians , small- no more than 50.

The conductor decides how to seat the orchestra. The arrangement of the performers of a modern symphony orchestra is aimed at achieving a harmonious sonority. In the 50-70s. XX century spread "American seating": to the left of the conductor are the first and second violins; on the right - violas and cellos; in the depths - wood and brass horns, double basses; on the left - drums.

Seating for the musicians of the symphony orchestra

Symphonies developed into a con. 18 - early. 19th centuries (J. Haydn, W. A. ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven). Lyric symphonies (F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn) and a program symphony (G. Berlioz, F. Liszt) acquired great importance among romantic composers. An important contribution to the development of symphonies was made by Western European composers of the 19th and 20th centuries. (I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, G. Mahler, S. Frank, A. Dvorak, J. Sibelius and others). Significant place of symphony in Russian (A.P. Borodin, P.I.Tchaikovsky, A.K. Glazunov, A.N. Scriabin, S.V. Rachmaninov, N.Ya. D. Shostakovich, A. I. Khachaturyan and others) to music.

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. 2000 .

See what "SYMPHONY" is in other dictionaries:

See agreement ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. symphony of harmony, harmony; consonance, dictionary index, symphonietta Dictionary of Russian sinoni ... Synonym dictionary

- (Greek consonance). A large piece of music written for orchestra. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov AN, 1910. SYMPHONY, Greek. symphonia, from syn, together, and phone, sound, harmony, harmony of sounds. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Symphony No. 17: Symphony No. 17 (Weinberg). Symphony No. 17 (Mozart) in G major, KV129. Symphony No. 17 (Myaskovsky). Symphony No. 17 (Karamanov), "America". Symphony No. 17 (Slonimsky). Symphony No. 17 (Hovaness), Symphony for Metal Orchestra, Op. 203 ... ... Wikipedia

SYMPHONY, symphonies, wives. (Greek symphonia harmony of sounds, consonance). 1. A large piece of music for orchestra, usually consisting of 4 parts, of which the first and often the last are written in sonata form (music). “The symphony may be ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

symphony- and, w. symphonie f. , it. sinfonia lat. symphonia c. symphonia consonance. Krysin 1998. 1. A large piece of music for orchestra, consisting of 3-4 parts, differing from each other in the nature of the music and the tempo. A pathetic symphony ... ... Historical Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms

Female, Greek, music harmony, agreement of sounds, polyphonic consonance. | A special kind of polyphonic musical composition. Hayden's Symphony. | Symphony on the Old, on the New Testament, a set, an indication of places where the same word is remembered. Smart ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

- (Latin symphonia, from the Greek symphonia consonance, harmony), work for symphony orchestra; one of the main genres of instrumental music. The symphony of the classical type was formed by the composers of the Viennese classical school J. ... ... Modern encyclopedia

Symphony- (Latin symphonia, from the Greek symphonia - consonance, harmony), a piece for a symphony orchestra; one of the main genres of instrumental music. The symphony of the classical type was formed by the composers of the Viennese classical school - J. ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

SYMPHONY, and, wives. 1. Large (usually four parts) piece of music for orchestra. 2. transfer. Harmonic connection, a combination of which n. (book). C. flowers. C. paints. S. sounds. | adj. symphonic, th, th (to 1 value). S. Orchestra ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

- (Greek consonance) the title of an orchestral piece in several parts. S. is the most extensive form in the field of concert orchestral music. Due to the similarity, in its construction, with the sonata. S. can be called a large sonata for orchestra. How in… … Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Books

• Symphony. 1, A. Borodin. Symphony. 1, Full score, For orchestra Publication type: Full score Instruments: orchestra Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1862 edition. ...