The real name and literary pseudonym of the Russian writer. Literary pseudonyms of children's writers. Nikolay Shchedrin -

A) Pseudoandronym(from the Greek pseudos - false and aner, Andros - man) - a male first and last name adopted by a female author.

Writers were often afraid that the publisher would not accept the manuscript upon learning that it was written by a woman, that the reader would put the book down for the same reason, and that the critic would criticize it. Overcoming the long-established prejudice against women's creative work was not easy. Therefore, women writers often signed their works with men's names.

AND I. Panaeva under the pseudonym I. Stanitsky published (together with N.A. Nekrasov) the novels “Three Countries of the World” and “Dead Lake”. Under the same name she also appeared independently (novels “A Woman’s Share”, “Little Things in Life”, etc.)

B) Pseudogynim (from the Greek gynе - woman) - a female name and surname adopted by a male author.

The authors, men who, on the contrary, signed women's names, also had a penchant for similar hoaxes.

L.N. Tolstoy in 1858 he hoaxed the editor of the newspaper Den, I.S. Aksakov: having written the story “Dream”, he put N.O. - the initials of N. Okhotnitskaya, who lived with Tolstoy’s aunt T. Ergolskaya. The story was not published; it was first published only in 1928.

Comic nicknames

Paizonym (from the Greek paizein - to joke) is a comic pseudonym aimed at producing a comic effect.

Comedians have always tried to sign in such a way as to achieve a comic effect. This was the main purpose of their pseudonyms; the desire to hide one’s name faded into the background here.

The tradition of funny pseudonyms in Russian literature dates back to the magazines of Catherine’s time (“All sorts of things”, “Neither this nor that”, “Drone”, “Mail of Spirits”).

ON THE. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, Literary Exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.

I.S. Turgenev the feuilleton “The Six-Year-Old Accuser” was signed by: Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov.

Collective nicknames

A) Koinonym (from the Greek koinos - common) is a common pseudonym adopted by several authors writing together.

There are many cases when it was not the surnames of the co-authors that were masked, but the very fact of collective creativity: the work was signed by one surname, but behind it there were two authors and even more. One of the most striking examples is the famous Kozma Prutkov - pseudonym L.N. Tolstoy and brothers Alexey, Alexander, Vladimir Zhemchuzhnikov. When naming the name Kozma Prutkov, we can say that this is a collective pseudonym and a parody personality (mask) of a writer - an official, created by writers. The authors also composed a biography for him with exact dates of birth and death: “He was born on April 11, 1803; died January 13, 1863.” Satirical poems and aphorisms of Kozma Prutkov ridiculed mental stagnation, political “good intentions”, and parodied the stupidity of officials. The name first appeared in print in 1854 on the pages of Literary Jumble, a humorous supplement to the Sovremennik magazine. But few people know that Kozma Prutkov had a real prototype in life - the Zhemchuzhnikovs’ valet, who bore this name and surname. ( Allonym (or heteronym) - the surname or first name of a real person adopted as a pseudonym).

The play "Happy Day" written by A.N. Ostrovsky together with N.Ya. Soloviev in the estate of the first, Shchelykov, was published in “Notes of the Fatherland” (1877) signed Sh..., i.e. Shchelykovsky. ( Toponym - alias associated with a specific location)

Thus, in the magazine “Pantheon”, an extensive poetic feuilleton “Provincial Clerk in St. Petersburg” is published in three issues. ON THE. Nekrasova under the pseudonym - Feoklist Bob, and a few issues later the continuation “The provincial clerk is again in St. Petersburg. Trouble is inevitable and joy is mighty” already under the pseudonym Ivan Gribovnikov. Later I. A. Pruzhinin, K. Pupin, Alexander Bukhalov and others will appear; Almost nothing is published under his own name.

We didn’t come up with it ourselves

It happened that the pseudonym was not chosen by the author himself, but in the editorial office of a magazine or newspaper, where he brought his first work, or by friends, or by a person who helped publish the book.

This is, for example, one of the signatures ON THE. Nekrasova, which concealed a hint of censorship harassment. The poet was not allowed to release the second edition of his poems for a long time. Finally, in 1860, one of the courtiers, Count Adlerberg, who enjoyed great influence, obtained the necessary visa from the censorship department, but on condition that numerous bills were paid. “But still, they cut you off and put a muzzle on you! - he said to the poet. “You can now sign your comic poems like this: Muzzle.” Nekrasov followed this advice, signing his satirical poems Savva Namordnikov.

Neutronim - a pseudonym that does not evoke any associations

In addition to the reasons for the emergence of pseudonyms, which are discussed in the abstract, there are many more that cannot be classified. In addition, it is not always possible to accurately determine the motives for which certain pseudonyms are taken. There may be several options for explaining a single case of using a pseudonym instead of a real name, unless, of course, there is evidence from the owner of the pseudonym or his contemporary.

I. Nicknames “with meaning”

***
Perhaps the most important pseudonym for Russia of the 20th century - Maksim Gorky. It belonged to Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov (1868-1936), a writer and playwright who came from the very bottom of society. The Soviet government loved Gorky not so much for his talent as for his background and life experience: a gifted self-taught man from Nizhny Novgorod spent his youth wandering around Russia and participated in several underground Marxist circles. In 1892, 24-year-old Peshkov published his first story “Makar Chudra” in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus” and signed it “M. Bitter". Subsequently, the letter "M." became the name "Maxim", probably in honor of the writer's father.

The meaning of the fictitious surname “Gorky” is clear to any reader of the young author’s first collection of stories and essays (1898): he wrote about thieves and drunkards, sailors and workers, about what he later called “the wild music of labor” and “the leaden abominations of wild Russian life.” " The success of Gorky's stories was stunning: according to the biographical dictionary "Russian Writers", in just eight years - from 1896 to 1904 - more than 1860 materials were published about the writer. And he had a long life and colossal glory ahead of him. In particular, his native Nizhny Novgorod was renamed Gorky in 1932, that is, during the author’s lifetime. And the huge city bore the name of the writer, or rather, his pseudonym until 1990.

It should be noted that Alexey Maksimovich did not use a pseudonym for long in his youth Yehudiel Chlamida. Under this name, he wrote several satirical feuilletons on local topics in Samara Gazeta in 1895.

***
The first novels of Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977) were published under a pseudonym V. Sirin. In 1920, the future writer came with his parents to Berlin. Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov (1869-1922) was a major political figure, one of the founders of the Constitutional Democratic Party, and in post-revolutionary emigration he continued to be involved in politics, in particular, he published the newspaper “Rul” in Berlin. It is not surprising that Nabokov Jr. began publishing under an assumed name, otherwise the reading public would have been completely bewildered by the abundance of V. Nabokov in periodicals. Under the pseudonym Sirin, “Mashenka”, “Luzhin’s Defense”, “King, Queen, Jack”, a magazine version of “The Gift” and several other works were published. The meaning of the word “Sirin” was beyond doubt among readers: a sad, beautiful-voiced bird of paradise.

***
Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev (1880-1934) abandoned his own name and surname, entering the annals of Russian poetry, prose (and poetry) as Andrey Bely. A symbolist pseudonym for the young Bugaev was invented by Mikhail Sergeevich Solovyov, brother of the famous philosopher Vladimir Solovyov. It is believed that the name Andrei was supposed to remind of the first of the called apostles of Christ, and Bely - of the white color, in which all the colors of the spectrum are dissolved.

***
In the 1910s, Efim Pridvorov (1883-1945), a native of the Kherson province, began publishing poems under the name Demyan Bedny. The success of his works was so great that in honor of this “Bolshevik of the poetic weapon” (as Leon Trotsky spoke of him), the old city of Spassk in the Penza province was renamed Bednodemyanovsk in 1925, and under this name, which long outlived the glory of the proletarian poet, the city existed until 2005.

***
Writer Nikolai Kochkurov (1899-1938) chose a self-explanatory pseudonym with a sarcastic undertone: under the name Artem Vesely in the late 1920s and early 1930s, he published several popular books about the revolution and the Civil War in those decades (the novel “Russia, Washed in Blood”, the story “Rivers of Fire”, the play “We”).

***
A student of Maxim Gorky, Alexey Silych Novikov (1877-1944), who served in the Russo-Japanese War as a sailor, added one thematic word to his own surname and became known as a marine painter. Novikov-Priboy. He wrote the novel “Tsushima” (1932), one of the most popular military-historical novels in the USSR, and a number of short stories and novellas. It is noteworthy that Novikov-Priboi made his debut as the author of two essays about the Battle of Tsushima, published under the pseudonym A. Worn out.

II. Exotic aliases and hoaxes

One of the most famous literary hoaxes of the early 20th century was Cherubina de Gabriac. Under this name, in 1909, Elizaveta Ivanovna (Lilya) Dmitrieva (married Vasilyeva, 1887-1928) published her poems in the symbolist magazine Apollo. She was patronized by Maximilian Voloshin (whose, by the way, real name is Kireenko-Voloshin). Together they managed to create a charming and mysterious literary mask, and Apollo, led by Sergei Makovsky, published two cycles of poems by the young and noble Spanish recluse Cherubina. Soon the hoax was revealed, one of the unexpected consequences of this exposure was a duel between Nikolai Gumilyov, who had previously courted Vasilyeva, and Maximilian Voloshin on the Black River (of all places in St. Petersburg!). Fortunately for Russian poetry, this fight ended bloodlessly. It is interesting that Vyacheslav Ivanov, in the “Tower” where Dmitrieva herself visited, according to Voloshin’s memoirs, said: “I really appreciate Cherubina’s poems. They are talented. But if this is a hoax, then it’s brilliant.”

***
In the mid-1910s, Moscow publications regularly published poems, feuilletons and parodies of caustic Don Aminado. This exotic name was chosen for himself by Aminad Petrovich Shpolyansky (1888-1957), lawyer and writer, memoirist. His parodies of famous poets of the beginning of the century, including Balmont and Akhmatova, enjoyed great success. After the revolution, Shpolyansky emigrated. His aphorisms, popular among readers of emigrant Russian-language periodicals, were included in the collection “Neskuchny Sad” as a single cycle entitled “New Kozma Prutkov.”

***
The pseudonym of Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky (1880-1932) should go into the exotic category: the author of the timeless romantic stories “Scarlet Sails” and “Running on the Waves”, the creator of the sonorous fictional cities of Zurbagan and Liss signed his books with a short foreign surname Green.

***
The name of Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Buchinskaya, née Lokhvitskaya (1872-1952) says little to the modern reader, but her pseudonym is Teffi- is known much better. Teffi is one of the most caustic authors in Russian literature, the author of the inimitable “Demonic Woman” and a long-term employee of “Satyricon”, the main humorous magazine of pre-revolutionary Russia. In the story “Pseudonym,” Teffi explained the origin of this name from “one fool,” because “fools are always happy.” In addition, by choosing a strange, meaningless, but sonorous and memorable word, the writer bypassed the traditional situation when female writers hide behind male pseudonyms.

***
Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev (1905-1942) used dozens of pseudonyms, but the most famous of them is Kharms. The questionnaire that the poet filled out in 1925 has been preserved. He gave his last name as Yuvachev-Kharms, and when asked if he had a pseudonym, he replied: “No, I’m writing Kharms.” Researchers have linked this short, memorable word to English harm(“harm”), French charme(“charm”), Sanskrit dharma(“religious duty, cosmic law and order”) and even Sherlock Holmes.

***
You just have to get into the exotic nicknames section Grivadiy Gorpozhaks. Unfortunately, this author penned only one work - a parody of a spy novel called “Gene Green - Untouchable” (1972). Three authors were hiding behind the impossible Grivadiy: poet and screenwriter Grigory Pozhenyan (1922-2005), military intelligence officer and writer Ovid Gorchakov (1924-2000) and none other than Vasily Aksenov himself (1932-2009). Perhaps, after Kozma Prutkov, this is the most striking collective literary pseudonym.

III. Translated surnames, or anagrams

Almost certainly the most popular author of the 20th century who wrote in Russian is Korney Chukovsky: in Russia it is difficult to grow up without Aibolit and Telefon, Mukha-Tsokotukha and Moidodyr. The author of these immortal children's fairy tales was named Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneychukov (1882-1969) at birth. In his youth, he created a fictitious first and last name from his surname, and a few years later he added the patronymic Ivanovich to them. The children of this remarkable poet, translator, critic and memoirist received the middle names Korneevichi and the surname Chukovsky: such a “deep” use of a pseudonym is not often encountered.

***
Making up pseudonyms by rearranging the letters of your own name is an old literary game. For example, the famous fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov (1769-1844) several times used the wild but cute signature Navi Volyrk. In the 20th century, Mark Aleksandrovich Landau (1886-1957), better known as Mark Aldanov, author of the tetralogy “The Thinker” about the French Revolution, a trilogy about the Russian Revolution (“The Key”, “The Flight”, “The Cave”) and several other large and small works.

***
Alias ​​meaning Gaidar, taken by Arkady Petrovich Golikov (1904-1941), a classic of Soviet children's literature, still raises questions. According to Timur Arkadyevich, the writer’s son, the answer is this: ““G” is the first letter of the Golikov surname; “ay” - the first and last letters of the name; “d” - in French “from”; “ar” are the first letters of the name of the hometown. G-AY-D-AR: Golikov Arkady from Arzamas.”

IV. Pseudonyms for journalism

Publishing under a pseudonym as a literary critic is a long-standing magazine tradition, even by modest (chronologically, not qualitatively) Russian standards. And the sun of Russian poetry did not disdain to sign with a fictitious name (Feofilakt Kosichkin). So by the beginning of the 20th century, pseudonyms for publicists had just become optional. For example, Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilev (1886-1921), publishing in his own magazine “Sirius”, used the pseudonym Anatoly Grant. And Yuri Karlovich Olesha (1899-1960), collaborating in the famous satirical department of the Gudok newspaper, signed as Chisel.

***
The journalistic pseudonym had to be catchy, otherwise readers might not pay attention to it. Thus, the poetess and writer Zinaida Gippius (1869-1945) signed critical articles in the magazines “Scales” and “Russian Thought” as Anton Krainy. Among the guises of Valery Bryusov (1873-1924) were Aurelius, And Harmody, And Pentaur. And the author of popular stories for young people at the beginning of the 20th century, book historian and memoirist Sigismund Feliksovich Librovich (1855-1918) was published in the “Bulletin of Literature”, signing Lucian the Strong.

V. Pseudonyms “according to circumstances”

Seventeen-year-old Anna Andreevna Gorenko (1889-1966) did not risk publishing her first poems under her own name and took her great-grandmother’s surname as a pseudonym - Akhmatova. Under the Tatar name she remained in literature. In her autobiographical essay “Budka,” written in 1964, she focused on the importance of this name for history: “My ancestor Khan Akhmat was killed at night in his tent by a bribed Russian killer, and with this, as Karamzin narrates, the Mongol yoke ended in Rus'.”

***
Both authors of The Twelve Chairs and The Golden Calf wrote under pseudonyms. Evgenia Petrova(1902-1942) was actually named Evgeny Petrovich Kataev, he was the younger brother of Valentin Kataev (1897-1986) and chose to become famous under a fictitious (semi-fictitious in his case) name. Ilya Ilf(1897-1937) at birth received the name Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg, but shortened it almost to the initials - Il-f.

***
A separate chapter in the story about pseudonyms should be written by writers who changed their German, Polish, Jewish surnames to Russian ones. Thus, the author of “The Naked Year” and “The Tale of the Unextinguished Moon” Boris Pilnyak(1894-1938) at birth bore the surname Vogau, but changed it for the publication of his first youthful works and subsequently published only under a fictitious surname, meaning a resident of a village where wood was cut.

***
Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev(1867-1945), author of the timeless "Notes of a Doctor", came from the old noble family of Smidovich; a major figure in the Bolshevik movement and party leader in Soviet times, Pyotr Smidovich, is the writer’s second cousin.

***
The traveler Vasily Yanchevetsky (1874-1954), having taken up historical fiction and succeeded in this field, shortened his surname to Jan. Readers of “Lights on the Mounds,” “Genghis Khan,” and “Batu” know him by this name.

***
Author of "Two Captains" Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin(1902-1989) was born into the Zilber family, but, having entered the literary field, he borrowed the name from a friend of A.S. Pushkin, the daring hussar and rake Pyotr Kaverin. It is remarkable that Zilber defended his dissertation at Leningrad University on Osip Senkovsky, the most popular writer in the mid-19th century, who became famous under the pseudonym Baron Brambeus. And Osip Ivanovich was a master of pseudonyms: he signed himself, among other things, as “Ivan Ivanov, son of Khokhotenko-Khlopotunov-Pustyakovsky, retired second lieutenant, landowner of various provinces and cavalier of integrity” and “Dr. Karl von Bitterwasser.”

What is a pseudonym? The word is of Greek origin and literally means a false (fictitious) name. Most often, pseudonyms are used by famous personalities - artists, athletes, scientists, religious figures, etc.

One of the most famous pseudonyms of Russian writers is Maxim Gorky, under whom Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov worked. The practice of using a literary name other than the real one is quite widespread and dates back to time immemorial. Often we get so used to famous names that we don’t even suspect that underneath them lies a completely different person, and sometimes an entire creative team. For what reasons does this happen? Let's look at this in more detail.

In ancient times, and even today in some nations, a person’s name could change several times throughout his life. This occurred in connection with significant events, emerging character traits or external signs, career, place of residence or other changes in a person's life. At the same time, it was often difficult to distinguish a pseudonym from a nickname, that is, a name given by others. For example, given the fragmentary biographical data, mainly taken from legends, today it is difficult to say whether for the Indian religious poet Ratnakar the term Valmiki was a nickname or a classic pseudonym in the modern sense.

English literature

Pseudonyms are no less popular among writers and poets in English-speaking countries. Samuel Langhorne Clemens is known as one of the founders of American literature under the name Mark Twain. The pseudonym was taken from the terminology of Mississippi River pilots, with which the life and work of the great writer are closely connected - literally mark twain meant the minimum permissible depth for a vessel to pass, two fathoms. However, already being a famous writer, Clemens published one of his novels under the ornate name of Sir Louis de Comte.

O. Henry is one of the most famous names in American short fiction, but not everyone knows that it appeared during the three-year prison sentence served by bank employee William Sidney Porter, accused of embezzlement. Although he had written before, even published a literary magazine, it was at that moment that the story “Dick the Whistler's Christmas Gift” was published under the name O. Henry, under which William Porter will go down in history.

Another reason for Lewis Carroll's pseudonym. The son of a parish priest, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was very versatile, and if photography or chess were on a slightly different plane, then it seemed inappropriate to him to publish works in the field of mathematics and works of art under the same name. Therefore, the works of Charles Dodgson are known in the mathematical field, and we know Lewis Carroll as the author of the popular fairy tale “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” and many other works. The pseudonym is formed by swapping synonyms for the first and last names: Charles - Carl - Carroll and Lutwidge - Louis - Lewis.

Initially, many English writers published under pseudonyms or anonymously due to doubts about their talent, and only after success their real names were revealed. For almost his entire life, Walter Scott, who initially became famous for his poetic works, published novels incognito, signing himself “author of Weaverly” (his first published novel), and only a few years before his death did intrigued readers learn the real name of the writer. Charles Dickens's first attempts at writing were published under the playful nickname Boz, which came from childhood, and only after checking the success of his works did the writer begin to use his name. The famous prose writer and playwright John Galsworthy signed his first stories and novels as John Sinjon.

Hungary

The role of Sandor Petőfi in the development of Hungarian poetry can be compared with Pushkin for Russia or Shevchenko for Ukraine. In addition, he was an active participant in the Hungarian national liberation movement. But it turns out that ethnic Serb Alexander Petrovich worked under this pseudonym.

The tradition continued among Soviet writers. For example, the editor suggested a pseudonym for the writer Boris Kampov, translating his last name from Latin (campus - field). As a result, we know him under the name Boris Polevoy.

One of the most famous pseudonyms of children's writers and poets is Korney Chukovsky, under whom Nikolai Korneychukov worked. A little later, Ivanovich also acquired a literary name - Nikolai Korneychukov himself was illegitimate and did not have a middle name. After the revolution, the pseudonym became his official full name, and his children bore the middle name Korneevichi.

A similar situation happened to Arkady Golikov - his pseudonym Gaidar became the surname for him and his children.

Kirill Simonov had a problem with diction - he was unable to pronounce the sounds “r” and hard “l”, so he changed his name to Konstantin and with it he entered the history of Soviet literature. At the same time, his children bore their “real” middle name - Kirillovichi.

Researcher Igor Mozheiko believed that his literary work would interfere with his main professional activity, so he used his wife’s name, Kira, and his mother’s maiden name, becoming known as Kir Bulychev.

Grigory Shalvovich Chkhartishvili, according to him, took a pseudonym because many editors and readers could not pronounce his last name. This is how the now famous detective author Boris Akunin appeared. He signed works that were not part of the “classical outline of Akunin” as Anatoly Brusnikin and Anna Borisova.

In the same area, Marina Alekseeva, known as Alexandra Marinina, is widely published.

If at the beginning of the twentieth century many bearers of foreign surnames sought to become Russian in literature, then by the end of the century the situation changed - in order to somehow separate themselves from the mass of one-day novels, some writers took foreign pseudonyms. One of the most famous examples is Dmitry Gromov and Oleg Ladyzhensky, who signed their joint works as Henry Lyon Oldie. Initially, the surname was taken from the first two letters of each name (OLeg and DIma) with initials corresponding to the surnames of G.L. “Deciphering” the initials was done later, at the request of one of the editors with whom the authors collaborated.

Conclusion

This article did not set out to reveal the origin or at least list all the pseudonyms used among prose writers and poets - for this purpose special reference and encyclopedic resources are being created. Therefore, you may not find many of your favorite and famous names. The main task is to explain the main reasons for this phenomenon and give the most typical examples.

SIX-YEAR-OLD RESPONSER

Mm. years! Let a happy and proud parent turn to you, gentlemen, publishers of the esteemed Iskra magazine!

In our time, when the most incredible miracles of civilization are happening with such speed, so to speak, with our own eyes, when progress is developing so rapidly, these miracles, this development should have reflected on all modern personalities and especially on the impressionable personalities of children! All children, I am sure, are imbued with progress, but not everyone is given the opportunity to realize their feelings! With involuntary pride, although with humility, I declare publicly: I have a son who has been given this high ability; he is a poet... but as a true child of modernity, he is not a lyric poet, a satirist poet, an accusatory poet.

He is just over six years old. He was born on November 27, 1853. He grew up in a remarkably strange way. Until he was two years old, he was breastfed and seemed weak and even an ordinary child; he suffered greatly from scrofula; but from the age of three a change took place in him: he began to think and sigh; a bitter smile appeared on his lips and never left them; he stopped crying - but irony snakes across his features, even when he sleeps. In his fourth year he was disappointed; but he soon realized the backwardness of this moment of self-awareness and rose above it: cold, bilious calm, occasionally interrupted by outbreaks of energetic sarcasm, was the usual state of his spirit. I have to agree that it’s hard to live with him... But life isn’t any easier for him either. He learned to read - and greedily rushed to books; not many of our domestic authors have earned his approval. According to his concepts, Shchedrin is one-sided and weak in satire; Nekrasov is too soft, Mr. Elagin is not quite frank and has not mastered the secret of, as he put it, “icy-burning mockery”; he is quite pleased with Mr. Bov’s articles alone in Sovremennik; they constitute, together with Mr. Rosenheim's praises, the subject of his constant study. “-Bov and Rosenheim,” he exclaimed one day at the table, after first throwing a spoon of porridge at my forehead (I am telling you these details because I think that over time they will have a great value in the eyes of literary historians), “-Bov and Rosenheim are at enmity with each other, and yet they are flowers growing on the same branch!

I frankly admit that I do not always understand him, and my wife, his mother, simply trembles before him; but, gentlemen, the feeling of reverent admiration for one’s own product is a high feeling!

I am telling you, for testing, a few poems of my son: I ask you to notice in them the gradual maturation of thought and talent. The 1st and 2nd Nos. were written by him two years ago; they also echo the naivety of first childhood impressions, especially No. 1, in which the method of immediately explaining an accusatory thought through commentary is reminiscent of the manner of thirteenth-century painters; The 3rd No. was produced in the era of melancholy disappointment, which I have already mentioned in my letter; The 4th and final No came out of my son's chest recently. Read and judge! I remain with complete respect and the same devotion, mm. gg.,

Your most humble servant,

Platon Nedobobov, retired teacher of Russian literature.

My son's name is Jeremiah... a significant fact! An amazing, although, of course, unconscious foreknowledge of his future calling!

Cat and mouse

A mouse sits on the floor
Cat on the window...

A comment:

(I brought out the people in a mouse,
Stanovoi in a cat.)

Cat - jump! The mouse is in the hole,
But he lost his tail...

A comment:

(This means that the official
Profit from a bribe.)

Daddy took the cane and the cat
Flogged without mercy...

A comment:

(Give praise to superiors
We are always happy!)

The angry cat bit
Daddy near the thigh...

A comment:

(Predatory Stanovoy recently
Earned the buckle...)

But the poet castigates him
In a word of rejection...
Nanny! put it down for this
Jam in my mouth!

Absolute irony

Filled with strict pride,
I look sternly at Rus'...
The barman brings two melons -
Good, I mutter, you goose!

The liquor darkens in the bottle...
I think: oh, a sign of stupidity!
The man itched the back of his head -
What a fool you are, I whisper!

The priest strokes the filly's belly -
And he, I sighed, is a man!
The teacher gave me a slap -
I didn't say anything here.

Sigh
(Elegy)

Oh, why from baby's diapers
Sorrow over bribes crept into my soul!
The sad fact of bribes and bribes
Sensitive child poisoned
Like a sheepfold with the smell of a goat!

Talk

You are boring today, my son.
Isn't the nurse's milk tasty?

2 year old son

Give me a dime.

Here's a snout.
No more.

Let's; stingy is disgusting.
Copper?!?

No, you know, silver.
But why do you need?..

Not for good.

I want to bribe the footman,
So that he can papa without being timid...

Understand; give me a penny;
I will do everything exactly, my friend.
(Leaves)

Son (one)

Bribe! Mother!! Father!!! Oh century! Oh morals!!!
Robespierre and you, Marat, you are right!

Jeremiah Nedobobov

Notes

Published according to the text of the first publication: "Iskra", 1859, No. 50, pp. 513-515 (censorship permission December 21, 1859).

It is included in the collected works for the first time.

Autograph unknown.

The fact that the feuilleton-parody directed against N.A. Dobrolyubov was written by Turgenev is proven in a detailed article by G.F. Perminov “Turgenev about N.A. Dobrolyubov. The unknown feuilleton-parody of Turgenev in Iskra” (T Sat., vol. III , pp. 106-118). The basis for such an attribution is, first of all, the memoirs of P. I. Pashino, published during Turgenev’s lifetime: “Messrs. Turgenev and Saltykov also tried their pen in Iskra” (St. Petersburg, Ved, 1881, No. 319, December 20/ January 1, 1882); in another place: “There are also poems by Jeremiah Nedobobov, belonging to<...>I. S. Turgenev" - and further: "hiding under the pseudonym of Nedobobov", Turgenev wanted to "hurt Dobrolyubov" ("Minute", 1882, No. 121, May 13). None of these instructions raised any objections from Turgenev or his friends. In the book "Satirical Journalism of the 1860s" (M., 1964, pp. 113-114), I. G. Yampolsky examines the feuilleton "The Six-Year-Old Accuser" as written by Turgenev.

The feuilleton could have been written by Turgenev in St. Petersburg between November 27 (the date of the “birth” of Jeremiah Nedobobov indicated in the feuilleton) and December 21, 1859 (the date of censorship permission from Iskra). A few months earlier, Herzen’s article “Very dangerous!!!” was published in Kolokol (1859, sheet 44, June 1, pp. 363-364), directed against the discrediting of accusatory literature in Sovremennik and in "Whistle" - mainly in the speeches of N. A. Dobrolyubov. This article became known to Turgenev at the very moment of its appearance (he was in London and communicated with Herzen from June 1 to June 8, 1859); its direction is the same as that of Turgenev’s feuilleton. It is also possible to outline points of contact between the parodic image of the “six-year-old accuser” and the interpretation of Hamlet in Turgenev’s speech.

The entire argument of Perminov in the above-mentioned article, presented here briefly, in its most significant moments, allows us to consider Turgenev’s authorship of the feuilleton-parody in Iskra as proven.

Writers, especially beginners, often take pseudonyms for themselves; their reasons for this can be very different. And it often happens that these pseudonyms “grow together” with the authors so much that for many they replace real names and surnames in life.

A.P. Chekhov and his pseudonyms

The greatest master of inventing pseudonyms was Chekhov. He had more than forty of them.

And the most famous, which everyone knows about from school, of course, was “Antosha Chekhonte”. It was under this pseudonym, while still a medical student, that Chekhov sent his first humorous stories to magazines. One of the gymnasium teachers jokingly called the young student Chekhov Antosha Chekhonte.

And it’s all the more surprising that out of so many pseudonyms, not one “caught on.” For everyone, Chekhov was and remains Chekhov.

Green Alexander - Grinevsky Alexander Stefanovich

At school, the guys addressed Alexander briefly - “Green!”, and one of his childhood nicknames was “Green-damn.” Therefore, he chose exactly this pseudonym for himself, without much thought. " I feel like only Green, and it seems strange to me when someone says: Grinevsky. This is someone stranger to me" Even his third wife received a passport in the name of Nina Green when she changed her last name.

Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich - Korneychukov Nikolay Vasilievich

The fact that he was illegitimate weighed heavily on Chukovsky in his youth. And having taken up literary activity, he began to use a pseudonym, which was his last name, divided into two parts: Korneychukov = Korney + Chukov + sky.

Subsequently, without further ado, he also came up with a middle name for him - “Ivanovich”. After the revolution, having changed his real name, patronymic and surname to a pseudonym, he became Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky also according to his passport.

Anna Akhmatova - according to her passport Anna Gorenko

After her divorce from Gumilyov, Anna took the surname Akhmatova as a pseudonym. Her mother's female branch descended from the Tatar Khan Akhmat. She later recalled: “ Only a seventeen-year-old crazy girl could choose a Tatar surname for a Russian poetess... That’s why it came to my mind to take a pseudonym because my dad, having learned about my poems, said: “Don’t disgrace my name.” - “And I don’t need your name!” - I said…»

Ilya Ilf - Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg

There are several versions regarding the origin of this pseudonym, and one of them is:
In his youth, Ilya Fainzilberg worked as a journalist, writing articles for newspapers. But his last name was not very suitable for a signature - it was too long and difficult to pronounce. Therefore, Ilya often abbreviated it - sometimes “Ilya F”, sometimes “IF”, sometimes “Falberg”. And, in the end, it turned out - “Ilf”.

Evgeniy Petrov - Evgeniy Petrovich Kataev

Evgeny was the younger brother of the then famous writer Valentin Kataev. Not wanting to enjoy the fruits of his fame, he came up with a literary pseudonym for himself, forming it from the name of his father, that is, from his patronymic. So Evgeny Kataev became Evgeny Petrov.

Arkady Gaidar - Golikov Arkady Petrovich

Arkady Golikov, under his real name, wrote only the first book - “In the days of defeats and victories.” All the others were published under the pseudonym Gaidar, under which he became a widely known writer.
As for the origin of this pseudonym, we can only guess.
Perhaps it came from the Mongolian "gaidar" - "horseman galloping in front."

According to another version, while on duty in Khakassia, Gaidar often had to ask local residents - “haidar”? ("where to go"?). Perhaps this is how this word stuck to him - “haidar”.

Daniil Kharms - Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev

The writer Daniil Yuvachev also invented many pseudonyms for himself (Kharms, Haarms, Dandan, Charms, Karl Ivanovich Shusterling, etc.), signing himself first with one of them, then with another. Until I finally settled on one thing - Daniil Kharms. However, its meaning is interpreted ambiguously. "Charm" in French means "charm", while "charm" in English means "harm", "suffering". But based on what Kharms once wrote in his diary: “ Yesterday dad told me that as long as I am Harms, I will be haunted by needs", then the English version is still preferable. The writer adored this pseudonym to such an extent that he even manually added it to his last name in his passport.

There are also many examples in Western literature where pseudonyms have replaced the real names of authors:

O. Henry - William Sydney Porter
Lewis Carroll - Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
Voltaire - Francois-Marie Arouet
Stendhal - Marie-Henri Bayle
Mark Twain - Samuel Langhorne Clemens

Pseudonyms are also widely used in Eastern literature. So, everyone has heard the name of the Japanese poet who lived in the 17th century - Basho.

But this is also a pseudonym, and it means “ banana tree O". The poet planted a banana tree near his house, which he took care of. The neighbors began to call him “basyonoo” - an old man living near a banana tree. Few people know his real name - Matsuo Munzfusa.

And in continuation of the literary theme.