How does the folk character of Taras Bulba manifest itself in the story? As in Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” the national character is manifested. Where does the story begin?

To do this, let's turn to the very beginning of the story, remember how the characters' characters developed, what are the origins of their actions. And then we will try to compare them.

-What is the basis of any comparison?

- What signs will be important for us?

- So, let's name these components.

- Let's compare these heroes, since it is the comparative characteristics that will help us find the answer to our question. To do this, we will fill out the table.

- Where does the story begin?

- What Ostap and Andriy look like, describe their appearance.

Read an excerpt from the story “Study at the Bursa.” Underline with a pencil the information that proves the characters’ attitude to study, fill out the table.

How do we see Ostap at the Kyiv Academy? Why was he considered one of the best comrades? How did Andriy differ from Ostap in terms of participation in pranks?

- Name the youthful dreams of Ostap and Andriy.

Now work in your groups and compose a syncwine - a description of Ostap and Andriy. Describe your character traits.

- This is your personal opinion and I will not argue with you.

- How do Ostap and Andriy behave in battle? Read the brothers' first fight.

- What was the meaning of life for Ostap? For Andria?

Under the city walls. (In battle, the brothers showed great prowess. Taras is proud of them. But at what moment did a turning point occur in Andriy’s soul?)

- In a besieged city (What impression did the city make on Andriy?) What made him stay?).

We know that Andriy died first, but we will first analyze the death of Ostap. I will read the scene of Ostap’s death, and you get ready to answer the questions:

- What qualities of Ostap were reflected in his last hour?

- How does Taras behave when he sees his son suffering? What he says? How do these words characterize him?

- What are Ostap’s last words?

- Why didn’t he show weakness?

-Can we understand his feelings?

- How does Andriy die? I suggest watching an excerpt from the film “The Death of Andria”.

Death of Andria is a controversial issue that I suggest you discuss a little later.

The comparison of Ostap and Andriy in the story has a deep socio-philosophical and artistic meaning. Gogol reinterprets the biblical motif.

- What biblical character can the death of Andriy be compared to? And Ostap?

- Death of the sons of Taras Bulba.

Ostap died as a national hero, but Andriy's death is controversial.

Six hats will help you reflect and express your attitude towards Andriy’s death. Why six hats? Because we perceive the world and think differently. You can think in six different ways, indicated by colored hats.

Group assignment:

Group 1 “Red Hat of the Emotional Observer”: What feelings does the death of a hero evoke? Why? How do you think the author treats Andriy?

Group 2 “White hat of an objective observer”: Statement of the fact of the death of the hero with the inclusion of quotes.

Group 3 “Black Hat of the Pessimist”: Negative, critical attitude towards the hero’s actions. How does one feel about death? Express your point of view about the death of the hero.

Group 4 “Yellow Optimist Hat”: What qualities of the hero can be called positive? Try to act as his defender. Why doesn’t Andriy resist his father and make excuses for him at the time of their last meeting? Group 5 “Blue Hat of the Philosopher”: Can you justify the hero's betrayal? How is Andriy’s tragedy connected with the peculiarities of his nature? How do you feel about Taras’s phrase: “I gave birth to you, I will kill you”

Group 6 “Green hat creative”: Write your own ending to the story.

- What is the point of contrasting Ostap and Andriy?

- Thus, the epic unity of the image of Taras Bulba is bifurcated in the images of his sons. The image of Ostap embodies the idea of ​​an inextricable connection with the ancestral body, loyalty to knightly honor and the Fatherland, the image of Andriy - the idea of ​​falling away, selfish disunity of people, separation from the whole: the collective, the people, God.

RESULT:

- Revealing to us the characters of the two brothers, Gogol in no way wants to show one good and the other bad. Two brothers must become enemies. Both die, one - from the hands of enemies, the other - from the hand of his father. You cannot call one good and the other bad. Gogol gave a national character in development, showed people who by nature belong to different historical eras. Ostap adopted the features of a heroic, but somewhat primitive era. And Andrei, the younger brother, is already close to a more sophisticated and developed civilization. That is why their views and judgments about eternal human values ​​are so different, be it love, honor, duty to the Motherland.

Detailed solution Page 141-193pp. on literature for 8th grade students, authors Mushinskaya T.F., Perevoznaya E.V., Karatay S.N. 2011

From whose perspective is the story told and how does this affect the perception of the story? Which character is your favorite and why?

How did you perceive the outcome of the relationship between Asya and N.N.?

The story of Mr. N.N. is a memoir of days long gone. Anonymity makes it possible to assume that this hero will have a lot of personality from Turgenev himself. The absence of a first and last name may have forced Turgenev to convey to the reader the idea that the hero is very close to him, that the writer himself may be the prototype of his hero.

This helps the reader feel the emotions and experiences of the narrator as closely as possible.

Of the heroes, Gigin and Asya evoke sympathy. He is a sincere, open, kind person.

The end of the relationship caused sadness that the hero missed his happiness.

I. Review the content of the story chapter by chapter, noting the main events, episodes, pay attention to its construction and think:

1. What creates the poetic atmosphere of this story, why “does it emanate spiritual youth” (N. A. Nekrasov)?

The poetic atmosphere of the story is created by:

The story is very musical, close in tone to a prose poem.

Excellent descriptions of nature and portraits of heroes, which help to better understand the state of the heroes.

2.How and under the influence of what conditions do the relationships between three young people develop?

Young people meet while on vacation in Germany. Having heard Russian speech, the author of the story meets Gigin and his companion Asya, whom he introduces as his sister. They quickly become close, since Gigin arouses sympathy from the narrator - he is not like other Russians on vacation, and they spend time together, walk, explore the beauty of the German Rhine.

3. How does Asya stand out from the environment? How do her brother and N.N. perceive her “oddities”?

At the beginning of the story, the heroine is a mystery for the narrator and readers. But gradually we see the reasons for her inner restlessness and desire to “show off.” Mr. N. watches Asya’s pranks with curiosity. He found that she spoke French and German quite well. He concludes that “since childhood she was not in the hands of women and received a strange, unusual upbringing that had nothing in common with Gagin’s upbringing.”

Asya's character is deeply national, truly Russian. The lyricism and tenderness of Asya reveals the episode near the vineyard. Here, not only Asya’s “semi-wild charm” is revealed to us, but also her soul. The girl merges with the blue sky, striving upward with her whole being.

Asya deeply experiences the feeling that gripped her. Inner struggle and confusion are reflected in her rapid mood swings and contradictory words. She reveals to Mr. N. her innermost thoughts, her heart: “You always believe in advance what I tell you, only you be frank with me,” “I will always tell you the truth.” But with bitterness the heroine realizes that her wings have grown and there is nowhere to fly.

At first glance, the narrator saw something special in the features of this girl: “There was something unique, special in the fairy tale of her dark, round face with a small thin nose, almost childish cheeks and black light eyes.” At the beginning of the story, her image is created using romantic colors. Asya presents us with a riddle, a secret, a contradiction. She appears either brave, invulnerable, direct, or suddenly becomes modest, shy, “a completely Russian girl, almost a maid.”

At first, it seems that the heroine is weird: she is able to “laugh for no reason” and immediately run away. Meanwhile, all her unexpected actions are easily explained. This is how a girl’s deep first feeling manifests itself outwardly. She is confused, fearful and hopeful at the same time.

Gagin treats his sister very carefully, caringly, tolerates her oddities and forgives her all her quirks. Gagin is gentle, good-natured and sweet. According to N.N., this is “the Russian soul, truthful, honest, simple, but, unfortunately, a little sluggish, without tenacity and inner heat”: Mental amorphism dooms G. to the role of an eternal amateur in art. The same quality predetermines his attitude towards Asya’s hobby; in essence, Gagin chooses the path of least resistance and thereby contributes to an unhappy outcome.

4. How does Asya’s feeling for N.N. arise and manifest itself? How could he attract this unusual girl? Was Gagin’s opinion justified: “She never has a half-hearted feeling”?

Telling the story of the awakening in the soul of this girl of a strong and deep feeling of love, Turgenev, with the great skill of an artist-psychologist, reveals Asya’s original nature. “Asa needs a hero, an extraordinary person,” Ganin says about her. She naively admits that “I would like to be Tatyana,” whose image attracts her with its moral strength and integrity; she does not want her life to be boring and colorless: she is attracted by the thought of some “difficult feat”, of a bold and free flight to unknown heights. “If you and I were birds, how we would soar, how we would fly”... - Asya says to the man she fell in love with. She falls in love with N.N. at first sight. Asya herself is faced with such a feeling for the first time and therefore N.N. seems to her to be an extraordinary person. Anna thought that she had met the love of her life and was ready to dedicate her destiny to him. But N.N. turns out to be an indecisive person and cannot respond to the girl’s feelings, thereby leaving disappointment in love in her soul.

Her brother’s opinion about the girl was justified - Asya fell in love passionately and devotedly, for the first time she embraced such a feeling as love. She completely surrenders to this feeling. Love inspires her, and there are no barriers to flight. Asya does not know how to hide her feelings or pretend, and therefore she is the first, like Pushkin’s Tatyana, to confess her love to N.N. But this news frightens him and he does not dare to connect his life with such an extraordinary girl: “I was annoyed at Gagin’s frankness, I I was annoyed with Asya, her love both pleased and embarrassed me. I couldn’t understand what made her tell her brother everything; the inevitability of a quick, almost instantaneous decision tormented me... “To marry a seventeen-year-old girl with her character, how is that possible!”

5. What is the reason for such an unexpected end to the relationship between Asya and

N.N.? Who do you think is to blame for failed love?

Asya's impulsive and sincere love is broken by N.N.'s timid sympathy, his indecision and fear of confronting public opinion. Love gave the hero a chance to gain wings, but he showed cowardice, deceived the heroine’s best hopes, and was afraid of the future. In the climactic scene of the explanation, Asya’s emotional experiences are subtly described, her “eyes that begged, trusted, questioned.” She gave up her destiny, was ready to devote her life to her beloved: “Yours,” she whispered barely audibly.”

Realizing the hero’s weakness, his selfishness, Asya immediately broke all ties with him and disappeared from his life. By losing her, the hero deprived himself of happiness, the true meaning of life. The fate of the heroine is unknown to us, but her gentle appearance and strong, persistent character leave a deep mark on the soul of the hero and the reader: “I knew other women, but the feeling that Asya aroused in me, that burning, tender, deep feeling, was not repeated. Condemned to the loneliness of a familyless little boy..., I keep, like a shrine, her notes and a dried geranium flower, the same flower that she once threw to me from the window.”

6. Why does N.N., who “didn’t feel sad for too long” for Asya, as he himself admits, still carefully keeps her notes and a dried flower 20 years later? What does the phrase: “Happiness has no tomorrow” explain in his behavior and fate?

N.N. remembered the wonderful feeling that Asya gave him - that someone loves you: “neither eyes alone have replaced those eyes that once looked at me with love, nor anyone’s heart that fell to my chest, My heart did not respond with such joyful and sweet fading!

“Happiness has no tomorrow” - you had to fight for your love here and now, because this feeling can be ruined by the wrong word or deed. The hero himself is guilty of missing his true love; he realized it too late. He was supposed to enter Gagin's house that evening and explain to Asya, but he did not.

II. Attention to the text!

1. Explain the role of some artistic details found in it: a statue of a sad Madonna under a lonely ash tree; waltz sounds; geranium branch; wings - on wings - winged.

A dried geranium flower is a symbol of “faded” love, which could have brought happiness to the hero of the story, but this love did not materialize, although he did not forget about it.

The sounds of a waltz symbolize the emerging feeling of love.

A statue of a sad Madonna under a lonely ash tree - Turgenev opens and ends with the symbol of a Catholic Madonna “with an almost childlike face and a red heart on her chest, pierced with swords.” the whole love story, and he is one of the key ones for him. In her facial expressions, the Madonna is similar to Asya (which gives the heroine’s image a timeless dimension). A red heart, forever pierced by arrows, is a sign that love is inseparable from suffering. The face of the Madonna always “looks out sadly” “from the branches” or “from the dark green of an old ash tree.” Thus, this image can be understood as one of the faces of nature. In Gothic churches, on the portals and capitals, the faces and figures of saints were surrounded by floral ornaments - leaves and flowers carved from stone. The image of the Madonna emphasizes Asya’s unpredictability; she often acts inconsistently with her own feelings and desires: “Sometimes I want to cry, but I laugh. You shouldn't judge me... according to what I do" ; “Sometimes I don’t know what’s in my head.<...>Sometimes I’m afraid of myself, by God.”

Wings - on wings - winged - a symbol of love.

2. What associations do the episodes evoke in N.N.: the maid Gankhen and her groom (chapters XV and XXI)?

The second time he saw the girl near the shore, she was sitting next to a young man with a pale face, but not sad. Perhaps she has already found another guy to replace the one who left. “And on the other side of the Rhine, my little Madonna still looked sadly out of the dark green of the old ash tree...”

3. What feature of Asya’s nature is revealed in her confession at the sight of pilgrims: “To go somewhere far away, to pray, to perform a difficult feat,” she continued. “And then the days go by, life goes away, and what have we done?”

Asya's life was tragic: she is the daughter of a landowner and a serf. Therefore, she is shy and does not know how to behave in secular society. She lost her mother early, and a few years later also her father. All this made her think early about the meaning of life and become disillusioned with some things, but this did not make her stop loving life; moreover, she wanted to leave her mark on history. “The days are passing, life is passing, and what have we done?” - she says. Asya strives for something special, for an active life, for accomplishing a feat. She is a subtle, romantic nature, to whom everything ordinary and vain is alien. It’s not for nothing that she wants to fly like a bird: “Yes, good!” she answered just as quietly, not looking at me. “If you and I were birds, how we would soar, how we would fly... We would drown in this blue... But we are not birds.” She likes romantic stories and legends. And she considers Tatyana, the heroine of the novel “Eugene Onegin,” to be her idol.

4. What reasons does Gagin have for thinking that “Asa needs a hero, an extraordinary person - or a picturesque shepherd in a mountain gorge”? Is it by chance that towards the end of the story (Chapter XIV) he says to N.N.: “You are a very nice person, but why did she love you so much - I confess, I don’t understand this”?

Perhaps because she herself is an extraordinary, romantic girl, with a difficult character and way of thinking that requires romance in her life.

5. Reveal the subtext of the following phrases: Gagin says several times to N.N.: “After all, you won’t marry Asa.” And in his farewell letter: “There are prejudices that I respect; I understand that you cannot marry Asa”; Asya says to N.N.: “My wings have grown, but there’s nowhere to fly.”

“You won’t marry Asa.” And in his farewell letter: “There are prejudices that I respect; I understand that you cannot marry Asa”; - Gagin is a gentle, good-natured and friendly person, a kind of real Russian soul. He is also characterized by straightforwardness and honesty. However, Gagin lacks tenacity and willpower in his character. His sketches are mediocre and he himself understands it. Thus, he dooms himself to eternal amateurism in art. He often does not finish his work. And even in relation to Asya’s hobby, he chooses the path of least resistance, which leads to an unhappy outcome.

Asya says to N.N.: “My wings have grown, but there’s nowhere to fly.”

Asya understands that she is in love, but feels that her feeling is not truly mutual.

6.Re-read Gagin’s thoughts about painting, about art. Think about how they can be connected with the spiritual crisis of I. S. Turgenev himself.

Gagin, “owning a decent fortune,” went abroad with his sister to take up painting seriously. His clothing shows a desire to imitate poor and independent European artists. When he went to paint, he “put on a round hat a la Van Duck, a blouse...”. An interesting psychological touch: the passionate artist most of all “asked to make sure that the soup was not too thin” for his return. Having chosen an “old hollow oak tree” for the painting, Gagin and his new friend “reasoned quite intelligently and subtly about how exactly it should work, what should be avoided, and what the actual importance of an artist is in our century.” This ended the creative morning: “Having talked to our heart’s content and filled with a feeling of satisfaction, as if we had accomplished something, we returned home.” After such an episode, the reader is not surprised that although “in his (Gagin’s) sketches there was a lot of life and truth, which is free and broad; but not one of them was finished.” Gagin himself, in a moment of enlightenment, bitterly complains about “damned licentiousness.” He realizes that he can become a real artist “if he has enough patience.” The history of Gagin’s artistic attempts and reflections on the reasons for their collapse are close to Raisky’s misadventures in “The Precipice.” “There are no artists without bitter, constant work... no! You won’t work, you won’t be able to shrink,” N. came to this conviction on the very first day of his acquaintance with Gagin.

Perhaps Turgenev also experienced his own mental crisis, when he could not completely devote himself to creativity, really work, and not talk about it. That's why he took a trip for new impressions.

*** Additional questions ***

Recreate in your imagination the entire life story of Asya, starting from childhood. Explain the psychology of her behavior during a date with N.N.

In the story, she appears as an open, proud, noble, spontaneous girl with an unusual appearance. Asya was raised in the family of a peasant serf. This explains her shyness and inability to behave in society.

Well, what does Asya want to say? The reader is impatient, what brought her to such a secluded place, what “terrible” secret does she want to believe to the young man? Now she is almost ready to say... but she cannot make up her mind... the words freeze on her lips... she cannot utter the fatal words.

N.N. sternly addresses her by name and patronymic. He is determined to fulfill his promise to Gagin, but Asya’s whole appearance conquers him, love flares up in him with renewed vigor, his heart melts, and he is no longer able to withstand the official tone of his conversation. He calls the girl by name again.

“A tremulous sound was heard, like a ragged sigh, and I felt the touch of a weak, leaf-like trembling hand on my hair. I raised my head and saw her face. How it suddenly changed! The expression of fear disappeared from him - his gaze went somewhere far away and carried me along with him, his lips parted slightly, his forehead turned pale like marble, and his curls moved back as if the wind had thrown them back. I forgot everything, I pulled her towards me - her hand obediently obeyed, her whole body was drawn after her hand, the shawl rolled from her shoulders, and her head quietly lay on my chest, lay under my burning lips...

Yours... - she whispered barely audibly. My hands were already sliding around her figure... But suddenly the memory of Gagina, like lightning, illuminated me.

What are we doing!.. - I exclaimed and frantically moved back - Your brother... because he knows everything... He knows that I am seeing you.

Asya sat down on a chair.

Yes,” I continued, getting up and moving to the other corner of the room. - Your brother knows everything... I had to tell him.

Must? - she said indistinctly. She, apparently, could not yet come to her senses and did not understand me well.

Yes, yes,” I repeated with some bitterness, “and you alone are to blame for this, you alone.” Why did you give away your secret? Who forced you to tell your brother everything? He visited me today and relayed to me your conversation with him. “I tried not to look at Asya and walked with long steps around the room. “Now everything is gone, everything, everything.”

Asya, with tender, reverent love, entrusts herself into the hands of N.N. She believed him. She says “yours”, she is the first to cross the line of recognition as Tatiana Pushkinskaya. In this short moment, she believes that all her dreams have come true. And this made N.N.’s words cruel. He was struck by the memory of Gagina. At such a decisive moment, when his fate could have been decided, the ghost of Gagin appears. N.N. himself understands the falsity of his accusations and “tries not to look at Asya.” He is afraid to read the reproach, he is afraid that it will melt again.

N.N. believes that Asya’s secret, which she “gave up” to her brother, is that she loves. However, he is wrong. It was no secret to either his brother or him. Another question is that this was confirmed in Gagina’s confession. The secret lies elsewhere, and so far N.N. cannot understand this.

Asya was agitated by the threat to ruin their relationship that came from Gagin; it had never loomed so realistically over the Russian Romeo and Juliet. Asya doesn’t know, she’s not sure whether N.N. is ready to accept the whole truth and stay with her and whether he even loves her. That's why she made an appointment for a final explanation.

And N.N continues to blame the girl. And here Asya asks a simple question that reveals the falsity of the accusations expressed by N.N.: “But why did you tell your brother?” Really why? Of course, a false understanding of honesty forced him to do this, but by doing so he acted dishonestly towards Asya. Now it turned out that such an act was unpleasant to her, that she did not want her brother’s interference in their relationship. And she confessed to Gagin, because he took her by surprise, at a moment when she could not control her feelings.

Asya thought that she had met an “extraordinary man,” a “hero,” and she was ready to subordinate his fate to her own. But she was wrong. The one she thought was a hero was not one. And this meant that her searches and expectations were in vain, that the combination of feat and personal happiness was impossible, that for her a feat was conceivable only as following some rules accepted for oneself, as self-denial.

Describe the peculiarity of the composition of the story, its role in revealing the author’s intention.

The author chose the ring composition because 25-year-old N.N. I couldn’t fully comprehend what had happened. All assessments in the story are given by 45-year-old N.N. Love for Asa is a wonderful memory. This never happened again in his life.. There is no denouement in the work. That is, the plot of the story ended with a climax. Why? (Chapter XX. “Happiness has no tomorrow; it does not have yesterday either; it does not remember the past, does not think about the future; it has a present - and that is not a day - but an instant.”

Explain how the actions of the characters in the story are motivated, the change in their mood (psychologism).

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev had the ability to clearly see and deeply analyze the contradictions of that psychology and that system of views that was close to him, namely the liberal one. These qualities of Turgenev - an artist and a psychologist - appeared in the story Asya, which was published in the first issue of Sovremennik in 1858.

Turgenev said that he wrote this piece passionately, almost with tears.

Asya is a story about love. The hero fell in love with a very original and courageous girl, with a pure soul, without a shadow of the artificial affectation of society young ladies. His love did not go unanswered. But at the moment when Asya was waiting for a decisive word from him, he became shy, got scared of something, and retreated.

At the time of the creation of the story "Asya" (1859), I.S. Turgenev was already considered an author with a significant influence on public life in Russia. The social significance of Turgenev's work is explained by the fact that the author had the gift of seeing pressing social and moral problems in ordinary events. Such problems are touched upon by the writer in the story “Asya”. The story "Asya" took about five months to write.

The plot of "Asia" is extremely simple. A certain gentleman meets a girl, falls in love with her, dreams of happiness, but immediately does not dare to offer her his hand, and, having decided, finds out that the girl has left, disappearing from his life forever.

The story of failed love described in "Ace" begins in Germany. N.N. - a young man of about twenty-five, a nobleman, attractive and rich, travels through Europe “without any goal, without a plan,” and in one of the German cities he accidentally hears Russian speech at a holiday. He meets a nice young couple - Gagin and his sister Asya, a sweet girl, about seventeen years old. Asya captivates the narrator with her childish spontaneity and emotionality.

Later he becomes a frequent guest of the Gagins. Brother Asya evokes his sympathy: “It was a straight Russian soul, truthful, honest, simple, but, unfortunately, a little sluggish.” He tries to paint, but none of his sketches are finished (although there is “a lot of life and truth” in them) - Gagin explains this by the lack of discipline, “damned Slavic licentiousness.” But, the author suggests, perhaps the reason is different - in the inability to complete what has been started, in some laziness, in the tendency to replace business with talk.

Asya doesn't look like Gagin. Unlike her brother, who, as the narrator notes, lacked “tenacity and inner heat,” she did not have a single feeling “halfway.” The girl's character is largely explained by her fate. Asya is the illegitimate daughter of Gagin Sr. from a maid. After the death of her mother, the girl lived with her father, and when he died, she went into the care of her brother. Asya is painfully aware of her false position. She is very nervous and vulnerable, especially in things that might hurt her pride.

If Asya is different in character from her brother, then in the narrator, on the contrary, there are similarities with Gagin. In love N.N. Asa, with his hesitations, doubts, fear of responsibility, as in Gagin’s unfinished sketches, shows some recognizable signs of “Slavic” internal chaos. At first, the hero, fascinated by Asya, is tormented by the suspicion that she is not Gagina’s sister. Then, when he learns Asya’s story, her image illuminates for him with a “captivating light.” However, he is embarrassed and confused by Asya’s brother’s direct question: “But, you won’t marry her?” The hero is frightened by the “inevitability of the decision,” and besides, he is not sure that he is ready to connect his life with this girl.

The climax of the story is the scene of N.N.’s date. with Asya. Common sense does not allow Mr. N.N. say the words that a girl in love expects from him. Having learned the next morning that his brother and sister left the city of Z., the hero feels deceived.

Asya's upbringing is rooted in Russian traditions. She dreams of going “somewhere far away, to prayer, to a difficult feat.” The image of Asya is very poetic. Nekrasov, after reading “Asia,” wrote to Turgenev: “... she is so beautiful. She exudes spiritual youth, all of her is pure gold of poetry. Without a stretch, this wonderful setting fits the poetic plot, and something unprecedented in our beauty and beauty came out.” cleanliness."

"Asya" could be called a story about first love. This love ended sadly for Asya.

Turgenev was fascinated by the topic of how important it is not to pass by your happiness. Turgenev shows how beautiful love arises in a seventeen-year-old girl, proud, sincere and passionate. Shows how everything ended in an instant. Asya doubts why anyone can love her, whether she is worthy of such a beautiful young man. Asya strives to suppress the feeling that has arisen in herself. She worries that she loves her dear brother less, less than a man whom she only saw once. Turgenev explains the reason for the failed happiness of the nobleman, who at the decisive moment gives in in love.

Think about what brings Turgenev’s work closer to L. N. Tolstoy’s story “After the Ball.”

The form of narration brings people closer together - an elderly person shares his memories of his youth. He describes an event that influenced his later life.

What moral principles of I. S. Turgenev were embodied in the story “Asya”?

At the decisive moment of his life, the hero turned out to be incapable of moral effort and discovered his human inadequacy. In the story, the author does not directly talk about the decline of the Russian nobility, its inability to take responsibility for the future of the country, but the writer’s contemporaries felt the resonance of this theme in the story.

S. Turgenev's story "Asya" touches on love and psychological issues that concern readers. The work will also allow you to learn about such important moral values ​​as honesty, decency, responsibility for your actions, the purpose and meaning of life, the choice of a life path, the formation of personality, and the relationship between man and nature.

(366 words) Many people probably think that indifference is bad. However, not all of them will be able to answer who can be called an indifferent person? I believe that in this ignorance lies the problem of society, where it becomes the norm to pass by suffering and grief, not even to help with advice and consolation. The answer to this question is not so difficult to find, because Russian literature is rich in examples of what can be called an indifferent attitude towards the world and its inhabitants.

In Gogol's story "The Overcoat" examples of indifference speak for themselves. Young officials do not give the old employee of their department peace, they mock him, and all for fun. The young men do not think about the pain they cause with their behavior to this meek and harmless person. Akaki Akakievich daily becomes a victim of ridicule and meekly endures such treatment, because by nature he is a quiet and timid eccentric who loves to copy papers. However, society is up in arms against him only because he cannot stand up for himself. The indifferent attitude of the superiors to the misfortune of the subordinate also confuses the reader: how can one tolerate such rudeness? These people, who are deaf to the feelings of others, who shamelessly insult the hero for fun, can be called indifferent.

The behavior of the “significant person” from the same story is no less immoral. The official, wanting to show off in front of a friend, scolds Bashmachkin, who came with a request to find the stolen overcoat. He does not want to understand that a person lives in poverty, and for him this thing is priceless. He mercilessly drives out the hero who came for his natural right - the protection of the law. A significant person absolutely does not care what happens to the one whom he humiliated because of his own vanity. And without warm clothes, Akakiy Akakievich catches a cold and gets sick with a fever, which drives him to the grave. Of course, the official finds out about what happened and repents of his actions. But this hardly saves anyone from death that has already happened. In the image of this official criminal, the gloomy and indifferent to the fate of the little man Petersburg, where, among the luxury of palaces, hundreds of people cannot afford clothes, comes through coldly.

Thus, indifference is manifested in the most respectable people, who in some cases are not even alien to compassion. However, these “individual cases” do not cancel the general pattern - an indifferent person always puts his desires and whims above the destinies of other members of society, and even flashes of responsiveness will not force him to take into account the interests of society the next time when another little person needs help, but not will receive it.

How is its folk character manifested in the story "Taras Bulba"?

Answer:

How is his folk character manifested in the story "Taras Bulba"?

Taras Bulba is a national hero: he fights and fights for the independence of the people, believes in the strength of the people, who are connected with him by one desire, one dream: “Let the Russian land bloom!” A man of enormous will and remarkable natural intelligence, touchingly tender to his comrades and merciless to the enemy, he punishes Polish magnates and tenants and protects the humiliated and insulted. This is a powerful image, covered in poetic legend, in Gogol’s words, “like an extraordinary phenomenon of Russian strength.” He was distinguished, writes Gogol, by “the ability to move an army and a strong hatred of enemies.” And at the same time, Taras is not in the slightest degree opposed to the environment around him. He “loved the simple life of the Cossacks” and did not stand out from them in any way.

What are the similarities between the Cossack heroes and the epic heroes?

The Cossack heroes are related to the epic heroes by the struggle for freedom and independence of the Motherland; Of course, Gogol’s heroes are perceived as epic heroes: “Can there really be such fires, torments and such strength in the world that would overpower Russian strength?”

Write quotes from Taras Bulba.

The Fatherland is what our soul seeks, what is dearer to it than anything else. My homeland is you. - Father! where are you! do you hear all this? (Ostap) - I hear you! (Taras Bulba) - What, son, did your Poles help you? - I gave birth to you, I will kill you! - Turn around, son! How funny you are! - Is there still gunpowder in the flasks?! - There is no bond more sacred than partnership! - Be patient, Cossack, - you will be an ataman! - Good, son, good! - Damn you, steppes, how good you are!

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The folk character of the story is manifested in the fact that Gogol showed the people's perception of time and history. This was very important when Gogol lived.
Having depicted the heroic past of the Russian people, their attitude towards the Fatherland, towards freedom, the author made it clear that “there is still gunpowder in the flask”, the source of heroism has not yet dried up.
That is why many Cossacks resemble epic heroes.
Firstly, the Cossacks do not hesitate to defend their Motherland; this is the meaning of their life.
Secondly, their strength is exaggerated (“where the Nezamainovites passed, there is a street, where they turned, there is an alley”).
Thirdly, Gogol includes in the text of the story lyrical digressions about birds flocking to prey, about widows who will mourn their husbands.
Quotation plan for a speech on partnership (Chapter IX).
1. “You heard from your fathers and grandfathers how honored everyone was with our land.”
2. “The Busurmans took everything.”
3. “This is what time we served<...>hand to brotherhood."
4. “There is no bond holier than fellowship.”
5. “...Only one person can become related by soul.”
6. “...There were no such comrades as in the Russian land.”
7. “No, brothers, to love like a Russian soul... no, no one can love like that.”
8. “...A vile thing has now begun on our land.”
9. “...It [the Russian feeling] will wake up someday.”
10. “Let them know what partnership means in the Russian land!”

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Answer left by: Guest

Grinev was accused of treason and violating the oath. But, if you have read the work, you know that the charge against Grinev was brought in connection with the denunciation and slander of Shvabrin, who decided to destroy his lucky rival at any cost.

As a lawyer, you must prove that Grinev did not betray his oath and remained faithful to the empress to the end. And you need to look for the material in the text of “The Captain’s Daughter” by A. S. Pushkin. Re-read the chapters in which Grinev meets Pugachev - both before the uprising and during the uprising. Pay attention to the dialogues that Pugachev and Grinev conduct, to the reasons for Grinev’s appearance in the enemy camp.

You need to know about when and how Grinev first met Pugachev, how Pyotr Andreevich behaved after the capture of the fortress by the Pugachevites, why Pugachev did not execute him.

In addition, you should pay attention to why Grinev refused to serve Pugachev, what qualities of character he showed, directly telling the leader of the rebels that he considered him a robber, and in connection with what events he nevertheless turned to Pugachev for help.

Since the lesson will take the form of a trial, you need to prepare questions for the witnesses and the defendant.

Witnesses for the prosecution are Zurin, Shvabrin, Andrei Karlovich, and witnesses for the defense are Marya Ivanovna Mironova, serf Arkhip Savelyev, priest Akulina Pamfilovna, Emelyan Pugachev.

By asking questions to the prosecution witnesses, you must show that some of them (Shvabrin) are deliberately lying, while others are mistaken. Witnesses for the defense, answering your questions, must emphasize the honesty, decency of Pyotr Andreevich, his loyalty to the oath, show the efforts that Grinev made to save the daughter of Captain Mironov, executed by Pugachev, and his wife, Vasilisa Egorovna, killed by the Pugachevites.

The most important condition for your successful performance in class is excellent knowledge of the “criminal case,” that is, the content of “The Captain’s Daughter” by A. S. Pushkin.