What is Tolstoy's ideal woman in brief? Abstract: Female images of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". the writer's favorite heroine

The search for the ideal is present in all Russian writers. In this regard, in the 19th century, the attitude towards a woman became especially significant, not only as a continuator of the family, but also as a being capable of thinking and feeling much more subtly and deeply than male heroes. As a rule, a woman is associated with the idea of ​​salvation, rebirth, and the sphere of feelings. In his works, he created female images of stunning heroism and strength. Tolstoy is not trying to create ideals; he takes life as it is, and in the novel “War and Peace” he brings out several types of characters of Russian women of the early 19th century, remarkable for the depth and fidelity of psychological analysis and the life truth with which they breathe. We see that these are living women, that this is exactly how they should have felt, thought, acted, and any other depiction of them would have been false; we cannot help but feel our spiritual closeness with them.

It must be said that the depiction of female characters in the novel (War and Peace) was influenced by the personal facts of L.N.’s biography. Tolstoy and many moments from family memories were included in the epic novel (how the sacred relic was kept by L. Tolstoy’s grandfather, Nikolai Sergeevich. The writer will use the family legend in “War and Peace”, where Princess Marya begs Andrei, who is leaving for war, to put on the icon) . The writer’s mother, Maria Nikolaevna, who died during childbirth, had a very great influence on the creation of female characters in the novel. Levushka was not yet two years old at the time; he had vague memories of his mother, but according to the stories of close people, Tolstoy carefully preserved her spiritual appearance all his life.

Tolstoy's novel shows the evolution of heroines. The author does not deny them the ability to think; they are, in fact, concerned about global problems - problems of happiness, love, serving people, etc. The idea of ​​“simple female happiness” among Tolstoy’s heroines turns out to be hard-won. The “best,” Tolstoy’s favorite heroines, like male heroes, are capable of development.

Natasha is Tolstoy's favorite heroine. The author reveals her character in continuous external and internal movement. Therefore, for the first time in the novel she not only appears, but actually “runs” into the hall, a spontaneous girl full of vitality. Natasha, who grew up in the moral and pure atmosphere of the Rostov family, immediately captivates us with her sincerity and endless love for life and for the people around her. She lives as her heart tells her, because from birth she has what Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov have been looking for in themselves for so long - the naturalness of the soul, which is so characteristic of the unspoiled spiritual world of children. This is why Tolstoy so often compares Natasha to a child. Love is the essence of Natasha Rostova's life. Young Natasha loves everyone: the uncomplaining Sonya, and the countess mother, and her father, and Nikolai, and Petya, and Boris Drubetsky. The rapprochement and then separation from Prince Andrei, who proposed to her, makes Natasha suffer internally. An excess of life and inexperience are the source of mistakes and rash actions of the heroine (the story with Anatoly Kuragin).

In some ways she is similar to Natasha, but in some ways she is opposed to Princess Marya Bolkonskaya. The main principle to which her whole life is subordinated is self-sacrifice. This self-sacrifice, submission to fate is combined in her with a thirst for simple human happiness. Submission to all the whims of her domineering father, a ban on discussing his actions and their motives - this is how Princess Marya understands her duty to her daughter. But she can show strength of character if necessary, which is revealed when her sense of patriotism is offended. She not only leaves the family estate, despite Mademoiselle Bourien's proposal, but also forbids her to let her companion in when she learns about her connections with the enemy command. But to save another person, she can sacrifice her pride; this is evident when she asks for forgiveness from Mademoiselle Bourrienne, forgiveness for herself and for the servant on whom her father’s wrath fell. And yet, by elevating her sacrifice to a principle, turning away from “living life,” Princess Marya suppresses something important in herself. And yet, it was sacrificial love that led her to family happiness: when she met Nikolai in Voronezh, “for the first time, all this pure, spiritual, inner work with which she had lived until now came out.”

These two women, who are similar in many ways, are contrasted with ladies of high society, such as Helen Kuragina, Anna Pavlovna Scherer, and Julie Kuragina. These women are similar in many ways. At the beginning of the novel, the author says that Helen, “when the story made an impression, looked back at Anna Pavlovna and immediately took on the same expression that was on the face of the maid of honor.” The most characteristic sign of Anna Pavlovna is the static nature of words, gestures, even thoughts. Julie is a fellow socialite, “the richest bride in Russia,” who received a fortune after the death of her brothers. Like Helen, who wears a mask of decency, Julie wears a mask of melancholy (unnatural).

So, women close to natural life and folk ideals, such as Natasha Rostova and Princess Marya Bolkonskaya, find family happiness after going through a certain path of spiritual and moral quest. And women, far from moral ideals, cannot experience true happiness because of their selfishness and adherence to the empty ideals of secular society.

In her article “The Soul of Russian Literature,” written in prison, R. Luxemburg gave such a poetically inspired description of the image of Katyusha Maslova, the humane art of her creator, which you will not find, perhaps, in all the vast literature about the novel: “The Russian artist sees in a prostitute not a “fallen ”, and a person whose soul, suffering and internal struggle require from him, the artist, the deepest compassion. He ennobles the prostitute, gives her satisfaction for the violence committed against her by society, in a dispute for the heart of a man, he makes her a rival of heroines who represent the image of the purest and most tender femininity; he crowns her with roses and lifts her, like Magadev to the bayadera, from the purgatory of debauchery and mental suffering to the heights of moral purity and female heroism.”

The image of Katyusha Maslova evoked the constant admiration of most foreign readers. The most sympathetic of them appreciated the subtlety of feelings, kindness and nobility of the heroine, those invaluable qualities that she managed to preserve, despite the difficult trials of life.

Here are some typical excerpts from letters from Tolstoy’s correspondents:

“Katyusha is a delightful creature, she sins contrary to her own nature and, in spite of everything, in the most shameful circumstances, she retains the need to think and her nobility is simply remarkable” (J. Dupuis. June 4, 1900).

“How beautifully, how touchingly you drew the image of Katyusha. The end of the novel seems tragic to me. The echo of a great feeling that is no longer destined to be revived is heard and quietly fades away” (Tyumen von Eduard. March 1900).

« ... Your “Resurrection” shocked me and made me cry. Katyusha Maslova ... This image haunts me as if alive. Her love, suffering ... My brother, how many times have you made me cry” (Haokin. Akinerabola. Spain. September 11, 1908).

Drawing on the pages of the novel the bitter fate of a girl from the people, Tolstoy continued the humanistic traditions of Russian literature in the interpretation of this sore subject.

As you know, the novel depicts a different path for Katyusha’s spiritual resurrection: the revival of her faith in goodness and justice under the influence of “wonderful people” - the people's intercessors with whom fate brought her together.

...Natives of Denmark and Japan, Argentina and Brazil passionately asserted that “Anna Karenina” is a novel about them, and Tolstoy’s heroine is their “sister.”

Features of the literary process of the 1880-90s Main trends and patterns determined by social phenomena. Changes in the genre composition of literature. - Grekova Kristina

In the second half of the 19th century, the literary process in Russia experienced a period of dramatic changes.

Realism close to the people.

In the 80s, realism was actively developing in Russian literature. Writers used various artistic techniques to reveal themes of the depth and truth of life: some included features of romanticism in their works, others adopted the methods of their European predecessors.

It was precisely because of this that the literature of the late 19th century was especially close to the people - after all, the works depicted real life, along with its dramas and joys, everything that was close to any person.

The dramaturgy of the late 19th century also rises before us in a qualitatively new way; new heroes appear here - representatives of the merchant class. It was dramaturgy that was able to fully reveal all the vices and virtues of society. Vivid examples of plays in which the merchants appeared were the works of the great Russian playwright N. Ostrovsky “Dowry”, “Our People - Let's Be Numbered”, “The Thunderstorm”.

The prose also depicted representatives of the new generation, whose thinking and life positions were radically different from their predecessors. This is how we see the main character of Turgenev’s work “Fathers and Sons” - Bazarov. There was also a place in the literary process of this period for an extra hero - Oblomov, from the novel of the same name by I. Goncharov.

Unlike prose, the lyrics of this period were based exclusively on romanticism. To depict the inner image of the hero, his feelings and love experiences, poets often used the method of comparing the psychological essence of a person with the surrounding nature. The most talented poets of this period were Tyutchev, Fet, Nekrasov.

Many prose writers of the late 19th century were under the peculiar protection of L.N. Tolstoy, who earned the fame of a man who gave a start to the literary world to many writers. Lev Nikolaevich had an unsurpassed gift for highlighting people who had true talent.

One of these writers was G.I. Uspensky, whose works were first seen by the world on the pages of Tolstoy’s magazine Yasnaya Polyana. In the 80s of the 19th century, Uspensky began to communicate quite closely with the populists, so in his essays and stories he devoted special attention to the problems of the peasantry and the urban poor. A progressive illness did not give the writer the opportunity to fully engage in creativity, however, despite his short literary age, Uspensky entered Russian literature as a true fighter for human rights and freedoms.

Another talented writer who paid great attention to social problems in his work was V.N. Garshin. Already the prose writer’s first work, “Four Days,” brought him stunning success. In his stories, Garshin condemned the war and any confrontations in society, since he believed that there was nothing worse than senseless murder.

The topic of the biography of post-reform Russia and D. N. Mamin - Sibiryak was not ignored. In his stories and essays, he described the life of ordinary Russian people, often people from the Siberian hinterlands, who steadfastly endured all the metamorphoses of agrarian reform and oppression by the government. Despite this, the works of D.N. Mom's and Sibiryaka's songs are full of lightness and undisguised hope for the best.

N. S. Leskov occupies a special place among the writers of the late 19th century. The writer is deservedly called the most patriotic author of that period. His works became a kind of distorting mirror, which reflected all the shortcomings of the monarchical regime. In his stories, the author admired the simple Russian man, his strength and endurance, kindness and sincerity. An interesting fact is that it was Leskov’s work that inspired the famous Soviet writer Maxim Gorky to write, as the latter repeatedly mentioned.

Anti-nihilistic novels by Leskov. The phenomenon of nihilism as understood and depicted by the author. “Nehilists” and pseudo-nihilists in Leskov’s novels. Satirical basis in creating images of pseudo-nihilists.

Wise words from Alina Buryan:

Well, in his own words, then Leskov was such a guy, he loved the old orders, faiths, traditions, the Russian soul, no matter how imperfect and idiotic it was. In the same “Soboryans”, if anyone has read it, church dudes quarrel with nihilists who are stealing a skeleton from a cemetery and want to get it for themselves for scientific purposes. Plus, these nihilists ask difficult questions about the Gospel, which prove that the Bible is illogical and finally kind of lame. And the churchmen, although they cannot answer anything meaningful, are unhappy with this. They want soul, not logic. Leskov also wrote “On Knives.” Rumor has it that there is a lot about nihilists. but the novel is gigantic and it’s impossible to get through it even with a brief, believe me. So, theoretically there is a lot about it.

Wikipedia:

Nihilists are a huge force seething. They bring new ideas - denial of the old, atheism. They are passionate about the natural sciences - science, chemistry, mathematics, physics.

"Soborians"

As the literary critic V. Korovin notes, the positive heroes - archpriest Savely Tuberozov, deacon Akhill Desnitsyn and priest Zakharia Benefaktov, the narrative of which is in the tradition of the heroic epic, “are surrounded on all sides by figures of modern times - nihilists, swindlers, civil and church officials new type." The work, the theme of which was the opposition of “true” Christianity to the official one, subsequently led the writer into conflict with church and secular authorities.

... the most harsh in tone anti-nihilistic novel “On Knives”... the area of ​​​​the writer’s work associated with religious and anti-nihilistic themes (the chronicle “Soborians”, the novel “Nowhere”)...

“Nowhere,” which satirically depicted the life of a nihilistic commune, which was contrasted with the hard work of the Russian people and Christian family values, aroused the displeasure of the radicals. It was noted that most of the “nihilists” depicted by Leskov had recognizable prototypes (the writer V. A. Sleptsov was seen in the image of the head of the Beloyartsev commune).

Leskov writes novels “Nowhere” and “On Knives” on this topic. These works caused fear, helplessness, irritation, anger in a democratic nihilistic environment. Leskov flees to Paris. Having survived the public contempt that fell upon him after the release of these novels, the writer will return to these themes in the chronicle novel “The Soborians.” "Nowhere" (1864) - one of the most powerful anti-nihilistic novels, angry, but in some parts helpless. Nihilism at that time covered all of advanced Russia, as evidenced by fiction - Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Pisemsky.

Nihilism permeates the consciousness of the younger generation: “I place nihil above everything that exists!” Nihilists deny everything that exists, first of all, everyday life, the traditional way of life - that which prevents us from moving forward, developing and seeing the world differently.

Leskov of the 60s lives in the pre-reform and post-reform era: on the one hand, the Crimean defeat, on the other, the inspiring era of reform. The writer did not believe that other chains would take the place of the chains. “Where is Russia going?” - this question has been raised more than once in the literature. Leskov understands that the nihilists are leading her along a revolutionary path. But for him this is not a path - this is off-road. Populist off-road. The novel shows Russia on the eve of the disaster. Leskov's prophetic predictions will come true.

Leskov is not an anti-nihilistic writer. Simply out of honesty, out of fear of the horror of nihilism, he spoke about it. The terror that began with the advent of nihilism continues to this day - there is no higher judge, everything is permitted. Nihilism says: “Kill!” Christianity: "Thou shalt not kill." In order to have order, you have to kill, break God’s law - this is what the conflict “At Knives” is based on. How to find harmony?

Plan: Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Secondary school s/p “Pivan Village”

Essay

Female images of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

Completed by: Olya Rubashova

Checked:_______________

2008

1. Introduction

2. Natasha Rostova

3. Maria Bolkonskaya.

4. Conclusion

Introduction

It is impossible to imagine world literature without the image of a woman. Even without being the main character of the work, she brings some special character to the narrative. Since the beginning of the world, men have admired, idolized and worshiped the fair half of humanity. A woman is always surrounded by an aura of mystery and mystery. The woman’s actions lead to confusion and bewilderment. To delve into the psychology of a woman and understand her is the same as solving one of the most ancient mysteries of the Universe.

Russian writers always give women a special place in their works. Everyone, of course, sees her in his own way, but for everyone she will forever remain support and hope, an object of admiration. Turgenev sang the image of a persistent, honest woman, capable of making any sacrifice for the sake of love. Chernyshevsky, being a democratic revolutionary, advocated the equality of men and women, valued intelligence in a woman, saw and respected a person in her. Tolstoy's ideal is natural life - this is life in all its manifestations, with all the natural feelings inherent in man - love, hatred, friendship. And of course, such an ideal for Tolstoy is Natasha Rostova. She is natural, and this naturalness is contained in her from birth.

Many writers transferred the character traits of their beloved women to the images of the heroines of their works. I think this is why the image of a woman in Russian literature is so striking in its brightness, originality, and strength of emotional experiences.

Beloved women have always served as a source of inspiration for men. Everyone has their own ideal of women, but at all times, representatives of the stronger sex have admired women’s devotion, ability to sacrifice, and patience. A true woman will forever remain inextricably linked with her family, children, and home. And men will never cease to be surprised by women’s whims, seek explanations for women’s actions, and fight for women’s love!

Natasha Rostova

Tolstoy showed his ideal in the image of Natasha Rostova. For him, she was the true woman.

Throughout the novel, we follow how a little playful girl becomes a real woman, a mother, a loving wife, and a homemaker.

From the very beginning, Tolstoy emphasizes that there is not an ounce of falsehood in Natasha; she senses unnaturalness and lies more acutely than anyone else. With her appearance at the name day in a living room full of official ladies, she disrupts this atmosphere of pretense. All her actions are subordinated to feelings, not reason. She even sees people in her own way: Boris is black, narrow, like a mantel clock, and Pierre is square, red-brown. For her, these characteristics are enough to understand who is who.

Natasha is called "living life" in the novel. With her energy, she inspires life in those around her. With support and understanding, the heroine practically saves her mother after the death of Petrusha. Prince Andrei, who managed to say goodbye to all the joys of life, seeing Natasha, felt that all was not lost for him. And after the engagement, the whole world for Andrei seemed to be divided into two parts: one is where Natasha is, where everything is light, the other is everything else, where there is only darkness.

Natasha can be forgiven for her passion for Kuragin. This was the only time her intuition failed her! All her actions are subject to momentary impulses, which cannot always be explained. She did not understand Andrei’s desire to postpone the wedding for a year. Natasha tried to live every second, and a year for her was equal to eternity. Tolstoy endows his heroine with all the best qualities, moreover, she rarely evaluates her actions, most often relying on her inner moral sense.

Like all his favorite heroes, the author sees Natasha Rostova as part of the people. He emphasizes this in the scene at his uncle’s, when “the countess, raised by a French emigrant,” danced no worse than Agafya. This feeling of unity with the people, as well as true patriotism, pushes Natasha to give away all the carts for the wounded when leaving Moscow and leave almost all her things in the city.

Even the highly spiritual Princess Marya, who at first did not love the “pagan” Natasha, understood her and accepted her for who she is. Natasha Rostova was not very smart, and that was not important to Tolstoy. “Now, when he (Pierre) told all this to Natasha, he experienced that rare pleasure that women give when listening to a man - not smart women who, while listening, try to remember what they are told, in order to enrich their minds and on occasion to retell the same... but the pleasure that real women give, gifted with the ability to select and suck into themselves all the best that is in a man’s manifestations.”

Natasha realized herself as a wife and mother. Tolstoy emphasizes that she herself raised all her children (an impossible thing for a noblewoman), but for the author this is absolutely natural. Her family happiness came and was felt by her after experiencing several small and large love dramas. I don’t want to say that the author needed all of Natasha’s hobbies only so that after them the heroine could experience all the delights of family life. They also have another artistic function - they serve the purpose of outlining the character of the heroine, showing her inner world, age-related changes, etc. Tolstoy distinguishes between her early hobbies and her later, more serious ones. The heroine herself notices the transition from childhood amorousness to true love. She talks about this when she fell in love with Andrei Bolkonsky: “I was in love with Boris, with the teacher, with Denisov, but this is not the same at all. I feel calm and firm. I know that there are no better people than him, and I feel so calm, good now, not at all like before.” And even before, it turns out, she did not attach much importance to her affections, without reproach she admitted to herself her own frivolity. Let us remember how she contrasted herself with Sonya: “She will love anyone forever, but I don’t understand this, I’ll forget now.” According to fifteen-year-old Natasha, she never wanted to get married at that time and was going to tell Boris about it when she first met him, although she considered him her fiancé. However, the change of attachments does not indicate Natasha’s inconstancy and infidelity. Everything is explained by her exceptional cheerfulness, which gives the young heroine a sweet charm. Beloved by everyone, a “sorceress” - as Vasily Denisov put it, Natasha charmed people not only with her external beauty, but with her spiritual makeup. Her face was not particularly attractive; even the flaws in it were distinguished by the author, which became more noticeable when she cried. “And Natasha, opening her big mouth and becoming completely different, began to roar like a child.” But she always remained beautiful when her girlish appearance was illuminated by the inner light. Tolstoy tries with all poetic means to convey her feeling of the joy of being. She experiences the happiness of living, peering inquisitively into the world, which surprises and pleases her more and more. Maybe this comes from the fact that she feels within herself all the potential to be loved and happy. The girl felt early that there was a lot of interesting and promising things in the world for her. After all, Tolstoy says that moments of experiencing feelings of joy were for her “a state of self-love.”

She surprised Andrei Bolkonsky with her cheerfulness: “What is she thinking about? Why is she so happy? Natasha herself valued her joyful mood. She had a special regard for an old dress that made her cheerful in the morning. Natasha's thirst for new impressions, playfulness, and a sense of delight were especially evident when she met her brother Nikolai and Vasily Denisov, who came to the Rostovs on leave. She “jumped like a goat all in one place and squealed shrilly.” Everything was extremely interesting and funny to her.

One of the sources of joy for her was the first feelings of love. She loved everything that seemed good to her. Natasha the girl’s attitude towards her loved one can be judged by how Yogel shows her well-being. “She was not in love with anyone in particular, but she was in love with everyone. The one she looked at, the minute she looked, she was in love with.” As we see, the love theme does not acquire independent meaning in the novel, serving only to reveal the spiritual appearance of the heroine. Another thing is love for Andrei, Anatoly Kuragin, Pierre: it is somehow connected with the problems of family and marriage. I have already talked about this to some extent and will continue to talk about it ahead. Here it should only be noted that in the scandalous story with Anatoly Kuragin, which cost Natasha difficult experiences, the view of a woman only as an instrument of pleasure is condemned.

Maria Bolkonskaya

Another female image that attracted my attention in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace", is Princess Marya. This heroine is so beautiful inside that her appearance doesn't matter. Her eyes emit such light that her face loses its ugliness.

Marya sincerely believes in God, she believes that only He has the right to forgive and have mercy. She scolds herself for unkind thoughts, for disobedience to her father, and tries to see only the good in others. She is proud and grateful, like her brother, but her pride does not offend her, because kindness, an integral part of her nature, softens this sometimes unpleasant feeling for others.

In my opinion, the image of Marya Bolkonskaya is the image of a guardian angel. She protects everyone for whom she feels even the slightest responsibility. Tolstoy believes that a person like Princess Marya deserves much more than an alliance with Anatoly Kuragin, who never understood what treasure he had lost; however, he had completely different moral values.

She lives by the naive worldview of church legend, which evokes the critical attitude of Prince Andrei and does not coincide with the views of Pierre Bezukhy and Tolstoy himself. At the time of the best state of his health and spirit, that is, before the crisis of his near-death experiences, Prince Andrei did not take Mary’s religious teachings seriously. It is only out of condescension towards his sister that he considers her religiosity. Taking the cross from her on the day of his departure for the army, Andrei jokingly remarks: “If he doesn’t break his neck by two pounds, then I’ll give you pleasure.” In his heavy thoughts on the Borodino field, Andrei doubts the dogmas of the church professed by Princess Marya, feeling their unconvincingness. “My father also built in Bald Mountains and thought that this was his place, his land, his air, his men, but Napoleon came and, not knowing about his existence, like a puppy from the road, pushed him and his Bald Mountains fell apart, and all his life. And Princess Marya says that this is a test sent from above. What is the purpose of a test when there is none and there will never be one? Never again! He's gone! So who is this testing for? As for Tolstoy’s own attitude towards the heroine, the very mood of the image of Marya should be taken into account, putting her mysticism in connection with the difficult circumstances of her personal life, which in turn gives a special psychological depth to the typification of this character. The novel hints to us at the reasons for Marya's religiosity. The heroine could become like this due to the severe mental torment that befell her and instilled in her the idea of ​​suffering and self-sacrifice. Marya was ugly, she worried about it and suffered. Because of her appearance, she had to endure humiliation, the most terrible and insulting of which was the one she experienced during Anatoly Kuragin's matchmaking with her, when the groom arranged a date with her companion Burien at night.

It is no coincidence that it was after this scene that Princess Marya consciously seeks spiritual healing in religious feelings. “My calling is different,” Princess Marya thought to herself, “my calling is to be happy with a different kind of happiness, the happiness of love and self-sacrifice.”

Another reason for Marya’s internal suffering, which fed her mystical moods, was her father’s despotism, which cost her tears and moral self-flagellation. She often endured the insults of this capricious, capricious and evil-natured man. As a result, a person with the ideal of Christian morality, love and self-sacrifice was formed in her. Moreover, unlike Pierre, who saw active virtue in healing humanity from vice, Marya deliberately limits herself to personal self-improvement only, through love for people. This is how you can understand the author’s words: “What did she care about the justice or injustice of other people. She had to suffer and love herself, and that’s what she did.”

In the work “War and Peace,” the author, admiring the courage and resilience of the Russian people, extols Russian women. Princess Marya, who feels insulted at the mere thought that the French will be on her estate. Natasha, who was ready to leave home in what she was wearing, but give up all the carts for the wounded. But the author not only admires the woman. Tolstoy's attitude towards women is not clear. In the novel, he emphasizes that external beauty is not the main thing in a person. The spiritual world and inner beauty mean much more.

Conclusion.

So, I presented, in my opinion, some of the most striking images of women in Russian literature. Why did these writers turn out to have such vivid and memorable images? Probably everyone tried to create their own ideal, even the French novelist and biographer Andre Maurois said: “Almost every man is obsessed with one or another type of woman and cannot look for her everywhere,” but you can create an ideal image of a woman in your work, thus forever leaving him in the hearts of readers. According to the correct observation of Konstantin Balmont, a woman also has a supreme place among the main values ​​(“deities”) of the artist - nature, homeland, Russia, love, beauty and art. In Russian classical literature, women of Pushkin (Tatyana Larina, Masha Troekurova, Masha Mironova) and Lermontov (Princess Mary, Bela, Vera and the nameless smuggler from “A Hero of Our Time”), Goncharov’s (Lizaveta Aleksandrovna Adueva, Olga Ilyinskaya, Vera and Tatyana) are easily distinguishable Markovna Berezhkova) and Leskovsky (Mother Abbess Agnia, Zhenni Glovatskaya, Kateriea Izmailova from the story “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk”), Tolstoyan (Natasha Rostovskaya, Maria Bolkonskaya, Natalya Savishna) and women F.M. Dostoevsky (Varenka Dobroselova, Sonya Marmeladova, Nastasya Filippovna and Aglaya Epanchina), women A.F. Pisemsky (Eupraxia Baklanova from “The Tortured Sea”) and the woman N.G. Chernyshevsky (Vera Pavlovna and Katya Polozova from the novel “What is to be done?”).

Merkusheva Tatyana

The presentation represents a creative project after studying the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace"

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Problematic question: What, according to Tolstoy, should a real woman be? Natasha Rostova - Tolstoy's favorite ideal

“A woman is better off the more she puts aside personal aspirations to place herself in the maternal vocation.” L.N. Tolstoy

understand what allows us to call Natasha Tolstoy’s favorite ideal; find out what the role of a woman should be, according to the writer. Target:

Select material that allows you to understand the character of Natasha Rostova; Understand what her inner world is like. Tasks:

Natasha's path is the desire to love, i.e. be happy and give happiness to another person. Hypothesis:

Plan: 1. Natasha is a girl at the beginning of the novel. Charm and beauty. 2. An ineradicable thirst for life: a) Moonlight night in Otradnoye; b) First ball. 3. Love for Prince Andrey. 4. A fleeting hobby for Anatoly Kuragin. 5. Natasha is a patriot. 6. Death of Andrey. 7. Natasha is a wife and mother. 8. Summary of life.

We first meet Natasha, a thirteen-year-old girl, when she “accidentally, with an ill-timed run” ran into the room where the guests were sitting. Is she beautiful? Her charm lies in simplicity and naturalness. Natasha is completely filled with a thirst for life, she strives to do everything herself, feel for everyone, see everything, participate in everything. This is exactly how Natasha appears to us when we first meet her. Natasha is a girl at the beginning of the novel

Natasha never thinks about the meaning of life, but this meaning is revealed in the way she lives. She feels living life in her own way, without analyzing it. She understands the world, bypassing the rational, logical path, directly and holistically, like a person of art. She embodies the best properties of a female being: harmony of spiritual and physical, natural and moral, natural and human. She has the highest gift of female intuition - a direct, unreasonable sense of truth. Inextinguishable thirst for life

The image of a moonlit night in Otradnoye reveals Natasha’s inner world. Natasha admires the beauty created by light and shadows. Mysterious beauty! Natasha can't look enough. From the fullness of her feelings, tears ring in her voice. The night seems magical and extraordinary to her. This has never happened before. Moonlit night in Otradnoye

The ball scene perfectly reveals the amazing feeling of happiness, the ability to live every moment fully. First ball The first ball is the first appearance. The excitement that overcame Natasha from the very morning helped her to remain herself at the ball, not to be one of many. Natasha's cleanliness and openness immediately caught the eye of all the guests. At the ball, Natasha is overwhelmed with feelings: there is joy, and delight, and fear, and despair - and all these feelings can be read on her face, as in an open book.

The love of Andrey and Natasha is the love of two very, very different people... love is so strange, so incomprehensible... but still it exists... maybe that’s why they fell in love with each other, because they are so different?! Now her whole life before meeting Prince Andrei turned out to be just a wait. She saved up all her light, all her joy, all her goodness, all her sensitivity for him. She took responsibility for the man she fell in love with. Therefore, “she constantly guessed” all his feelings. The two found and fell in love with each other. But it cannot be easy for them, because behind each of them is their own world, and to love is one thing, but to understand is another. Love for Prince Andrey

How could this happen? Natasha - with her sensitivity, true understanding of people, with her precise sense of good and evil - Natasha did not understand Anatole! Overwhelmed by her love for Andrey, Natasha - after all the thoughts that she could no longer play with life - in just a few days she destroyed all her happiness! Now it is not enough for her to know that she is loved, she needs every minute admiration, she needs words of love, but Andrei is not there, and Anatole appears, who can give just this: admiration, glances, words. But, unfortunately, Natasha does not imagine that they can be low, which is why readers forgive her everything, but she does not forgive herself. No one could have judged her more harshly than she herself did for her passing hobby when she came to her senses and realized what she had done. A fleeting hobby for Anatoly Kuragin

Patriotism as a feeling that brought back to life... Natasha is brought out of a state of painful crisis by the news of the threat of the French approaching Moscow. A common misfortune for the whole country makes the heroine forget about her sufferings and sorrows. For Natasha, the main thing becomes the thought of saving Russia.

Pure and lofty love for the Fatherland and its defenders is manifested in Natasha’s action when she, a gentle and respectful daughter, burst into the room and shamed her parents for refusing to give up carts for the wounded. Under the influence of a high patriotic feeling, Natasha forgets not only all patriotic calculations, but even her caring and loving attitude towards her mother. Natasha is a patriot

Describing the scene of Natasha's meeting with the dying Bolkonsky, Tolstoy shows the power of her love. Natasha looked at him with compassion and love. Andrei saw her shining eyes filled with tears. Andrei's death Andrei's death struck her to the depths of her soul. We no longer hear her enthusiastic voice, we no longer see a girl laughing, full of the joy of life.

At the end of the novel, we see Natasha as a mature, strong woman, a loving wife and mother. With the same passion, Natasha devotes herself to caring for her husband and children. Her whole life is centered on the happiness of her family. Their relationship with Pierre is surprisingly harmonious and pure. Natasha's spontaneity and heightened intuition perfectly complements Pierre's intelligent, analyzing nature. Natasha - wife and mother

Natasha finds her happiness in her family, caring for her husband and children... this will be the case in the end... and before that, Tolstoy will lead Natasha through serious trials, shocks and mental crises. In Natasha, the author embodied, in his opinion, the ideal of a woman. Tolstoy draws Natasha in development; he traces Natasha's life in different years. Summary of life

The fate of Natasha Rostova reveals Tolstoy's views on the role of women in society. The writer sees her highest purpose in motherhood, in raising children, for it is a woman who is the keeper of family foundations, that bright and good beginning that leads the world to harmony and beauty.

Why is Natasha Rostova the favorite ideal of Tolstoy? In the image of Natasha Rostova, Tolstoy embodied everything that, in his opinion, should be inherent in a woman. He gave her all the qualities that a person needs, those qualities that the author himself values ​​in people, and especially in women. Therefore, Natasha is Tolstoy’s favorite heroine.

She is filled with a thirst for life - that is the secret of her charm.

N. Dolinina

Natasha Rostova is one of the favorite heroines of Russian literature. They argue about her, imitate her and sometimes envy her. In the novel, everyone loves her: her parents, brothers, her friend Sonya, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, the brave hussar Denisov and the frivolous handsome Kuragin fall in love with her. But Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy himself loves her most of all. He admires his heroine, admires her, and the author’s attitude is transmitted to the reader. What is the secret of the charm of this “dark-eyed, big-mouthed, ugly, but lively girl”? Tolstoy emphasizes many times that she is not Helen; she can be simply ugly, almost ugly. But it can also be beautiful. And its beauty comes from the inner fire of revival, from spiritual fullness, which is not always open to the prying eye. I cannot agree with those who claim that in Natasha Rostova Tolstoy embodied his ideal of a woman whose main purpose was to be a wife and mother.

Firstly, because we see Natasha, a married woman, only in the epilogue, and Tolstoy talks about this casually, he does not dwell in detail on this period of her life. And he portrays her in such a way that many cannot forgive Tolstoy for the way he treated our heroine.

Secondly, because the “ideal” is something unattainable, perfect, sublime. This is something you can strive for all your life and only get slightly closer to the goal.

Tolstoy really believed that a woman’s purpose is to be a wife and mother, raise children and live in the interests of the family. After marriage, all Natasha’s spiritual strength was “focused on serving her husband and family.”

But both in literature and in life one can find many examples of exemplary motherhood and devotion to the family, and without the “desolation” characteristic of Natasha: “disheveled, in a dressing gown,” “plump and fat,” “fertile female” somehow does not really fit into the concept ideal as “the perfect embodiment, the best example of something,” including motherhood.

I believe that Natasha is truly an ideal, but not so much in the “feminine” sense as in the universal sense. This is the ideal of the naturalness of human existence, filled with inner beauty and light, which is reflected on our loved ones, delights and excites everyone who is close to us. “She is filled with a thirst for life - that is the secret of her charm,” writes N. Dolinina. “In just one day she manages to experience and feel so much that would last another girl for six months. So many things happen to her because she seeks them greedily.”

What attracts Natasha’s character is not only her love of life and joyful perception of life. There is sympathy, pity, sensitivity, and anger in her. She does not have that narcissism and indifference to everyone except herself that Helen has. She doesn’t have that mental laziness that is so often found in our contemporaries. “Light” and society are interesting to Natasha only when it can give her new impressions and new feelings (as was the case at the first ball); when it gave her the opportunity to communicate with those

people whom she loved, to whom “she could walk out of the nursery with long steps with a joyful face and show a diaper with a yellow spot instead of a green one.”

After seven years of marriage, Pierre “felt the joyful consciousness that he was not a bad person, and he felt this because he saw himself reflected in his wife.” And his wife reflected “what was truly good; everything that was not quite good was discarded.”

Not only in her husband, but in her entire life, Natasha knew how to “throw away”, not to perceive what was bad, unnecessary, what could prevent her from being herself, from living the life that she wanted and loved.

But life is complex, multifaceted, and you cannot live it absolutely serenely and correctly. Natasha also had to go through delusion and repentance. But this only made her closer to us. I think that Tolstoy’s “sweet ideal” is, first of all, simplicity and naturalness, spontaneity and sincerity in everything, the fullness of inner life and a feeling of harmony with the world. And all this is in Natasha Rostova.

She knew how to understand everything that happened

in every Russian person.

L. N. Tolstoy

What is an ideal? This is the highest perfection, a perfect example of something or someone. Natasha Rostova is the ideal woman for L.N. Tolstoy. This means that she embodies those qualities that the writer considered most important for a woman.

A thirteen-year-old black-eyed girl, with a big mouth, ugly, but alive - this is how Natasha Rostova comes into Tolstoy’s epic. Natural, sincere, full of life, she is the favorite of the family.

Natasha is headstrong, she does not adhere to prim secular rules. This is a very rich nature: the girl knows how to imagine, fantasize, and remember with her heart. It’s impossible to be bored with her: living life to the fullest, she involves everyone around her in this life. The writer cannot contain his admiration, talking about her dancing while visiting her uncle: “Where, how, when did she suck into herself from that Russian air that she breathed... this spirit, where did she get these techniques from?.. But these spirit and techniques were the same, inimitable, unstudied, Russian,” which became possible because Natasha “knew how to understand everything that was ... in every Russian person.” This understanding came from a simple and kind family, from closeness to nature, to peasants. This is probably where her dreaminess, poetry, spontaneity, and her smart heart come from.

Only once, when she comes into contact with the “big world,” will an inexperienced, trusting girl make a fatal mistake, which will turn into a spiritual catastrophe for her.

Admiring his heroine and talking about her poetic love for Andrei Bolkons, the writer shows that manifestations of such a passionate, spontaneous nature can also be dangerous. Natasha could not cope with her passion for Anatoly Kuragin. Her betrayal destroys the life of Prince Andrei and causes grief to the girl’s loved ones. But how Natasha herself suffers, how she executes herself! A severe moral shock leads to the fact that she became withdrawn, alienated, and was afraid to return to life. “I am tormented only by the evil that I did to him,” the girl confesses to Pierre.

The year 1812 brings Natasha out of a severe moral crisis. She did not immediately understand the whole tragedy of what was happening, she remained indifferent to everything, and almost did not participate in the Rostovs’ preparations for leaving Moscow. However, having learned that the wounded remained in Moscow because there were no carts, and the countess did not agree to take off their things and give the carts to the wounded, Natasha, “like a storm,” burst into her parents and demanded that the carts be freed for the wounded and began to direct everything herself.

And as a bitter reward, she was given a meeting with Prince Andrei, who was seriously wounded in the Battle of Borodino. It is difficult to read about their meeting in Mytishchi and impossible to talk about, this meeting is so tragic and beautiful, the writer so truthfully reveals their feelings, their love, which, having been revived, became even “bigger, better than before.” “Not a single thought about myself... was in Natasha’s soul.” Now she loves Andrei with all the strength of which she is capable, guesses his desires, wants to understand how he feels, “how his wound hurts,” lives his life. That's why her life ended when he died.

A new meeting with Pierre gradually returns Natasha to herself, to life. Tolstoy poses very difficult questions to the reader. Does a person, while preserving the memory of the deceased, have the right to relive his grief and love again?

For Tolstoy, the beauty and greatness of life is in its diversity, in the interweaving of grief and joy. Probably, this is also why he loves Natasha so much, because she is overflowing with the power of life and is capable of being reborn after shame, resentment, grief to new joys. And you can’t blame her, otherwise life would stop. Material from the site

Natasha does not go through the difficult path of spiritual quest, does not ask herself “eternal” questions. “She doesn’t deign to be smart,” Pierre will say about her. Her moral strength lies in the natural qualities of her character, in the gift of love for life, for people, for nature, in a sense of truth.

Not everyone likes her in the novel's epilogue. In a disheveled, dejected woman who has abandoned her “charms” and thinks only about her husband and children, it is difficult to recognize the former “sorceress”. But Tolstoy does not condemn his heroine, but admires her, a loving wife, devoted mother, and homemaker. She lives in the rich spiritual world of Pierre, reflecting the main and best things in him. Not understanding her husband with her mind, she unmistakably guessed with instinct what was most important in his activities, shared his thoughts without hesitation, only because they were his thoughts, and for her he was the smartest, most honest and just man in the world.

It is these qualities that Tolstoy values ​​most in a woman. That is why Natasha Rostova is his favorite heroine, his ideal.

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