Legends and stories associated with the violin. History of the violin History of the origin of the violin

Irina Morozova
Thematic lesson on music “The History of a Little Violin”

« HISTORY OF THE LITTLE VIOLIN»

(Thematic lesson)

Goals and objectives:

Expand your horizons, tesarius, develop creative abilities, learn to distinguish sounds violins. To develop children's imagination when depicting various characters, to encourage them to search for expressive movements.

Material:

"Pipe and Drum" I. Chukash, "Children's Encyclopedia. Music from A to Z» E. Finkelstein, "Riddles about tools" P. Sinyavsky, violin and bow, video film "Making violins» , video recorder, props violin, grasshopper and bee costumes, song « Little grasshopper» sl. S. Kozlova, music. M. Sutyagina, phonograms ( "Caprice" N. Paganini, "Winter" from the cycle "Seasons" A. Vivaldi)

Progress of the lesson.

Children enter the hall and sit down.

Musical director(M.R.) Guess the riddle.

Smooth bow movements

The strings make you tremble.

The motive murmurs from afar,

Sings about a moonlit evening.

How clear the sounds are overflowing,

There is joy and a smile in them.

It sounds like a dreamy tune

His name...

Children Violin.

M.R. Today we will talk about violin. (Shows violin and bow) Look how beautiful violin. She has a beautiful "figure"- a body with a long graceful neck, which ends in a head with pegs and a curl. (Looking at the children violin) The top side of the body, called the top, is made of spruce, and the bottom side, the back, is made of maple. There are slots on the top soundboard; they are called f-holes, as they are made in the shape of the Latin letter f. Between the f-holes there is a stand that supports the strings. If you look into the f-hole slots, you will see under the right side of the stand small stick, connecting both decks. That's what it is "soul" violins, that’s what she’s called – darling. What are these main parts for? violins? Pegs hold four strings: E string, A string, D string and G string. They are called that because they are tuned to these sounds. Turning the pegs violinist tuning strings. The strings are stretched over the fingerboard. Violinist presses them with the fingers of his left hand - this is how he changes the length of the string, obtaining either lower or higher sounds. Now you see how complex the design is violins endowed with a wonderful voice. Violin considered quite young musical instrument, but it took a lot of time to create its modern form. The bow with which violinist makes the strings sound, originally had an arched shape. Exactly like a bow, only the hair was not pulled tight. However, using such a bow was still not very convenient. AND violin The craftsmen had to work hard to create its modern design. The bow reed is made from Brazilian fernambuco wood. The hair, usually made from white horsehair, is stretched between the head and the block of the cane. The length of the bow is 75 cm, and the weight is approximately 60 g. The bow should be light in order to musician could handle it easily. We don't know the name of the first one violin maker, but I will tell you the names of famous schools violin makers. The most famous of them took shape in northern Italy - in Bresci (Gaspar da Salo and Giovanni Magini, in Cremona (Amati, Stradivarius, Guarneri, Bergonzi). Now we'll see how they do it violin master.

Watching video material "Making violins»

M.R. If you pass the bow along the strings, you will immediately hear an extraordinary sound. Listen!

The phonogram sounds "CAPRIS" N. Paganini

M.R. Best of all violin played by Niccolo Paganini. He lived a long time ago. This man had an unusually developed musical hearing and had unusually flexible fingers. He not only played violin, but also composed music for your favorite instrument. We heard it now. There were wonderful ones in our country too violinists are L. Kogan, D. Oistrakh. (Shows portraits violinists) . Ensembles are known all over the world violinists"Vivaldi", "Moscow Virtuosi". Now I want to invite you to listen to them perform an excerpt from violin concerto A. Vivaldi "Seasons"

The phonogram sounds "WINTER" A. Vivaldi ( "Seasons").

M.R. Now we will listen to a poem by E. Ognetsvet « Violin»

Baby Green Grasshopper

Plays on violin,

The butterflies listened

Birds and fish.

Let the first violin

They will give it to me too

Where is the ringing secret?

In every string.

I will start studying

And next summer

Together with the grasshopper

I'll play a duet.

Dramatizing a song « SMALL GRASSHOPPER» sl. S. Kozlova, music. M. Sutyagina (Appendix No. 2)

M.R. Finally, I want to ask you one more riddle.

Carved in the forest

Smoothly written out

Sings, bursts into song.

What is the name of?

Children Violin.

APPLICATION:

Small The grasshopper slept until noon.

From noon to evening played the violin.

An important bee flew in and sat down.

Started to listen to the little musician.

Golden circle of light and warmth

Over the green meadow the music floated.

The music sounded, and, forgetting things,

The important bee shook its head.

And the grasshopper the little one played the violin,

It was as if he were handing out a handful of happiness to everyone.

Didn't scream, didn't cry, didn't say a word,

On the green led the violin with a blade of grass.

Publications on the topic:

Scenario of the New Year's party for the preparatory group "New Year's story with a small Christmas tree" Scenario of the New Year's party for the preparatory group Roles: Adults: Presenter, Baba Yaga, Ded Moro, Snow Maiden, Children: hedgehog, bunny,.

Title: Integrated direct educational activities on music education in the senior group of the kindergarten “7 flowers.

Integrated music lesson Music director of MADOU Kindergarten No. 2 “Firefly” Manuilenko V.V. Educational area:.

The story of a small violin. The story of a small violin. Program task: To increase children's knowledge about the violin. (Where did its design come from); continue acquaintance.

Comprehensive thematic planning “History of the Fatherland” was prepared by Kuznetsova Marina Rafailievna - music director, Egorova.

"Family tree" of the origin of the modern violin. Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.

The ancestors of the violin were the Armenian bambir, the Arabic rebab, the Spanish fidel, and the British crotta, the fusion of which formed the viola. Violin forms were established by the 16th century; Famous violin makers - the Amati family - date back to this century and the beginning of the 17th century. Their instruments are distinguished by excellent shape and excellent materials. In general, Italy was famous for the production of violins, among which Stradivarius and Guarneri violins are currently extremely highly valued.

The violin has been a solo instrument since the 17th century. The first works for violin are considered to be: “Romanesca per violino solo e basso” by Biagio Marini () and “Capriccio stravagante” by his contemporary Carlo Farina. Arcangelo Corelli is considered the founder of artistic violin playing; followed by Torelli, Tartini, Pietro Locatelli (-), a student of Corelli, who developed a bravura technique of violin playing.

Since the 2nd half of the 19th century it has become widespread among the Tatars. Since the 20th century it has been found in the musical life of Bashkirs.

Violin structure

The violin consists of two main parts: the body and the neck, along which the strings are stretched.

Frame

The body of the violin has a specific round shape. In contrast to the classic case shape, the trapezoidal parallelogram shape is mathematically optimal with rounded notches on the sides forming the “waist”. The roundness of the external contours and waist lines ensures comfortable play, particularly in high positions. The lower upper plane of the body - the deck - is connected to each other by strips of wood - shells. They have a convex shape, forming “arches”. The geometry of the vaults, as well as their thickness and its distribution, to one degree or another, determine the strength and timbre of the sound. A damper is placed inside the case, transmitting vibrations from the stand - through the upper deck - to the lower deck. Without it, the violin's timbre loses its liveliness and fullness.

The strength and timbre of a violin's sound is greatly influenced by the material from which it is made, and, to a lesser extent, by the composition of the varnish. There is a known experiment with the complete chemical removal of varnish from a Stradivarius violin, after which its sound did not change. The varnish protects the violin from changes in the quality of the wood under the influence of the environment and paints the violin with a transparent color from light golden to dark red or brown.

The back (musical term) is made of solid maple (other hardwoods) or two symmetrical halves.

The top is made of resonant spruce. Has two resonator holes - f-holes(in shape they resemble the Latin letter (f). A stand rests on the middle of the top soundboard, on which the strings, attached to the tailpiece (underneck), rest. Under the foot of the stand on the side of the Sol string, a single spring is attached to the top soundboard - a longitudinally located wooden plank, in largely ensuring the strength of the top deck and its resonant properties.

The shells combine the lower and upper soundboards, forming the side surface of the violin body. Their height determines the volume and timbre of the violin, fundamentally influencing the sound quality: the higher the shells, the duller and softer the sound, the lower the shells, the more piercing and transparent the upper notes. The shells are made, like the soundboards, from maple wood.

Dushka is a round (spruce wood) spacer that mechanically connects the soundboards and transmits string tension and high-frequency vibrations to the lower soundboard. Its ideal location is found experimentally; as a rule, the end of the strut is located under the foot of the stand on the side of the E string, or next to it. It can only be rearranged by the master, since its slightest movement significantly affects the sound of the instrument.

The neck, or tailpiece, is used to secure the strings. Previously made from hard ebony or mahogany (usually ebony or rosewood, respectively). Nowadays it is often made from plastics or light alloys. On one side of the neck there is a loop, on the other there are four holes with splines for attaching strings. The end of the string with the button (E and A) is threaded into the round hole, after which, by pulling the string towards the fingerboard, it is pressed into the slot. D and G strings are often secured in the neck with a loop going through the hole. Nowadays, lever-screw machines are often installed in the holes of the neck, making adjustments much easier. Arms made of light alloys with structurally integrated machines are produced commercially.

a loop of thick string or steel wire. When replacing a vein loop with a larger diameter than 2.2 mm with a synthetic one (diameter 2.2 mm), it is necessary to wedge the wedge and re-drill a hole with a diameter of 2.2, otherwise the point pressure of the synthetic string may damage the wooden neck.

A button - the head of a wooden peg, inserted into a hole in the body, located on the side opposite the fingerboard, serves to fasten the underneck. The wedge is inserted into a conical hole corresponding to its size and shape, completely and tightly, otherwise the wedge and shell may crack. The load on the button is very high, about 24 kg

The bridge affects the timbre of the instrument. It has been experimentally established that even a small shift of the stand leads to a significant change in the tuning of the instrument due to a change in the scale length and to a slight change in timbre - when moving towards the neck, the sound is duller, while from there it is brighter. The stand raises the strings above the top soundboard to different heights so that each of them can be played with a bow, and distributes them at a greater distance from one another on an arc of a larger radius than the top saddle.

Vulture

The neck (part of a musical instrument) of a violin is a long plank made of solid hard wood (ebony or rosewood), curved in cross-section so that when playing on one string the bow does not catch adjacent strings. The lower part of the neck is glued to the neck, which goes into the head, consisting of a peg box and a curl.

The nut is an ebony plate located between the neck and the head, with slots for strings. Slots in the nut distribute the strings at equal distances from each other.

The neck is a semicircular part that the performer covers with his hand while playing. Attached to the neck from above vulture And sill.

Pegging box - part of the neck in which a slot is made at the front, two pairs are inserted on both sides pegs, with the help of which the strings are tuned. Pegs are conical rods. The rod is inserted into the conical hole in the peg box and adjusted to it - failure to comply with this condition can lead to destruction of the structure. For tighter or smoother rotation, the pegs are respectively slightly pressed or pulled out of the box when rotating, and for smooth rotation they must be lubricated with lapping paste (or chalk and soap). The pegs should not protrude too much from the peg box. The pegs are usually made of ebony and are often decorated with mother-of-pearl or metal (silver, gold) inlay.

The curl has always served as something of a brand mark - evidence of the taste and skill of the creator. Initially, the curl rather resembled a woman’s foot in a shoe, but over time the similarity became less and less - only the “heel” was recognizable, the “toe” changed beyond recognition. Some masters replaced the curl with a sculpture, like that of a viol - a carved lion's head, for example, as did Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632). The 19th century masters, lengthening the neck of ancient violins, sought to preserve the head and scroll as a privileged “birth certificate”.

Strings

The strings pass from the neck, through the bridge, over the surface of the neck, and through the nut to the pegs, which are wound around them in the head.

The violin has four strings:

• first(“fifth”) - upper, tuned to E of the second octave. The solid metal E string has a ringing, brilliant timbre.
• second- tuned to A of the first octave. The vein (intestinal or made from a special alloy) solid “A” has a soft, matte timbre.
• third- tuned to D of the first octave. The vein (intestinal or artificial fiber) “D”, entwined with aluminum thread, has a soft, matte timbre.
• fourth(“bass”) - lower, tuned to G of a small octave. Vein (intestinal or artificial fiber) “salt”, entwined with silver thread, a harsh and thick timbre.

Accessories and Accessories

The bow is an accessory for continuous sound production. The basis of the bow is a wooden cane, which passes into the head on one side, and a block is attached on the other. The hair from the ponytail is stretched between the head and the block. The hair has keratin scales, between which, when rubbed, rosin is impregnated, which allows the hair to catch the string and produce sound.

Chin pad. Designed to make it easier to hold the violin with your chin. Side, middle and intermediate positions are selected according to the violinist's ergonomic preferences.

Bridge. Designed for easy placement of the violin on the collarbone. Attached from the bottom deck. It is a plate, straight or curved, hard or covered with soft material, wooden, metal or plastic, with fastenings on both sides. The necessary electronics, for example, a microphone with an amplifier, are often hidden in a metal structure. The main brands of modern bridges are WOLF, KUN, etc.

Sound pickup devices. Required to convert the mechanical vibrations of the violin into electrical ones (for recording, amplifying or converting the sound of the violin using special devices).

• If the sound of a violin is formed due to the acoustic properties of the elements of its body, the violin is acoustic.
• If the sound is generated by electronic and electromechanical components, it is an electric violin.
• If the sound is produced by both components to a comparable degree, it is a semi-acoustic violin.

Case (or trunk for violin and bow and additional accessories.

The mute is a small wooden or rubber “comb” with two or three teeth with a longitudinal slot. It is placed on top of the stand and reduces its vibration, making the sound muffled and “wearable”. The mute is most often used in orchestral and ensemble music.

"Jammer"- a heavy rubber or metal mute, used for home exercises, as well as for exercises in places that do not tolerate noise. When using a jammer, the instrument practically stops sounding and emits barely audible pitch tones that are sufficient for the performer to perceive and control.

Typewriter- a metal device consisting of a screw inserted into the hole in the neck, and a lever with a hook that serves to fasten the string, located on the other side. The machine allows for finer adjustments, which is most critical for monometallic strings with low stretch. There is a specific machine size for each violin size; there are also universal ones. Typically available in black, gold-plated, nickel-plated or chrome-plated, or a combination of finishes. There are models specifically for gut strings, for the E string. The instrument may not have machines at all: in this case, the strings are inserted into the holes in the neck. It is possible to install machines not on all strings. Usually in this case the machine is placed on the first string.

Recording and performance

Record

The violin part is written in treble clef. The standard range of the violin is from the G minor octave to the fourth octave. Higher sounds are difficult to perform and are used, as a rule, only in solo virtuoso literature, but not in orchestral parts.

Hand placement

"Franco-Belgian" way of holding the bow.

The strings are pressed with four fingers of the left hand to the fingerboard (thumb excluded). The strings are played with a bow held in the player's right hand.

When pressed with a finger, the length of the vibrating area of ​​the string decreases, due to which the frequency increases, that is, a higher sound is obtained. Strings not pressed with a finger are called open and are designated by zero when indicating the fingering.

By touching the string with almost no pressure in certain places, harmonics are obtained. Some harmonic sounds go beyond the standard violin range in pitch.

The arrangement of the fingers of the left hand on the fretboard is called fingering(from the word applicate). The index finger is called the first, the middle finger is the second, the ring finger is the third, and the little finger is the fourth. Position is called the fingering of four adjacent fingers, spaced one tone or semitone apart. Each string can have seven or more positions. The higher the position, the more difficult it is to play cleanly. On each string, excluding fifths, they go mainly only up to the fifth position inclusive; but on the fifth or first string, and sometimes on the second, higher positions are used - up to the twelfth.

There are at least three ways to hold the bow:

• Old (“German”) way, in which the index finger touches the bow reed with its lower surface, approximately opposite the fold between the nail phalanx and the middle one; fingers tightly closed; the thumb is opposite the middle finger; The bow hair is moderately taut.
• New (“Franco-Belgian”) method, in which the index finger touches the cane at an angle with the end of its middle phalanx; there is a large gap between the index and middle fingers; the thumb is opposite the middle finger; strongly stretched bow hair; inclined position of the cane.
• The newest (“Russian”) method, in which the index finger touches the side of the cane with a bend between the middle phalanx and the metacarpal; deeply enveloping the cane in the middle of the nail phalanx and forming an acute angle with it, it seems to guide the bow; there is a large gap between the index and middle fingers; the thumb is opposite the middle finger; loose bow hair; straight (not inclined) position of the cane. This way of holding the bow is the most appropriate for achieving the best sound results with the least amount of energy.

The violins also form a significant part of the orchestra, in which the musicians are divided into two groups, known as the first and second violins. Most often, the melodic line is dedicated to the first violins, while a group of second violins performs an accompanying or imitating function.

Sometimes the melody is entrusted not to the whole group of violins, but to a solo violin. Then the first violinist, the accompanist, plays the melody. Most often, this is necessary to give the melody a special color, delicate and fragile. The solo violin is most often associated with the lyrical image.

A string quartet in its original form consists of two violins (musicians playing the parts of the first and second violins), a viola and a cello. Similar to an orchestra, most often the leading role is played by the first violin, but in general each instrument can have solo moments.

Famous violinists

17th century

• Arcangelo Corelli (-) is an Italian violinist and composer, considered the creator of artistic violin playing. Contemporaries called him the Columbus of music.
• Antonio Vivaldi (-) - Venetian abbot. Composer, violinist, teacher, conductor. Creator of the violin concerto as a musical form. One of the most famous works is the cycle of 4 concerts for violin and orchestra “The Seasons”.
• Giuseppe Tartini (-) - Italian violinist and composer. He improved the design of the bow, lengthening it, and developed the basic techniques of bowing, recognized by all contemporary violinists in Italy and France and which came into general use.

XVIII century

• Ivan Khandoshkin (-) is a Russian virtuoso violinist, composer and teacher. The founder of the Russian violin school. Russia's first violin virtuoso. During his lifetime he was popular in wide circles of Russian society.
• Giovanni Battista Viotti (-) is a famous Italian violinist of the generation that preceded Niccolò Paganini. Apart from ten piano concertos, all of Viotti's works are written for string instruments, the most important of which are the 29 violin concertos.

19th century

• Niccolo Paganini (-) - Italian violinist and virtuoso guitarist, composer. One of the most prominent personalities in the musical history of the 18th-19th centuries. Recognized genius of world musical art.
• Henri Vietan (-) - Belgian violinist and composer, one of the founders of the national violin school. Vieutang is the author of numerous works for violin, which are still very popular: seven concertos with orchestra, a number of fantasies, variations, concert etudes, etc.
• Henryk Wieniawski (-) is a Polish virtuoso violinist, composer and teacher.
• Leopold Auer (-) - Hungarian, Russian violinist, teacher, conductor and composer. He is the founder of the so-called Russian violin school.
• Eugene Ysaye (-) is a Belgian violinist, conductor and composer. He wrote 6 violin concertos, variations on a theme by Paganini and others.

XX century

• Jascha Heifetz (-) is an American violinist of Jewish origin. Considered one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century.
• David Oistrakh (-) - Soviet violinist, violist, conductor and teacher, professor at the Moscow Conservatory, People's Artist of the USSR.
• Leonid Kogan (-) - Soviet violinist, teacher, professor at the Moscow Conservatory, People's Artist of the USSR.
• Yehudi Menuhin (-) is an American violinist and conductor. He also left his mark on philately; one of the philatelic prizes is named in his honor.

XXI Century

• Itzhak Perlman (August 31, 1945) is an American violinist, conductor and teacher.
• Vadim Repin (August 31, 1971) is a Russian violinist.

Famous violin makers

• Giovanni Paolo Maggini (-) - Italian violin maker. The instruments of his work have a soft, viola-like sound and are highly prized. His son, Pietro Santo Magini, also made excellent violins, violas and basses.
• Nicola Amati (-) is one of the most famous masters of the Amati family. Creator of many stringed instruments, including cellos. Teacher of such renowned string instrument makers as Jacob Steiner, Antonio Stradivari and Andrea Guarneri.
• Jakob Steiner (approx. -) is the first known Austrian master, the most famous representative of the so-called Tyrolean school.
• Andrea Guarneri (or -) is a famous manufacturer of bowed instruments. Andrea was a student of the famous master Amati, and lived in the 17th century in Cremona.
• Antonio Stradivari (-) - famous master of string instruments, student of Amati. Completed the formation of the violin as a structure in detail. Any modern violin is essentially a Stradivarius violin. About 650 instruments of his work have survived.
• Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù, - Andrea's grandson, gained the greatest fame. Giuseppe's instruments are valued on par with those of Stradivarius. On the Guarneri violin “Il Cannone Guarnerius ( English)" played by Niccolo Paganini.
• Ivan Andreevich Batov (-) is the first famous Russian master of musical instruments.
• Jean Baptiste Vuillaume (1798-1875) - French violin maker. In 1828 he opened his own workshop in Paris. From 1835 he was engaged in imitation of ancient Italian instruments (mainly Stradivarius and Guarneri). He made over 3,000 instruments.

The most famous works for violin

• A. Vivaldi. Seasons for violin and orchestra
• J. S. Bach. 3 sonatas and 3 partitas for solo violin
• G. Tartini. Sonata “Devil's Trills” for violin and piano
• W. A. ​​Mozart. 5 concertos for violin and orchestra
• L. Beethoven
• L. Beethoven. 10 sonatas for violin and piano
• I. Brahms. Concerto in D major for violin and orchestra
• I. Brahms
• F. Mendelssohn. Concerto in E minor for violin and orchestra
• E. Grieg. 3 sonatas for violin and piano
• N. Paganini. 24 caprices for solo violin
• N. Paganini. Concerto in D major for violin and orchestra
• S. Frank. Sonata for violin and piano
• C. Saint-Saens. "Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso" for violin and orchestra
• G. Wieniawski. 2 polonaises for violin and orchestra
• P. Sarasate. Fantasia on themes from G. Bizet's opera "Carmen"
• J. Sibelius
• P. Tchaikovsky. Concerto for violin and orchestra
• E. Izai. 6 sonatas for solo violin
• S. Prokofiev
• D. Shostakovich. 2 concertos for violin and orchestra

Literature

• K. Flash, The Art of Violin Playing (Volume 1)- Music, M., 1964.
• K. Flash, The Art of Violin Playing (Volume 2)- Classics-XXI, M., 2007.
• L. Auer, Violin Playing as I Teach It(1920); in Russian lane - My violin school, L., 1933;
• V. Mazel, Violinist and his hands (right)- Composer, St. Petersburg, 2006.
• V. Mazel, Violinist and his hands (left)- Composer, St. Petersburg, 2008.

• A. Tsitsikyan “Armenian bow art”, Yerevan, 2004

Links

• Violin alphabet, history of the violin, sheet music, books and films about the violin, violin in literature, painting, animation, etc.
• Microphone on a stand or on an instrument with piezo pickups. How to voice a violin. Nikolay Savinov. Skripach.ru

see also

• Violin in the traditions of the peoples of the world

Notes

The most important part of a modern symphony orchestra. Perhaps no other instrument has such a combination of beauty, expressiveness of sound and technical agility.

In an orchestra, the violin performs various and multifaceted functions. Very often, due to their exceptional melodiousness, violins are used for melodic “singing”, to convey the main musical idea. The magnificent melodic capabilities of violins were discovered by composers long ago, and were firmly established in this role already among the classics of the 18th century.

Violin names in other languages:

• violino(Italian);
• violon(French);
• violine or geige(German);
• violin or fiddle(English).

The most famous violin makers include such personalities as Antonio Stradivari, Niccolo Amati And Giuseppe Guarneri.

Origin, history of the violin

It has folk origin. The ancestors of the violin were Arabic, Spanish fidel, German company, the merger of which formed.

The shapes of the violin were established by the 16th century. Famous violin makers, the Amati family, date back to this century and the beginning of the 17th century. Their instruments are beautifully shaped and made of excellent materials. In general, Italy was famous for the production of violins, among which Stradivarius and Guarneri violins are currently extremely highly valued.

The violin has been a solo instrument since the 17th century. The first works for violin are considered to be: “Romanesca per violino solo e basso” by Marini from Brescia (1620) and “Capriccio stravagante” by his contemporary Farina. A. Corelli is considered the founder of artistic violin playing; followed by Torelli, Tartini, Pietro Locatelli (1693-1764), a student of Corelli, who developed a bravura technique of violin playing.

The violin acquired its modern appearance in the 16th century and became widespread in the 17th century.

Violin structure

The violin has four strings tuned in fifths: g, d,a,e (small octave G, D, A of the first octave, E of the second octave).

Violin range from g (S of the small octave) to a (A of the fourth octave) and higher.

Violin tone thick in the low register, soft in the middle and brilliant in the upper register.

Violin body It has an oval shape with rounded notches on the sides forming a “waist”. The roundness of the external contours and waist lines ensures comfortable playing, particularly in high registers.

Upper and lower body decks connected to each other by shells. The back is made of maple, and the top is made of Tyrolean spruce. They both have a convex shape, forming “arches”. The geometry of the vaults, as well as their thickness, to one degree or another determine the strength and timbre of the sound.

Another important factor affecting the timbre of a violin is the height of the sides.

Two resonator holes are made in the upper soundboard - f-holes (in shape they resemble the Latin letter f).

In the middle of the top soundboard there is a stand through which the strings pass, attached to the tailpiece (underneck). Tailpiece It is a strip of ebony that widens towards the strings. Its opposite end is narrow, with a thick vein string in the form of a loop, it is connected to a button located on the shell. Stand also affects the timbre of the instrument. It has been experimentally established that even a small shift of the stand leads to a significant change in timbre (when shifted downwards, the sound is duller, upwards - more shrill).

Inside the body of the violin, between the upper and lower soundboards, a round pin made of resonant spruce is inserted - dushka (from the word “soul”). This part transmits vibrations from the top to the bottom, providing resonance.

Violin neck- a long plate made of ebony or plastic. The lower part of the neck is attached to a rounded and polished bar, the so-called neck. Also, the strength and timbre of the sound of bowed instruments is greatly influenced by the material from which they are made and the composition of the varnish.

Violin playing technique, techniques

The strings are pressed with four fingers of the left hand to the fingerboard (thumb excluded). The strings are drawn with a bow held in the player's right hand.

Pressing the finger against the fingerboard shortens the string, thereby increasing the pitch of the string. Strings that are not pressed with a finger are called open and are designated zero.

Violin part written in treble clef.

Violin range- from G of the small octave to the fourth octave. Higher sounds are difficult.

From half-pressing the strings in certain places, harmonics. Some harmonic sounds go further in pitch than the violin range indicated above.

Putting the fingers of the left hand is called fingering. The index finger is called the first, the middle finger is the second, the ring finger is the third, and the little finger is the fourth. Position is called the fingering of four adjacent fingers, spaced one tone or semitone apart. Each string can have seven or more positions. The higher the position, the more difficult it is. On each string, excluding fifths, they go mainly only up to the fifth position inclusive; but on the fifth or first string, and sometimes on the second, higher positions are used - from the sixth to the twelfth.

Methods of bowing have a great influence on the character, strength, timbre of the sound, and indeed on phrasing in general.

On a violin, you can normally play two notes simultaneously on adjacent strings ( double strings), in exceptional cases - three (strong bow pressure is required), and not simultaneously, but very quickly - three ( triple strings) and four. Such combinations, predominantly harmonic, are easier to perform with empty strings and more difficult without them and are usually used in solo works.

The orchestral technique is very common tremolo- rapid alternation of two sounds or repetition of the same sound, creating the effect of trembling, trembling, flickering.

Reception Kol Leno(col legno), meaning the blow of the bow shaft on the string, causes a knocking, deathly sound, which is also used with great success by composers in symphonic music.

In addition to playing with a bow, they use one of the fingers of the right hand to touch the strings - pizzicato(pizzicato).

To weaken or muffle the sound, use mute- a metal, rubber, rubber, bone or wooden plate with recesses in the lower part for strings, which is attached to the top of the stand or filly.

It is easier to play the violin in those keys that allow the greatest use of empty strings. The most convenient passages are those that are composed of scales or their parts, as well as arpeggios of natural keys.

It is difficult to become a violinist in adulthood (but possible!), since finger sensitivity and muscle memory are very important for these musicians. The sensitivity of an adult's fingers is much less than that of a young person, and muscle memory takes longer to develop. It is best to learn to play the violin from the age of five, six or seven, perhaps even from an earlier age.

Famous violinists

• Arcangelo Corelli
• Antonio Vivaldi
• Giuseppe Tartini
• Jean-Marie Leclerc
• Giovanni Batista Viotti
• Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin
• Niccolo Paganini
• Ludwig Spohr
• Charles-Auguste Beriot
• Henri Vietang
• Alexey Fedorovich Lvov
• Henryk Wieniawski
• Pablo Sarasate
• Ferdinand Laub
• Joseph Joachim
• Leopold Auer
• Eugene Ysaye
• Fritz Kreisler
• Jacques Thibault
• Oleg Kagan
• George Enescu
• Miron Polyakin
• Mikhail Erdenko
• Jascha Heifetz
• David Oistrakh
• Yehudi Menuhin
• Leonid Kogan
• Henrik Schering
• Yulian Sitkovetsky
• Mikhail Vaiman
• Victor Tretyakov
• Gidon Kremer
• Maxim Vengerov
• Janos Bihari
• Andrew Manze
• Pinchas Zuckerman
• Itzhak Perlman

Video: Violin on video + sound

Thanks to these videos, you can get acquainted with the instrument, watch a real game on it, listen to its sound, and feel the specifics of the technique:

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The violin is one of the most common stringed musical instruments. It has been popular for a long time - since the 16th century. Violinists play solo on it and accompany in ensembles. The sounds of the violin can be found in many modern groups, as can be seen by listening to the compositions of the weborama music portal, which specializes in this topic. It is not for nothing that this instrument is called the queen of the orchestra.

The exact place and time of origin of the violin could not be established. There have been many speculations about what stringed instruments were like before the modern violin. It is assumed that the ancestors of the violin and viol were rebab, rota, fidel, which appeared in the 13th-15th centuries. The viola arose before the violin. It varied in size. To perform any piece on the viol, the musician had to stand. When performing, the viol was held on the knees, and later on the shoulders, which led to the appearance of the violin.

Initially they did not play solos on the violin, because this instrument was considered common. It was used only among traveling musicians in beer establishments.

A significant transformation of the violin took place in the 16th century, thanks to Italian craftsmen who made a musical instrument of ideal shape and from the best materials. The author of the first modern violin is Gasparo Bertolotti. Members of the Amati family made a great contribution to the production of violins in Italy, who worked on the timbre of the instrument. They were the ones who made it deep and voluminous. According to their idea, the violin should convey feelings and emotions, its sound should resemble a human voice. The idea was a success.

The violin has a wide range and beautiful sound. This allows composers to create works of different genres for the violin. There are many masterpieces where the leading part belongs to the violin.

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It is generally accepted that the first stringed instrument was invented by the Indian (according to another version, Ceylonese) king Ravana, who lived about five thousand years ago. This is probably why the distant ancestor of the violin was called ravanastron. It consisted of an empty cylinder made of mulberry wood, one side of which was covered with the skin of a broad-scaled water boa constrictor. The strings were made from gazelle intestines, and the bow, curved in an arc, was made from bamboo wood. Ravanastron has been preserved to this day among wandering Buddhist monks.

The violin appeared on the professional stage at the end of the 15th century, and its “inventor” was an Italian from Bologna, Gaspar Duifopruggar. The oldest violin, made by him in 1510 for King Franz I, is kept in the Netherland collection in Aachen (Holland). The violin owes its current appearance and, of course, sound to the Italian violin makers Amati, Stradivari and Guarneri. Violins made by Magini are also highly prized. Their violins, made from well-dried and varnished maple and spruce plates, sang more beautifully than the most beautiful voices. The instruments made by these masters are still played by the best violinists in the world. Stradivarius designed a violin that is still unsurpassed, with a rich timbre and exceptional “range” - the ability to fill huge halls with sound. It had kinks and irregularities inside the body, due to which the sound was enriched due to the appearance of a large number of high overtones.

The violin is the highest timbre instrument of the bow family. It consists of two main parts - the body and the neck, between which four steel strings are stretched. The main advantage of the violin is the melodiousness of the timbre. It can be used to perform both lyrical melodies and dazzling fast passages. The violin is the most common solo instrument in the orchestra.

The Italian virtuoso and composer Niccolo Paganini greatly expanded the capabilities of the violin. Subsequently, many other violinists appeared, but no one could surpass him. Wonderful works for the violin were created by Vivaldi, Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky and others.

Oistrakh, or, as he was called, “King David,” is considered an outstanding Russian violinist.

There is an instrument that looks very similar to a violin, but is slightly larger. This is an alt.

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