Population of Udmurtia. Udmurt people What peoples live on the territory of Udmurtia
When talking about the Mari and Vyatka regions on our website, we often mentioned and. Its origin is mysterious; moreover, the Mari (themselves inhabitants of the forests) considered the Udmurts to be a different, forest, wild people. In various villages and villages of Mari El, legends have been preserved about the Odo, Odo-Mari, and the people of Ovda who previously lived here. In particular, such legends exist in the Morkinsky district (Ovda-sola), the Zvenigovsky district (Kuzhmara), the Volzhsky district (near Pomar), in the Paranginsky and Mari-Tureksky districts, etc.
When the Mari moved east, they certainly encountered in the taiga wilds the ancient people - the Chud, who went east - beyond Vyatka, or to the north.
By the way, the toponym Paranga comes from the Udmurt Porancha (Mari river).
The Vyatichi (Slavs), who also moved to the east and south, called them the Vyatka Chud, Votyaks, recognizing that they were Chud, the general name for the Finno-Ugric peoples of northern Russia.
The Chuvash called the Udmurts “arsuri” - “foresters, leshaks.”
The Tatars (Bulgars) called the Udmurts Ars, Arsk people, hence the city of Arsk and the Arsk principalities in the valley of the Vyatka River (it is not for nothing that the legends about the shural came to life on Arsk land).
meeting of the Udmurt Kenesh - Council of the Udmurts 
Cis-Urals. The ethnonym of this people is Udmurt, Udmort, Ukmort. The outdated name is votyaki.
The Udmurts live quite compactly in the Urals and adjacent territories. The bulk of the Udmurt people live in the Republic of Udmurtia, outside its borders - in the republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Mari El, in the Kirov and Sverdlovsk regions, in Perm. edge.
The Udmurt ethnos consists of two large ethnographic groups - northern. and south Udmurtov Researchers also identify several local groups of Udmurts, separated from the main part of the ethnic group and living, as a rule, outside the Udmurt Republic.
The Udmurt language belongs to Perm. branches of the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family. The bulk of the Udmurts are Orthodox Christians, but some peripheral groups of Udmurts have escaped even formal Christianization.
The 1989 census noted 746,800 Udmurts, of whom 66.4% lived on the territory of Udmurtia, and the rest outside its borders. According to the 2002 census in the Russian Federation, the number of Udmurts was 636,900 people, in Perm. region - 26,300 Udmurts. A significant part of the modern Udmurts moved to the Kama region from the territory of Udmurtia and other regions and republics during Soviet times.
Large urban diasporas of Udmurts formed in the years. Perm, Tchaikovsky, Berezniki, Chernushka. A large number of Udmurts settled in the Chaikovsky, Bolshesosnovsky, and Vereshchaginsky districts at different periods.
wicker baby cradle - northern Udmurts 
SHORT STORY
The Udmurts are one of the indigenous peoples of the Middle Urals. The basis for the formation of the Udmurt ethnic group was the local Finno-Perm tribes, which at different times were influenced by the Scythians, Ugrians, Turks and Slavs.
The oldest self-name of the Udmurts is Ary, that is, “man”, “man”. This is where the ancient name of the Vyatka land comes from - the Arsk land, the inhabitants of which the Russians almost until the revolution called Permyaks, Votyaks (on the Vyatka River) or Votsk Chud. Today, Udmurts consider these names offensive.
Until the mid-16th century, the Udmurts were not a single people. The northern Udmurts quite early became part of the Vyatka land, which was being developed by Russian settlers. After the Mongol invasion, the Vyatka land became the patrimony of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal princes, and in 1489 it became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
The southern Udmurts fell under the rule of the Volga Bulgaria, and later the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. It is generally accepted that their annexation to Russia was completed by 1558.
Thus, over the course of three or four generations, the Udmurts changed their citizenship several times, and many of them were assimilated: northern Udmurts by Russians, southern Udmurts by Tatars.
However, it was the Russian state that gave the Udmurt tribes the opportunity not only to survive, but also to form as a people. Here are the dry numbers: if in the Petrine era only 48 thousand Udmurts were counted, now there are 637 thousand of them - a 13-fold increase in number over 200 years.
Udmurt children's folklore group of Udmurts 
LANGUAGE AND NUMBER
They speak Russian and Udmurt (the latter belongs to the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic family). Within its language group, the Udmurt language, together with Komi-Permyak and Komi-Zyryan, forms the Perm subgroup.
According to the 2010 census, 552 thousand Udmurts lived in Russia, including 410 thousand in Udmurtia itself. In addition, Udmurts live in Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Uzbekistan, and Australia. The main religion is Orthodoxy, which in rural areas includes remnants of pre-Christian beliefs.
The Udmurt people arose as a result of the collapse of the Proto-Perm ethnolinguistic community and are an autochthonous population of the northern and middle Cis-Urals and Kama region. In the language and culture of the Udmurts, the influence of Russians is noticeable (especially among the northern Udmurts), as well as various Turkic tribes - speakers of R- and Z-Turkic languages (among the southern Udmurts the influence of the Tatar language and culture is especially noticeable).
The etymology of the self-name of the Udmurts is not entirely clear; The hypothesis worthy of the greatest attention is one that traces the ethnonym Udmurt to the Iranian *anta-marta “resident of the outskirts, borderland; neighbour". In the modern Udmurt language, the word is divided into two components - ud- (strong, powerful, graceful) and -murt “man, man” (for this reason, the ethnonym is translated into Russian by some researchers as “strong, graceful ud; Ud man”, which , however, cannot be considered correct).
The former Russian name - votyaki (otyaki, vot) - goes back to the same root ud- as the self-name Udmurt (but through the Mari medium odo "Udmurt").
The ancestors of the southern Udmurts from the end of the 1st millennium AD. e. were under the rule of Bulgaria, and later - the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. The North Udmurt lands became part of Russia with the final annexation of the Vyatka land in 1489. The final entry of the Udmurt lands into the Russian state occurs after the fall of Kazan (the official dates - 1557 or 1558 - are conventionally accepted in local historiography).
The emergence of statehood is associated with the formation of the Votsk Autonomous Region in 1920 (since 1932 - the Udmurt Autonomous Okrug, since 1934 - the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, since 1991 - the Udmurt Republic).
northern - Chepetsk Udmurts (Cheptsa River) 
Main activities
The traditional occupations of the Udmurts were arable farming and animal husbandry; gardening played a lesser role. For example, in 1913, grains made up 93% of total crops, potatoes - 2%. Crops: rye, wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, millet, hemp, flax. They raised draft cattle, cows, pigs, sheep, and poultry. Cabbage, rutabaga, and cucumbers were cultivated in the gardens. Hunting, fishing, beekeeping and gathering played an important role.
Crafts and trades were developed - logging, timber harvesting, tar smoking, flour milling, spinning, weaving, knitting, embroidery. Fabrics for the family's needs were entirely produced at home (Udmurt canvases were valued on the market). Since the 18th century, metallurgy and metalworking have developed.
The main social unit is the neighboring community (buskel). These are several associations of related families. Small families predominated, but there were also large ones. Such a family had common property, a land plot, a joint farm, and lived on the same estate. Some separated, but at the same time elements of a common economy were preserved, that is, related mutual assistance.
Galina Kulakova - legendary Udmurt skier (USSR) 
Life and traditions
A typical settlement - a village (udm. edge), was located in a chain along the river or near springs, without streets, with a cumulus layout (until the 19th century). The dwelling is an above-ground log building, a hut (korka), with a cold entryway.
The roof was gable, planked, placed on the roofs, and later on the rafters. The corners were cut into oblos, the grooves were laid with moss. In the 20th century, wealthy peasants began to build five-wall houses, with winter and summer halves, or two-story houses, sometimes with a stone bottom and a wooden top.
Kuala (more precisely “kua”, -la is a suffix of the local case) is a special ritual building that was obviously known to many Finno-Ugric peoples (“kudo” - among the Mari, “kudo”, “kud” - among the Mordovians, kota - among the Finns, "koda" - among the Estonians, Karelians, Vepsians, Vodians). Usually they stood in the priest's yard or in the forest outside the outskirts. In appearance, the pokchi and bydym kua were almost the same (only in size): this is a log structure with gable roof on somtsy.
In the houses there was an adobe stove (gur), with a cauldron hanging from the northern Udmurts and a cauldron mounted like the Tatars. Diagonally from the stove there was a red corner, with a table and chair for the head of the family. There are benches and shelves along the walls. They slept on beds and bunks. The yard included a cellar, stables, sheds, and storage rooms.
The North Udmurt women's costume included a shirt (derem), with straight sleeves, a neckline, a removable bib, a robe (shortderem), and a girdle. Clothes are white.
Among the southerners, white clothing was ritual, while everyday clothing was colored and decorated. This is the same shirt, sleeveless vest (saestem), or camisole, woolen caftan.
Shoes - patterned stockings and socks, boots, felt boots, bast shoes (kut).
On the head they wore headbands (yyrkerttet), a towel (turban, vesyak kyshet), a high birch bark hat trimmed with canvas with decorations and a coverlet (ayshon). Girls' clothing - ukotug, scarf or headband, taqya, cap with decorations.
Among the northern Udmurts, embroidery, beads, and beads predominated in jewelry, while among the southern Udmurts, coins were the predominant decorations. Jewelry - chains (veins), earrings (pel ugy), rings (zundes), bracelets (poskes), necklace (entire).
Men's suit - blouse, blue trousers with white stripes, felted hats, sheepskin caps, shoes - onuchi, bast shoes, boots, felt boots.
Outerwear without gender differences - fur coats.
In their diet, the Udmurts combined meat and plant foods. They collected mushrooms, berries, and herbs. Soups (shyd) - different: with noodles, mushrooms, cereals, cabbage, fish soup, cabbage soup, okroshka with horseradish and radish.
Dairy products - fermented baked milk, yogurt, cottage cheese. Meat - dried, baked, but more often boiled, as well as jelly (kualekyasya) and blood sausages (virtyrem). Typical are dumplings (pelnyan - ear of bread, which indicates the Finno-Ugric origin of the name), flatbreads (zyreten taban and perepeche), pancakes (milym).
Bread (nannies). Popular drinks include beet kvass (syukas), fruit drinks, beer (sur), mead (musur), moonshine (kumyshka).
Valuable information about the wedding rites and customs of the Udmurts is given, in particular, in the study of the ethnographer and missionary among the Udmurts S. A. Bagin “Wedding rites and customs of the Votyaks of the Kazan district. (Ethnographic essay)".
Udmurts, Udmurt people Buranovsky grandmothers at Eurovision
National character and traditions of the Udmurts
Anthropologically, the Udmurts belong to the Ural small race, which is distinguished by the predominance of Caucasian features with some Mongoloidity. There are many redheads among the Udmurts. On this basis they can compete with the world champions in golden hair - the Irish Celts.
Outwardly, the Udmurts are strong and hardy, although not of a heroic physique. They are very patient. Typical traits of the Udmurt character are modesty, shyness, even to the point of timidity, and restraint in expressing feelings. Udmurts are laconic. “His tongue is sharp, but his hands are dull,” they say. However, they appreciate the power of the apt expression: “The wind destroys mountains, the word raises nations”; “A heartfelt word warms three winters.”
Travelers of the 18th century noted the great hospitality and cordiality of the Udmurts, their peacefulness and gentle disposition, “a tendency towards joy rather than sadness.”
Radishchev noted in his “Diary of a Travel from Siberia”: “The Votyaks are almost like Russians... A common fate, common concerns and adversities brought the two peoples closer together, giving rise to friendship and trust between them.”
Perhaps the most expressive building in the Udmurt peasant yard were the two-story kenos-barns. There were as many daughters-in-law in the family as there were kenos in the yard. This word itself comes from the Udmurt “ken” - daughter-in-law.
The traditional Udmurt women's costume was one of the most complex and colorful in the Volga region. The Udmurts have achieved the highest mastery in “linen folklore”,
The traditional ethnoculture of the Udmurts uses the classic color triad: white-red-black. It is no coincidence that it is the basis for the Coat of Arms and Flag of the Udmurt Republic.
Southern Udmurt woman in a festive costume 
Arts and crafts
Nothing is known about the development of decorative and applied arts among the Udmurts of the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, such types of folk art as embroidery, patterned weaving (carpets, runners, bedspreads), patterned knitting, wood carving, weaving, and birch bark embossing emerged. They embroidered on canvas with garus threads, silk and cotton, and tinsel. The ornament is geometric, the predominant colors are red, brown, black, the background is white. The southern Udmurts, under the influence of the Turks, have more polychrome embroidery. In the 19th century, embroidery was replaced by patterned weaving, and patterned knitting is still alive. They knit stockings, socks, mittens, and hats.
Holidays
The basis of the calendar and holiday system of the Udmurts (both baptized and unbaptized) is the Julian calendar with a circle of Orthodox holidays. The main holidays are Christmas, Epiphany, Easter, Trinity, Peter's Day, Elijah's Day, Intercession.
Tolsur is the day of the winter solstice (vozhodyr), weddings were held on it.
Gyryny poton or akashka - Easter, the beginning of the spring harvest.
Gerber - Peter's Day.
Vyl ӝuk - preparing porridge and bread from the new harvest.
Sӥzyl yuon - the end of the harvest.
Vyl shud, sal siyon - the beginning of the slaughter of livestock.
The opening of rivers (yӧ kelyan) and the appearance of the first thawed patches (guzhdor shyd) were also celebrated.
dishes of Udmurt cuisine 
Culture of Udmurtia
The Udmurts created myths, legends, fairy tales (magical, about animals, realistic), and riddles from folklore. The main place is occupied by lyrical song creativity. The epic genre is poorly developed, represented by scattered legends about the Donda heroes; attempts have been made to combine these legends into a cycle like Kalevipoeg.
There is folk music and dance creativity. The dances are the simplest - walking in a circle with dance movements (krugen ekton), pair dancing (vache ekton), there are dances for three and four.
Historical musical instruments: harp (krez), harp (ymkrez), pipe and flute made from grass stems (chipchirgan, uzy guma), bagpipes (byz), etc. In our time, they have been replaced by the balalaika, violin, accordion, and guitar.
Folk mythology is close to the mythologies of other Finno-Ugric peoples. It is characterized by dualistic cosmogony (the struggle between good and evil principles), a three-part division of the world (upper, middle and lower). The supreme deity is Inmar (Kyldysin was also considered one of the main gods).
The evil spirit, Inmar's rival is Shaitan. The deity of the hearth, the guardian of the clan - Vorshud. There are numerous lower spirits: vumurt, vukuzyo - the water spirit, gidmurt - the spirit of the barn, nyulesmurt - the spirit of the forest, tӧlperi - the spirit of the wind, nyulesmurt, telkuzo - the goblin, yagperi - the spirit of the forest, ludmurt - the spirit of meadows and fields, kutos - an evil spirit that sends disease , etc. The influence of folk Christianity and Islam (religious calendar, mythological stories) is very significant.
The pagan clergy was developed - the priest (vysya), the butcher (parchas), the healer (tuno). Conventionally, a tӧro can be considered a clergyman - a respected person present at all ceremonies.
Images of folk deities are unknown, although 19th-century ethnographers mention the presence of Udmurt “idols” (made of wood or even silver).
The sacred grove (lud) was revered; some trees had sacred meaning (birch, spruce, pine, rowan, alder).
Udmurt prayer - sacred grove Aktash Udmurts 
RELIGION OF THE UDMURT
Until 1917, the majority of Udmurts were officially considered Orthodox. Christianization, which began in the 16th century, became widespread in the 18th century. However, Christian teaching was not fully accepted and understood by the Udmurts, largely due to the violent methods of baptism and ignorance of the language of worship. Along with Christianity, original forms of pre-Christian religious views, which are usually designated by the conventionally collective term “paganism,” were preserved for a long time.
The ancient religion of the Udmurts is characterized by significant development and complexity. This is evidenced by a large pantheon, special clergy, special places of prayer, detailed ceremonies with strictly regulated cult rituals, that is, there is a fairly holistic system of worldview and worldview of traditional Udmurt society. All this is intended to ideologically ensure the functioning of the “man - society - nature” system.
The most striking component of any religion is its pantheon. The Udmurts revered a large number of gods, deities, spirits and all kinds of mythological creatures - their total number is about 40. The main ones were Inmar - the god of the sky, Kyldysin - the creator, god of the earth, Kuaz - the god of the atmosphere and weather. In addition, nyulesmurt - goblin, vumurt - water creature, munchomurt - bath creature, gidkuamurt - brownie, palesmurt - evil creature (literally - “half man”) were revered. A special place in the religion of the Udmurts was occupied by the sacred grove - lud (keremet).
Over the course of a thousand-year history, the system of paganism of the Udmurts has developed and acquired a huge number of “images” as a result of ethnocultural cooperation. This diversity required appropriate comprehension, interpretation, and the development of norms of cult etiquette - all these issues were in charge of the ministers of cult (clergy). They were, to a large extent, the direct creators of certain religious and mythological ideas, their disseminators among their fellow tribesmen, as well as original intermediaries between the deities and the general mass of believers. Based on the name of the two central sanctuaries, the Udmurt village world was usually divided into two endogamous cult groups: the Kua clan (Kua Vyzhy) and the Luda clan (Lud Vyzhy).
To service these cult complexes, their own special servants (priests) were selected from each group. The chief priests usually served for life or were elected for 12 years. Sometimes a young child was chosen as the chief priest. Then a regent was appointed under him.
A very significant place among the clergy of the Udmurts belonged to the most respected, honorable person, who, by his presence alone, seemed to sanctify prayer rituals. Note that, in addition to the cult, there were also secular honorary persons: the guest of honor, the head of the feast, the thousand who gave the wedding the main melody, the foreman of the village.
The individual components of the religious-mythological complex of the Udmurts can be combined into two groups: family-tribal and agrarian cults. All other forms of beliefs (totemism, witchcraft, witchcraft, shamanism, trade cults, etc.) were included in them as historically earlier structure-forming components or unique ideological subsystems.
Family-tribal cults, in turn, were divided into the cult of family-tribal shrines and the cult of ancestors, corresponding to the maternal and paternal clan. The cult of family and ancestral shrines was manifested mainly in the veneration of the vorshud and pokchi kua(la) - the ancestral or family sanctuary. Back at the beginning of the 20th century. Every Udmurt village and almost every family had its own vorshud.
Vorshud is a complex concept that meant:
1) a ancestral or family shrine kept in a kuala. Usually this is a vorshudny box that contained several silver coins, a squirrel skin, hazel grouse wings, a pike jaw, black grouse feathers, ritual utensils, a piece of sacrificial bread, flour, cereal, and a tree branch. In a word, a kind of materialized objective information about the surrounding world was concentrated here at all its most important structural levels;
2) an abstract deity - the patron of a clan or family and a set of ideas and ideas associated with it;
3) a specific ornitho-, zoo-, anthropomorphic image of a deity: a goose with a silver beak, a bull with golden horns, etc.;
4) an exogamous association of relatives who have the same patron. Each vorshud had his own name.
The social carrier of agrarian cults was the community, with the formation of which a set of rituals, sacrifices, and spells was formalized in order to stimulate the fertility of the wet-nurse-earth. Under the influence of Islam and Christianity, the religious syncretism of the Udmurts developed.
Recently, appeals to “folk, natural, primordial” pagan religion, to exotic eastern philosophical and religious concepts, etc. have become fashionable.
The problems of religion have acquired particular relevance and significance in the post-Soviet era, when society is going through a difficult period in its history. In this crisis situation, which has affected almost all spheres of public and personal life, many are rightly looking for a way out in search of lost spirituality, a return to the original universal values, restoration of deformed natural structures of worldview, their ethnic mentality. Pagan prayers of the Udmurts have been preserved only in the village of Kuzebaevo, Alnash region of Udmurtia, in the village of Varkled-Bodya, Agryz region of Tatarstan and villages of Bashkortostan. In these villages live unbaptized Udmurts who remained faithful to the old faith and are bearers of a traditional worldview. The religious community “Udmurt Prayer” seeks to revive pagan prayers in other Udmurt regions. Since 1922, the Republican Gerber holiday has been held annually, in the context of which prayer also fits.
Northern Udmurts 
HISTORY OF UDMURT AND VYATKA REGION
There is still debate about the ancestral homeland of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Previously, it was believed that it was located somewhere in the foothills of the Altai and Sayan Mountains; others sought it in Central Germany and Scandinavia; still others were convinced that the Finno-Ugrians came from India. Nowadays, almost no one holds these views anymore. Most researchers believe that the main territory of formation and ancient settlement of the Finno-Ugric peoples was in the Urals in the broad sense of the word (Volga-Kamie, Middle Urals and Trans-Urals). The Finno-Ugric community apparently existed in the era of the developed Neolithic, in the 3rd millennium BC. e., and then began to break up into separate branches, which ultimately led to the formation of modern Finno-Ugric peoples. One of the first and main questions that inevitably arises before specialists in ethnic history is the question of “where did the people come from?” The current state of historical science allows us to assert that the basis for the formation of the Finnish-speaking Udmurts were the autochthonous tribes of the Vyatka and Kama interfluves, the creators of a number of successive archaeological cultures here. Nevertheless, it is necessary to take into account the influence on the development of local tribes from their ethnic neighbors: ancient Iranians, Ugrians and Turks of a wide ethnocultural and chronological spectrum. We can apparently speak quite confidently about the origins of Udmurt ethnogenesis proper from the Ananyin archaeological culture (VIII-III centuries BC). Obviously, the Ananyin people are the common ancestors of the Udmurts, Komi and Mari. A number of local cultures of the first centuries AD grew on the basis of the Ananyino culture. BC: Glyadenovskaya (Upper Kama), Osinskaya (Middle Kama, mouth of the Tulva River), Pyanoborskaya (mouth of the Belaya River). It is believed that the Glyadenovtsy are the ancestors of the Komi, the Osinians and Pyanoborstsy are the ancient Udmurts. In all likelihood, the collapse of the Perm ethnolinguistic community began during that period. In the first half of the 1st millennium BC. e. part of the population from the Kama goes to the Vyatka and its tributary Cheptsa. Here, in the Chepetsk basin, a new archaeological culture arose - the Polomskaya (III-IX centuries). The Polom culture is replaced by the Chepetsk culture (IX-XV centuries), which can be traced back to the time when the first written sources on the Udmurts appeared.
The Udmurts have preserved legends that once the Udmurt tribe Vatka lived on the river. Vyatka. The “language of the earth”—toponymy—talks about the same thing. There are a lot of Ud-Murt toponyms in Vyatka. They indisputably indicate that the Udmurts once lived here. They inhabited the area around the modern city of Kirov especially densely. One of the legends tells that on the site of the future city there was a large Udmurt settlement with the Great Kuala - a family sanctuary. Somewhere at the turn of the 1st-2nd millennium AD. e. The Udmurts who lived on Vyatka formed the ancient Udmurt community. At the same time, the ethnonym “Udmurt” itself could have appeared, which, apparently, genetically goes back to the Bulgarian name of the river. Vyatki - Vata (“vat-murt - ot-murt - ut-murt - ud-murt”: a person from Vyatka). There are other interpretations of the etymology and semantics of the ethnonym “Udmurt”. In Russian sound, this term acquired the form “votyak”: a typical word-forming suffix was added to the ancient root “vat” (cf.: Permyak, Siberian). In the conditions of Tsarist Russia with its unequal policy towards “foreigners”, the term “votyak” was perceived by the Udmurts as derogatory and even offensive (cf.: Mari - “Cheremis”, Ukrainians - “Khokhols”, Jews - “Jews”, etc. .), although even the state formation of the Udmurts at its creation (November 4, 1920) was initially officially defined as the “Autonomous Region of the Votsk (Votyak) People” and only in 1932 was it renamed the Udmurt Autonomous Okrug, in 1934 - the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. At the everyday level, the term “votyak” is sometimes found even now, giving rise to a lot of grievances (in the West, especially in scientific literature, the exo-ethnonym “votyak” is still traditionally often used, although more and more people are turning to the endo-ethnonym of the people). The self-name “Udmurt” has been recorded since the 18th century.
Contacts with other peoples
The ancient Udmurts experienced a long-term ethnocultural influence from the Turks. Udmurt-Turkic ties that began in the 1st millennium AD. e., intensified in the Bulgarian and Tatar times. They played a certain role in the formation of certain aspects of the culture and life of the Udmurt people, especially their southern group. The Udmurts received the name “ar” from their Turkic neighbors.
It dates back to the 12th century, and the Tatars still call the Udmurts Ars. This name appeared in some Russian sources, where the Udmurts are known as “Aryans”, “Arsk people” (hence the city of Arsk, Arskoe field, Arskaya street in Kazan). At the end of the 1st millennium AD. e. The Mari tribes that reached Vyatka forced the ancient Udmurts to make room, move to the left bank of the river and populate the basin of the Kilmezi and Vala rivers.
Many Udmurt legends tell of clashes between the Udmurts and the Mari over land. In the legends, everything was decided by competitions between heroes: whoever kicks the next hummock across the river will live here. The Udmurt hero turned out to be stronger, and the Mari, despite their cunning (their hero cut off a hummock), had to retreat. In reality, the Mari penetrated quite far into the depths of the Udmurt settlements (toponyms in -ner: Kizner, Sizner - clearly of Mari origin).
Another part of the Udmurts assimilated into Russian settlements on Vyatka. The third part went to Cheptsa, where the Udmurts had already lived before. By the end of the 17th century. they mainly occupied the territory of the current settlement.
In 1174, a large squad of ushkuiniks set off from Novgorod the Great on ships down the Volga. Having reached the Kama, they built a fortified town on its shore. Some of the Ushkuiniks climbed the Kama, the other went up the Vyatka and conquered the Chuds and Votyaks who lived there. For quite a long time it was believed that this was the beginning of the Russian colonization of the Vyatka region. But by the end of the 19th century. It turned out that the “Tale of the Vyatka Country”, or the “Vyatka Chronicler”, according to which this opinion existed, is a rather controversial source and contains very ambiguous and sometimes completely incorrect information. Even the term “ushkuy” itself appears only in the 14th century, and is first found in the chronicle in 1320, so “ushkuiniki” could not have appeared on Vyatka in 1174. Nevertheless, the historical connections of the Udmurts with the Slavic world are quite ancient . This is evidenced by Slavic finds in archaeological monuments of Udmurtia. The first Russian settlers appeared on Vyatka, apparently in the second half of the 14th century. Fleeing from the Tatar-Mongol yoke, especially after the battle on the river. Drunk (1377), when Tsarevich Arapsha subjected the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal land to terrible destruction, part of its population fled to the north and northeast, and some of the Nizhny Novgorod and Suzdal residents found refuge in the dense Vyatka forests. Settlers also came here from other Russian lands. By the end of the 14th century. The Vyatka land was the patrimony of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal princes, and later, after a long and difficult civil strife, it came under the rule of Moscow.
Buranovskie Babushki - Udmurt group 
Arsk princes
The famous Russian historian N.I. Kostomarov was forced to note: “...There is nothing in Russian history darker than the fate of Vyatka and its land.” Indeed, many aspects of Vyatka history still remain unclear and are replete with mysteries. One of them is the origin of the Arsk princes. It is known that this name was given to the Tatar rulers who ruled the southern Udmurts on the right bank of the Kama River, where they formed a special tax-paying region - the Arsk Daruga, the center of which was the Arsk town (now Arsk). And suddenly these Arsk princes appear on the Vyatka land, and also as princes. Only now they already own the northern Udmurts who lived on Vyatka and Chepts. How did this happen? There are two main opinions: the Ar princes took part in the campaign of the Tatar prince Bekbut to the Vyatka land in 1391 and remained there as victors; the Suzdal princes Vasily and Semyon Dmitrievich, who owned Vyatka as their patrimony, in the separatist struggle with Moscow sought support from the Tatars and in 1399, together with Tsarevich Eytyak (Sentyak), stormed and robbed Nizhny Novgorod, and in payment for this campaign or in For their own safety, they settled the Tatars in the village. Karine (that's why they are called Karinsky), not far from the mouth of the river. Caps, and handed them over to the Udmurts. 
Entry into the Russian state
“In the summer of 6997, the same spring of June, on the 11th day (June 11, 1489), the Great Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of All Russia sent his army to Vyatka for their failure to correct Prince Daniil Vasilyevich Shchen and Grigory Vasilyevich Morozov Poplyava and other governors with much force. They, as they marched, took the Vyatka ridges, and brought the Vyatchan people to kiss, and brought the Ar princes and other Hagarians to the company,” says the chronicle about the annexation of the Vyatka land to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Together with the Vyatchans - Russian people, the northern Udmurts also became part of the Moscow state, whom the chronicle mentions under the name of “other Hagarians”. They were “brought to the company,” that is, to the oath of allegiance to the Grand Duke. The southern Udmurts in the Arsk land, which was first in the possession of the Bulgarian state and then the Kazan Khanate, became part of the subjects of the Russian state in 1552, when Kazan submitted to Moscow. “Summer 7061 (1552) about sending to the ulus (district, village. - Author).” And the sovereign himself sent tribute letters to all uluses with black people (common people who pay yasak taxes. - Author)" dangerous letters of grant ( letters of safe conduct. - Author)," so that they would go to the sovereign without fear of anything; and whoever did dashing repairs, God would take revenge on them, and their sovereign would grant them, and they would pay tribute, just like the former Tsar of Kazan.
The Aryan people beat the Tsar with their foreheads. And the Aryan people sent the Cossacks Shemaya and Kubisha to the sovereign with a letter, so that the sovereign would grant them black people, give up his anger and order them to pay tribute, like the previous kings, and would send a boyar’s son to them, who would tell them the king’s word of favor, and he gathered them together, they fled in fear, and they would, having taught the sovereign the truth, sworn (oath, oath. - Author)," went to the sovereign...
On the same day (October 6), the tsar and the sovereign chose the governor whom he would leave behind in Kazan, the greater boyar and governor, Prince Alexander Borisovich Gorbaty - he ordered him to rule in the tsar's place - and the boyar Prince Vasily Semenovich Serebrenny and many other governors, and with He left them with his great nobles and many boyar children and archers and Cossacks. The Aryan people beat the sovereign with their foreheads,” this was recorded in the Patriarchal, or Nikon, chronicle about the entry of the Kazan Khanate with all its subjects, including the southern, Aryan Udmurts, into Russia. Then they “beat the sovereign with all the land and give tribute.” Gradually, after long and rather complicated collisions, both groups of Udmurts found themselves in a single state association, and their lives became inextricably linked with the fate of Russia.
After the annexation of Vyatka, the administrative structure usual for the Moscow Principality was established there. It was governed by governors and governors sent from Moscow. The local feudal-trading nobility (Vyatchans “big”, “zemstvo” and “trading” people) were partly “examined”, and partly, in order to prevent anti-Moscow protests, they were “dispersed” to Moscow cities. In their place they put people loyal to Moscow, mostly Ustyugans. The Moscow government encouraged the resettlement of Russian people to the newly annexed lands. The descendants of these settlers still live in Vyatka, bearing the names: Ustyuzhanin, Luzyanin, Vychuzhanin, Vylegzhanin, Perminov, Permyakov, etc., which clearly indicate the native places of the settlers. Russian people settled mainly in “towns” along the rivers, without penetrating deep into the territory of the Vyatka region. There were no particularly large-scale clashes with autochthons, which is quite natural given the abundance of empty land and the sparse population of Vyatka. In fact, the region was colonized not by the Moscow administration, but by Russian free “black-growing” peasants, who gradually, over the course of several centuries, settled in the Vyatka region. (3 XIV-XV centuries we can talk about the direct and ever-increasing (especially in the Soviet era) cultural and ethnic influence of the Russians on the Udmurts. Naturally, this was a two-way process, mutual influence, although the interacting parties were not of parity.
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In relation to the Udmurts, the grand-ducal authorities pursued a special, rather flexible and far-sighted policy. They were left in the possession of the Ar princes, who retained the right to “lead and judge... and collect duties,” but “for their service.” During the period of his long and difficult struggle with the Kazan Khanate, it was important for the Moscow Tsar to have loyal allies in the person of the Ar (Karin) Tatars, which is why they retained their possessions. And when Kazan was conquered, the position of the Ar princes changed: in 1588 the Udmurts were taken out from under their power; Now they had to pay “a quitrent for everything about everything” of 500 rubles “working together among themselves” directly into the tsar’s treasury. The dominance of the Karin Tatars, which lasted about two centuries, ended.
The problem of the social system of the Udmurts on the eve of joining the Russian state remains poorly developed and debatable. In the XV-XVI centuries. The Udmurts, apparently, were at the stage of transition from a communal clan organization to class (early feudal) relations. This process, due to the unfavorable socio-political situation that developed in the region in the first centuries of the 2nd millennium AD, was delayed and did not have time to be completed and acquire complete forms (this slowness, incompleteness of development will be a characteristic feature of the Udmurt society and in subsequent eras). It can be characterized by the well-known formula of the transition period “no longer - not yet...” With the annexation to Russia, the Udmurt world was completely and immediately included in the general feudal system of the state. As a result, the social system of the Udmurts was transformed in a unique way: developed feudal relations were imposed, as it were, from above, but within the Udmurt ethnic group, structure-forming units of a different socio-economic order continued to be preserved for a long time (veme - forms of collective mutual assistance of relatives, kenesh - communal gathering, vorshud - a social and cult association dating back to the totemic era, etc.). The incompleteness of the forms of social organization and the diversity of the economic system created many contradictory problems in the development of medieval Udmurt society. Obviously, it can be argued that from the middle of the 2nd millennium, the course of historical development, conditioned and determined primarily by internal factors, was interrupted, and from that time on, external influences began to play a dominant role. At the same time, the entry of the Udmurt people into the Russian centralized state had a progressive significance in the historical perspective: the process of socio-economic development accelerated, all groups found themselves within the framework of a single state - objective conditions appeared for the formation of the Udmurt nation.
A new era in the history of the Udmurt people, like other peoples of Russia, came after October 1917, when revolutionary changes took place in all spheres of political, economic and ethnocultural life. On November 4, 1920, for the first time in history, the statehood of the Udmurt people was established in the form of autonomy.
The Udmurts are a people mainly of the forest belt. It is no coincidence that the Chuvash called the Udmurts “arsuri” - “foresters, leshaks.” The forest had a great influence on the formation of their entire economic structure, material and spiritual culture. The Vyatka region was covered with dense taiga thickets, teeming with game. Even the coat of arms of this land was an image of a bow and arrow. Bulgaria also received most of its furs from Vyatka. Yes, even in the 16th century. S. Herberstein wrote that the best squirrel skins are brought to Moscow from Vyatka. In the 17th century in the royal letters to Vyatka, among other taxes, “soft junk” is certainly mentioned, especially “brown beavers”. The importance that hunting had for the Udmurts is evidenced by the fact that for a long time they served as a general trade equivalent, a kind of monetary unit, as in Ancient Rus', squirrel skin - “horses”; Now this word expresses the concept of “penny”. The favorite and ancient (like among many Finno-Ugrians) occupation of the Udmurts was beekeeping; they were reputed to be excellent beekeepers. Honey and wax were an important source of income, many terms related to beekeeping were preserved in the Udmurt language, there were also special “beekeeping” songs, biologists in Udmurtia discovered a special type of bee - the “Udmurt bee”. The ethnic territory of the Udmurts - the Kama-Vyatka interfluve (Volga-Kamye) - is covered with numerous rivers and amazes with the abundance of springs (it is no coincidence that Udmurtia is called the spring region). Fishing has been practiced here since ancient times. One of the groups of Udmurts is called “Kalmez”, where the common Finnish root “kala” is present - fish. They set tops, muzzles, nets, and pointed them with a spear. Valuable fish species were also caught: sterlet (hence the name of the former royal settlement, and now the city of Sarapul - “yellow fish”), beluga, taimen, trout, grayling (considered a sacred fish among the Udmurts).
However, quite early on, agriculture became the main branch of the complex economy of the Udmurts. And in fact, the absolute majority of Udmurts are still peasants. Despite the simplest tools (plow, roe deer, wooden harrow; the iron plow appeared only at the end of the 19th century), the Ud-Murts achieved noticeable success in agriculture. One of the travelers who visited these places in the 18th century, seeing the carefully cultivated fields, admiringly remarked: “There is not a single people in the Russian state that can compare with them in hard work.” In documents of the 19th century. in the reports of the Vyatka governors it is constantly emphasized: “The Votyaks are most industrious in arable farming”; “Agriculture among the Votyaks is the main subject of their studies, and it must be said that they can serve as the best examples of hard work”; “...the Votyaks are considered, if not the best, then the most diligent farmers.”
Udmurt wedding ceremony 
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SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND PHOTOS:
Team Nomads
http://www.udmurt.info/library/belykh/udmetn.htm
Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia / Ed. V. A. Tishkova, M., 1994.
http://enc.permculture.ru/
Peoples of Russia: Picturesque Album. St. Petersburg, printing house of the Public Benefit Partnership, December 3, 1877, Art. 141
Korobeinikov A.V., Volkova L.A. Historian of the Udmurt land N.G. Pervukhin. (Vyatka local history of the 19th century) ISBN 978-5-7029-0374-3
Sadikov R.R. Traditional religious beliefs and rituals of the Trans-Kama Udmurts (history and modern development trends). Ufa: Center for Ethnological Research UC RAS, 2008.
http://www.finnougoria.ru/
Article “Udmurts” // Peoples of Russia. Atlas of cultures and religions. — M.: Design, Information. Cartography, 2010. - 320 pp.: with illustration. ISBN 978-5-287-00718-8
http://www.rosyama.rf/
Vladykin V. E., Hristolyubova L. S. History of ethnography of the Udmurts: A brief historiographical essay with bibliography / Ed. Ph.D. Philosopher Sciences, Associate Professor UdSU L. N. Lyakhova; Reviewers: Dr. History. sciences, prof. V. E. Mayer, Ph.D. history Sciences M.V. Grishkina. - Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1984. - 144, p. — 2000 copies. (in translation)
Udmurts // Ethnoatlas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory / Council of the Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Public Relations Department; Ch. ed. R. G. Rafikov; Editorial Board: V. P. Krivonogov, R. D. Tsokaev. — 2nd ed., revised. and additional - Krasnoyarsk: Platinum (PLATINA), 2008. - 224 p. — ISBN 978-5-98624-092-3
refer to Finno-Ugric group of peoples Russia. On the territory of our country there are about Udmurts 640 thousand residents. Most of them live in their historical homeland - in Udmurtia. Some Udmurts live in the states of the former Union: Uzbekistan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine.
Historical roots
The historical basis for the formation of the ancestors of the Udmurts was the numerous tribes of the Volga-Kama region. Mixing with representatives of other tribes - with the Ugrians and Slavs, Indo-Iranians and Late Turks - affected the culture of the ethnic group. Noticeable changes in the structure of the Udmurt ethnic group occurred under the influence of the Russian people. The Vyatka lands were developed by Russian settlers. Already in the 15th century, the Udmurts were included in the Russian state. The Udmurts living in the southern territories became dependent on the Volga Bulgaria, and only after the fall of the Kazan Khanate became part of the Russian state. In history, this event dates back to 1558. From a brief historical background, the conclusion easily suggests itself: the Udmurts fell under the rule of other states several times. Being under the rule of foreign citizenship, the Udmurts inevitably assimilated, i.e. “mixed”: the southern tribes with the Russians, and the northern Udmurts with the Tatars. However, thanks to Russian patronage, the Udmurts survived as a nation.
Where did the word "Udmurt" come from?
The Russians gave the Udmurts a nickname - “ votyaki”, by the name of the place of their settlement. Historians still cannot determine exactly where the word “Udmurts” came from then. Some scientists have suggested that “ud” is green shoots in the meadows, translated from the Mari dialect. " Murt"translated from Indo-Iranian - man, man.
National character of the Udmurts
The ancestors of the Udmurts led a traditional way of life: men worked in the fields and forests, and women looked after family life, knitting, spinning, and embroidering. An interesting version was put forward by researchers about the psychotype of the Udmurts. In their opinion, an Udmurt is a calm, balanced person with an imperturbable temperament. The national character was influenced by the historical way of life of the Udmurt settlements. I had to spend a long time in the forest harvesting wood. The work required responsibility, a measured approach, and eliminated fuss.
Holidays and rituals
Family affairs were especially revered by the Udmurts, so many customs are associated with the most significant episodes: the birth of the first child, a wedding celebration, and commemoration of the dead. Calendar-ceremonial rituals were carried out with the aim of appeasing nature in order to subsequently obtain a rich harvest. Pagan roots can be traced in many customs: spells, sacrifices, magical rituals. Holiday Tolsur- This is the Udmurt Harvest Day. Funny games, songs and dances, a rich festive table with treats can be found in every home. Maslenitsa is popularly called Howl of holes. In addition to traditional pancakes, they organize costume dressing, bear dances, horse riding, and tow fortune telling. The ritual of expelling Shaitan means fighting an evil spirit that can harm loved ones. On holiday Akayashka, which lasts three days, they try to free the home from evil spirits.
Udmurt treats
In the Udmurt kitchen, the hostess lovingly prepares treats for guests. Feeding a guest is a national tradition. The aroma of fresh bread, crispy national pancakes " shanezhki", pies with different fillings will whet your appetite as soon as you cross the threshold of a Udmurt house. Pork is not popular in these places; beef, lamb, and duck meat are more valued. And the history of everyone’s favorite dumplings began, by the way, right here. People called them " bear ear", and in the capital of Udmurtia there is even a monument dedicated to this dish. In addition to traditional minced meat, Udmurts use different fillings for dumplings: minced mushrooms, mixed vegetables, fish pate. But there are not enough desserts and sweet treats in the national cuisine. An abundance of fragrant berries, fragrant honey, and baked goods filled this niche. Kvass and honey drinks were made from honey, and added to flour products.
In the Urals there is a unique region with a unique culture and history - Udmurtia. The population of the region today is declining, which means there is a threat of losing such an unusual anthropological phenomenon as the Udmurts. We will tell you about the conditions in which the population of the region lives, what its features are and what the demographic indicators of the republic are.
Geographical position
The region borders Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Kirov region and Perm region. The area of the republic is 42 thousand square meters. km, this is the 57th largest region in Russia. Udmurtia is located on the East European Plain, and this determines its topography, which is mostly flat with slight hilliness. The region is very rich in water resources; about 30 thousand kilometers of rivers of the Kama and Vyatka basins flow here. The prevailing species in the republic, due to the leaching of the fertile layer, require fertilizers for productive agricultural use. For centuries, the population of Udmurtia has adapted to its geographical location and learned to extract maximum benefits from it. Being located almost in the center of Russia allowed the republic to find its place in the trade and transport relations of the regions.
Climate
It is located in the center of the continent, at a great distance from the seas and oceans, and this determined its climate - temperate continental. The average annual temperature in the region is 1.5 degrees Celsius. Here we observe a classic seasonality for central Russia. With a cold winter, which lasts about 5 months, and a cool three-month summer. The warmest month is July, when the thermometer rises to an average of 19 degrees Celsius. Winter begins in mid-November, when snow cover sets in. In winter, the temperature is constantly below freezing; the thermometer at night can show minus 25. Summer begins at the end of May and ends at the beginning of September. In July the air can warm up to 23 degrees. There will be a lot of precipitation in the republic - about 600 mm per year. The wettest periods are summer and autumn. The population of Udmurtia believes that the climate here is excellent - there are no severe frosts or sweltering heat, and the length of the summer allows for the cultivation of agricultural crops necessary for food.
Administrative division
The population of Udmurtia lives in 25 administrative districts and 5 cities of republican subordination. The capital of the republic is Izhevsk. In the regions of the republic there are 310 rural settlements and one city - Kambarka. Each subject of the region has its own manager, who reports to the head of the republic.
Population of Udmurtia and its dynamics
Since 1926, constant monitoring of the population has been carried out. At that time, 756 thousand people lived in Udmurtia. During Soviet times, the republic developed steadily, which led to positive dynamics in the number of residents. In 1941, 1.1 million people already lived here. Years of war reduced the population to one million. But in subsequent years, Udmurtia is actively growing with new residents. In 1993, the region had 1.624 million inhabitants. Years of change and perestroika have brought many difficulties, and Udmurtia is beginning to lose population. To date, the republic has not been able to reverse the downward trend in population. Currently, Udmurtia has a population of 1.5 million people.
Features of the population
Udmurtia is a rare region for Russia, where the percentage of residents who consider themselves Russian is lower than in other regions. The number of Russians here is 62%, Udmurts - 28%, Tatars - about 7% (as of 2010). Other nationalities are represented by groups of less than 1%.
The population of Udmurtia differs from many regions in its religion. The indigenous people of the region were pagans. In the 13th and 14th centuries they were strongly influenced by Islam. In the 16th century, the first attempts to spread Christianity in these lands began. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Orthodoxy was literally enforced by police measures. The population did not show any visible resistance, but still continued to practice paganism. With the advent of Soviet power, the persecution of all forms of religion began, which led to the movement of religion to the periphery of the inhabitants of the region. With the beginning of perestroika, a wave of national self-awareness rises, and with it a complex era of religious search begins. Today, 33% of the republic’s population describe themselves as Orthodox, 29% consider themselves believers, but cannot decide on a religion, 19% do not believe in God at all.
The numbers speak well about the stability of the region’s development prospects. First of all, this is birth and mortality. In Udmurtia, the birth rate is slowly but growing, and the mortality rate remains almost unchanged. Life expectancy is increasing slightly and averages 70 years. The region is experiencing negative migration, that is, it is gradually losing its inhabitants.
Native people
The ancient people of Udmurts - the indigenous population of Udmurtia - were first mentioned in chronicles of the 5th century BC. The tribes living in the territory between the Volga and Kama spoke the language of the Finno-Ugric language family and combined the genes of many peoples. But the Ars became the basis for the formation of the ethnic group; other nationalities supplemented the genotype and culture of the Udmurts. Today, a lot of work is being done in the republic to maintain and preserve traditional national culture. The people had to endure many hardships of attacks, this helped to form a national character, the main features of which are hard work, modesty, patience, and hospitality. The Udmurts have preserved their language, unique traditions and folklore. The Udmurts are a singing nation. The range of folk songs is enormous; they reflect the history and worldview of this ethnic group.
Population density and distribution
The region has an area of 42 thousand square meters. km, and the population density of Udmurtia is 36 people per square meter. km. Most Udmurts live in cities - 68%. The largest city is the capital Izhevsk; more than 700 thousand people live in its agglomeration, which is more than 40% of the total population of the region. There is a tendency in the republic to reduce the number of rural residents, which is an alarming signal for the economy.
Udmurtia- one of the autonomous republics of the Russian Federation, located in the eastern part of the Russian Plain, the European Urals. The closest neighbors of Udmurtia are the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan.
Just over one and a half million people live in the republic, 70% of whom live in cities located mainly in the south of the country.
The indigenous population of Udmurtia are the Udmurts or the so-called Votyaks. Their number worldwide reaches 700,000 people. The Votyaks belong to a branch of the Finno-Ugric people from the northwestern Urals. They are considered related peoples to the Komi, Sami, Khanty and Mansi, Hungarians and Estonians. The Udmurts are the second largest Finno-Ugric people after the Mordovians.
Until the mid-18th century, the Votyaks were shamanists and pagans, but in 1740 missionary activity began to spread Orthodoxy among the northern peoples of Russia. But even today, in their beliefs, the Udmurts are considered adherents of a syncretic religion.
The fundamental character traits of the Udmurts are restraint, modesty, hard work, the ability to endure and wait, as well as goodwill and tolerance.
In the culture of the northern Udmurts one can feel the influence of the Slavs, and in the culture of the southern ones - the Turkic peoples (Turks, Kimaks, Karluks).
According to the latest census, the composition of the indigenous population in the republic reaches 30%.
The first in terms of population in Udmurtia are Russians, their composition is 67%. Their appearance in this region is associated with the annexation of lands in Central Asia to the Russian Empire and the development of the Volga region, starting from the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
The third place in terms of population is occupied by Tatars, they make up 7% in the republic. Kryashchens (Tatars baptized into the Orthodox faith) live in separate communities; they consider themselves a separate ethnic group, although they are ethnically related to the Crimean Tatars. Tatars mainly moved to Udmurtia from neighboring Tatarstan as a result of assimilation (interethnic marriages).
The remaining 3 -3.5% of the population remains the share of almost seventy nations: Mari, Komi, Chuvash, Ukrainians, Germans, Cheremis, Bashkirs, etc. live in the hospitable lands of this country.
The main place among these peoples is occupied by the Mari or Cheremis, who moved here two hundred years ago from the Kazan Khanate because they did not want to accept Christianity.
Today, the Mari settled mainly in the cities of Udmurtia, most of them call Russian their native language.
The small republic of Udmurtia fully demonstrates its tolerant attitude towards each nation for which it is the Motherland. People who moved here: some by personal desire, and some by the will of not always good fate, found shelter, bread and a helping hand here.
Udmurtia map
Brief information about the peoples of Udmurtia.
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population of udmurtia
The population of the republic, according to Rosstat, is 1,517,472 people. (2015). Population density - 36.08 people/km2 (2015). Urban population - 65.54% (2015).
- 1 Population
- 2 Demographics
- 2.1 Migration
- 3 Population distribution by territory
- 3.1 Settlements
- 3.2 Countryside
- 3.3 Urbanization
- 4 National composition
- 4.1 Dynamics of national composition
- 4.2 By city and region
- 4.3 Udmurts
- 4.4 Russians
- 4.5 Tatars
- 4.6 Mari
- 5 Religion
- 6 General map
- 7 Links
- 8 Notes
Population
| Population | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 1928 | 1939 | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | 1947 | 1959 |
| 756 264 | ↗765 300 | ↗1 186 900 | ↗1 190 400 | ↘1 167 000 | ↘1 104 700 | ↘1 054 100 | ↘1 008 600 | ↗1 079 100 | ↗1 336 927 |
| 1970 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 |
| ↗1 417 675 | ↗1 493 670 | ↗1 500 778 | ↗1 512 390 | ↗1 524 912 | ↗1 532 621 | ↗1 542 273 | ↗1 553 271 | ↗1 563 489 | ↗1 578 648 |
| 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 |
| ↗1 592 824 | ↗1 609 003 | ↗1 611 461 | ↗1 616 684 | ↗1 622 149 | ↗1 624 841 | ↘1 620 134 | ↘1 617 386 | ↘1 612 618 | ↘1 607 712 |
| 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↘1 603 960 | ↘1 601 409 | ↘1 595 571 | ↘1 588 054 | ↘1 570 316 | ↘1 568 176 | ↘1 561 092 | ↘1 554 292 | ↘1 545 820 | ↘1 538 602 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | ||
| ↘1 532 946 | ↘1 528 236 | ↘1 521 420 | ↘1 520 390 | ↘1 518 091 | ↘1 517 692 | ↘1 517 050 | ↗1 517 472 | ||
500 000 1 000 000 1 500 000 2 000 000 1939 1945 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Demography
| Fertility (number of births per 1000 population) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 16,4 | ↗18,3 | ↗18,3 | ↗18,8 | ↘15,0 | ↘9,4 | ↘9,1 | ↗9,4 | ↗9,9 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↘9,7 | ↗10,0 | ↗10,2 | ↗11,0 | ↗11,5 | ↗11,7 | ↘11,1 | ↗11,3 | ↗12,8 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
| ↗13,3 | ↗13,8 | ↗14,2 | ↗14,3 | ↗15,2 | ↘14,6 | ↗14,6 | ||
| Mortality rate (number of deaths per 1000 population) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 9,3 | ↗10,1 | ↗11,2 | ↗11,2 | ↘9,7 | ↗13,7 | ↘12,6 | ↘12,1 | ↘11,7 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↗12,7 | ↗13,4 | ↗14,1 | ↗15,2 | ↗15,7 | ↘15,4 | ↗15,5 | ↘14,3 | ↘14,2 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
| ↘14,0 | ↘13,2 | ↗13,9 | ↘13,4 | ↘12,8 | ↗12,8 | ↗12,8 | ||
| Natural population growth (per 1000 population, sign (-) means natural population decline) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
| 7,1 | ↗8,2 | ↘7,1 | ↗7,6 | ↘5,3 | ↘-4,3 | ↗-3,5 | ↗-2,7 | ↗-1,8 | ↘-3,0 |
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| ↘-3,4 | ↘-3,9 | ↘-4,2 | ↗-4,2 | ↗-3,7 | ↘-4,4 | ↗-3,0 | ↗-1,4 | ↗-0,7 | ↗0,6 |
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |||||
| ↘0,3 | ↗0,9 | ↗2,4 | ↘1,8 | ↗1,8 | |||||
| at birth (number of years) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 69,4 | ↘69,3 | ↘67,0 | ↘63,9 | ↘62,8 | ↗63,8 | ↗65,7 | ↗66,8 | ↗67,5 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↘66,5 | ↘65,8 | ↘65,0 | ↘64,1 | ↗64,1 | ↗64,2 | ↗64,3 | ↗66,0 | ↗66,6 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||
| ↗67,2 | ↗68,3 | ↘68,1 | ↗68,9 | ↗69,7 | ↗69,9 | |||
Migration
At the end of 2008, 16,552 people left the republic, 13,319 people arrived, that is, the migration decline in the population amounted to 3,233 people. The main part of migration is due to a change of permanent place of residence within the Russian Federation. International migration accounts for 523 arrivals (mainly from the republics of the former USSR) and 157 departures.
Population distribution by territory
As of January 1, 2009, the urban population of the republic was 1,036,711 people and 491,777 rural.
Number and density of population in cities of republican subordination.
Population size and density by municipal areas.
| Area | Population, 1959 |
Population, 1979 |
Population, 1989 |
Population, 2002 |
Population, year 2009 |
Square, year 2009 |
Population density, year 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alnashsky | 31.3 | 23.4 | 21.9 | 22.3 | 20.8 | 896.0 | 23.2 |
| Balezinsky | 56.4 | 45.4 | 43.6 | 38.4 | 36.6 | 2434.7 | 15.0 |
| Vavozhsky | 29.7 | 19.9 | 18.1 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 1679.0 | 10.3 |
| Votkinsk | 31.2 | 20.5 | 22.8 | 23.7 | 24.2 | 1863.8 | 13.0 |
| Glazovsky | 34.8 | 23.3 | 19.2 | 18.8 | 18.5 | 2159.7 | 8.6 |
| Grakhovsky | 20.2 | 13.8 | 11.7 | 10.9 | 10.1 | 967.7 | 10.4 |
| Debossky | 21.6 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 13.7 | 1033.0 | 13.3 |
| Zavyalovsky | 44.5 | 49.2 | 53.4 | 59.1 | 63.4 | 2203.3 | 28.8 |
| Igrinsky | 55.3 | 44.8 | 45.9 | 42.9 | 42.4 | 2266.9 | 18.7 |
| Kambarsky | 27.1 | 23.1 | 22.7 | 21.2 | 20.7 | 762.6 | 27.1 |
| Karakulinsky | 18.8 | 14.4 | 14.6 | 13.8 | 13.0 | 1192.6 | 10.9 |
| Kezsky | 45.7 | 32.0 | 29.2 | 26.4 | 25.4 | 2321.0 | 10.9 |
| Kiznersky | 45.4 | 28.4 | 26.0 | 23.5 | 20.7 | 2131.1 | 9.7 |
| Kiyasovsky | 15.3 | 13.6 | 12.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 821.3 | 14.1 |
| Krasnogorsky | 22.0 | 15.5 | 14.2 | 12.2 | 11.6 | 1860.1 | 6.2 |
| Malopurginsky | 36.1 | 31.8 | 30.8 | 31.6 | 31.1 | 1223.2 | 25.4 |
| Mozhginsky | 40.7 | 30.6 | 30.2 | 30.4 | 29.0 | 1997.0 | 14.5 |
| Sarapulsky | 24.4 | 22.6 | 25.8 | 24.2 | 23.6 | 1877.6 | 12.6 |
| Seltinsky | 25.4 | 16.9 | 15.0 | 13.3 | 12.9 | 1883.7 | 6.8 |
| Syumsinsky | 28.0 | 19.1 | 17.9 | 16.3 | 14.8 | 1789.7 | 8.3 |
| Uvinsky | 50.4 | 37.9 | 40.9 | 40.7 | 40.9 | 2445.4 | 16.7 |
| Sharkansky | 32.0 | 22.8 | 21.5 | 21.4 | 21.4 | 1404.5 | 15.2 |
| Yukamensky | 19.2 | 14.3 | 13.2 | 11.9 | 10.5 | 1019.7 | 10.3 |
| Yakshur-Bodinsky | 33.7 | 22.5 | 23.0 | 22.6 | 22.8 | 1780.1 | 12.8 |
| Yarsky | 31.2 | 22.3 | 20.6 | 18.9 | 18.0 | 1524.3 | 11.8 |
Settlements
68% of the population of Udmurtia lives in 6 cities and 5 urban-type settlements, including 40% in the capital - the city of Izhevsk.
Settlements with a population of more than 5 thousand people
Countryside
A little more than 30% of the republic’s population lives in rural areas; the highest population density (more than 20 people/km²) is in the Zavyalovsky, Malopurginsky, Kambarsky and Alnashsky districts.
Urbanization
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Population of the Udmurt Republic
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National composition
Dynamics of national composition
| 1926 | % | 1939 | % | 1959 | % | 1979 | % | 1989 | % | 2002 | % from Total |
% from indicating- shih national nal- ness |
2010 | % from Total |
% from indicating- shih national nal- ness |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 756216 | 100,00 % | 1219350 | 100,00 % | 1336927 | 100,00 % | 1492172 | 100,00 % | 1605663 | 100,00 % | 1570316 | 100,00 % | 1521420 | 100,00 % | ||
| Russians | 327493 | 43,31 % | 679294 | 55,71 % | 758770 | 56,75 % | 870270 | 58,32 % | 945216 | 58,87 % | 944108 | 60,12 % | 60,24 % | 912539 | 59,98 % | 62,22 % |
| Udmurts | 395607 | 52,31 % | 480014 | 39,37 % | 475913 | 35,60 % | 479702 | 32,15 % | 496522 | 30,92 % | 460584 | 29,33 % | 29,39 % | 410584 | 26,99 % | 28,00 % |
| Tatars | 17135 | 2,27 % | 40561 | 3,33 % | 71930 | 5,38 % | 99139 | 6,64 % | 110490 | 6,88 % | 109218 | 6,96 % | 6,97 % | 98831 | 6,50 % | 6,74 % |
| Ukrainians | 143 | 0,02 % | 5760 | 0,47 % | 7521 | 0,56 % | 11149 | 0,75 % | 14167 | 0,88 % | 11527 | 0,73 % | 0,74 % | 8332 | 0,55 % | 0,57 % |
| Mari | 2827 | 0,37 % | 5997 | 0,49 % | 6449 | 0,48 % | 8752 | 0,59 % | 9543 | 0,59 % | 8985 | 0,57 % | 0,57 % | 8067 | 0,53 % | 0,55 % |
| Azerbaijanis | 66 | 0,01 % | 870 | 0,06 % | 1799 | 0,11 % | 3908 | 0,25 % | 0,25 % | 3895 | 0,26 % | 0,27 % | ||||
| Bashkirs | 5 | 0,00 % | 362 | 0,03 % | 1150 | 0,09 % | 3608 | 0,24 % | 5217 | 0,32 % | 4320 | 0,28 % | 0,28 % | 3454 | 0,23 % | 0,24 % |
| Armenians | 7 | 0,00 % | 175 | 0,01 % | 258 | 0,02 % | 944 | 0,06 % | 880 | 0,05 % | 3283 | 0,21 % | 0,21 % | 3170 | 0,21 % | 0,22 % |
| Belarusians | 61 | 0,01 % | 1332 | 0,11 % | 2160 | 0,16 % | 3149 | 0,21 % | 3847 | 0,24 % | 3308 | 0,21 % | 0,21 % | 2313 | 0,15 % | 0,16 % |
| Chuvash | 591 | 0,08 % | 1175 | 0,10 % | 2242 | 0,17 % | 3011 | 0,20 % | 3173 | 0,20 % | 2764 | 0,18 % | 0,18 % | 2180 | 0,14 % | 0,15 % |
| Besermyane | 9200 | 1,22 % | 2998 | 0,19 % | 0,19 % | 2111 | 0,14 % | 0,14 % | ||||||||
| Germans | 67 | 0,01 % | 229 | 0,02 % | 4776 | 0,36 % | 2628 | 0,18 % | 2588 | 0,16 % | 1735 | 0,11 % | 0,11 % | 1238 | 0,08 % | 0,08 % |
| Uzbeks | 101 | 0,01 % | 1169 | 0,08 % | 1250 | 0,08 % | 830 | 0,05 % | 0,05 % | 1131 | 0,07 % | 0,08 % | ||||
| Gypsies | 169 | 0,02 % | 772 | 0,06 % | 266 | 0,02 % | 286 | 0,02 % | 535 | 0,03 % | 830 | 0,05 % | 0,05 % | 960 | 0,06 % | 0,07 % |
| Mordva | 32 | 0,00 % | 525 | 0,04 % | 805 | 0,06 % | 1217 | 0,08 % | 1405 | 0,09 % | 1157 | 0,07 % | 0,07 % | 913 | 0,06 % | 0,06 % |
| Moldovans | 36 | 0,00 % | 270 | 0,02 % | 706 | 0,05 % | 1064 | 0,07 % | 908 | 0,06 % | 0,06 % | 820 | 0,05 % | 0,06 % | ||
| Tajiks | 16 | 0,00 % | 226 | 0,02 % | 404 | 0,03 % | 435 | 0,03 % | 0,03 % | 722 | 0,05 % | 0,05 % | ||||
| Jews | 254 | 0,03 % | 1158 | 0,09 % | 2187 | 0,16 % | 1815 | 0,12 % | 1639 | 0,10 % | 935 | 0,06 % | 0,06 % | 717 | 0,05 % | 0,05 % |
| Georgians | 3 | 0,00 % | 166 | 0,01 % | 408 | 0,03 % | 527 | 0,03 % | 709 | 0,05 % | 0,05 % | 520 | 0,03 % | 0,04 % | ||
| Chechens | 9 | 0,00 % | 188 | 0,01 % | 381 | 0,02 % | 478 | 0,03 % | 0,03 % | 344 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % | ||||
| Koreans | 11 | 0,00 % | 106 | 0,01 % | 166 | 0,01 % | 281 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % | 290 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % | ||||
| Kazakhs | 142 | 0,01 % | 496 | 0,03 % | 969 | 0,06 % | 339 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % | 285 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % | ||||
| Komi-Permyaks | 5 | 0,00 % | 148 | 0,01 % | 192 | 0,01 % | 201 | 0,01 % | 331 | 0,02 % | 367 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % | 271 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % |
| Poles | 173 | 0,02 % | 262 | 0,02 % | 259 | 0,02 % | 314 | 0,02 % | 315 | 0,02 % | 333 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % | 235 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % |
| Greeks | 3 | 0,00 % | 42 | 0,00 % | 90 | 0,01 % | 186 | 0,01 % | 240 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % | 213 | 0,01 % | 0,01 % | ||
| other | 2441 | 0,32 % | 866 | 0,07 % | 1768 | 0,13 % | 1728 | 0,12 % | 3048 | 0,19 % | 2779 | 0,18 % | 0,18 % | 2488 | 0,16 % | 0,17 % |
| indicated nationality |
756216 | 100,00 % | 1219219 | 99,99 % | 1336916 | 100,00 % | 1492172 | 100,00 % | 1605662 | 100,00 % | 1567359 | 99,81 % | 100,00 % | 1466623 | 96,40 % | 100,00 % |
| not specified nationality |
0 | 0,00 % | 131 | 0,01 % | 11 | 0,00 % | 0 | 0,00 % | 1 | 0,00 % | 2957 | 0,19 % | 54797 | 3,60 % |
By city and region
National composition, according to the results of the 2002 census, for municipalities of Udmurtia:
| area | Udmurts | Russians | Tatars | other peoples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Municipal districts | ||||
| Izhevsk | 16.0 | 70.6 | 9.6 | - |
| Glazov | 33.5 | 57.4 | 5.0 | - |
| Votkinsk | 9.8 | 83.1 | 3.7 | - |
| Sarapul | 3.7 | 82.2 | 9.2 | - |
| Mozhga | 26.4 | 54.9 | 16.1 | - |
| Municipal districts | ||||
| Alnashsky | 81.7 | 12.2 | 3.4 | Mari - 2.1 |
| Balezinsky | 57.6 | 30.9 | 9.8 | - |
| Vavozhsky | 57.6 | 39.4 | 0.8 | - |
| Votkinsk | 22.4 | 71.0 | 2.0 | - |
| Glazovsky | 79.0 | 17.4 | 2.0 | - |
| Grakhovsky | 37.1 | 42.3 | 5.3 | Mari - 10.9, Kryashens - 3.9%, Chuvash - 2.8% |
| Debossky | 75.9 | 22.2 | 0.2 | - |
| Zavyalovsky | 50.7 | 43.9 | 3.2 | - |
| Igrinsky | 61.0 | 36.0 | 1.5 | - |
| Kambarsky | 3.9 | 81.1 | 8.6 | - |
| Karakulinsky | 5.0 | 72.6 | 3.7 | Mari - 16.9 |
| Kezsky | 68.0 | 30.0 | 1.0 | - |
| Kiznersky | 46.0 | 44.8 | 6.8 | - |
| Kiyasovsky | 38.0 | 54.3 | 5.0 | - |
| Krasnogorsky | 38.0 | 59.3 | 1.5 | - |
| Malopurginsky | 78.1 | 17.8 | 2.4 | - |
| Mozhginsky | 64.0 | 30.0 | 2.0 | - |
| Sarapulsky | 10.0 | 79.4 | 6.3 | - |
| Seltinsky | 57.8 | 40.3 | 0.5 | - |
| Syumsinsky | 37.0 | 55.0 | 3.0 | - |
| Uvinsky | 44.9 | 50.5 | 2.3 | - |
| Sharkansky | 83.1 | 15.5 | 0.6 | - |
| Yukamensky | 48.2 | 16.1 | 19.5 | Besermyans - 15.1% |
| Yakshur-Bodinsky | 59.0 | 37.0 | 2.0 | - |
| Yarsky | 62.0 | 32.6 | 1.5 | Besermyans - 1.8% |
| Republic as a whole | 29.3 | 60.1 | 6.9 | Ukrainians - 0.7%, Maris - 0.6% |
Udmurts
Percentage of Udmurts by municipalities Main article: UdmurtsShare of Udmurts in the population of the republic according to census results:
| 1926, % | 1939, % | 1959, % | 1970, % | 1979, % | 1989, % | 2002, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 52,3 | 39,4 | 35,9 | 34,2 | 32,1 | 30,9 | 29,3 |
The Udmurts are the indigenous people of Udmurtia; according to the 2002 census, 460,582 Udmurts lived in the republic (about 30% of the population). They are one of the largest Finno-Ugric peoples; in terms of numbers, the Udmurts are in fifth place, behind the Hungarians, Finns, Estonians and Mordovians. Only rare Udmurts, however, speak the Udmurt language.
The largest proportion of Udmurts (more than 80%), according to the 2002 census, was recorded in the Sharkansky and Alnashsky districts of the republic, the smallest (less than 10%) - in the Kambarsky and Karakulinsky districts.
Russians
Percentage of Russians by municipalities Main article: RussiansThe share of Russians in the population of the republic according to census results:
| 1926, % | 1939, % | 1959, % | 1970, % | 1979, % | 1989, % | 2002, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 43,3 | 55,7 | 56,8 | 57,1 | 58,3 | 58,9 | 60,1 |
Russians (udm. ӟuch) are the largest ethnic group in Russia; according to the results of the 2002 census, 944,108 Russians lived in the republic (60.1% of the population). The massive penetration of Russians into the lands of modern Udmurtia began in the second half of the 17th century. During this period, the first settlements with a mixed Russian-Udmurt-Tatar population appeared. The migration movement of Russian peasants from the territory of neighboring Vyatka and Perm to the central and northern regions of the region, including quite numerous groups of Old Believers, intensified.
The largest share of Russians (more than 80%) is in the cities of Sarapul, Votkinsk and the Kambarsky district of the republic, the smallest is in the Sharkansky and Alnashsky districts.
Tatars
Percentage of Tatars by municipalities Main article: TatarsShare of Tatars in the population of the republic according to census results:
| 1926, % | 1939, % | 1959, % | 1970, % | 1979, % | 1989, % | 2002, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,8 | 3,3 | 5,3 | 6,1 | 6,6 | 6,9 | 6,9 |
Tatars (udm. biger) are the second largest people in Russia; according to the results of the 2002 census, 108,560 Tatars (6.9% of the population) lived in the republic. The majority (85.6%) of the Tatars of Udmurtia live in five cities: Izhevsk, Sarapul, Mozhga, Glazov and Votkinsk; in rural areas, the largest proportion of Tatars is in the Yukamensky district (19.5%).
Mari
Main article: MariMari (udm. por) are one of the indigenous peoples of the Volga region; according to the results of the 2002 census, 8,980 Mari (0.6% of the population) lived in the republic. The largest proportion of Mari are in the Karakulinsky and Grakhovsky districts of the republic.
Religion
According to a large-scale survey by the Sreda research service conducted in 2012, the item “I profess Orthodoxy and belong to the Russian Orthodox Church” in Udmurtia was chosen by 33% of respondents, “I believe in God (in a higher power), but I do not profess a specific religion” - 29%, “I don’t believe in God” - 19%, “I profess Christianity, but do not identify myself with any of the Christian denominations” - 5%, “I profess Islam, but I am neither Sunni nor Shiite” - 4%, “I profess Orthodoxy, but I do not belong to the Russian Orthodox Church and am not an Old Believer” - 2%, “I profess the traditional religion of my ancestors, I worship the gods and forces of nature” - 2%, “I profess Protestantism (Lutheranism, Baptistism, Evangelicalism, Anglicanism)” - 0%. The rest are less than 1%.
General Map
Map legend (when you hover over the marker, the real population is displayed):
Kirov region Bashkortostan Izhevsk Sarapul Votkinsk Glazov Mozhga Game Uva Balezino Kez Kambarka Kizner Zavyalovo Pychanki Malaya Purga Yakshur-Bodya Sharkan Yar Alnashi Novy Vavozh Sigaevo Debuses Selty Syumsi Khokhryaki Italmas Yakshur O.P. Pozim St. Martyanovo New Kazmaska Varaksino Pirogovo B.V. Ludorvay Grakhovo Karakulino Kiyasovo Krasnogorskoye Yukamenskoye Shevyryalovo Kigbaevo Uralsky S Nechkino Mazunino Yagan Yagan-Dokya Pugachevo Urom Kamenny Sovkhozny Yuski Podshivalovo Chur Karkalay Uduguchin Kakmoz Nyurdor-Kotya Old Zyattsy Lynga Nylga Zura Torch Menil Chutyr Cheptsa Pudem Dizmino Big Ucha Pychas Lyuga Cheryomushki Mostovoye Tarasovo Babino Iyulskoe Gavrilovka Perevoznoe Pervomaisky Kvarsa Light Minnows Yagul Luke Kiyaik Azino Postol Postol Wed. Postol Shaberdino Lyukshudya Balezino-3 Karsovay Asanovsky Varzi-Yatchi Ponino Shtanigurt Oktyabrsky Podgornoe Kama Sholya Ershovka Kizner Kilmez Populated areas of UdmurtiaLinks
- Report on the results of the effectiveness of the activities of local governments of municipal districts and urban districts based on the results of 2008
Notes
- 1 2 Resident population estimates as of January 1, 2015 and 2014 average (published March 17, 2015). Retrieved March 18, 2015. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015.
- Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2015 and average for 2014 (published March 17, 2015)
- All-Union Population Census of 1926. M.: Publication of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR, 1928. Volume 9. Table I. Populated areas. Available urban and rural population. Retrieved February 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015.
- Statistical reference book of the USSR for 1928.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S. N. Uvarov. The rural population of Udmurtia during the Great Patriotic War: historical and demographic analysis. Bulletin of the Udmurt University, issue No. 5-1 / 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2015. Archived from the original source on January 2, 2015.
- All-Union Population Census of 1959. Retrieved October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013.
- All-Union population census of 1970. The actual population of cities, urban-type settlements, districts and regional centers of the USSR according to census data as of January 15, 1970 for republics, territories and regions. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013.
- All-Union Population Census 1979
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Population of the Urals at the beginning of 1980-2014
- All-Union population census of 1989. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
- All-Russian population census 2002. Volume. 1, table 4. Population of Russia, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - regional centers and rural settlements with a population of 3 thousand or more. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
- Results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. 5. Population of Russia, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - district centers and rural settlements with a population of 3 thousand people or more. Retrieved November 14, 2013. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013.
- 1 2 3 Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities. Table 35. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014.
- Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2013. - M.: Federal State Statistics Service Rosstat, 2013. - 528 p. (Table 33. Population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, urban settlements, rural settlements). Retrieved November 16, 2013. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013.
- Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
- 1 2 3 4
- 1 2 3 4
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 1 2 3 4 4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- 1 2 3 4 4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2011
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2012
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2013
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2014
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 1 2 3 4 4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- 1 2 3 4 4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2011
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2012
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2013
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2014
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Life expectancy at birth, years, year, indicator value per year, entire population, both sexes
- 1 2 3 Life expectancy at birth
- ; for footnotes.D1.81.D0.B1.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.BA no text specified
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Administrative-territorial structure // Udmurt Republic: Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. V. V. Tuganaev. - Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 2000. - 800 p. - 20,000 copies. - ISBN 5-7659-0732-6.
- 1 2 3 4 All-Russian population census 2002. Population of Russia and its territorial units by gender.
- Footnote error?: Invalid tag ; for footnotes.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.82 no text specified
- 1 2 Database of indicators of municipalities. Rosstat. Retrieved December 21, 2009. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Catalog of settlements of the Udmurt Republic as of January 1, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Table 33. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2014. Archived from the original on August 2, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Catalog of settlements of the Udmurt Republic. Resident population as of January 1, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2015. Archived from the original on March 24, 2015.
- Population of the Urals at the beginning of 1980-2013
- 1 2 3 4 The sharp increase in the number and share of the rural population in the period between January 1, 2012 and January 1, 2013 was caused by the fact that, by resolutions of the State Council of the Udmurt Republic, four workers' settlements received the status of rural settlements: Balezino (02/28/2012), Uva (05/29/2012) , Game (06/19/2012), New (09/25/2012).
- Demoscope. All-Union Population Census of 1926. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: Votskaya Autonomous Okrug
- Demoscope. All-Union Population Census of 1939. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Demoscope. All-Union Population Census of 1959. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Demoscope. All-Union Population Census of 1979. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Demoscope. All-Union population census of 1989. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- All-Russian Population Census 2002: Population by nationality and Russian language proficiency by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- Official website of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
- All-Russian population census 2010. Official results with expanded lists by national composition of the population and by region: see.
- Map of Udmurtia (statistics by region in the column on the right) (inaccessible link - history). Office of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Volga Federal District. Retrieved December 5, 2009. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008.
- National composition of Izhevsk. Administration of the city of Izhevsk. Retrieved December 5, 2009. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
- 1 2 3 All-Union Population Census of 1926
- 1 2 3 All-Union Population Census of 1939
- 1 2 3 All-Union Population Census of 1959
- 1 2 3 All-Union Population Census of 1970
- 1 2 3 All-Union Population Census of 1979
- 1 2 3 All-Union Population Census 1989
- All-Union Population Census 2002
- Udmurts (inaccessible link - history). Ministry
- Russians (inaccessible link - history). Ministry of National Policy of the Urals. Retrieved December 5, 2009. Archived from the original on November 11, 2009.
- Tatars (inaccessible link - history). Ministry of National Policy of the Urals. Retrieved December 5, 2009. Archived from the original on November 11, 2009.
- Mari (inaccessible link - history). Ministry of National Policy of the Urals. Retrieved December 5, 2009. Archived from the original on September 17, 2009.
- Arena (Atlas of religions and nationalities of Russia)
- Udmurt republic. Religion
| Udmurtia | |||
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Capital: Izhevsk Districts: Alnashsky Balezinsky Vavozhsky Votkinsk Glazovsky Grakhovsky Debyossky Zavyalovsky Igrinsky Kambarsky Karakulinsky Kezsky Kiznersky Kiyasovsky Krasnogorsky Malopurginsky Mozhginsky Sarapulsky Seltinsky Syumsinsky Uvinsky Sharkansky Yukamensky Yakshur-Bodinsky Yarsky Articles: Geography | Coat of arms | Anthem | History | Population| Administrative division | Flag |
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Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Ivanovo Irkutsk Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Orel Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sam Arskaya Saratovskaya Sakhalinskaya Sverdlovskaya Smolenskaya Tambovskaya Tver Tomskaya Tula Tyumenskaya Ulyanovskaya Chelyabinskaya Yaroslavlskaya |
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| Federal cities |
Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol |
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|---|---|---|
| Autonomous region |
Jewish |
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| Autonomous okrugs |
Nenets1 Khanty-Mansiysk - Yugra2 Chukotka Yamalo-Nenets2 |
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1 Located on the territory of the Arkhangelsk region 2 Located on the territory of the Tyumen region |
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population of udmurtia
Population of Udmurtia Information About
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