Indigenous peoples. What is interesting to know about the small indigenous peoples of Russia Indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation

INDIGENOUS SMALL PEOPLES (small peoples), in the Russian Federation, special groups of the population living in the territories of the traditional settlement of their ancestors, preserving their traditional way of life, farming and crafts.

In Russia, one of the first legislative acts aimed at protecting the rights of indigenous peoples was the Charter on the Administration of Foreign Peoples of 1822. In the 1920s, in the decrees and decrees of the Soviet government (for example, in the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of October 25, 1926 “On the approval of the Provisional provisions on the management of indigenous peoples and tribes of the northern outskirts"), a closed list was formed, which initially included 24 ethnic communities. The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 (Article 69) introduced the concept of “indigenous small peoples”. The Russian Federation has a Unified List of Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation (2000), as well as a List of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation (2006). The unified list now includes 40 peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East (Aleuts, Alyutors, Vepsians, Dolgans, Itelmens, Kamchadals, Kereks, Ketians, Koryaks, Kumandins, Mansi, Nanais, Nganasans, Negidals, Nenets, Nivkhs, Oroks, Orochi, Sami , Selkups, Soyots, Taz, Telengits, Teleuts, Tofalars, Tubalars, Tuvans-Todzhins, Udeges, Ulchis, Khanty, Chelkans, Chuvans, Chukchi, Chulyms, Shors, Evenks, Evens, Enets, Eskimos, Yukaghirs), as well as Abaza, Besermyans, Vods, Izhorians, Nagaibaks, Shapsugs and 14 peoples of Dagestan.

According to Russian legislation, in order to recognize a people as indigenous, they must: recognize themselves as an independent ethnic community (self-identify), preserve their original habitat (territory), national crafts, that is, a special economic space, an original culture, a common native language, and have a population on the territory of Russia less than 50 thousand people. Domestic legislation on the status and protection of the rights of national minorities is based on international norms, Russian interstate treaties on human rights and the protection of the rights of national minorities. Indigenous peoples are identified as a separate group of peoples for the purpose of special protection by the state; they are endowed with a special status and have a number of legally established benefits (preferential use of biological resources, earlier retirement, replacement of military service with an alternative one, the list of professions of which includes herding deer; exemption from land payments, etc.). Issues in the field of protecting the rights of national minorities are comprehensively regulated by the Federal Law “On Guarantees of the Rights of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation” (1999). At the federal level, there are also federal laws “On the general principles of organizing communities of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation” (2000), “On the territories of traditional environmental management of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation” (2001); The Concept of the federal target program “Economic and social development of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East until 2015” was approved (2007). In addition, the subjects of the Federation independently solve the problems of national minorities living on their territories.

Lit.: Kharyuchi S.N. Indigenous peoples: problems of legislation. Tomsk, 2004; Andrichenko L.V. Regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities and indigenous peoples in the Russian Federation. M., 2005; Kryazhkov V. A. Status of indigenous peoples of Russia. Legal acts. M., 2005. Book. 3.

The territory where the indigenous peoples of Russia live runs along 28 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It stretches from the Far Eastern regions up to

According to the official list from 2006, representatives of 45 indigenous peoples live in the North, Siberia, the Far East and other regions of the Russian Federation, which gives a total population of close to 250 thousand people.

The most numerous people among them are the Nenets, their number reaches 44 thousand. The Enets, who identify themselves under the name Encho, are among the small peoples. Their number does not exceed 200 people. Also included are the Izhorians - 450 people, and the Vod people, whose number, according to the latest data, was less than 100 people. What are the names of the other small peoples of Russia? A list of them can be seen below.

List of small peoples of Russia

• Chukchi.
• Eskimos.
• Chuvans.
• Kamchadal.
• Koryaks.
• Alyutorians.
• Aleuts.
• Nivkhi.
• Oroks.
• Orochi.
• Udege people.
• Negidalians.
• Ulchi.
• Evenks.
• Evens.
• Yukaghirs.
• Dolgans.
• Abazins.
• Chum salmon.
• Vepsians.
• Izhorians.
• Nenets.
• Igelmens.
• Sami.
• Chulym people.
• Shors.
• Khanty.
• Besermyane.
• Koreki.
• Muncie.
• Sepkupa.
• Soyots.
• Basins.
• Teleuts.
• Tofalars.
• Tuvinians-Todzha.
• Kumandins.
• Nanai people.
• Nagaibaki.
• Naganasans.
• Tubalars.
• Nganasans.
• Chelkans.
• Karelians.
• Vod.

Traditional worldview of the indigenous peoples of the North

Traditionally, the Evens, like other indigenous peoples of Russia, deify the sky with all the main luminaries, as well as the main elements of the surrounding flora and fauna - mountain ranges, rivers, taiga forests and the various animals that live in them. So, for example, the Sun in the traditional consciousness of the Evens is represented by a kind person, wholly interested in the interests and protection of the local population. The Sun God can be induced to cooperate through sacrifices as well as faith and prayer. The deity is capable of fulfilling the will of believers, giving them healthy and strong offspring, increasing herds of deer, bringing good luck to hunters and favoring the fish catch.

Izhora

Izhora is the self-name of the Finno-Ugric people, which in the past, along with the small Vod people, made up the main population of the Izhora land. The name of this people has its roots in the Ingermanland province. In addition, some Izhorians call themselves “karyalaysht” in the plural. This is consistent with the fact that representatives of the Vod people refer to the Izhorians as “Karelians.”

In 1897, the number of this people reached 14,000 people, but today their number is close to 400. In the 1920s, they even developed their own written language, but it also had to sink into oblivion by the end of the 1930s.

The Izhorians received their first mention as “Ingres” back in 1223. In the 15th century, this people was part of the Russian state. He gradually underwent assimilation with the rest of the population due to the Orthodox religion. In the 17th century, part of the lands of the Neva (Ingermanland) became a Swedish province, and the Izhorians were assimilated with the Finns, and in 1943 the population was taken by German troops to Finland. Subsequently, until the mid-1950s, the process of resettlement of Izhorians in their former places underwent some restrictions on the part of the authorities.

The economy of the Izhorians is similar to the Russian one and is based on agriculture: growing vegetable and grain crops, followed by harvesting, drying and threshing with flails and upholstery on a bench, as well as animal husbandry and specific fishing, including stages of winter fishing, to which the Izhorians went as usually the entire population, spending nights in plank booths.

The Izhorians lived in villages, usually in small families. Despite Orthodoxy, the people had their own authentic funeral rituals. Burials took place in holy places-groves. Along with the deceased, a supply of food and woolen reins, as well as a knife, were placed in the coffin.

The runic heritage of Izhora in the form of a large number of epic works is of enormous cultural value. Thus, the Finnish folklorist Elias Lennorot used Izhora runes when composing the text of the Kalevala.

Vod

The smallest people in Russia today number only 82 people and live mainly in the southwestern part of the Leningrad region. Vod belongs to the Finno-Ugric peoples. There are three languages ​​spoken by the population: Vodian, Izhorian and Russian. The language closest to the Vodian dialect is Estonian. The main and traditional occupation of this small people was agriculture, as well as forestry, fishing and small handicrafts. The products obtained on the farm were usually sold to large centers such as St. Petersburg.

The smallest people in Russia were unable to preserve their original language. This was prevented not only by the arrival of Orthodoxy (sermons were conducted in Russian), but also by the irregularity of the language, the lack of schools in which the written Vodian language would be taught, the small number of people and many mixed marriages. Thus, the Vod language was practically lost, and the culture of the Vod people succumbed to Russification.

According to the most conservative estimates, more than 192 peoples live on the territory of the Russian Federation, differing from each other in terms of culture, religion or history of development. It is noteworthy that they all ended up within the same state borders almost peacefully - as a result of the annexation of new territories.

Peculiarities of people's residence

For the first time, a list of peoples living on the territory of Russia was compiled in the middle of the 18th century in order to streamline the collection of taxes. The Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg seriously dealt with this issue, and during the 17th-19th centuries several dozen serious ethnographic studies on this topic were published, as well as many illustrated albums and atlases, which have become very valuable for modern scientists.

At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the country's population can be formally divided into 192 ethnic groups. There are only 7 nations with a population of over 1 million in Russia. These include:

• Russians - 77.8%.
• Tatars - 3.75%.
• Chuvash - 1.05%.
• Bashkirs - 1.11%.
• Chechens - 1.07%.
• Armenians - 0.83%.
• Ukrainians - 1.35%.

There is also the term " titular nation", which is understood as the ethnic group that gave the name to the region. Moreover, this may not be the most numerous people. For example, many nationalities of Russia live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (the list consists of more than 50 points). But only the Khanty and Mansi, who made up only 2% of the region's population gave it an official name.

Ethnographic research continues in the 21st century, and work on the topic “peoples of Russia: list, number and percentage” is of interest not only to serious scientists, but also to ordinary people who want to know more about their homeland.

parts of Russia

Russians are not mentioned as a nation in the current Constitution of Russia, but in fact this people represents more than 2/3 of the total population. His " cradle"is - from Northern Primorye and Karelia to the coast of the Caspian and Black Seas. The people are characterized by the unity of spiritual culture and religion, homogeneous anthropology and a common language. However, Russians are also heterogeneous in their composition and are divided into various ethnographic groups:

Northern - Slavic peoples living in the Novgorod, Ivanovo, Arkhangelsk, Vologda and Kostroma regions, as well as in the Republic of Karelia and in the north of the Tver lands. Northern Russians are characterized by " pooping" dialect and a lighter color of appearance.

South Russian peoples live in Ryazan, Kaluga, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Oryol and Penza regions. Residents of these regions" envelop"when talking. For part" South Russians"characterized by bilingualism (Cossacks).

The northern and southern regions are not located closely - they are connected by the Central Russian zone ( interfluve of Oka and Volga), where the inhabitants of both zones are mixed equally. In addition, among the general mass of Russians there are so-called subethnic groups - compactly living small nationalities that are distinguished by the peculiarities of their language and culture. These are quite closed and small in number. The list of them consists of the following groups:

• Vod ( as of 2010 number of people: 70).
• Pomors.
• Meshcheryaki.
• Polehi.
• Sayans.
• Don and Kuban Cossacks.
• Kamchadal.

Peoples of the southern regions

We are talking about the territories between the Azov and Caspian seas. In addition to the Russian population, many other ethnic groups live there, including those who are radically different in terms of traditions and religion. The reason for such a striking difference was the proximity of eastern countries - Turkey, Tatar Crimea, Georgia, Azerbaijan.

Southern peoples of Russia (list):

• Chechens.
• Ingush.
• Nogais.
• Kabardians.
• Circassians.
• Adyghe people.
• Karachais.
• Kalmyks.

Half of the population is concentrated in the southern part of Russia" national"Republics. Almost each of the listed peoples has their own language, and in religious terms, Islam predominates among them.

Separately, it is worth noting the long-suffering Dagestan. And, first of all, there is no people with that name. This word unites a group of ethnic groups (Avars, Aguls, Dargins, Lezgins, Laks, Nogais, etc.) living on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan.

and North

It includes 14 large regions and geographically occupies 30% of the entire country. However, 20.10 million people live in this territory. consists of the following peoples:

1. Alien peoples, that is, ethnic groups that appeared in the region during the period of its development from the 16th to 20th centuries. This group includes Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Tatars, etc.

2. Indigenous Siberian peoples of Russia. The list of them is quite large, but the total number is relatively low. The most populous are the Yakuts ( 480 thousand), Buryats ( 460 thousand), Tuvans ( 265 thousand) and Khakassians ( 73 thousand).

The ratio between indigenous and newcomer peoples is 1:5. Moreover, the number of original inhabitants of Siberia is gradually decreasing and is not even in the thousands, but in the hundreds.

The northern territories of Russia are in a similar situation. " The past"The population of these areas is concentrated in large settlements. But the indigenous people, for the most part, lead a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle. Ethnographers note that the northern indigenous peoples are declining at a slower rate than the Siberians.

Peoples of the Far East and Primorye

The Far Eastern Territory consists of the territories of Magadan, Khabarovsk regions, Yakutia, Chukotka Okrug and the Jewish Autonomous Region. Adjacent to them are Primorye - Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Primorsky Territories, that is, regions with direct access to the eastern seas.

In ethnographic descriptions, the peoples of Siberia and the Far East are described together, but this is not entirely correct. The indigenous ethnic groups of this part of the country are distinguished by a very unique culture, which was determined by the most severe living conditions.

The Far Eastern and coastal indigenous peoples of Russia, a list of which is given below, were first described in the 17th century:

• Orochi.
• Oroks.
• Nivkhi.
• Udege people.
• Chukchi.
• Koryaks.
• Tungus.
• Daurs.
• Duchers.
• Nanai people.
• Eskimos.
• Aleuts.

Currently, small ethnic groups enjoy protection and benefits from the state, and are also of interest for ethnographic and tourist expeditions.

The ethnic composition of the Far East and Primorye was influenced to a certain extent by the peoples of neighboring states - China and Japan. A community of Chinese immigrants numbering about 19 thousand people has settled in the Russian region. The Ainu people, whose homeland was once Hokkaido (Japan), live safely on the islands of the Kuril chain and Sakhalin.

Non-indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation

Formally, all ethnic groups in Russia, except for very small and closed ones, are non-indigenous. But in fact, within the country there was constant migration due to wars (evacuation), the development of Siberia and the Far East, government construction projects, and the search for better living conditions. As a result, the peoples have become quite mixed up, and the Yakuts living in Moscow will no longer surprise anyone.

But the country is home to many ethnic groups with roots originating from completely different states. Their homeland is not even near the borders of the Russian Federation! They appeared on its territory as a result of random or voluntary migration in different years. The non-indigenous peoples of Russia, the list of which is given below, comprise groups of several tens of thousands of people over the age of 40 (2 generations). These include:

• Koreans.
• Chinese.
• Germans.
• Jews.
• Turks.
• Greeks.
• Bulgarians.

In addition, small groups of ethnic groups from the Baltic states, Asia, India, and Europe live safely in Russia. Almost all of them are assimilated in terms of language and way of life, but have retained part of their original traditions.

Languages ​​and religions of the peoples of Russia

The multi-ethnic Russian Federation is a secular state, but religion still plays a big role ( cultural, ethical, power) in the life of the population. It is characteristic that small ethnic groups adhere to their traditional religion, received " as an inheritance"from their ancestors. But the Slavic peoples are more mobile and profess various types of theology, including renewed paganism, Satanism and atheism.

Currently, the following religious movements are common in Russia:

• Orthodox Christianity.
• Islam ( Sunni Muslims).
• Buddhism.
• Catholicism.
• Protestant Christianity.

A rather simple situation has developed with the languages ​​of peoples. The official language in the country is Russian, that is, the language of the majority of the population. However, in national regions ( Chechnya, Kalmykia, Bashkortostan, etc.) The language of the titular nation has the status of a state language.

And, of course, almost every nationality has its own language or dialect, different from others. It often happens that the dialects of ethnic groups living in the same area have different roots of formation. For example, the Altai people of Siberia speak the language of the Turkic group, and among the nearby Bashkirs, the roots of oral speech are hidden in the Mongolian language.

It is worth noting that when looking at the list of peoples of Russia, the ethnolinguistic classification appears in almost complete form. In particular, among the languages ​​of different peoples, almost all language groups were “noted”:

1. Indo-European group:

• Slavic languages ​​( Russian, Belarusian).
• Germanic languages ​​( Jewish, German).

2. Finno-Ugric languages ​​( Mordovian, Mari, Komi-Zyrian, etc.).

3. Turkic languages ​​( Altai, Nogai, Yakut, etc.).

4. (Kalmyk, Buryat).

5. Languages ​​of the North Caucasus ( Adyghe, Dagestan languages, Chechen, etc.).

In the 21st century, the Russian Federation continues to remain one of the most multinational states in the world. There is no need to impose “multiculturalism”, because the country has existed in this regime for many centuries.

A small indigenous population is from 0 to 50,000 people. Officially, there are 47 of them throughout the country, except Dagestan. As the most multinational subject of the Federation, the State Council of the Republic itself determines the characteristics of the peoples living on its territory.

Chum salmon. The smallest people - only four people. The Ket language is the last living representative of the Yenisei language family. The last related dialects disappeared at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries along with their speakers.

North of Krasnoyarsk Territory

Hunting and fishing

Nenets("real man"). The most numerous of the small nations - 44,640 representatives.

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Arkhangelsk Region

Reindeer husbandry

Nivkhi(4652 people). It is assumed that their related peoples live in Polynesia. And the culture originated in Japan, from where its carriers were expelled in the 7th century. Writers Vladimir Sangi, Chingiz Aitmatov, Gennady Gor spoke about the Nivkhs...

Amur region and Sakhalin

Fishing

Sami- (1,771 people live in Russia). They are Laplanders, Lapps. Residents of Lapland - a territory divided between Russia and the Scandinavian countries. They have a distinct national identity, an alphabet (Latin alphabet), a flag and anthem, and their rights are represented by elected representative bodies of cultural self-government. American actress Renee Zellweger is Norwegian Sami on her mother's side.

Kola Peninsula

reindeer husbandry, fishing, sea and land hunting

Yukaghirs(1597 people) - a people on the verge of extinction. The expedition, which took place in 2011, did not reveal a single Yukaghir in the third generation; representatives of the older generation do not remember Yukaghir fairy tales, although they know the names of the characters. Only six native speakers were identified.

Northern Yakutia, western Chukotka, Magadan region

Reindeer husbandry

Teleuts(2,643 people). The richest and most ancient history: in 391 the Tubgachamians were conquered, in 403 by the Rourans, in the 280s the Teleuts took Gaochian and ravaged Yuebani, created the state of Gaogyui allied with the Chinese, which was soon destroyed by the Hephthalites, in 550 they were conquered by the Turkuts...

Kemerovo region

Agriculture

Abazins(43,341 people - the second largest among small nations after the Nenets). Historic homeland is the territory of modern Abkhazia. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC) in his map of the ancient world mentioned the Abasags in the list of peoples who lived along the banks of the Pontus Euxine. In the 1st century, according to church tradition, the Apostle Andrew preached among the mountain peoples of the Alans, Abazgs and Zikhs. In 1073, Abaza icon painters and jewelry craftsmen participated in the painting of the Cathedral of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

Karachay-Cherkessia

Agriculture

Chukchi(15,908 people). A very warlike tribe - in their kayaks they terrorized not only their neighbors, but also swam to what is now Alaska and Canada. They resisted Russian occupation for almost a century and a half. They managed to appease them only with economic preferences.

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Reindeer husbandry, fishing

Alyutorians(0 people). According to the 2002 All-Russian Population Census, there were 12 of them. In the 2010 census, the Alyutors are not even mentioned as a subethnic group. It is not known whether there are native speakers left.

North of Kamchatka Territory

Reindeer husbandry, fishing, sea slaughter

Vod(64 people). A people close to complete extinction. Today its representatives live only in the village of Ust-Luga (a port will be built here), the villages of Krakolie (the construction plan involves its demolition) and Luzhitsy (it will be in an industrial zone). The port development plan provides for the resettlement of residents in the cities of the Leningrad region, which will completely destroy the water culture.

Leningrad region

Dolgan(7885 people) - the northernmost Turkic-speaking people in the world.

Taimyr

Reindeer husbandry

Nganasans(862 people). The northernmost people of Eurasia. In 1940-1960 they decided to make them settled, for which several villages were built. Today, only about a hundred people live semi-sedentarily at hunting and fishing “points”.

East Taimyr

Hunting, fishing

Soyots(3608 people). This people was the last to receive their written language. It was developed only in 2001 to revive the Soyot language. In 2003, the Soyot-Buryat-Russian Dictionary was published. Since 2005, the gradual introduction of language teaching in primary grades of Soyot schools in the Okinsky district of Buryatia began.

Buryatia

Reindeer and yak husbandry

Indigenous Minority Peoples of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Unified List), prepared by the Ministry of Federation and Nationalities of the Russian Federation on the basis of proposals from government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the territories of which these peoples live.

Karachay-Cherkess Republic

Kamchatka Krai

Republic of Karelia, Leningrad region, Vologda region

Leningrad region

Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Kamchatka Territory, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Region

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, districts of the Tyumen region, Sverdlovsk region, Komi Republic

Khabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Territory, Sakhalin Region

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, regions of the Arkhangelsk Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Komi Republic

Khabarovsk Territory, Sakhalin Region

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, areas of the Tyumen region, Tomsk region, Komi Republic

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Region

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Kamchatka Territory, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Tomsk region, Krasnoyarsk region

Kemerovo region, Republic of Khakassia, Republic of Altai

Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur Region, Sakhalin Region, Republic of Buryatia, Irkutsk Region, Transbaikal Region, Tomsk Region, Tyumen Region

Krasnoyarsk region

Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Magadan region, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Judicial practice and legislation - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2000 N 255 (as amended on August 25, 2015) "On the Unified List of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation"

2. The effect of this Procedure extends to persons belonging to small-numbered peoples and their communities in places of traditional residence in accordance with the Unified List of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2000 N 255 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, N 14, Art. 1493, 2000, N 41, Art. 4081, 2008, N 42, Art. 4831), List of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 17, 2006 No. 536-r (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2006, No. 17 (Part II), Art. 1905).