Separation of appeal. What is an appeal? Examples of using addresses in speech. How sentences with appeals are distinguished in business letters: examples

In written speech, it is not uncommon to use elements such as addresses or interjections. They are necessary to create the desired color in the narrative, as well as to designate the subject being addressed. Punctuation when using these words has its own characteristics, which you need to know.

1. Spelling of commas when addressing.

First, let’s define the term “appeal” itself.

An address is a word or phrase that names the participant in the action to whom the statement is addressed.

This may not necessarily be an animate person, but it may also be an inanimate object. In the Russian language system, this unit is given a peripheral place, and appeal is not a member of the sentence.

In writing, the address is separated by commas. If the sentence contains words related to the address, then they, together with it, are separated by commas from the rest of the statement. For example:

• Dear colleagues, just a moment.
• Father Vasily, I came to you for help.

Note. Sometimes the address may be highlighted with another punctuation mark, such as an exclamation mark. This is done in order to especially highlight the person being addressed:

• Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
  The azure steppe, the pearl chain
  You rush as if like me, exiles
  From the sweet north to the south. (Lermontov)
• Eh, darling! deceive others with this; There will be more for you from the assessor for not frightening people with devilry. (Gogol)

2. Spelling of commas during interjections.

Interjections are a separate class of unchangeable words that serve for grammatically unstructured expression of emotions, feelings and expressions of will..

This is a unique group of words that is not part of the syntactic system of the Russian language. She only points out different reactions and emotions, but does not name them. Has its own spelling rules.

Usually in writing there are interjections (“eh”, “oh”, “ege-gay”, “ah”, “o”, “well”, “hey”, “op”, “oh”, “ai”, “ai- ay-ay”, “oh-oh-oh”, etc.) are separated by commas (sometimes with exclamation marks to enhance emotionality):

• Ay-ay-ay, not good! – he scolded and shook his finger.
• Eh, I'm tired of everything, I'll leave.
• Oh, you were a playful child (Pushkin).
• Oh, the board is running out, now I'm going to fall! (A. Barto)
• Oh, what a woman, what a woman! I wish I had one like that! (gr. "Freestyle")
• - Ege-ge-ge! Yes, these are both birds from the same nest! Knit them both together! (N.V. Gogol)

Note. The particles “o”, used when addressing, as well as “well”, “ah”, “oh” are homonyms of the same interjections. However, in writing these particles are not separated by commas:

• O field, field, who strewn you with dead bones? (Pushkin)
• But, oh my friends, I don’t want to die. (Pushkin)
• Oh, you goy, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich! (Lermontov)
• Well, Onegin? Are you yawning? (Pushkin)
• Oh, what are you!

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Punctuation marks when addressing.
Appeal- these are words that name the person to whom the speech is addressed. An appeal is used to draw attention to a message.
Names of persons (first names, nicknames, surnames), which are expressed by animate nouns, are often used as address, for example: You,father , hold your pencil straight.
But in artistic speech, nouns and inanimate nouns can act as addresses: And may your happiness be in learning, you are my clear star!
Sentences in which addresses are used are often motivating and interrogative: How tender you are, silver night , in the soul there is a blossoming of silent and secret power!

In order to correctly place punctuation marks, we must remember that the address coincides in form with the subject (it is in the nominative case), but it is not grammatically connected with the predicate and is not a member of the sentence. Compare: My life still flowing!– appeal . my life has not become any quieter - subject.

Appeals can be single or widespread. For example: Old man , forget about the past (uncirculated appeal ). Dear guests , you are welcome at the table (common appeal ). They can be at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence.
Calls may be repetitive, for example: Nina , ANing, come here. If a repeated expression is preceded by a particle A, then a comma is placed in front of it, and no sign is placed after it. In case of non-repeating address, A acts as an interjection and is separated by a comma, for example: - Ah, Vaska! - he said.
Personal pronouns YOU and YOU, as a rule, are not addresses, but act as the subject. However, they can be part of a common address, punctuationally standing out along with it, for example: Well, completeness, completeness,joker, joker you are like that!
The appeal stands out:

1. 
   a comma or exclamation point if it is at the beginning of a sentence, for example: My friend Let us dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses.
2. 
   on both sides with commas if it is in the middle of a sentence, for example: Rash you, bird cherry, snow.
3. 
   a comma before the address if it is at the end of the sentence, and after the address the sign that is needed according to the meaning of the sentence is placed: Start the serenade, starling!
4. 
   Between two addresses connected by a non-repeating conjunction. There is no comma, for example: Hello,sunshine and a cheerful morning!
5. 
   The particle O, standing before the address, is not separated from it by any sign, for example: Oh my dear, my tender, beautiful garden! But if O acts as an interjection (with the meaning “ah”), then a comma is placed after it, for example: Oh children why are you making so much noise!

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In the Russian language there are a lot of rules that make it easier to work with spelling. Some of them are related to the correct writing of letters, others - to punctuation marks. Today we will consider such a concept as a proposal with an appeal. What is an appeal? How does it stand out? How does it combine with other words in a sentence?

General concept of conversion

An address is either a single word or a group of words that indicate the subject to whom the speech in the text is addressed. For example: “Polina, give me pudding and a cup of tea for tea.”

As a rule, a sentence with an appeal is distinguished by intonation. If you read this, you will immediately understand who it is addressed to. For example: “Ivan Karlovich, you are biting. Hurry up and pull out your fishing rod."

In more detail, in oral speech the address is usually distinguished by raising and lowering the voice. That is, if one word acts as an address, then its first syllable involves a rise in voice, and the next one – a decrease in voice. If the appeal is presented in several words, then the voice is raised on the first of them, and the voice is lowered on the last.

Where can the appeal appear in a sentence?

The address is always in the nominative case and is a noun. If we talk about its position in the text, then it can appear in a sentence:

• at the beginning;
• in the middle;
• at the end.

Where is the appeal: examples

For example: “Svetlana, your pies seem to be burnt. There’s something smoking in your kitchen.” This sentence with an address clearly shows that the address - “Svetlana” - is at the very beginning of the phrase.

Another example: “Listen, Alexey Kondratyevich, there is an article about you in today’s press.” As can be seen from this sentence, the address is located in the center of the utterance. In this case, the address will be “Alexey Kondratievich.”

For example: “How late you told me about the exam, Slavik. I won’t have time to prepare for it at all.” This sentence with an address (the word “Slavik”), as you can see, is at the very end.

How is the appeal highlighted in a sentence?

As it becomes clear from the examples, addresses are distinguished by punctuation marks. Moreover, if it comes first and is pronounced calmly, then on one side it is highlighted with a comma (the punctuation mark is placed after the address). If it has a similar location, but is pronounced with a special feeling, then an exclamation point is placed after it. For example: “Friends! We are pleased to tell you good news. From tomorrow we will have two days off a week.”

Please note that after “Friends!” are highlighted with an exclamation mark, the next word begins with a capital letter.

If the address is in the middle of a phrase or sentence, it is separated by commas on both sides. The previous sentence with the address (“Listen, Alexey Kondratyevich...”) clearly demonstrates this.

An address at the end of a sentence is separated by a comma on one side only. In this case, a comma is placed before the address.

What is the purpose of reversal in the test?

Typically, appeal sentences are used to attract the attention of a person. In addition, it is with the help of an address that you can demonstrate your attitude towards a person. For example: “Honey, pay attention! I've been walking under the window for two hours now. Open the doors."

In literature, you can often use address to refer to an inanimate object. For example: “Tell me, wind, is it possible to feel the need for communication and love?”

Sometimes there are interesting offers with appeals. In particular, we are talking about sentences that use not one, but several addresses at once. For example, “Let’s find a place to stay for the night today, my darling, Martyn Petrovich.”

An address in itself is not a member of a sentence, but it can have words dependent on it. For example: “My dear friend and dedicated comrade! A lot depends on your decision today.” Moreover, in the first part of the text (before the exclamation mark) we see the address “Friend and Comrade”, which is bordered by additional words.

The appeal can relate to either one or several subjects at once. In such cases, “and” is placed between these calls. For example: “Kolya and Igor, today it’s your turn to be on duty in the classroom. Remove trash and dust from bookshelves.” In this case, the address is “Kolya and Igor”.

In addition, references may be repeated in the same sentence. For example: “Lena, Lena, aren’t you ashamed?!”

You can often see the interjection particle “o” before the address. For example: “Do not despair, oh friends. Everything will get better!”

How sentences with appeals are distinguished in business letters: examples

When drawing up business documentation, appeals are also used. As a rule, they are written separately from the rest of the text and are highlighted with an exclamation point. For example:

Dear users of the Internet provider “XXX”!

The company XXX LLC reminds you that from 07/20/2015 to 07/21/2015 it carries out preventive work. Due to this, the Internet will not work.

Please note that our address already includes the word “dear”, therefore it is not separated by commas. Another example:

Hello, dear subscriber!

The UUU company is pleased to inform you that you can now pay for our services without commission in your personal account.

In this example, you can see that the title is “dear subscriber.” In this case, “hello” is not part of the address. It is a bright predicate and is therefore highlighted with a comma. Similar sentences with appeals (you can see examples in our article) clearly demonstrate the location of appeals in business letters.

How are addresses with introductory words written?

Introductory words are sentences or phrases that introduce a special shade of modality into the text. Moreover, they relate either to specific members of the sentence or to the sentence as a whole. In addition, water words can convey uncertainty and confidence, as well as other feelings (joy or sadness, admiration). Example of introductory words: “We will certainly fulfill our promise to increase your salary next month.”

Introductory words, separated by commas, can be used in sentences together with addresses. Here is one example of a sentence with appeals and introductory words:

It seems, Ivan Petrovich, in this case you don’t understand the question at all. We will have to turn to a more knowledgeable person.

In this example, the role of the introductory word is “seems”, and the address here is “Ivan Petrovich”. In this case, the introductory word is at the beginning of the sentence and, therefore, is highlighted by a comma on one side. The second comma in this text refers to our appeal.

Here is another example where the introductory word is at the beginning and the address is in the middle:

It looks like your game is lost, dear friend.

Examples of what introductory words can convey:

How does address feel in the presence of interjections?

In the Russian language there are sentences with addresses and interjections. Let us recall that interjections are a certain part of speech that serves to endow expressions and sentences with some emotions. Interjections include such short words as: “Oh!”, “Ah!”, “Fathers!”, “Ay!” - and others.

If there is an appeal in a sentence together with an interjection, then the first is highlighted with an exclamation mark, and the second - with a comma or commas. For example: “Alas! Ivan, Makarovich, your letter was delivered by messenger yesterday.”

If the interjection “o” occurs in a sentence and it comes before the address, then the exclamation mark is not placed. For example: “Oh, gods, is it really possible to spend your hard-earned money like that?!”

In addition, often an address can stand next to an interjection and then a comma and an exclamation mark are not placed between them. For example: “Oh, you, but I had a better opinion of you.”

In conclusion, we say that the appeal gives the sentence a special sound. It goes well with both similar and other parts of speech. Now you know how to write sentences with addresses and introductory words, as well as with interjections.

An address is a semantic component of a sentence, distinguished intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech. Punctuation marks are mandatory. A comma or exclamation mark is used for this.

You have completely forgotten me, Nikolai Ivanovich.

Emma! Your question about my health is not so easy to answer.

The address can be extended by definitions, for example: dear, dear, my beloved, etc.

• If they come before the address, they do not require punctuation, for example: Dear mom, I am writing to you from Kyiv.
• If the definition comes after the reference, then it is separated by commas, for example: Mommy, dear, I am writing to you from Kyiv.

It is possible to formulate the same statements synonymously if the information is conveyed in a more emotional tone, for example:

Dear mom! I am writing to you from Kyiv.
Mommy, dear! I am writing to you from Kyiv.

Multiple hits are always separated by commas or exclamation points, for example:

Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me (me is the old form of the pronoun me) a sinner!
Lyoshenka, son, write how you are doing.

Note:

Particles and interjections are often used before addresses. They should be distinguished because their punctuation is different. Interjections are highlighted with a comma or exclamation mark, but particles are not. Examples:

Eh, son, you're making a mistake!
(Eh– interjection, it is distinguished by intonation and separated from the address by a pause and a comma)

O king! Ask me a hundred times! I’ll answer a hundred times: “I’m in love!” (A.N. Ostrovsky, Snow Maiden)
(ABOUT– a particle, it is not distinguished by intonation, is not separated by a pause or punctuation mark)

Commas highlight references along with all related words.

Let us repeat once again in what cases punctuation marks are used in direct speech.

If appeal stands at the beginning of a sentence, separated by a comma or exclamation point. An exclamation point is used when appeal pronounced with strong feeling. A sentence after an exclamation point is usually capitalized.

2.If appeal stands inside a sentence, it is separated by commas on both sides.

3.If appeal comes at the end of the sentence, before appeal a comma is placed, and after it - the sign that is needed within the meaning of the sentence: a period, a question mark, an exclamation point, an ellipsis.

4. If common appeal broken by other words - members of the sentence, then each part is separated by commas.

5. If there are several requests to one person located in different places in the sentence, each of them is separated by commas.

5. Interjection particle O It is not separated from the address by punctuation marks.

When addressing someone, we name our addressee. This word, as we call it, is called appeal in Russian. Sometimes it is expressed in several words, between which punctuation marks or conjunctions are placed. Also, often in a sentence a phrase acts as an address. Examples: " Mother, I love you. Mom and Dad, you are the most dear people to me. Dear Mom, I love you".

What words are used to express the appeal?

Expressing emotions

Feelings of joy and sadness, rage and admiration, affection and anger can be expressed by appeal. Examples show how emotion can be conveyed not only by intonation, but also with the help of suffixes, definitions, and applications: " Nadenka, don't leave us! Don't think pathetic little fanfare that scared me. Nightingale, my light how sweetly you sing!"

Vocative sentences. Common requests

Addresses can be very similar to so-called vocative sentences. These sentences contain a semantic connotation. But it has no appeal. Examples of a vocative sentence and a sentence with an address: “Ivan!” she said with despair. / We need to talk, Ivan".

In the first case, we are dealing with a vocative sentence, which contains the semantic connotation of prayer, despair, and hope. In the second case, it is simply an appeal.

Examples of sentences in which this speech component is common demonstrate how verbose and detailed addresses can be: " The young maiden who loosened her braids and opened her lips for a song of love, you will dream of me. You, talking about glory and freedom, forgetting all their promises, don't expect mercy."

In colloquial speech, common addresses are divided into sentences: “Where, nice, you're coming, Human?"

Address and speech styles

In literary and colloquial speech, “Don’t torment me, sadness! Where are you taking me? track stitches?"

It is quite common for calls to use constructions with a particle O. If this particle is used with a pronoun, it is usually accompanied by a qualifying clause: " Oh you, who recently answered me with a grin, have your eyes dropped?"

Particle Handling A more often found in colloquial speech: " Masha, and Masha, where is our porridge?

Place of reference in a sentence

The appeal can be at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the sentence: " Andrey, what happened to you yesterday? / What's wrong with you? Andrey, happened yesterday? / What happened to you yesterday, Andrey?"

Appeals may not be part of sentences, but can be used independently: " Nikita Andreevich! Well, why aren’t you going?”

Punctuation marks when addressing

The address, no matter what part of the sentence it is in, is always separated by commas. If it is placed outside the structure and is independent, then most often an exclamation mark is placed after it. Here are examples of sentences with addresses separated by punctuation marks.

• If an address is used at the beginning of a sentence, then a comma is placed after it: " Darling Natalya Nikolaevna, sing to us!"
• If the appeal is located inside a sentence, it is isolated on both sides: “I recognize you, Cute, by gait."
• If the address is placed at the end of a sentence, then we put a comma before it, and after it the sign that intonation requires - a period, an ellipsis, an exclamation mark or a question mark: “What did you have for dinner, children?"

Here are examples in which the appeal is outside the sentence: " Sergey Vitalievich! Urgently to the operating room! / Dear Motherland! How often did I remember you in a foreign land!

If the reference is used with a particle O, then no punctuation is placed between it and the address: " Oh sweet garden, I again inhale the scent of your flowers! "

Rhetorical appeal

Usually addresses are used in dialogues. In poetry, they participate in the stylistic coloring of the message. One of these stylistically significant ones is rhetorical appeal. We see an example in the famous poem by M. Yu. Lermontov “The Death of a Poet”: “You, standing in a greedy crowd at the throne, are the executioners of Freedom, Genius and Glory!” (This, by the way, is also an example of a common address.)

The peculiarity of a rhetorical appeal is that it, like a rhetorical question, does not require an answer or response. It simply enhances the expressive message of the speech.