Cultural space of the Russian Empire. Cultural space of the Russian Empire in the 18th century. The peoples of Africa in modern times
The determining influence of Enlightenment ideas in Russian social thought, journalism and literature. Literature of the peoples of Russia in the 18th century. The first magazines. Social ideas in the works of A.P. Sumarokov, G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin. N.I. Novikov, materials on the situation of serfs in his journals. A.N. Radishchev and his “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.”
Russian culture and the culture of the peoples of Russia in the 18th century. Development of a new secular culture after the reforms of Peter I. Strengthening relationships with the culture of foreign European countries. Freemasonry in Russia. Distribution in Russia of the main styles and genres of European artistic culture (Baroque, classicism, rococo, etc.). Contribution to the development of Russian culture by scientists, artists, craftsmen who arrived from abroad. Increased attention to the life and culture of the Russian people and the historical past of Russia by the end of the century.
Culture and life of Russian classes. Nobility: life and everyday life of a noble estate. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.
Russian science in the 18th century. Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. Studying the country is the main task of Russian science. Geographical expeditions. Second Kamchatka expedition. Development of Alaska and the West Coast of North America. Russian-American company. Research in the field of national history. The study of Russian literature and the development of literary language. Russian Academy. E.R. Dashkova.
M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the development of Russian science and education.
Education in Russia in the 18th century. Basic pedagogical ideas. Raising a “new breed” of people. Founding of educational homes in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the Institute of “Noble Maidens” in the Smolny Monastery. Class educational institutions for youth from the nobility. Moscow University is the first Russian university.
Russian architecture of the 18th century. Construction of St. Petersburg, the formation of its urban plan. The regular nature of the development of St. Petersburg and other cities. Baroque in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The transition to classicism, the creation of architectural assemblies in the style of classicism in both capitals. V.I. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov.
Fine art in Russia and its outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the ceremonial portrait genre in the mid-18th century. New trends in fine art at the end of the century.
Peoples of Russia in the 18th century.
Management of national borderlands. Bashkir uprisings. Politics towards Islam. Development of Novorossiya and the Volga region. German immigrants. Formation of the Pale of Settlement.
Russia under Paul I
Basic principles of the domestic policy of Paul I. Strengthening absolutism through the rejection of the principles of “enlightened absolutism” and strengthening the bureaucratic and police nature of the state and the personal power of the emperor. The personality of Paul I and its influence on the country's politics. Decrees on succession to the throne, and on the “three-day corvee.”
Paul I's policy towards the nobility, relationship with the capital's nobility, measures in the field of foreign policy and the reasons for the palace coup on March 11, 1801.
Domestic policy. Limitation of noble privileges.
Concepts and terms: Modernization. Reforms. Mercantilism. Guard. Empire. Senate. Collegiums. Synod. Province. Fortress manufactory. Recruit kits. Revision. Prosecutor. Fiscal. Profitmaker. Assembly. Table of ranks. Town Hall. Palace coup. Supreme Privy Council. "Conditions". "Bironovschina." "Enlightened absolutism." Secularization. Stacked commission. Guild. Baroque. Rococo. Classicism. Sentimentalism. Magistrate. Spiritual administrations (Muslim).
Personalities:
State and military figures: Anna Ioannovna, Anna Leopoldovna, F.M. Apraksin, A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, E.I. Biron, Y.V. Bruce, A.P. Volynsky, V.V. Golitsyn, F.A. Golovin , P. Gordon, Catherine I, Catherine II, Elizaveta Petrovna, Ivan V, John VI Antonovich, M. I. Kutuzov, F. Ya. Lefort, I. Mazepa, A. D. Menshikov, B. K. Minikh, A. G. Orlov, A.I. Osterman, Pavel I, Peter I, Peter II, Peter III, G. A. Potemkin, P. A. Rumyantsev, Princess Sophia, A. V. Suvorov, F. F. Ushakov, P.P. Shafirov, B.P. Sheremetev.
Public and religious figures, cultural, scientific and educational figures: Batyrsha (leader of the Bashkir uprising), G. Bayer, V.I. Bazhenov, V. Bering, V.L. Borovikovsky, D.S. Bortnyansky, F.G. Volkov, E.R. Dashkova, N.D. Demidov, G.R. Derzhavin, M.F. Kazakov, A.D. Cantemir, G. Quarenghi, I.P. Kulibin, D.G. Levitsky, M.V. Lomonosov, A.K. Nartov, I. N. Nikitin, N. I. Novikov, I. I. Polzunov, F. Prokopovich, E. I. Pugachev, A. N. Radishchev, V. V. Rastrelli, F. S. Rokotov, N. P. Rumyantsev, A.P. Sumarokov, V.N. Tatishchev, V.K. Trediakovsky, D. Trezzini, D.I. Fonvizin, S.I. Chelyuskin, F.I. Shubin, I.I. Shuvalov, P.I. Shuvalov, M.M. Shcherbatov, S. Yulaev, S. Yavorsky.
Events/dates:
1682-1725 - reign of Peter I (until 1696 together with Ivan V)
1682-1689 - reign of Princess Sophia
1682, 1689, 1698 - Streltsy uprisings
1686 - Eternal peace with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1686–1700 – war with the Ottoman Empire
1687 - founding of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow
1687, 1689 - Crimean campaigns
1689 - Treaty of Nerchinsk with China
1695, 1696 - Azov campaigns
1697-1698 - Great Embassy
1700-1721 - Northern War
1700 - defeat at Narva
1705-1706 - uprising in Astrakhan
1707-1708 - uprising of Kondraty Bulavin
1708-1710 - establishment of provinces
1711 - establishment of the Senate; Prut campaign
1714 - decree on unified inheritance
1718-1721 - establishment of colleges
1718-1724 - carrying out the capitation census and the first audit
1720 - battle near the island. Grengam
1721 - Peace of Nystadt
1721 - proclamation of Russia as an empire
1722 - introduction of the Table of Ranks
1722-1723 - Caspian (Persian) campaign
1725 - establishment of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg
1725-1727 – reign of Catherine I
1727-1730 – reign of Peter II
1730-1740 – reign of Anna Ioannovna
1733-1735 – War of the Polish Succession
1736-1739 – Russian-Turkish War
1741-1743 – Russian-Swedish War
1740-1741 – reign of Ivan Antonovich
1741-1761 – reign of Elizabeth Petrovna
1755 – foundation of Moscow University
1756-1763 – Seven Years' War
1761-1762 – reign of Peter III
1762 – Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility
1762-1796 – reign of Catherine II
1769-1774 – Russian-Turkish War
1773-1775 – uprising of Emelyan Pugachev
1774 – Kuchuk-Kainardzhi peace with the Ottoman Empire
1775 – beginning of provincial reform
1783 – annexation of Crimea to Russia
1785 – Charters granted to the nobility and cities
1787-1791 – Russian-Turkish War
1788 - Decree establishing the “Spiritual Assembly of Mohammedan Law”
1788-1790 – Russian-Swedish War
1791 – Peace of Iasi with the Ottoman Empire
1772, 1793, 1795 – Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1796-1801 – reign of Paul I
1799 – Italian and Swiss campaigns of the Russian army
Sources: General regulations. Military regulations. Maritime regulations. Spiritual regulations. Table of ranks. Decree on unified inheritance of 1714. Peace of Nystad. The act of presenting to the sovereign Tsar Peter I the title of Emperor of All Russia and the title of the Great and Father of the Fatherland. Decrees of Peter I. Marching journals of Peter the Great. Revision tales. Reports and memories. “An honest mirror of youth.” Word of Feofan Prokopovich at the burial of Peter the Great. Vedomosti newspaper. Correspondence of Peter I. “History of the Swedish War.” Notes and memories of foreigners. “Conditions” of Anna Ioannovna. Ody M.V. Lomonosov. Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility. Memoirs of Catherine II. Correspondence of Catherine II with Voltaire. Order of Catherine II to the Legislative Commission. Kuchuk-Kainardzhi peace treaty. Decrees of Emelyan Pugachev. Institution about provinces. Letters granted to the nobility and cities. Treaty of Georgievsk with Eastern Georgia. City situation. Treaty of Jassy. Magazines “Painter” and “All sorts of things”. “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” A.N. Radishcheva.
Cultural space of the Russian Empire in the 18th century.
The determining influence of Enlightenment ideas in Russian social thought, journalism and literature. Literature of the peoples of Russia in the 18th century. The first magazines. Social ideas in the works of A.P. Sumarokov, G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin. N.I. Novikov, materials on the situation of serfs in his journals. A.N. Radishchev and his “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.”
Russian culture and the culture of the peoples of Russia in the 18th century. Development of a new secular culture after the reforms of Peter I. Strengthening relationships with the culture of foreign European countries. Freemasonry in Russia. Distribution in Russia of the main styles and genres of European artistic culture (Baroque, classicism, rococo, etc.). Contribution to the development of Russian culture by scientists, artists, craftsmen who arrived from abroad. Increased attention to the life and culture of the Russian people and the historical past of Russia by the end of the century.
Culture and life of Russian classes. Nobility: life and everyday life of a noble estate. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.
Russian science in the 18th century. Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. Studying the country is the main task of Russian science. Geographical expeditions. Second Kamchatka expedition. Development of Alaska and the West Coast of North America. Russian-American company. Research in the field of national history. The study of Russian literature and the development of literary language. Russian Academy. E.R. Dashkova.
M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the development of Russian science and education.
Education in Russia in the 18th century. Basic pedagogical ideas. Raising a “new breed” of people. Founding of educational homes in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the Institute of “Noble Maidens” in the Smolny Monastery. Class educational institutions for youth from the nobility. Moscow University is the first Russian university.
Russian architecture of the 18th century. Construction of St. Petersburg, the formation of its urban plan. The regular nature of the development of St. Petersburg and other cities. Baroque in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The transition to classicism, the creation of architectural assemblies in the style of classicism in both capitals. IN AND. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov.
Fine art in Russia, its outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the ceremonial portrait genre in the mid-18th century. New trends in fine art at the end of the century.
Peoples of Russia in the 18th century.
Managing the outskirts of the empire. Bashkir uprisings. Politics towards Islam. Development of New Russia, the Volga region and the Southern Urals. German immigrants. Formation of the Pale of Settlement.
Russia under Paul I
Basic principles of the domestic policy of Paul I. Strengthening absolutism through the rejection of the principles of “enlightened absolutism” and strengthening the bureaucratic and police nature of the state and the personal power of the emperor. The personality of Paul I and its influence on the country's politics. Decrees on succession to the throne, and on the “three-day corvee.”
Paul I's policy towards the nobility, relationship with the capital's nobility, measures in the field of foreign policy and the reasons for the palace coup on March 11, 1801.
Domestic policy. Limitation of noble privileges.
Regional component
Our region in the 18th century.
Russian Empire in the 19th – early 20th centuries.
Russia on the road to reform (1801–1861)
Alexander's era: state liberalism
Projects of liberal reforms of Alexander I. External and internal factors. The secret committee and the “young friends” of the emperor. Public administration reforms. MM. Speransky.
Patriotic War of 1812
The era of 1812. The war between Russia and France 1805-1807. Tilsit world. War with Sweden in 1809 and the annexation of Finland. War with Turkey and the Peace of Bucharest in 1812. The Patriotic War of 1812 is the most important event in Russian and world history of the 19th century. Congress of Vienna and its decisions. Holy Alliance. The increasing role of Russia after the victory over Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna.
Liberal and protective tendencies in domestic policy. Polish Constitution of 1815. Military settlements. Noble opposition to autocracy. Secret organizations: Union of Salvation, Union of Welfare, Northern and Southern Societies. Decembrist uprising December 14, 1825
Nikolaev autocracy: state conservatism
Reformist and conservative tendencies in the politics of Nicholas I. Economic policy in conditions of political conservation. State regulation of public life: centralization of government, political police, codification of laws, censorship, trusteeship of education. Peasant question. Reform of state peasants by P.D. Kiselev 1837-1841. Official ideology: “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality.” Formation of a professional bureaucracy. Progressive bureaucracy: at the origins of liberal reformism.
Expansion of the empire: Russian-Iranian and Russian-Turkish wars. Russia and Western Europe: features of mutual perception. "Holy Alliance" Russia and revolutions in Europe. Eastern question. Collapse of the Vienna System in Europe. Crimean War. Heroic defense of Sevastopol. Peace of Paris 1856
Feudal society. Village and city
Class structure of Russian society. Serf farming. Landowner and peasant, conflicts and cooperation. Industrial revolution and its features in Russia. Start of railway construction. Moscow and St. Petersburg: a dispute between two capitals. Cities as administrative, commercial and industrial centers. City government.
Cultural space of the empire in the first half of the 19th century.
National roots of Russian culture and Western influences. State policy in the field of culture. The main styles in artistic culture: romanticism, classicism, realism. Empire style as an empire style. Cult of citizenship. The Golden Age of Russian Literature. Formation of the Russian music school. Theatre, painting, architecture. Development of science and technology. Geographical expeditions. Discovery of Antarctica. Activities of the Russian Geographical Society. Schools and universities. Folk culture. The culture of everyday life: finding comfort. Life in the city and in the estate. Russian culture as part of European culture.
The space of empire: the ethnocultural appearance of the country
The peoples of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. The diversity of cultures and religions of the Russian Empire. Orthodox Church and main confessions (Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism). Interaction of peoples. Peculiarities of administrative management on the outskirts of the empire. Kingdom of Poland. Polish uprising 1830–1831 Annexation of Georgia and Transcaucasia. Caucasian War. Shamil's movement.
Formation of civil legal consciousness. Main currents of social thought
Western enlightenment and the educated minority: the crisis of the traditional worldview. "Golden Age" of noble culture. The idea of service as the basis of noble identity. The evolution of noble opposition. Forming a generation of enlightened people: from freedom for the few to freedom for all. The emergence of scientific and literary societies, secret political organizations. Spread of liberal ideas. Decembrists - noble revolutionaries. Culture and ethics of the Decembrists.
Social life in the 1830s - 1850s. The role of literature, the press, and universities in the formation of independent public opinion. Social thought: official ideology, Slavophiles and Westerners, the emergence of socialist thought. The formation of the theory of Russian socialism. A.I. Herzen. The influence of German philosophy and French socialism on Russian social thought. Russia and Europe as a central point of public debate.
Russia in the era of reforms
Transformations of Alexander II: social and legal modernization
Reforms of the 1860-1870s – movement towards the rule of law and civil society. Peasant reform of 1861 and its consequences. Peasant community. Zemstvo and city reforms. Formation of public self-government. Judicial reform and development of legal consciousness. Military reforms. Approval of the beginnings of all classes in the legal system of the country. Constitutional issue.
Multi-vector foreign policy of the empire. End of the Caucasian War. Annexation of Central Asia. Russia and the Balkans. Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878 Russia in the Far East. Founding of Khabarovsk.
"People's Autocracy" by Alexander III
The ideology of Russia's original development. State nationalism. Reforms and “counter-reforms”. Policy of conservative stabilization. Limitation of public activities. Local self-government and autocracy. Independence of the judiciary and administration. The rights of universities and the power of trustees. Press and censorship. Economic modernization through government intervention in the economy. Forced development of industry. Financial policy. Conservation of agrarian relations.
Empire space. Main areas and directions of foreign policy interests. Strengthening the status of a great power. Development of state territory.
Post-reform society. Agriculture and industry
On the threshold of a new century: dynamics and contradictions of development Economic growth. Industrial development. New geography of economics. Urbanization and the appearance of cities. Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk) is an example of a new transport and industrial center. Domestic and foreign capital, its role in the industrialization of the country. Russia is a world exporter of bread. Agrarian question.
Demography, social stratification. Decomposition of class structures. Formation of new social strata. Bourgeoisie. Workers: social characteristics and the struggle for rights. Middle urban strata. Types of rural land tenure and farming. Landowners and peasants. The position of women in society. The Church in the crisis of imperial ideology. Spread of secular ethics and culture.
Imperial center and regions. National politics, ethnic elites and national-cultural movements. Russia in the system of international relations. Politics in the Far East. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Defense of Port Arthur. Battle of Tsushima.
The first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. The beginning of parliamentarism
Nicholas II and his entourage. Activities of V.K. Plehve as Minister of Internal Affairs. Opposition liberal movement. "Union of Liberation". "Banquet Campaign"
Prerequisites for the First Russian Revolution. Forms of social protests. The struggle of professional revolutionaries with the state. Political terrorism.
“Bloody Sunday” January 9, 1905. Speeches by workers, peasants, middle urban strata, soldiers and sailors. "Bulygin Constitution". All-Russian October political strike. Manifesto October 17, 1905
Formation of a multi-party system. Political parties, mass movements and their leaders. Neo-populist parties and organizations (socialist revolutionaries). Social democracy: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Liberal parties (Cadets, Octobrists). National parties. Right-wing monarchical parties in the fight against the revolution. Councils and trade unions. December 1905 armed uprising in Moscow. Features of revolutionary actions in 1906-1907.
Electoral law of December 11, 1905. Election campaign to the First State Duma. Basic state laws April 23, 1906. Activities of the I and II State Duma: results and lessons.
Society and power after the revolution
Lessons from the revolution: political stabilization and social transformation. P.A. Stolypin: program of systemic reforms, scale and results. Incompleteness of transformations and growing social contradictions. III and IV State Duma. Ideological and political spectrum. Public and social uplift. National parties and factions in the State Duma.
Aggravation of the international situation. The block system and Russia's participation in it. Russia on the eve of a global catastrophe.
"Silver Age" of Russian culture
New phenomena in fiction and art. Worldview values and lifestyle. Literature of the early 20th century. Painting. "World of Art". Architecture. Sculpture. Drama theatre: traditions and innovation. Music. "Russian Seasons" in Paris. The origins of Russian cinema.
Development of public education: an attempt to bridge the gap between an educated society and the people.
Discoveries of Russian scientists. Achievements of the humanities. Formation of the Russian philosophical school. The contribution of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. into world culture.
Regional component
Our region in the 19th century.
General history
Ancient world history
What history studies. Historical chronology (counting the years “BC” and “AD”). Historical map. Sources of historical knowledge. Auxiliary historical sciences.
Primitive.The settlement of ancient man. A reasonable man. Living conditions and occupations of primitive people. Ideas about the world around us, beliefs of primitive people. The most ancient farmers and pastoralists: labor activity, inventions. From the tribal community to the neighboring one. The emergence of crafts and trade. The emergence of ancient civilizations.
The ancient world: concept and chronology. Map of the Ancient World.
The Ancient East
Ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia. Living conditions and occupations of the population. City-states. Myths and legends. Writing. Ancient Babylon. Laws of Hammurabi. Neo-Babylonian kingdom: conquests, legendary monuments of the city of Babylon.
Ancient Egypt. Living conditions and occupations of the population. State administration (pharaoh, officials). Religious beliefs of the Egyptians. Priests. Pharaoh-reformer Akhenaten. Military campaigns. Slaves. Knowledge of the ancient Egyptians. Writing. Temples and pyramids.
Eastern Mediterranean in antiquity. Phenicia: natural conditions, occupations of residents. Development of crafts and trade. Phoenician alphabet. Palestine: settlement of Jews, Kingdom of Israel. Occupations of the population. Religious Beliefs. Old Testament stories.
Assyria: the conquests of the Assyrians, the cultural treasures of Nineveh, the death of the empire. Persian power: military campaigns, management of the empire.
Ancient India. Natural conditions, occupations of the population. Ancient city-states. Social structure, varnas. Religious beliefs, legends and tales. The emergence of Buddhism. Cultural heritage of Ancient India.
Ancient China. Living conditions and economic activities of the population. Creation of a united state. Empires of Qin and Han. Life in an empire: rulers and subjects, the position of various population groups. Development of crafts and trade. The Great Silk Road. Religious and philosophical teachings (Confucianism). Scientific knowledge and inventions. Temples. The great Wall of China.
The ancient world: concept. Map of the ancient world.
Ancient Greece
Population of Ancient Greece: living conditions and occupations. The most ancient states on Crete. States of Achaean Greece (Mycenae, Tiryns, etc.). Trojan War. "Iliad" and "Odyssey". Beliefs of the ancient Greeks. Tales of gods and heroes.
Greek city-states: political system, aristocracy and demos. Development of agriculture and crafts. Great Greek Colonization. Athens: affirmation of democracy. Laws of Solon, reforms of Cleisthenes. Sparta: main population groups, political structure. Spartan education. Organization of military affairs.
Classical Greece. Greco-Persian Wars: causes, participants, major battles, heroes. Reasons for the Greek victory. Athenian democracy under Pericles. Economic life in ancient Greek society. Slavery. Peloponnesian War. Rise of Macedonia.
Culture of Ancient Greece. Development of sciences. Greek philosophy. School and education. Literature. Architecture and sculpture. Life and leisure of the ancient Greeks. Theater. Sports competitions; Olympic Games.
Hellenistic period. Macedonian conquests. The power of Alexander the Great and its collapse. Hellenistic states of the East. Culture of the Hellenistic world.
Ancient Rome
Population of Ancient Italy: living conditions and occupations. Etruscans. Legends about the founding of Rome. Rome of the era of kings. Roman Republic. Patricians and plebeians. Governance and laws. Beliefs of the ancient Romans.
Rome's conquest of Italy. Wars with Carthage; Hannibal. Roman army. Establishment of Roman dominance in the Mediterranean. Reforms of the Gracchi. Slavery in Ancient Rome.
From republic to empire. Civil wars in Rome. Gaius Julius Caesar. Establishment of imperial power; Octavian Augustus. Roman Empire: territory, administration. The emergence and spread of Christianity. Division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern parts. Rome and the barbarians. Fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Culture of Ancient Rome. Roman literature, the golden age of poetry. Oratory; Cicero. Development of sciences. Architecture and sculpture. Pantheon. Life and leisure of the Romans.
Historical and cultural heritage of ancient civilizations.
History of the Middle Ages
Middle Ages: concept and chronological framework.
Early Middle Ages
The beginning of the Middle Ages. The Great Migration of Peoples. Formation of barbarian kingdoms.
The peoples of Europe in the early Middle Ages. Franks: settlement, occupations, social structure. Laws of the Franks; "Salic truth". Carolingian power: stages of formation, kings and subjects. Charlemagne. Collapse of the Carolingian Empire. Formation of states in France, Germany, Italy. Holy Roman Empire. Britain and Ireland in the early Middle Ages. Normans: social system, conquests. Early Slavic states. The formation of feudal relations in European countries. Christianization of Europe. Secular rulers and popes. Culture of the early Middle Ages.
The Byzantine Empire in the IV-XI centuries: territory, economy, management. Byzantine emperors; Justinian. Codification of laws. The power of the emperor and the church. Foreign policy of Byzantium: relations with neighbors, invasions of the Slavs and Arabs. Culture of Byzantium.
Arabs in the VI-XI centuries: settlement, occupations. The emergence and spread of Islam. Arab conquests. The Arab Caliphate, its rise and collapse. Arabic culture.
Mature Middle Ages
Medieval European society. Agricultural production. Feudal land tenure. Feudal hierarchy. Nobility and chivalry: social status, way of life.
Peasantry: feudal dependence, duties, living conditions. Peasant community.
Cities are centers of crafts, trade, and culture. Urban classes. Workshops and guilds. City government. The struggle of cities and lords. Medieval city-republics. The appearance of medieval cities. Life of the townspeople.
Church and clergy. The division of Christianity into Catholicism and Orthodoxy. Relations between secular authorities and the church. Crusades: goals, participants, results. Spiritual knightly orders. Heresies: causes of occurrence and spread. Persecution of heretics.
European states in the XII-XV centuries. Strengthening royal power in Western Europe. Estate-representative monarchy. Formation of centralized states in England and France. Hundred Years' War; J. d'Arc. German states in the XII-XV centuries. Reconquista and the formation of centralized states on the Iberian Peninsula. Italian republics in the XII-XV centuries. Economic and social development of European countries. Exacerbation of social contradictions in the 14th century. (Jacquerie, Wat Tyler's Rebellion). Hussite movement in the Czech Republic.
The Byzantine Empire and the Slavic states in the XII-XV centuries. Expansion of the Ottoman Turks and the fall of Byzantium.
Culture of medieval Europe. Medieval man's ideas about the world. The place of religion in human life and society. Education: schools and universities. The class character of culture. Medieval epic. Knightly literature. Urban and peasant folklore. Romanesque and Gothic styles in artistic culture. Development of knowledge about nature and man. Humanism. Early Renaissance: artists and their creations.
Countries of the East in the Middle Ages. Ottoman Empire: conquests of the Ottoman Turks, administration of the empire, position of the conquered peoples. Mongolian power: the social system of the Mongolian tribes, the conquests of Genghis Khan and his descendants, the administration of subordinate territories. China: empires, rulers and subjects, the struggle against conquerors. Japan in the Middle Ages. India: fragmentation of Indian principalities, Muslim invasion, Delhi Sultanate. Culture of the peoples of the East. Literature. Architecture. Traditional arts and crafts.
States of Pre-Columbian America .Social system. Religious beliefs of the population. Culture.
Historical and cultural heritage of the Middle Ages.
History of modern times
New time: concept and chronological framework.
Europe at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries.
Great geographical discoveries: prerequisites, participants, results. Political, economic and cultural consequences of geographical discoveries. Old and New World. Economic and social development of European countries in the 16th - early 17th centuries. The emergence of manufactories. Development of commodity production. Expansion of the domestic and global market.
Absolute monarchies. England, France, the Habsburg monarchy in the 16th - early 17th centuries: internal development and foreign policy. Formation of nation states in Europe.
Beginning of the Reformation; M. Luther. Development of the Reformation and the Peasants' War in Germany. The spread of Protestantism in Europe. The fight of the Catholic Church against the Reformation movement. Religious wars.
Dutch revolution: goals, participants, forms of struggle. Results and significance of the revolution.
International relations in early modern times. Military conflicts between European powers. Ottoman expansion. Thirty Years' War; Peace of Westphalia.
Keywords
NOBILITY / RUSSIAN EMPIRE / CULTURAL SPACE/ HETEROTOPIA / CULTURAL SAFETY / PARALLEL CULTURAL SPACE/ CULTURE / ETIQUETTE / NOBILITY / RUSSIAN EMPIRE / CULTURAL SPACE / HETEROTOPIAS / CULTURAL SECURITY / PARALLEL CULTURAL SPACES / CULTURE / ETIQUETTEannotation scientific article on philosophy, ethics, religious studies, author of the scientific work - Aliev Rastyam Tuktarovich
Parallel cultural space represents a phenomenon within heterotopia. All cultural processes and phenomena occurring there function according to special laws and patterns. The author of the article substantiates the fact that the nobility in Russia in the 18th-19th centuries represents a special chronotope with characteristics parallel cultural space. In particular, comparison with other privileged layers of the population of the Russian state, analysis of internal processes and phenomena proves this fact. Having originated in the 12th century among the younger princely squad, the nobility went through a rather long path of becoming a special service class. In the 18th century, its final formation took place in the form of the aristocratic stratum of Russia, and the author proves that it was from this time that one can observe the heterogeneity of the space in which the nobility existed. Its position, access to broad cultural, political and social benefits create excellent conditions for the isolation of the nobility into a separate cultural space, which, in turn, determines new phenomena. This fact itself forces us to take a fresh look at the problem of cultural formation in a certain development environment, at the problem cultural safety and reveals the principles of functioning of heterotopic spaces
Related topics scientific works on philosophy, ethics, religious studies, author of scientific work - Aliev Rastyam Tuktarovich
-
Political and legal foundations for the formation of the elite of Russian society in the 18th - early 20th centuries
2015 / Lavitskaya M. I., Melnikov A. V. -
Social well-being, lifestyle and etiquette of the Russian nobility of the second half of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries.
2009 / N.S. Furazheva -
“Special path” of the Russian nobility in domestic and foreign historiography
2009 / Dubina V. S., Polskoy S. V. -
Pages of repression in the history of the Domogatsky family of nobles
2017 / Stolyarova K.A. - 2016 / Galeev Timur Ildarovich, Miftakhova Aliya Nailevna
-
Cultural and social aspects of the development of a noble estate of the 18th century
2019 / Gorokhova K.N. -
Provincial ballroom culture: on the question of history and concept
2011 / Belyakova Daria Vladimirovna -
Class dignity of the Moscow and Western European nobility in the 16th-17th centuries
2017 / Kutishchev Alexander Vasilievich -
new estates and social policy of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh Steppe in the 19th century
2019 / Tuleshova Ulzhan Zhangeldynovna -
The problem of the formation of the Russian provincial nobility of the 18th century in the assessment of contemporaries (based on materials from memoirs and fiction)
2017 / Dolgova V.N.
Parallel cultural space is a phenomenon within heterotopia. All cultural processes and phenomena, taking place there, operated by special laws and regularities. The author substantiates the fact that the nobility in Russia XVIII-XIX centuries is a special time-space with features of parallel cultural space. In particular, a comparison with other privileged strata of the population of the Russian state, the analysis of internal processes and phenomena proves this fact. Originating in the XII century, among the younger princely nobility went quite a long way in the formation of a special service estate. In the XVIII century is its final form as an aristocratic layer Russia, and the author argues that it is from this time can be observed heterogeneity of the space in which the nobility and there. His positions, access to the broad cultural, political and social benefits provide excellent conditions for the separation of the nobility in a single cultural space, which, in turn, determines the new phenomena. This fact forces us to take a fresh look at the problem in a certain cultural formation development in the environment for cultural security problem and reveals the principles of heterotopic spaces functioning
Text of scientific work on the topic “Nobility in the Russian Empire in the 18th-19th centuries. As a parallel cultural space"
UDC 008 "312" 24.00.00 Culturology
NOBILITY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE XVIII-XIX CENTURIES. AS A PARALLEL CULTURAL SPACE1
Aliev Rastyam Tuktarovich Ph.D.
Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan, Russia
Parallel cultural space is a phenomenon within heterotopia. All cultural processes and phenomena occurring there function according to special laws and patterns. The author of the article substantiates the fact that the nobility in Russia of the 18th-19th centuries represents a special chronotope with signs of a parallel cultural space. In particular, comparison with other privileged layers of the population of the Russian state, analysis of internal processes and phenomena proves this fact. Having originated in the 12th century among the younger princely squad, the nobility went through a rather long path of becoming a special service class. In the 18th century, its final formation took place in the form of the aristocratic stratum of Russia, and the author proves that it was from this time that one can observe the heterogeneity of the space in which the nobility existed. Its position and access to broad cultural, political and social benefits create excellent conditions for the isolation of the nobility into a separate cultural space, which, in turn, determines new phenomena. This fact itself forces us to take a fresh look at the problem of cultural formation in a certain development environment, at the problem of cultural security and reveals the principles of the functioning of heterotopic spaces
Key words: NOBILITY, RUSSIAN EMPIRE, CULTURAL SPACE, HETEROTOPIA, CULTURAL SECURITY, PARALLEL CULTURAL SPACE, CULTURE, ETIQUETTE
Rock 10.21515/1990-4665-124-038
The work was completed according to project 15-! heterotopia"
UDC 008"312" Culture studies
NOBILITY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE OF XVIII-XIX CENTURIES AS A PARALLEL CULTURAL SPACE
Aliev Rastyam Tuktarovich Candidate in history Astrakhan state university, Astrakhan, Russia
Parallel cultural space is a phenomenon within heterotopia. All cultural processes and phenomena, taking place there, operated by special laws and regularities. The author substantiates the fact that the nobility in Russia XVIII-XIX centuries is a special time-space with features of parallel cultural space. In particular, a comparison with other privileged strata of the population of the Russian state, the analysis of internal processes and phenomena proves this fact. Originating in the XII century, among the younger princely nobility went quite a long way in the formation of a special service estate. In the XVIII century is its final form as an aristocratic layer Russia, and the author argues that it is from this time can be observed heterogeneity of the space in which the nobility and there. His positions, access to the broad cultural, political and social benefits provide excellent conditions for the separation of the nobility in a single cultural space, which, in turn, determines the new phenomena. This fact forces us to take a fresh look at the problem in a certain cultural formation development in the environment for cultural security problem and reveals the principles of heterotopic spaces functioning
Keywords: NOBILITY, RUSSIAN EMPIRE, CULTURAL SPACE, HETEROTOPIAS, CULTURAL SECURITY, PARALLEL CULTURAL SPACES, CULTURE, ETIQUETTE
11172 “Cultural safety in conditions
http://ej .kubagro.ru/2016/10/pdf/3 8.pdf
Space and time for culture are important elements of its functioning. These are precisely the categories that accompany a person throughout his life and make up his picture of the world. The subject can compare them with other categories of worldview, building structures of varying complexity and marking them with specific axiological characteristics. Any person constantly and inextricably perceives himself in a certain space, be it physical (objective) or cultural (subjective or objective, depending on the type of space). Time, in turn, influences the formation of certain cultural values in a person.
First of all, space is determined by the relationship of a person, that is, a subject, to his environment. Thus, “space can be described through a set of relations according to which a certain object-space can be defined in the space-environment.”
Based on the above, we can conclude that a specific cultural space can be presented in two states, depending on the relationship between the subject and the space itself:
1. Homogeneous - a space in which things and ideas are unambiguous in relation to the subject. As a rule, this is the usual, familiar human environment: home, work, office, etc.
2. Heterogeneous or heterotopic - a space where the totality of things in relation to the subject are heterogeneous.
The first to describe such spaces was the famous thinker of the 20th century, poststructuralist M. Foucault. He gave the understanding of the term “heterotopia” a new meaningful and qualitative meaning. The philosopher conditionally divided spaces into two types:
1. “Utopias” are places that have no real connection to space. They are built in direct or opposite connection with existing areas of society, and represent an “ideal” topos, where an ideal, but fictitious society arises.
2. “Dystopias” - spaces with reference to real places, where they are formed together with society itself. They represent the so-called “space in reverse”, where all available types of topos are merged into one, reflected and inverted.
It is noteworthy that in the latter type there are no traditional connections or relationships. Here new ones appear, which are formed thanks to new laws that differ from traditional society.
Thus, we can say that in one or another general cultural field there can exist spaces that are completely different in their properties and characteristics, where similar processes occur according to objectively different laws. It is also noteworthy that they can exist in parallel to each other. Based on this, we justifiably introduce the term “parallel cultural spaces”.
In this context, it would be important for us to introduce into the subject of research such a concept as chronotope as a category that determines the subjective perception of the relationship between space and time in culture. “A person is not born with a “sense of time”; his temporal and spatial concepts are always determined by the culture to which he belongs.” Thus, we see that this very sense of time and space depends on the cultural norms in a particular space. Therefore, we are faced with the most important task of determining such a parallel existing chronotope with heterogeneous properties in Russian culture.
Starting from the 18th century, the nobility can rightfully be considered naturally different from other layers of the Russian state. It is not for nothing that we singled it out as a parallel cultural space as the subject of our research. After all, even a cursory glance at the evolution of this class in the Russian Empire, which is an integral part of a single cultural field, shows objective differences from other social strata. It would be absolutely fair to say that the nobility developed according to its own sociocultural laws. Moreover, starting from the 18th century. nobility, as noted by the famous Russian culturologist and semiotician, Yu.M. Lotman, “was a product of Peter’s reform.” But this does not mean that the class did not exist before this moment. “The material from which this class was composed was the pre-Petrine nobility of Moscow Rus'.”
This aristocratic stratum has gone through quite a long path of formation. She is already in the 12th century. represents the lower nobility, which is tied to relations with the prince and his household, and this was contrasted with the boyars, the tribal aristocracy. Hence their name, indicating the relationship of this stratum to the princely court. Already from the 14th century. “...their military labor was paid for by the fact that for their service they were “placed” on the ground, otherwise they were “made up” by villages and peasants. But neither one nor the other was their personal and hereditary property. When ceasing to serve, the nobleman had to return the lands granted to him to the treasury. True, for special merits she could be given into hereditary possession, and then the “warrior” became a “patrimonial owner.”
Thus, we see that already in the pre-Petrine era the nobility occupied a special place, which indicates the heterogeneous (unconstant) state of the class itself. This highlights the fact that nobles primarily owned estates rather than hereditary fiefdoms. And, consequently, their position depended entirely, unlike
from the boyars, from the princely favor. But at the same time, in various periods of Russian history, princes, sovereigns and tsars needed precisely the nobility, which could act as a special force in view of its power and large numbers. So even in the 12th century. Andrei Bogolyubsky, in a clash with the boyars, relied on younger warriors, “milostniks” - a prototype of the future nobility. Ivan IV the Terrible also relied on them. In particular, under him, a decree was issued on January 5, 1562 on the limitation of boyar patrimonial rights, which, in turn, equated the boyars with the local nobility even more than before.
It was the nobility that became the driving force in the events of the Time of Troubles: Boris Godunov relied on it, who began to finally enslave the peasantry for the sake of the service class. In his policy, False Dmitry I, not trusting the boyars, again relied on the nobles, who, in turn, paved the way for him to the Moscow throne.
The era of Peter the Great finally equated the nobility with the boyars in 1714, erased the boundaries between them, thus making both of them the service class. Peter's further transformations turned the nobility into what people imagine it to be when they hear just their name.
Yu.M. Lotman, speaking about the era of Peter the Great, wrote: “... The psychology of the service class was the foundation of the self-awareness of the nobleman of the 18th century. It was through service that he recognized himself as part of the class.” . Here we see, in addition to the awareness of their exclusivity and attachment to the state, also the special state of the nobility, into which it entered with Peter’s reforms. Now the nobility is not a simple service class, it is the bearer of cultural, social, state and even, in some respects, spiritual values of a particular era. Being an advanced class, the nobility over time turns not into just a social stratum, but into a parallel cultural space,
developing according to its own laws and differing from other classes of the Russian state. “A man of the 18th century lived, as it were, in two [parallel] dimensions: he devoted half a day, half his life to public service, the time of which was precisely established by regulations, and half a day he was outside of it.” This precisely gave rise to a special state of perception of space and time by the nobility until the beginning of the 20th century.
Since the 18th century Science and education are beginning to develop in Russia. And the nobility in this area also occupies a special privileged place, because although the lower strata had access to education, it was the service class that was considered enlightened. The main scientists, thinkers and bearers of “special knowledge” of that time were people from the nobility, which once again emphasizes its special status. This break with other classes forced him to isolate himself into a space, which, in turn, determined new cultural phenomena and transformed old ones.
One of these is the secular ball, which is inextricably linked with the nobility, and received in the 19th century. special distribution in the Russian Empire. Naturally, this phenomenon takes its roots from the so-called Assemblies, introduced by Emperor Peter I into the cultural life of Russian society in December 1718.
It is worth noting here that the life of the young nobleman was divided into two sides. On the one hand, he acted as a person serving the state - military or civil service. In this context, a nobleman is a loyal subject of the sovereign and is a representative of his class. On the other hand, being outside of service is a person’s private life, full of economic and family concerns. This binary state is characteristic of a homogeneous space in which a person can stay for quite a long time. But the appearance of balls (first
Peter's assemblies) and destroyed it. In them, the social life of a nobleman is realized, since, firstly, at the points he was neither a private person nor a service person; and, secondly, the special status of a representative of a privileged nobleman was realized here, “he was a nobleman in the noble assembly, a man of his class among his own.” That is why we can talk about the special place of balls in the cultural space of the nobility. Let us at least recall the fact that P.I. was entrusted with holding assemblies under Peter I. Yaguzhinsky: “If Yaguzhinsky ordered to drink, then everyone had to do it, at least the number of toasts and the obligatory draining of glasses after them exceeded everything that could be considered probable. If after such a dinner Yaguzhinsky, having become “noisy,” ordered people to dance until they dropped, then one could be sure that all the doors were well locked and guarded and that the guests would have to dance until they dropped. With such forced drinking and dancing, assemblies became a heavy duty and even dangerous to health.” It is quite natural that the guests, unaccustomed to such a pastime, initially refused to participate in the “assemblies” (therefore they were forced), but the young people, who later became active participants, accepted them more easily.
Assemblies and, later, balls forced the nobles to form around themselves a certain circle of values important for such a lifestyle. Interest in dancing, communication with each other, etiquette - all this created a new image of the privileged class and forced it to cultivate a new cultural space.
Of course, besides the ball, other phenomena were determined in this space. In particular, a duel is associated with the nobility, which became an integral part of their life. It is worth noting that the Russian nobleman of the 18th-19th centuries. existed in two space-time planes that regulated it
social life. On the one hand, he was a loyal subject of the sovereign and unquestioningly obeyed state orders under pain of shame and punishment for non-compliance. On the other hand, he acted as an active participant in social relations within his class, which was regulated by the concept of honor. In other words, the nobleman reacted sharply to possible comments from others, because this could cast a shadow on the characteristics of his service, and, consequently, on the honor of the man himself. “From these positions, medieval chivalric ethics is experiencing a certain restoration.” . At the same time, a duel is not just a regulator of the “offender-offended” relationship, it is also a confirmation of the status of a nobleman, recognition of the insulted (or insulted) as an equal. It is worth noting that duels, unlike balls, as cultural phenomena were in an indefinite heterogeneous state: they were popular among the nobility, but the official authorities also had a negative attitude towards them (Nicholas I said on this occasion: “I hate duels; this is barbarism; in my opinion, there is nothing chivalrous in them”), and democratic circles of the 18th-19th centuries, who saw in them prejudices contrary to natural human rights.
Thus, by identifying cultural phenomena and analyzing the life and way of life of the nobility of the 18th - early 20th centuries, we come to the conclusion that this service class represents a typical chronotope and a space parallel to other social strata. This is expressed, first of all, in the fact that the nobility, being a privileged part of the Russian population of that time, had advanced values, had access to education, other ideals, etc., formed a new cultural field, differing even in time characteristics from traditional of other classes of the empire.
Literature:
1. Yakushenkova O.S. The image of the alien in the heterotopic spaces of the frontier: dissertation. ...cand. Philosopher Sciences Astrakhan. - 2014. - P. 30
3. Ukhtomsky A. A. Dominant. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. P. 347.
5. Lotman Yu.M. Life and traditions of the Russian nobility (XVIII - early XIX centuries). - Saint Petersburg. "Art - St. Petersburg". - 1994. - P. 18, 22, 91, 1v5.
V. Pavlov A.P. The ruling elite of the Russian state in the early 18th centuries: (essays on history). - Dmitry Bulanin, 200v. - P. 225.
7. V.V. Boguslavsky V.V. Slavic encyclopedia. Volume 1. Page 204.
8. Skrynnikov R.G. Ivan groznyj. - M.: AST Publishing House LLC, 2001.- P.
9. Zezina M. R., Koshman L. V., Shulgin V. S. History of Russian culture: Textbook for universities on special topics. "Story". - Moscow: Higher. school, 1990. - P.134.
10. Kostomarov N.I.. Russian history in the biographies of its most important figures (volume 3). - OLMA Media Group, 2003. - P. 90.
11. Gnilorybov P., Zyryanov V., Tomchin M. Russia in the era of Peter the Great. A Time Traveler's Guide. - Litres, 201c. - P. 30.
12. Sokolov K.B., Chernosvitov P.Yu. Europe and Russia: mentality and artistic culture: comparative historical analysis. - Nestor-History, 2007. - P. 24v.
1. Jakushenkova O.S. Obraz chuzhogo v geterotopnyh prostranstvah frontira: dis. ... kand. filos. nauk Astrahan." - 2014. - S. 30
2. Foucalt M. Of Other Spaces. Diacritics. 198c. Vol. 1st century No. 1. P. 22-27. 2v-27.
3. Uhtomskij A.A. Dominanta. SPb.: Piter, 2002. S. 347.
4. Gurevich. A.Ja. Kategorii srednevekovoj kul "tury. - 2nd izd., ispr. i dop. - M.: Iskusstvo, 1984. - S. 44
5. Lotman Ju.M. Byt i tradicii russkogo dvorjanstva (XVIII-early XIX century). -St. Petersburg. "Iskusstvo - SPB". - 1994. - S. 18, 22, 91, 1v5.
V. Pavlov A.P. Pravjashhaja jelita russkogo gosudarstva IH-nachala HVIII vv: (ocherki istorii). - Dmitrij Bulanin, 200v. - S. 225.
7. V. V. Boguslavskij V.V. Slavjanskaja jenciklopedija. Tom 1.Str. 204.
8. Skrynnikov R.G. Ivan Groznyj. - M.: OOO "Izdatel"stvo AST", 2001.- S. 78.
9. Zezina M. R., Koshman L. V., Shul"gin V. S. Istorija russkoj kul"tury: Ucheb.posobie dlja vuzov po spec. "Istorija". - Moscow: Vyssh. shk., 1990. - S.134.
10. Kostomarov N. I.. Russkaja istorija v zhizneopisanijah ee vazhnejshih dejatelej (3 volume). - OLMA Media Grupp, 2003. - S. 90.
11. Gnilorybov P., Zyrjanov V., Tomchin M. Rossija v jepohu Petra Velikogo. Putevoditel" puteshestvennika vo vremeni. - Litres, 201st century. - S. 30.
12. Sokolov K.B., Chernosvitov P.Ju. Evropa i Rossija: mental "nost" i hudozhestvennaja kul "tura: sravnitel"no-istoricheskij analiz. - Nestor-Istorija, 2007. - S. 24v.
The determining influence of Enlightenment ideas in Russian social thought, journalism and literature. Literature of the peoples of Russia in the 18th century. The first magazines. Social ideas in the works of A.P. Sumarokov, G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin. N.I. Novikov, materials on the situation of serfs in his journals. A.N. Radishchev and his “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.”
Russian culture and the culture of the peoples of Russia in the 18th century. Development of a new secular culture after the reforms of Peter I. Strengthening relationships with the culture of foreign European countries. Freemasonry in Russia. Distribution in Russia of the main styles and genres of European artistic culture (Baroque, classicism, rococo, etc.). Contribution to the development of Russian culture by scientists, artists, craftsmen who arrived from abroad. Increased attention to the life and culture of the Russian people and the historical past of Russia by the end of the century.
Culture and life of Russian classes. Nobility: life and everyday life of a noble estate. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.
Russian science in the 18th century. Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. Studying the country is the main task of Russian science. Geographical expeditions. Second Kamchatka expedition. Development of Alaska and the West Coast of North America. Russian-American company. Research in the field of national history. The study of Russian literature and the development of literary language. Russian Academy. E.R. Dashkova.
M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the development of Russian science and education.
Education in Russia in the 18th century. Basic pedagogical ideas. Raising a “new breed” of people. Founding of educational homes in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the Institute of “Noble Maidens” in the Smolny Monastery. Class educational institutions for youth from the nobility. Moscow University is the first Russian university.
Russian architecture of the 18th century. Construction of St. Petersburg, the formation of its urban plan. The regular nature of the development of St. Petersburg and other cities. Baroque in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Transition to classicism creation of architectural assemblies in the style of classicism in both capitals. IN AND. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov.
Fine art in Russia, its outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the ceremonial portrait genre in the mid-18th century. New trends in fine art at the end of the century.
Peoples of Russia in the 18th century.
Managing the outskirts of the empire. Bashkir uprisings. Politics towards Islam. Development of New Russia, the Volga region and the Southern Urals. German immigrants. Formation of the Pale of Settlement.
Russia under Paul I
Basic principles of the domestic policy of Paul I. Strengthening absolutism through the rejection of the principles of “enlightened absolutism” and strengthening the bureaucratic and police character of the state and the personal power of the emperor. The personality of Paul I and its influence on the country's politics. Decrees on succession to the throne, and on the “three-day corvee.”
Paul I's policy towards the nobility, relationship with the capital's nobility, measures in the field of foreign policy and the reasons for the palace coup on March 11, 1801.
Domestic policy. Limitation of noble privileges.
Regional component
Our region in the 18th century.
Russian Empire in the 19th – early 20th centuries.
Russia on the road to reform (1801–1861)
Alexander's era: state liberalism
Projects of liberal reforms of Alexander I. External and internal factors. The secret committee and the “young friends” of the emperor. Public administration reforms. MM. Speransky.
Patriotic War of 1812
The era of 1812. The war between Russia and France 1805-1807. Tilsit world. War with Sweden in 1809 and the annexation of Finland. War with Turkey and the Peace of Bucharest in 1812. The Patriotic War of 1812 is the most important event in Russian and world history of the 19th century. Congress of Vienna and its decisions. Holy Alliance. The increasing role of Russia after the victory over Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna.
Liberal and protective tendencies in domestic policy. Polish Constitution of 1815 Military settlements. Noble opposition to autocracy. Secret organizations: Union of Salvation, Union of Welfare, Northern and Southern Societies. Decembrist uprising December 14, 1825
Cultural space of the Russian Empire in the 18th century.
The determining influence of Enlightenment ideas in Russian social thought, journalism and literature. Literature of the peoples of Russia in the 18th century. The first magazines. Social ideas in the works of A.P. Sumarokova, G.R. Derzhavina, D.I. Fonvizina. N.I. Novikov, materials on the situation of serfs in his journals. A.N. Radishchev and his “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.”
Russian culture and the culture of the peoples of Russia in the 18th century. Development of a new secular culture after the reforms of Peter I. Strengthening relationships with the culture of foreign European countries. Freemasonry in Russia. Distribution in Russia of the main styles and genres of European artistic culture (Baroque, classicism, rococo, etc.). Contribution to the development of Russian culture by scientists, artists, craftsmen who arrived from abroad. Increased attention to the life and culture of the Russian people and the historical past of Russia by the end of the century.
Culture and life of Russian classes. Nobility: life and everyday life of a noble estate. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.
Russian science in the 18th century. Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. Studying the country is the main task of Russian science. Geographical expeditions. Second Kamchatka expedition. Development of Alaska and the West Coast of North America. Russian-American company. Research in the field of national history. The study of Russian literature and the development of literary language. Russian Academy. E.R. Dashkova.
M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the development of Russian science and education.
Education in Russia in the 18th century. Basic pedagogical ideas. Raising a “new breed” of people. Founding of educational homes in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the Institute of “Noble Maidens” in the Smolny Monastery. Class educational institutions for youth from the nobility. Moscow University is the first Russian university.
Russian architecture of the 18th century. Construction of St. Petersburg, the formation of its urban plan. The regular nature of the development of St. Petersburg and other cities. Baroque in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Transition to classicism creation of architectural assemblies in the style of classicism in both capitals. IN AND. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov.
Fine art in Russia, its outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the ceremonial portrait genre in the mid-18th century. New trends in fine art at the end of the century.
Peoples of Russia in the 18th century.
Managing the outskirts of the empire. Bashkir uprisings. Politics towards Islam. Development of New Russia, the Volga region and the Southern Urals. German immigrants. Formation of the Pale of Settlement.
Russia under Paul I
Basic principles of the domestic policy of Paul I. Strengthening absolutism through the rejection of the principles of “enlightened absolutism” and strengthening the bureaucratic and police character of the state and the personal power of the emperor. The personality of Paul I and its influence on the country's politics. Decrees on succession to the throne, and on the “three-day corvee.”
Paul I's policy towards the nobility, relationship with the capital's nobility, measures in the field of foreign policy and the reasons for the palace coup on March 11, 1801.
Domestic policy. Limitation of noble privileges.
Regional component
Our region in the 18th century.
Russian Empire in the 19th – early 20th centuries. 9th grade - 68 hours
Russia on the road to reform (1801–1861)
Alexander's era: state liberalism
Projects of liberal reforms of Alexander I. External and internal factors. The secret committee and the “young friends” of the emperor. Public administration reforms. MM. Speransky.
Patriotic War of 1812
The era of 1812. The war between Russia and France 1805-1807. Tilsit world. War with Sweden in 1809 and the annexation of Finland. War with Turkey and the Peace of Bucharest in 1812. The Patriotic War of 1812 is the most important event in Russian and world history of the 19th century. Congress of Vienna and its decisions. Holy Alliance. The increasing role of Russia after the victory over Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna.
Liberal and protective tendencies in domestic policy. Polish Constitution of 1815 Military settlements. Noble opposition to autocracy. Secret organizations: Union of Salvation, Union of Welfare, Northern and Southern Societies. Decembrist uprising December 14, 1825
Nikolaev autocracy: state conservatism
Reformist and conservative tendencies in the politics of Nicholas I. Economic policy in conditions of political conservation. State regulation of public life: centralization of government, political police, codification of laws, censorship, trusteeship of education. Peasant question. Reform of state peasants P.D. Kiseleva 1837-1841 Official ideology: “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality.” Formation of a professional bureaucracy. Progressive bureaucracy: at the origins of liberal reformism.
Expansion of the empire: Russian-Iranian and Russian-Turkish wars. Russia and Western Europe: features of mutual perception. "Holy Alliance" Russia and revolutions in Europe. Eastern question. Collapse of the Vienna System in Europe. Crimean War. Heroic defense of Sevastopol. Peace of Paris 1856
Feudal society. Village and city
Class structure of Russian society. Serf farming. Landowner and peasant, conflicts and cooperation. Industrial revolution and its features in Russia. Start of railway construction. Moscow and St. Petersburg: a dispute between two capitals. Cities as administrative, commercial and industrial centers. City government.
Cultural space of the empire in the first half of the 19th century.
National roots of Russian culture and Western influences. State policy in the field of culture. The main styles in artistic culture: romanticism, classicism, realism. Empire style as an empire style. Cult of citizenship. The Golden Age of Russian Literature. Formation of the Russian music school. Theatre, painting, architecture. Development of science and technology. Geographical expeditions. Discovery of Antarctica. Activities of the Russian Geographical Society. Schools and universities. Folk culture. The culture of everyday life: finding comfort. Life in the city and in the estate. Russian culture as part of European culture.
The space of empire: the ethnocultural appearance of the country
The peoples of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. The diversity of cultures and religions of the Russian Empire. Orthodox Church and main confessions (Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism). Interaction of peoples. Peculiarities of administrative management on the outskirts of the empire. Kingdom of Poland. Polish uprising 1830–1831 Annexation of Georgia and Transcaucasia. Caucasian War. Shamil's movement.
Formation of civil legal consciousness. Main currents of social thought
Western enlightenment and the educated minority: the crisis of the traditional worldview. "Golden Age" of noble culture. The idea of service as the basis of noble identity. The evolution of noble opposition. Forming a generation of enlightened people: from freedom for the few to freedom for all. The emergence of scientific and literary societies, secret political organizations. Spread of liberal ideas. Decembrists - noble revolutionaries. Culture and ethics of the Decembrists.
Social life in the 1830s - 1850s. The role of literature, the press, and universities in the formation of independent public opinion. Social thought: official ideology, Slavophiles and Westerners, the emergence of socialist thought. The formation of the theory of Russian socialism. A.I. Herzen. The influence of German philosophy and French socialism on Russian social thought. Russia and Europe as a central point of public debate.
Russia in the era of reforms
Transformations of Alexander II: social and legal modernization
Reforms of the 1860-1870s – movement towards the rule of law and civil society. Peasant reform of 1861 and its consequences. Peasant community. Zemstvo and city reforms. Formation of public self-government. Judicial reform and development of legal consciousness. Military reforms. Approval of the beginnings of all classes in the legal system of the country. Constitutional issue.
Multi-vector foreign policy of the empire. End of the Caucasian War. Annexation of Central Asia. Russia and the Balkans. Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878 Russia in the Far East. Founding of Khabarovsk.
"People's Autocracy" by Alexander III
The ideology of Russia's original development. State nationalism. Reforms and “counter-reforms”. Policy of conservative stabilization. Limitation of public activities. Local self-government and autocracy. Independence of the judiciary and administration. The rights of universities and the power of trustees. Press and censorship. Economic modernization through government intervention in the economy. Forced development of industry. Financial policy. Conservation of agrarian relations.
Empire space. Main areas and directions of foreign policy interests. Strengthening the status of a great power. Development of state territory.
Post-reform society. Agriculture and industry
Traditions and innovations in the life of a post-reform village. Communal land tenure and peasant farming. Interdependence of landowner and peasant farms. Landowner "impoverishment". Social types of peasants and landowners. Noble entrepreneurs.
Industrialization and urbanization. Railways and their role in economic and social modernization. Migration of rural populations to cities. The labor question and its features in Russia. State, public and private entrepreneurial ways to solve it.
Cultural space of the empire in the second half of the 19th century.
Culture and life of the peoples of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Development of urban culture. Technological progress and changes in everyday life. Development of transport and communications. Growth of education and spread of literacy. The emergence of mass printing. The role of the printed word in shaping public opinion. Folk, elite and mass culture. Russian culture of the 19th century. as part of world culture. The formation of a national scientific school and its contribution to world scientific knowledge. Achievements of Russian science. Creation of the Russian Historical Society. Social significance of artistic culture. Literature, painting, music, theater. Architecture and urban planning.
Ethnocultural appearance of the empire
The main regions of the Russian Empire and their role in the life of the country. Poles. Jews. Armenians. Tatars and other peoples of the Volga-Ural region. Caucasian peoples. Peoples of Central Asia. Peoples of Siberia and the Far East. Peoples of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. Legal status of various ethnic groups and religions. Processes of national and religious revival among the peoples of the Russian Empire. National policy of autocracy: between taking into account originality and the desire for unification. Strengthening Finnish autonomy. Polish uprising of 1863. Jewish question. National movements of the peoples of Russia. Interaction of national cultures and peoples.
Formation of civil society and main directions of social movements
Social life in the 1860s – 1890s. Growth of public initiative. Expansion of the public sphere (public self-government, press, education, court). The phenomenon of the intelligentsia. Public organizations. Charity. Student movement. Labor movement. Women's movement.
Ideological trends and social movement. The influence of positivism, Darwinism, Marxism and other directions of European social thought. Conservative thought. Nationalism. Liberalism and its features in Russia. Russian socialism. Russian anarchism. Forms of political opposition: zemstvo movement, revolutionary underground and emigration. Populism and its evolution. Populist circles: ideology and practice. Great propaganda society. "Walking among the people." “Land and Freedom” and its split. “Black redistribution” and “People's will”. Political terrorism. The spread of Marxism and the formation of social democracy. "Liberation of Labor" group. "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." First Congress of the RSDLP.
Crisis of the empire at the beginning of the twentieth century
On the threshold of a new century: dynamics and contradictions of development Economic growth. Industrial development. New geography of economics. Urbanization and the appearance of cities. Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk) is an example of a new transport and industrial center. Domestic and foreign capital, its role in the industrialization of the country. Russia is a world exporter of bread. Agrarian question.
Demography, social stratification. Decomposition of class structures. Formation of new social strata. Bourgeoisie. Workers: social characteristics and the struggle for rights. Middle urban strata. Types of rural land tenure and farming. Landowners and peasants. The position of women in society. The Church in the crisis of imperial ideology. Spread of secular ethics and culture.
Imperial center and regions. National politics, ethnic elites and national-cultural movements. Russia in the system of international relations. Politics in the Far East. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Defense of Port Arthur. Battle of Tsushima.
The first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. The beginning of parliamentarism
Nicholas II and his entourage. Activities of V.K. Plehve as Minister of Internal Affairs. Opposition liberal movement. "Union of Liberation". "Banquet Campaign"
Prerequisites for the First Russian Revolution. Forms of social protests. The struggle of professional revolutionaries with the state. Political terrorism.
“Bloody Sunday” January 9, 1905. Speeches by workers, peasants, middle urban strata, soldiers and sailors. "Bulygin Constitution". All-Russian October political strike. Manifesto October 17, 1905
Formation of a multi-party system. Political parties, mass movements and their leaders. Neo-populist parties and organizations (socialist revolutionaries). Social democracy: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Liberal parties (Cadets, Octobrists). National parties. Right-wing monarchical parties in the fight against the revolution. Councils and trade unions. December 1905 armed uprising in Moscow. Features of revolutionary actions in 1906-1907.
Electoral law of December 11, 1905. Election campaign to the First State Duma. Basic state laws April 23, 1906 Activities of the I and II State Duma: results and lessons.
Society and power after the revolution
Lessons from the revolution: political stabilization and social transformation. P.A. Stolypin: program of systemic reforms, scale and results. Incompleteness of transformations and growing social contradictions. III and IV State Duma. Ideological and political spectrum. Public and social uplift. National parties and factions in the State Duma.
Aggravation of the international situation. The block system and Russia's participation in it. Russia on the eve of a global catastrophe.
"Silver Age" of Russian culture
New phenomena in fiction and art. Worldview values and lifestyle. Literature of the early 20th century. Painting. "World of Art". Architecture. Sculpture. Drama theatre: traditions and innovation. Music. "Russian Seasons" in Paris. The origins of Russian cinema.
Development of public education: an attempt to bridge the gap between an educated society and the people.
Discoveries of Russian scientists. Achievements of the humanities. Formation of the Russian philosophical school. The contribution of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. into world culture.
Regional component
Our region in the 19th century.
General history
History of the Ancient World Grade 5-68 hours.
What history studies. Historical chronology (counting the years “BC” and “AD”). Historical map. Sources of historical knowledge. Auxiliary historical sciences.
Primitiveness. Settlement of the earliest man. A reasonable man. Living conditions and occupations of primitive people. Ideas about the world around us, beliefs of primitive people. The most ancient farmers and pastoralists: labor activity, inventions. From the tribal community to the neighboring one. The emergence of crafts and trade. The emergence of ancient civilizations.
Ancient world: concept and chronology. Map of the Ancient World.
The Ancient East
Ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia. Living conditions and occupations of the population. City-states. Myths and legends. Writing. Ancient Babylon. Laws of Hammurabi. Neo-Babylonian kingdom: conquests, legendary monuments of the city of Babylon.
Ancient Egypt. Living conditions and occupations of the population. State administration (pharaoh, officials). Religious beliefs of the Egyptians. Priests. Pharaoh-reformer Akhenaten. Military campaigns. Slaves. Knowledge of the ancient Egyptians. Writing. Temples and pyramids.
Eastern Mediterranean in antiquity. Phoenicia: natural conditions, occupations of residents. Development of crafts and trade. Phoenician alphabet. Palestine: resettlement of Jews, Kingdom of Israel. Occupations of the population. Religious Beliefs. Old Testament stories.
Assyria: the conquests of the Assyrians, the cultural treasures of Nineveh, the death of the empire. Persian power: military campaigns, empire management.
Ancient India. Natural conditions, occupations of the population. Ancient city-states. Social structure, varnas. Religious beliefs, legends and tales. The emergence of Buddhism. Cultural heritage of Ancient India.
Ancient China. Living conditions and economic activities of the population. Creation of a united state. Empires of Qin and Han. Life in an empire: rulers and subjects, the position of various population groups. Development of crafts and trade. The Great Silk Road. Religious and philosophical teachings (Confucianism). Scientific knowledge and inventions. Temples. The great Wall of China.
Ancient world: concept. Map of the ancient world.
Ancient Greece
Population of Ancient Greece: living conditions and occupations. The most ancient states on Crete. States of Achaean Greece (Mycenae, Tiryns, etc.). Trojan War. "Iliad" and "Odyssey". Beliefs of the ancient Greeks. Tales of gods and heroes.
Greek city-states: political system, aristocracy and demos. Development of agriculture and crafts. Great Greek Colonization. Athens: affirmation of democracy. Solon's laws Cleisthenes' reforms. Sparta: main population groups, political structure. Spartan education. Organization of military affairs.
Classical Greece. Greco-Persian Wars: causes, participants, major battles, heroes. Reasons for the Greek victory. Athenian democracy under Pericles. Economic life in ancient Greek society. Slavery. Peloponnesian War. Rise of Macedonia.
Culture of Ancient Greece. Development of sciences. Greek philosophy. School and education. Literature. Architecture and sculpture. Life and leisure of the ancient Greeks. Theater. Sports competitions; Olympic Games.
Hellenistic period. Macedonian conquests. The power of Alexander the Great and its collapse. Hellenistic states of the East. Culture of the Hellenistic world.
Ancient Rome
Population of Ancient Italy: living conditions and occupations. Etruscans. Legends about the founding of Rome. Rome of the era of kings. Roman Republic. Patricians and plebeians. Governance and laws. Beliefs of the ancient Romans.
Rome's conquest of Italy. Wars with Carthage; Hannibal. Roman army. Establishment of Roman dominance in the Mediterranean. Reforms of the Gracchi. Slavery in Ancient Rome.
From republic to empire. Civil wars in Rome. Gaius Julius Caesar. Establishment of imperial power: Octavian Augustus. Roman Empire: territory, administration. The emergence and spread of Christianity. Division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern parts. Rome and the barbarians. Fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Culture of Ancient Rome. Roman literature, the golden age of poetry. Oratory: Cicero. Development of sciences. Architecture and sculpture. Pantheon. Life and leisure of the Romans.
Historical and cultural heritage of ancient civilizations.
History of the Middle Ages 6th grade - 28 hours.
Middle Ages: concept and chronological framework.
Early Middle Ages
The beginning of the Middle Ages. The Great Migration of Peoples. Formation of barbarian kingdoms.
The peoples of Europe in the early Middle Ages. Franks: settlement, occupations, social structure. Laws of the Franks; "Salic truth". Carolingian power: stages of formation, kings and subjects. Charlemagne. Collapse of the Carolingian Empire. Formation of states in France, Germany, Italy. Holy Roman Empire. Britain and Ireland in the early Middle Ages. Normans: social system, conquests. Early Slavic states. The formation of feudal relations in European countries. Christianization of Europe. Secular rulers and popes. Culture of the early Middle Ages.
The Byzantine Empire in the IV-XI centuries: territory, economy, management. Byzantine emperors; Justinian. Codification of laws. The power of the emperor and the church. Foreign policy of Byzantium: relations with neighbors, invasions of the Slavs and Arabs. Culture of Byzantium.
Arabs in the VI-XI centuries: settlement, occupations. The emergence and spread of Islam. Arab conquests. The Arab Caliphate, its rise and collapse. Arabic culture.
Mature Middle Ages
Medieval European society. Agricultural production. Feudal land tenure. Feudal hierarchy. Nobility and chivalry: social status, way of life.
Peasantry: feudal dependence, duties, living conditions. Peasant community.
Cities are centers of crafts, trade, and culture. Urban classes. Workshops and guilds. City government. The struggle of cities and lords. Medieval city-republics. The appearance of medieval cities. Life of the townspeople.
Church and clergy. The division of Christianity into Catholicism and Orthodoxy. Relations between secular authorities and the church. Crusades: goals, participants, results. Spiritual knightly orders. Heresies: causes of occurrence and spread. Persecution of heretics.
European states in the XII-XV centuries. Strengthening royal power in Western Europe. Estate-representative monarchy. Formation of centralized states in England and France. Hundred Years' War; J. d'Arc. German states in the XII-XV centuries. Reconquista and the formation of centralized states on the Iberian Peninsula. Italian republics in the XII-XV centuries. Economic and social development of European countries. Exacerbation of social contradictions in the 14th century. (Jacquerie, Wat Tyler's Rebellion). Hussite movement in the Czech Republic.
The Byzantine Empire and the Slavic states in the XII-XV centuries. Expansion of the Ottoman Turks and the fall of Byzantium.
Culture of medieval Europe. Medieval man's ideas about the world. The place of religion in human life and society. Education: schools and universities. The class character of culture. Medieval epic. Knightly literature. Urban and peasant folklore. Romanesque and Gothic styles in artistic culture. Development of knowledge about nature and man. Humanism. Early Renaissance: artists and their creations.
Countries of the East in the Middle Ages. Ottoman Empire: conquests of the Ottoman Turks, administration of the empire, situation of conquered peoples. Mongolian power: the social system of the Mongolian tribes, the conquests of Genghis Khan and his descendants, the administration of subordinate territories. China: empires, rulers and subjects, the struggle against conquerors. Japan in the Middle Ages. India: fragmentation of Indian principalities, Muslim invasion, Delhi Sultanate. Culture of the peoples of the East. Literature. Architecture. Traditional arts and crafts.
States of Pre-Columbian America. Social system. Religious beliefs of the population. Culture.
Historical and cultural heritage of the Middle Ages
History of Modern Times, grades 7-8 - 50 hours (26+24)
New time: concept and chronological framework.
Europe at the end of the 15th century- beginning of the 17th century
Great geographical discoveries: prerequisites, participants, results. Political, economic and cultural consequences of geographical discoveries. Old and New World. Economic and social development of European countries in the 16th - early 17th centuries. The emergence of manufactories. Development of commodity production. Expansion of the domestic and global market.
Absolute monarchies. England, France, the Habsburg monarchy in the 16th - early 17th centuries: internal development and foreign policy. Formation of nation states in Europe.
Beginning of the Reformation; M. Luther. Development of the Reformation and the Peasants' War in Germany. The spread of Protestantism in Europe. The fight of the Catholic Church against the Reformation movement. Religious wars.
Dutch revolution: goals, participants, forms of struggle. Results and significance of the revolution.
International relations in early modern times. Military conflicts between European powers. Ottoman expansion. Thirty Years' War; Peace of Westphalia.
Countries of Europe and North America in the mid-17th-18th centuries.
English revolution of the 17th century: causes, participants, stages. O. Cromwell. Results and significance of the revolution.
Economic and social development of Europe in the 17th-18th centuries: the beginning of the industrial revolution, the development of manufacturing production, the position of the classes.
Absolutism: the “old order” and new trends. Age of Enlightenment: development of natural sciences, French enlighteners of the 18th century. The War of the North American Colonies for Independence. Education of the United States of America; "Founding Fathers"
French Revolution of the 18th century: causes, participants. The beginning and main stages of the revolution. Political movements and revolutionaries. Program and government documents. Revolutionary wars. Results and significance of the revolution.
European culture of the 16th-18th centuries. Development of science: a revolution in natural science, the emergence of a new picture of the world; outstanding scientists and inventors. High Renaissance: artists and their works. The human world in early modern literature. Styles of artistic culture of the 17th-18th centuries. (Baroque, classicism). The formation of the theater.
International relations of the mid-17th-18th centuries. European conflicts and diplomacy. Seven Years' War. Sections of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Colonial conquests of European powers.
Countries of the East in the XVI-XVIII centuries.
Ottoman Empire: from power to decline. India: Mughal power, beginning of British penetration, British conquests. Qing Empire in China. The formation of a centralized state and the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan.
Countries of Europe and North America in the first half of the nineteenth century. 9th grade - 34 hours
Napoleon's Empire in France: domestic and foreign policy. Napoleonic Wars. Fall of the Empire. Congress of Vienna; S. M. Talleyrand. Holy Alliance.
Development of industrial society. The industrial revolution, its features in Europe and the USA. Changes in the social structure of society. Spread of socialist ideas; utopian socialists. Speeches by workers. Political development of European countries in 1815-1849: social and national movements, reforms and revolutions. Registration of conservative, liberal, radical political movements and parties; the emergence of Marxism.
Countries of Europe and North America in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Great Britain in the Victorian era: the “workshop of the world”, the labor movement, domestic and foreign policy, the expansion of the colonial empire. France - from the Second Empire to the Third Republic: domestic and foreign policy, Franco-German war, colonial wars. Formation of a single state in Italy; K. Cavour, G. Garibaldi. The unification of the German states, the proclamation of the German Empire; O. Bismarck. Habsburg Monarchy: Austro-Hungarian dualism.
The United States of America in the second half of the nineteenth century: economics, social relations, political life. North and South. Civil War (1861-1865). A. Lincoln.
Economic and socio-political development of European countries and the USA at the end of the 19th century.
Completion of the industrial revolution. Industrialization. Monopoly capitalism. Technical progress in industry and agriculture. Development of transport and communications. Migration from the Old to the New World. Position of the main social groups. Expanding the range of social movements. Labor movement and trade unions. Formation of socialist parties; ideologists and leaders of the socialist movement.
Asian countries in the 19th century.
Ottoman Empire: traditional foundations and attempts at reform. India: the collapse of the Mughal power, the establishment of British colonial rule, liberation uprisings. China: the Qing Empire, the “closure” of the country, the “Opium Wars”, the Taiping movement. Japan: domestic and foreign policy of the Tokugawa shogunate, transformations of the Meiji era.
War of Independence in Latin America
Colonial society. Liberation struggle: tasks, participants, forms of speech. P. D. Toussaint Louverture, S. Bolivar. Proclamation of independent states.
The peoples of Africa in modern times
Colonial empires. Colonial orders and traditional social relations. Speeches against the colonialists.
Development of culture in the 19th century.
Scientific discoveries and technical inventions. Spread of education. Secularization and democratization of culture. Changes in people's living conditions. Styles of artistic culture: classicism, romanticism, realism, impressionism. Theater. The birth of cinema. Cultural figures: life and creativity.
International relations in the 19th century.
Foreign policy interests of the great powers and the politics of alliances in Europe. Eastern question. Colonial conquests and colonial empires. Old and new leaders of the industrial world. Intensification of the struggle for the redivision of the world. Formation of military-political blocs of great powers.
Historical and cultural heritage of modern times.
Recent history.
The world at the beginning of the 20th century. Recent history: concept, periodization.
The world in 1900-1914
Countries of Europe and the USA in 1900-1914: technical progress, economic development. Urbanization, migration. The situation of the main population groups. Social movements. Social and political reforms; D. Lloyd George.
Countries of Asia and Latin America in 1900-1917: traditional social relations and problems of modernization. The rise of liberation movements in colonial and dependent countries. Revolutions of the first decades of the twentieth century. in Asian countries (Türkiye, Iran, China). Mexican Revolution 1910-1917 Leaders of the liberation struggle (Sun Yat-sen, E. Zapata, F. Villa)
- Meaning of the female name hope
- Russian schoolchildren were reminded of what they can and cannot bring with them to the OGE
- Leo in the year of the Rooster: characteristics of men and women in love and business relationships
- Why do you dream of a blooming apple tree: interpretation options according to dream books Seeing a blooming apple tree in a dream
- Where does Nikita Mikhalkov live?
- Why do you dream about a ghost?
- Nikita Mikhalkov built an estate for $15 million
- Why do you dream about a witch, dream book, interpretation of dreams online
- Planting something in a dream - what could it mean?
- Why do you dream that a man is cooking, what does the dream symbolize?
- Why do you dream of an abyss according to the dream book?
- Recipes for baked apples with cottage cheese, raisins, honey, nuts and cinnamon
- You can get better from potatoes
- Puff pastries stuffed with stewed cabbage
- Recipe: Sponge cake "Apple" - "in the oven"
- Chicken hearts in sour cream sauce
- How to cook bacon and eggs
- How to cook minced meat with vegetables in a hurry
- Gemini - their compatibility with other signs in love
- Submitting an application for the Unified State Exam: deadlines and features of the procedure