The image of the mother in modern spiritual lyrics script. The image of the mother in Russian literature. III. The image of the mother in oral folk art

Research work.

“The image of the mother in the lyrics of classical and modern poets”

primary school teacher MBOU

Lyceum No. 13, Rostov-on-Don

…Mom, I carry your name through life like a shrine.

The years will go by. Apples will fall into the grass.

The sun will rise.

Rivers will burst into the desert.

Ships will sail into the whiteness of the Martian seas.

Life will rage.

Every atom. Each vein.

People! My brothers! Take care of your mothers!

A real mother is given to a person once!

Sergey Ostovoy.

Who teaches a child to take his first steps? Who sings the first lullaby in his life? Who's telling the tale? Who teaches you to speak your native language? And what word is most often spoken first by a child? Of course, MOM!

Yes, it is MOM who opens the door to the big world for the baby, she is relentlessly with him, the first to rise to his cry... He hears the mother’s kind words, feels her warmth and protection. How his little hands reach out to MOM! And even when people become adults and move away from their home, their connection with their mother does not break. And in moments of trouble, danger, despair, we still call for help, first of all, MOTHER...

The modern world is cruel, it is ruled by power, money, and patronage. But what about the power of maternal love, all-consuming love, all-forgiving love? Maybe, by turning to the beginning, to the source of life, society will be able to restore peace, tranquility, and prosperity? With Mother's milk, every person absorbs the most precious, tender, sincere feelings. Why, over time, does such a child, and then an adult, develop cruelty, a desire to humiliate, even destroy someone like himself?

These questions have worried poets and writers since biblical times. The image of the Mother is one of the most revered and beloved in Russian literature.

Mother's heart

A mother’s heart is the most merciful judge, the most sympathetic friend, it is the sun of love, the light of which warms us all our lives.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

“The Sun of Russian Poetry” - a world-famous classic - A.S. Pushkin was deprived of maternal love as a child. Nadezhda Osipovna had an uneven character, with sharp changes in mood: she would either be angry, or fall into black melancholy, or suddenly become affectionate and lively again. Alexander most often irritated her and was usually called upon for reprisals after another prank. The mother was irritated by everything: the boy’s stubbornness, his difference from other children, his incomprehensible complexity.

But still, there were two women in the Pushkin house who gave Alexander the maternal love and affection he so lacked. The nanny is Arina Rodionovna, a serf peasant woman who was set free, but who did not want to leave her masters, who nursed their children and then their grandchildren. Grandmother - Maria Alexandrovna Hannibal, who, according to the poet’s sister, Olga Sergeevna, “had a bright mind and was educated in her time, spoke and wrote in beautiful Russian ...” They told him fairy tales, legends, and introduced him to the world of folk fiction.

Oh! Shall I keep silent about my mother?
About the charm of mysterious nights,
When in a cap, in an ancient robe,
Will baptize me with zeal
And he will tell me in a whisper
About the dead, about the exploits of Bova...
I don’t move from horror, it happened,
Barely breathing, I snuggle under the blanket,
Without feeling either my legs or my head.
1816

With great love and tenderness, the poet often spoke about his nanny, Arina Rodionovna. She was constantly there not only when the poet was a child, but also as a famous poet, friend and ally of participants in the Decembrist movement. She accompanied him both in exile and in isolation on their family estate in the village of Mikhailovsky.

Nanny

Friend of my harsh days,
My decrepit dove!
Alone in the wilderness of pine forests
You've been waiting for me for a long, long time.
You are under the window of your little room
You're grieving like you're on a clock,
And the knitting needles hesitate every minute
In your wrinkled hands.
You look through the forgotten gates
On the black distant path:
Longing, premonitions, worries
They squeeze your chest all the time.

Madonna - in Catholicism means the Mother of God, the “mother” of the divine creation, the son of God. The embodiment of the ideal of motherhood was the wife of Alexander Sergeevich, Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova.

Madonna

Not many paintings by ancient masters
I always wanted to decorate my abode,
So that the visitor might superstitiously marvel at them,
Heeding the important judgment of experts.

In my simple corner, amidst slow labors,
I wanted to be forever a spectator of one picture,
One: so that from the canvas, like from the clouds,
Most Pure One and our divine savior -

She with greatness, he with reason in his eyes -
They looked, meek, in glory and in the rays,
Alone, without angels, under the palm of Zion.

My wishes came true. Creator
Sent you to me, you, my Madonna,
The purest example of pure beauty.

The image of the Mother in the works of A.S. Pushkin went through all stages of poetic evolutionary development: from hostility towards one’s own mother, through kind, tender feelings towards the nanny and grandmother, to the highest worship of the Holy Mother of God.

Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov.

M.Yu. Lermontov’s mother, Maria Mikhailovna, was a very kind person, she treated serfs and helped the poor. She often took little Misha on her lap, played the piano and sang.

"When I was a boy of three years old , - Lermontov recalled, -that was the song that made me cry... My late mother sang it to me..." Tenderness for his mother and longing for her are reflected in many of the poet’s works.

Angel

An angel flew across the midnight sky

And he sang a quiet song;

And the month, and the stars, and the clouds in a crowd

Listen to that holy song.

He sang about the bliss of sinless spirits

Under the bushes of the Gardens of Eden;

He sang about the great God, and praise

His was unfeigned.

He carried young souls in his arms

For a world of sadness and tears,

And the sound of his song is young in the soul,

He remained - without words, but alive.

And for a long time she languished in the world,

Full of wonderful desires;

And the sounds of heaven could not be replaced

She finds the songs of the earth boring.

1831

Maria Mikhailovna died of consumption in February 1817 at the age of 21 years 11 months 7 days. The theme of loneliness and sadness, which accompanied the poet from early childhood, ran like a red thread through all the work of M.Yu. Lermontov.

Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet.

A.A. Fet's childhood was not entirely happy. But you can’t call him sad either: “... everything with him was like that of many landowners’ sons, living mainly on the land and by the land. There was village life, ordinary rural life, and all around was Central Russian nature.”- this is how his daughter later recalled the poet.

The poet’s mother’s image is associated with German roots (his mother was born Charlotte-Elizabeth Feth); the future poet was brought up in a German school until the age of 14. Then - the Oryol province with its boundless fields, plains and completely different memories of that time, about a close and dear person - about the mother. In the poems associated with that time, we find closely intertwined folklore:

Lullaby to the heart

Heart - you are little!

Take it easy...

Just for a moment of sanity

I'm glad to accept with my soul

All your illness!

Sleep, the Lord is with you,

Baiushki bye!..

1843

Serenade

Quietly the evening is burning down,

Mountains of gold;

The sultry air is getting colder, -

Sleep, my child.

The nightingales have been singing for a long time,

Heralding darkness;

The strings rang timidly, -

Sleep, my child.

Angel eyes are watching,

Tremblingly shining;

The breath of the night is so light, -

Sleep, my child.

1845

In the later period of his work, the poet turns his attention to the image of his mother as the Virgin Mary. This is due to internal disagreement in the poetic field, and misunderstanding on the part of loved ones, whose love A. Fet was deprived of in childhood. And the poems turn into a prayer:

AVE MARIA

AVE MARIA - the lamp is quiet,

Four verses are ready in the heart:

Pure maiden, mourning mother,

Your grace has penetrated my soul.

Queen of the sky, not the brilliance of the rays,

In a quiet dream, appear to her!

AVE MARIA - the lamp is quiet,

Four verses are ready in the heart.

1842

The poet represented the purpose of a woman as motherhood, and glorified the woman herself as the Madonna, carrying her son to people in the name of salvation.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov.

N.A. Nekrasov spent his childhood in the village of Greshnevo, which is located on the banks of the great Russian Volga River in a family of wealthy landowners. There was little pleasant in the life around him; the future poet had to experience enough sad moments. The poem “Motherland” is a biographical saga about his native land, where he spent his childhood, memories of tragic moments from his childhood. His mother, Elena Andreevna, was a kind, gentle woman who resigned herself to fate, lived with a man who tyrannized not only serfs and servants, but also all household members.

…Whose face flashes in the distant alley

Flashes between the branches, painfully - sad?

I know why you cry, my mother!

Forever given to the gloomy ignoramus,

You didn’t indulge in unrealistic hope -

The thought of rebelling against fate scared you,

You bore your lot in silence, slave...

But I know: your soul was not dispassionate;

She was proud, stubborn and beautiful,

And everything that you had the strength to endure,

Forgave your dying whisper to the destroyer?..

Bitterness, pain, melancholy can be heard in other poems - memories of family and friends:

…See me, darling!

Appear as a light shadow for a moment!

You've lived your whole life unloved,

You lived your whole life for others,

With a head open to the storms of life,

All my life under an angry thunderstorm

You stood - with your chest

Protected my beloved children...

("Knight for an Hour")

The poet of “revenge and sadness” in his works often touched on the tragic fate of the Russian woman, the woman-mother. This is the poem “Russian Women”, and the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Frost, Red Nose” and many others.

The village suffering is in full swing...

Share you! – Russian female dolushka,

Hardly any more difficult to find.

No wonder you wither before your time,

All-bearing Russian tribe

Long-suffering mother!

And again there are lines from a prayer addressed to the Mother of God, for protection and forgiveness, for mercy:

Day after day my sad girl,

At night - a night pilgrim,

My dry food is centuries old...

("Orina, soldier's mother")

Not a single poet before N.A. Nekrasov sang with such force the image of a woman, a woman-mother. How amazing the ideal images the master creates. How beautiful are the images created by Nekrasov, who are in constant labor, the joys and sorrows of motherhood and the struggle for the family.

Poetry of the 20th century. New wave

The twentieth century burst into literature and, in particular, into poetry, with the novelty of forms, versification, size, and lexical phrases. A lot of different movements have emerged with their own ideological views and new themes. But the topic of motherhood not only remained one of the most important, but also began to sound with renewed vigor. A. Blok, I. Severyanin, O. Mandelstam, M. Tsvetaeva, B. Akhmadulina, E. Yevtushenko and many others have addressed this topic more than once.

Sergey Yesenin

But, perhaps, the most capacious, expressive, popular image of a mother belongs to Sergei Yesenin. In the Russian consciousness, the image of the mother has always been assigned a special role: she is the giver of life, and the nurse, and the protector, and the sadwoman for the adversities of children, she is the personification of the native land, she is “the green oak mother,” and “Mother Volga,” and “ Motherland,” and finally, “mother—the damp earth”—the last shelter and refuge of every person.

There is hardly a person who does not know Yesenin’s lines from “Letters to Mother.” And even the most hardened heart in life’s storms shrinks at the memory of his mother while reading his poems or singing songs, albeit someone else’s, but so similar to his in their love, anxiety, and patience.

Are you still alive, my old lady?
I'm alive too. Hello, hello!
Let it flow over your hut
That evening unspeakable light...<…>
Nothing, dear! Calm down.
This is just a painful nonsense.
I'm not such a bitter drunkard,
So that I can die without seeing you.<…>
I'm still as gentle
And I only dream about
So that rather from rebellious melancholy
Return to our low house.<…>
And don’t teach me to pray. No need!
There is no going back to the old ways anymore.
You alone are my help and joy,
You alone are an unspeakable light to me<… >

1924

S. Yesenin’s friend Ivan Evdokimov recalls reading the letter by the poet:“... it squeezed my throat tightly, secretly and hiding, I cried, in the depths of the huge ridiculous chair on which I sat in the darkened partition between the windows.”

The poet formed such a piercingly moving image of his mother only at the end of his life’s journey. Mother in Yesenin’s poems is a symbol of childhood, home, hearth, native land, Motherland. She becomes like all the mothers of the Russian land, patiently waiting for the return of their sons and grieving over their troubles and failures.

The words in the poet's poems are often intertwined with the words of many prayers addressed toMother of God:

“Our Lady of the Virgin, do not despise me, a sinner, requiring Your help and your intercession, for my soul trusts in You, and have mercy on me...”

Yesenin, dedicating poems to his mother, prayed his son’s prayer for the Mother. And his prayer reached his heart, burst into memory forever and became a folk song.

Anna Akhmatova

The stubborn and wayward girl had an evenly cold relationship with her mother, and therefore we do not find any warm words dedicated to her carefree childhood. However, the theme of motherhood in A. Akhmatova can be traced from her early work. And through all the verses - the image of the Martyr Mother, intercessor, Mother of God.

The mother's share is pure torture,

I wasn't worthy of her.

The gate has dissolved into a white paradise,

Magdalena took her son.

Every day is fun, good,

I got lost in the long spring,

Only the hands yearn for the burden,

I only hear him crying in my dreams.

1914

The tragic fate of Akhmatova repeated thousands of women's shares that fell on the shoulders of the mothers of the repressed. The pain of all mothers merged into one dark, all-consuming pain and resulted in the poem “Requiem”

Mountains bend before this grief,
The great river does not flow
But the prison gates are strong,
And behind them are “convict holes”
And mortal melancholy.
For someone the wind is blowing fresh,
For someone the sunset is basking -
We don't know, we're the same everywhere
We only hear the hateful grinding of keys
Yes, the soldiers' steps are heavy.
We rose as if for early mass.
They walked through the wild capital,

There we met, more lifeless dead,

The sun is lower and the Neva is foggy,
And hope still sings in the distance.
The verdict... And immediately tears will flow,
Already separated from everyone,
As if with pain the life was taken out of the heart,
As if rudely knocked over,
But she walks... She staggers... Alone...
Where are the involuntary friends now?
My two maddened years?..<…>

The quiet Don flows quietly,
The yellow moon enters the house.
He walks in with his hat askew -
Sees the yellow moon shadow.

This woman is sick
This woman is alone
Husband in the grave, son in prison,
Pray for me.<…>

And again the name of the Mother of God sounds, the name of the sufferer, the great martyr - the name of the Mother.

Crucifixion
"Don't cry to me, Mati,
they will see in the grave."
1
The choir of angels praised the great hour,
And the skies melted in fire.
He said to his father: “Why did you leave me?”
And to the Mother: “Oh, don’t cry for Me...”

2
Magdalene fought and cried,
The beloved student turned to stone,
And where Mother stood silently,
So no one dared to look.

Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva

The poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva is a stream of stormy memories of a distant, carefree childhood, where her mother, Maria Aleksandrovna Main, loved to play the piano, instilling a love of music and art in her daughters.

… We, like you, welcome sunsets
Reveling in the nearness of the end.
Everything that we are rich in on the best evening,
You put it in our hearts.

Tirelessly leaning towards children's dreams

(I only looked at them for a month without you!),
You led your little ones past
A bitter life of thoughts and deeds.

From an early age we are close to those who are sad,
Laughter is boring and home is alien...
Our ship has not set sail in a good moment
And floats according to the will of all winds!

The azure island is becoming paler - childhood,
We are alone on the deck.
Apparently, sadness left a legacy
You, oh mother, to your girls!

1908

In the cycle “In the first poems about mother” we see and feel all the tenderness and touching of Tsvetaeva towards loved ones, especially her mother.

Subsequently, after many years of wanderings, troubles, rejection, separation, in her lyrics we see an appeal to God, poems and prayers.

For the Youth - for the Dove - for the Son,
For Tsarevich Young Alexy
Pray, church Russia!
Wipe the eyes of the angels,

Remember how you fell on the slabs
Uglitsky pigeon - Dimitri.
You are affectionate, Russia, mother!
Oh, don't you have enough?
On him - loving grace? ...

The suffering of a mother who gives her child to people, eternal patience, love, expectation, hope - the feelings that permeate Marina Tsvetaeva’s poems, glorifying the difficult mother’s lot.

Modernity and poems about mother

Love for a mother is one of the most sacred themes not only in Russian, but also world poetry.

Mom... this is the purest spring from which every person draws strength. This is our hope, our support, our protection, our love.

In poems about the Great Patriotic War, we see the all-forgiving heart of mothers who accompany their sons to war - to defend the Motherland.

The first bullet in any war

They strike the mother's heart.

Whoever wins the last fight,

And a mother’s heart suffers!..

(K. Kuliev)

And again, prayers in the verses of contemporaries sound with renewed vigor.

Oh, why are you, red sun,

You keep leaving without saying goodbye?

Oh, why from the joyless war,

Son, aren't you coming back?

I will help you out of trouble,

I’ll fly like a quick eagle...

Answer me, my little blood!

Small, the only one...

White light is not nice.

I got sick.

Come back, my hope!

My grain

My Zoryushka,

My dear, -

Where are you?

“Requiem” by R. Rozhdestvensky

Modern poetry continues the traditions of the classics, glorifying the image of the mother - a simple peasant woman, mother of the Motherland, mother of a soldier who gave her sons to war, mother -The Mother of God, bringing to the world a part of herself, her soul, her life - her child.

The theme of separations, meetings, farewells is heard more often...

Our native lands await us like piers...

And, scorched by the winds of the paths,

You, returning to your father's house as if for the first time,

You will see your mother's hands...

That all that is good and holy has merged in them,

And the light of the window, and the trembling of the ripe fields,

That they, the sleepless ones, would have more peace,

And you don’t give them any peace!

I. Volobueva.

The mother is metaphorically and figuratively represented in the work written in blank verse by the German poet Zbigniew Herbert “Mother”:

He fell from her lap like a ball of wool.

He developed hastily and ran away blindly.

She held the beginning of life,

O twisting around your finger,

Like a thin ring. I wanted to save it.

And he rolled down the steep slope and climbed up the mountain.

And he came to her, confused, and was silent.

Will never return to sweets

the throne of her lap.

Outstretched arms shine in the darkness

like an old city.

Mom is the closest and dearest person on earth. Next to her, whether we are five, twenty or fifty years old, we are always children, and we have, as S. Yesenin said, “help and joy” in the person of our mothers. Understanding this does not come immediately, but the older we get, the more acutely we feel the tragedy of the inevitable loss and our guilt for not always being grateful, attentive, and tender enough. You can't bring back the past, so you have to protect the present.

List of used literature.

Akhmatova A.A. Poems. Poems. Tsvetaeva M.I. Poems. Poem. Dramaturgy. Essay. – M.: Olimp; LLC “Firm “Publishing House AST”, 1998.

Nekrasov N.N. Poems. Poems. Articles. – M.: Olimp; AST Publishing House, 1996.

Poetry of the Silver Age at school: A book for teachers / author.-comp. E.M. Boldyreva, A.V. Ledenev. – M.: Bustard, 2001.

Silver Age. Poetry. (School of Classics) - M.: AST, Olympus, 1996.

A.A.Fet.. Leningrad, Soviet writer, 1959.

The theme of the mother has been so ancient and organically inherent in Russian poetry that

it seems possible to consider it as a special literary phenomenon. Taking its source from the very birth of Russian literature, this theme consistently passes through all stages of its development, but even in the poetry of the 20th century it retains its main features.

In Russian folklore, the image of the mother passes from the cult of the Great Goddess, common to all nations in the era of matriarchy, from Slavic pagan beliefs, and the special veneration in Rus' of Mother Earth. In popular beliefs, the female deity associated with the “raw mother earth” lived in both pagan and Christian forms until the 20th century, being combined in Rus' along with the main subsequent worship of the Mother of God.

We can observe the first manifestations of the image of the mother in folklore works, initially in everyday ritual folklore, in wedding and funeral songs. Already here are laid down his main features, characteristic of him later - in special epithets when saying goodbye to his mother: As our daytime intercessor, / Night and pilgrim... .

Such a description was usually given to the Mother of God by the people; she was called “the ambulance, the warm intercessor,” “our sorrowful one,” “our intercessor and prayer service, the protector of the entire Christian race.” Thus, the image of everyone’s mother was correlated with the heavenly highest maternal image.

The funeral laments also expressed the deep connection between the mother and

mother-raw-earth, and in maiden wedding lamentations upon separation from

“mother” and home, just as in recruitment songs, the image of the mother stood in connection with the images of native places, homeland.

So, the three main hypostases of the image of the mother, which are preserved in poetry right up to the present day, existed already at the dawn of the verbal art of Rus' - the Mother of God, mother, homeland: “In the circle of heavenly powers - the Mother of God, in the circle of the natural world - the earth, in tribal social life - mother, are at different levels of the cosmic divine hierarchy bearers of one maternal principle. “The first mother is the Most Holy Theotokos, / The second mother is the damp earth, / The third mother is how she accepted sorrow...”

The image of the Mother of God, especially revered by the people, was most often embodied in folk spiritual poems and apocrypha, where the “passion of Christ” is conveyed through the suffering of the mother (“The Dream of the Virgin Mary,” “The Walking of the Virgin Mary”). G.P.

Fedotov emphasizes the peculiarity of the Russian image of the Mother of God, which distinguishes her image from the Western Catholic one: “In Her image, neither young nor old, as if timeless, as in an Orthodox icon, the people honor the heavenly beauty of motherhood. This is the beauty of a mother, not a maiden." At the same time, the image of the divine heavenly Mother in folk poems is endowed with human-feminine features. Her laments for her Son coincide in their figurative and lexical composition with the funeral laments of ordinary mothers. This also confirms the closeness in the popular consciousness of the images of the Mother of God and the earthly mother of man.

In folklore we find another phenomenon essential for the development of the mother theme: this theme could be embodied in the first person, when the image of the mother was revealed through her speech about herself, through her experiences and inner world. This is the image of the mother, first of all, in the cries of mothers for their children, where the mother directly expresses her grief, partly in lullabies, which contain the thought of both the future of the child and the fate of the mother herself. This way of embodying the image of a mother - on behalf of the mother herself - will move into the poetry of the 20th century.

In ancient Russian written literature the line of development continues

the image of the Mother of God, coming from spiritual verses - in the apocrypha, in works about the miraculous power of this image. Thus, in “Zadonshchina” and “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamayev”, the Mother of God saves the Russian people, but at the same time Her image stands here on a par with the image of the entire Russian land for which the battle is going on, as well as the damp land, the soil to which the prince has his ear Dmitry so that she could tell him the outcome of the battle.

Closer to the literature of modern times, in the 17th century, the image of the earthly mother again entered literature, in connection with the increase in the personal principle, authorship, deepening of psychologism, with a concept that D. S. Likhachev defined as “individualization of everyday life.” These trends are especially noticeable in the work that is key to the development of the image of the mother - “The Tale of Juliania Osoryina,” where “the ideal of the mother is depicted in the person of Juliania Lazarevskaya by her son Kalistrat Osoryin.” The author’s mother appears in this almost hagiographical work as a saint, but the idealization of her image is already “on a reduced basis”; her holiness lies in “economic service to the household” (D. S. Likhachev).

In the literature of the 19th century, the theme of the mother was continued in the works of many writers and poets. First of all, in the works of M. Yu. Lermontov and N. A. Nekrasov. In the poetry of M. Yu. Lermontov, the theme of the mother, which is just beginning to enter classical high poetry, has an autobiographical beginning (his entry about the song that “the late mother sang” is known - poems of the same period are directly correlated with this entry: “Caucasus”, and also “Angel”, where it is no coincidence that it is the song that carries some wonderful memory). In the poetry of M. Yu. Lermontov, a complex single knot was laid from the romantic memory of his own mother, the gradual complication, psychologization and “lowering” of the female image in his lyrics, as well as from images of earthly nature and prayers to the Mother of God. All the threads of this knot stretch from the beginning of the existence of Russian literature - through the poetry of M. Yu. Lermontov and N. A. Nekrasov - further, right up to the present day, and each of them is important as a component of the theme of the mother in literature. The approach of the female image to reality, the tendencies of realism, gradually increasing in the poetry of M. Yu. Lermontov, lead to a different way of embodying the theme of the mother - objective, when the image of the mother in poetry is almost equal to an individual literary character. Thus, his “Cossack Lullaby”, associated with everyday life, with folklore traditions, reflected the general bias of the literary process along the path of “democratization” (D.E. Maksimov) and presented the first image of a simple mother from the people in the subsequent gallery of similar ones.

It should also be emphasized the special role of N.A. Nekrasova in the making

themes of the mother in Russian poetry - poets of the 20th century came from Nekrasov in creating the image of the mother. His poetic heritage provides rich material for solving this image, both in a romantic and realistic manner. Thus, everything that was connected with the poet’s own mother constituted an area in his poetry that seemed to remain untouched by the general bias of his creative path towards realism (“Motherland”, “Knight for an Hour”). The pinnacle of development of such an “ideal,” even deified image of a mother is N. A. Nekrasov’s dying poem “Bayushki-Bayu,” where the mother is directly endowed with divine traits and rises to the image of the Mother of God and at the same time another Nekrasov shrine - the homeland. But in the poetry of N. A. Nekrasov, as a realist, from the very beginning there is also the image of a mother, embodied “on a reduced soil.” This line in his work dates back to a parody of Lermontov’s “Cossack Lullaby” of the 1840s. Later it will lead to the popular image of the mother (“Orina, the soldier’s mother”, the poems “Frost, Red Nose”, “Who Lives Well in Rus'”), created according to epic laws, on the principles of objective reality. This is no longer the poet’s mother, whom he glorifies and perpetuates from his subjective positions, but a certain character who appears in the poem with his own history, personal characteristics and speech characteristics.

S. A. Yesenin wrote especially touchingly about his mother. The image of his mother is inextricably linked in his poems with the image of a village house with blue shutters, a birch tree near the outskirts, a road stretching into the distance. The poet seems to be asking for forgiveness from the old woman “in an old-fashioned, shabby shushun.” In many verses, he asks her not to worry about the fate of her unlucky son. For him, the image of a mother seemed to unite all the mothers waiting for their sons to return home. Perhaps it is in the nature of a mother to desire to take on the concerns of her growing children, to protect them from life’s hardships and misfortunes. But often, in this pursuit, overly caring mothers go to extremes, depriving their children of any initiative, teaching them to live under constant care.

She stood at his cradle, she loved him like a son. “My mother...” he said about her. Famous poets dedicated poems to her, and memories of her remained throughout the centuries. Arina Rodionovna, nanny of the great poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Biographers of A. S. Pushkin will call her the noblest and most typical person of the Russian world. The poet loved her with a kindred, unchanging love, and in the years of maturity and glory he talked with her for hours at a time. The entire fabulous Russian world was known to her, and she conveyed it in an extremely original way. Among the letters to A.S. Pushkin from all the celebrities of Russian society are notes from the old nanny, which he cherished along with the first, and poems dedicated to her speak of the poet’s affection for her, for example: “A friend of my harsh days...”

Friend of my harsh days,

My decrepit dove!

Alone in the wilderness of pine forests

You've been waiting for me for a long, long time.

You are under the window of your little room

You're grieving like you're on a clock,

And the knitting needles hesitate every minute

In your wrinkled hands.

You look through the forgotten gates

On a black distant path;

Longing, premonitions, worries

They squeeze your chest all the time.

It seems to you. . .

N.V. Gogol was one of the first Russian writers to create the image of a Russian mother in the story “Taras Bulba”. “Everyone in the yard slept... only the poor mother did not sleep. She leaned to the head of her dear sons, who were lying nearby; she combed their young, carelessly disheveled curls with a comb and moistened them with her tears; She looked at them all, looked with all her senses, she turned into one vision and could not stop looking at them. She fed them with her own breasts, she raised them, nurtured them. “My sons, my dear sons! What will happen to you? What awaits you? - she said, and the tears stopped in the wrinkles that had changed her once beautiful face. Youth flashed before her without pleasure, and her beautiful, fresh cheeks, without kisses, faded and became covered with premature wrinkles. All love, all feelings, everything that is tender and passionate in a woman, everything turned into one maternal feeling in her. With fervor, with passion, with tears, like a steppe gull, she hovered over her children. She would give all of herself for every drop of their blood.

The moon from the heights of the sky had long illuminated the entire yard... and she still sat in the heads of her dear sons, never taking her eyes off them for a minute and not thinking about sleep.”

I.Introduction…………………………………………………….......page 2

II. Main part:

II .1My guiding star……………………………………..p. 3

II .2Female images in literature………………………………p. 4

II .3Immortality in time………………………………….....p. 5-7

II .4Holy pages of poetry………………….…………....…p. 8-10

II .5Literature that said so much about mother…………..p. 11-12

II .6The arts are different, but the theme is the same…………………...p. 13-14

III. Micro-study No. 1……………………………..…..… page 15

IV. Conclusion………………………………………………………pp. 16

V. Bibliography……………………………….…p. 17

VI. Applications

I. Introduction.

The topic of my research work is “The image of the mother in fiction.” I decided to write this work because I was interested in understanding why writers, poets, as well as artists and musicians often devote their works to mothers and make them the heroines of stories, novels, poems, paintings...

Mom... This is the most beautiful word that a child utters, and the mother’s heart skips a beat. “Mom, mommy,” he repeats, and the woman is already ready to fly, to break out of her bodily shell, ready to scream to the whole world that the little man to whom she gave life said her Name. And this word sounds in all the languages ​​of the world equally tenderly: in Russian “mama”, Ukrainian “nenka”, in English “mother”, Uzbek “aba”... Yes, now for many years the word “mama” in its various interpretations will become the name of a young woman.

The word “mother” is a special word. It is born, as it were, with us, accompanies us in adulthood, and with it we pass away from life. Mom is the dearest, closest, dearest person. When Valentina Tereshkova returned from space flight, she was a somewhat unexpected question was asked: “Who is your favorite person?” Valentina answered with one short, precise, beautiful word: “Mom.”*

I believe that this topic is relevant, since our time has added certain difficulties to the already difficult relationship between “fathers and children.” I know not only loving sons and daughters, but indifferent and cruel ones who are often offended by their mothers and push them away with your love. But it is the love given to us by our mothers that makes us more sensitive, receptive. This love is pure and innocent, like a drop of dew in the morning and it cannot be compared with any other feeling on Earth. It is in maternal love that the life-giving force lies, capable of performing miracles. Isn't that her strength?

Job objectives:

Identify your personal relationship with your mother.

Tell us what place female characters occupy in fiction.

Determine what contribution writers and poets made by saying so many good words to our mothers, and what influence did the image of the mother have on artists and musicians?

Show the immortality of the Mother's image in time.

Conduct a micro-study on the relationship between my peers and their mother.

1* Digest “Mommy, beloved, dear” page 25.

1. My guiding star.

Mom is the dearest, closest, dearest person, this is the most sacred thing in my life, both now and when I become an adult. I grow by being next to her, and this growth is not only physical, but also mental. Together, hand in hand, we climb the steps of improvement. Mom looks at the world from the position of a mature, more experienced person, and I grab onto everything I see interesting in the world. I think that in our conversations a certain truth is born for both of us. And as soon as we learn something new, we share our knowledge with each other. My mother always strives to learn something new, unusual, to discover for herself the life processes that occur on Earth and in the Universe. And I walk along the path of life next to her, gaining the knowledge that I strive for. We learn together to experience life in all its manifestations.

We are part of something big and bright. We are one. It happened that we were even mistaken for sisters, friends, this unity makes us so happy. And I can firmly, proudly and confidently say that my Mom is not only my Teacher, but also a close Friend who will never let me down, who will always help and support. Thanks to her, I know that there is a way out of any situation, that you can look at everything from the other side and understand that petty human troubles are not worth your mental energy. And I know that when I go out on the “high road” of life, I will not give up at the first failure, but will remember the love and kindness that my mother gave me, and the most beautiful of flowers will bloom in my soul - gratitude.

There are wonderful lines from L. Konstantinova’s poem about my mother, which I often remember:

In the pink kingdom of distant childhood

I remember your motherly heart,

A big heart is so reliable,

It would be impossible to live without you!

I've gotten older, and you've gotten closer,

The beautiful image is filled with love.

I am tied to you with this love,

I owe every eyelash to you.

For such love it’s impossible for me

Don't pay, don't pay more,

This motherly love counts.

I know my debt will never be paid.

You taught me a lot in life,

She raised me with a good example and care!

Your path, like a feat, glows with courage,

How I want to meet you in eternity,

How I don't want to lose you

On the day when we meet the Lord,

But as long as my heart can beat,

I will pray harder for you!*

2*The air of childhood and why home...: poems by Russian poets - M.: MOL. Guard p.337.

2. Female images in literature.

What could be more sacred in the world than the name of a mother!..

A man who has not yet taken a single step on the ground and is just beginning to babble, hesitantly and diligently puts together “ma-ma” syllable by syllable and, feeling his luck, laughs, happy...

The farmer, blackened from sleepless work, presses a handful of the same dark earth, enough to give birth to rye and wheat, to his parched lips and says gratefully: “Thank you, nurse-mother...”.

A soldier who stumbled upon an oncoming fragment and fell to the ground, with a weakening hand, sends the last bullet to the enemy: “For the Motherland!”

All the most precious shrines are named and illuminated by the name of the mother, because the very concept of life is associated with this name.

Happy is the one who, from childhood, has known maternal affection and has grown up under the caring warmth and light of his mother’s gaze; and to death he suffers and is tormented by the loss of the most precious creature in the world - his mother, and even, even ending his seemingly not in vain and usefully lived life, he cannot, without tears and bitterness, remember this unhealed pain, this terrible damage that burdened him unmerciful fate. It is no coincidence that we respond with all our hearts to the final lines of Vasily Kazin’s poem “On the Mother’s Grave”:

Both grief and bewilderment are oppressive,

My being is stuck like a nail,

I'm standing - your living continuation,

A beginning that has lost its own.*

With what respect and gratitude we look at a man who reverently pronounces the name of his mother until his gray hair and respectfully protects her old age. And with contempt we execute the one who forgot about the woman who gave birth to and raised him, and in her bitter old age turned away from her, denied her a good memory, a piece or shelter.

But people measure their attitude towards a person by the attitude of a person to his mother....

It is impossible not to notice that with all the understanding and often sympathy for childless women, folk literature, although good-naturedly, does not miss the opportunity to make fun of such people. And often lonely old women, unfamiliar with maternal feelings, are portrayed as grumpy, suspicious, stingy, and callous. The poet S. Ostrovoy was probably right when he said: “The most beautiful thing in the world is a woman with a child in her arms.”*

Female images in literature are a special topic. They play different roles in works: sometimes they are direct participants in events, often the plot without them would not have such an emotional mood and colorfulness. But of all the female images, our favorite is the image of the mother.

3* Hour of Courage p. 137.

4* Encyclopedia of Thought p. 195.

3. Immortality in time.

The people always honored the Mother! In oral poetry since ancient times, her appearance has been endowed with the brightest features: she is the keeper of the family hearth, the protector of her own children, the caretaker for all the disadvantaged and offended.

It is no coincidence that people also have many good, affectionate words about their mother. We don’t know who said them for the first time, but they are very often repeated in life and passed on from generation to generation: “There is no sweeter friend than dear mother,” “It’s light in the sun, it’s warm in mother’s time,” “The bird is happy about spring, but mother’s baby”, “He who has a uterus has a smooth head”, “My dear mother is an unquenchable candle”, etc. *

So many things have been invented and written about mother, so many poems, songs, thoughts! Is it possible to say something new?!

There are many examples when the heroism of a woman-mother saved her children and her relatives.

One such example is Avdotya Ryazanochka from a folk tale about the courage of a simple woman - a mother. This epic is remarkable in that it was not a man - a warrior, but a woman - a mother - who “won the battle with the horde.” She stood up to defend her relatives, and thanks to her courage and intelligence, “Ryazan went to full strength.”

Here it is - the immortality of true poetry, here it is - the enviable length of its existence in time!

But in printed literature, which for well-known reasons was initially the lot of only representatives of the upper classes, the image of the mother remained in the shadows for a long time. Perhaps he was not considered worthy of a high style, or perhaps the reason for this phenomenon is simpler and more natural: after all, then, noble children, as a rule, were taken to raise not only tutors, but also wet nurses, and children of the noble class, in contrast to peasant children , were artificially removed from their mother and fed with the milk of other women. Therefore, there was, albeit not fully conscious, a dulling of filial feelings, which, ultimately, could not but affect the work of future poets and prose writers.

It is no coincidence that Pushkin did not write a single poem about his parent and so many lovely poetic dedications to his nanny Arina Rodionovna, whom, by the way, the poet often affectionately and carefully called “mummy.” The most famous of the nanny’s dedications is called “Nanny”:

Friend of my harsh days,

My decrepit dove!

Alone in the wilderness of pine forests

You've been waiting for me for a long, long time.

You are under the window of your little room

You're grieving like you're on a clock,

And the knitting needles hesitate every minute

In your wrinkled hands.

You look through the forgotten gates,

On a black distant path;

Longing, premonitions, worries

Your chest is constantly being squeezed...

5* Digest “Mommy, beloved, dear” page 25.

6* A. S. Pushkin. Favorites. Poem "Nanny" - page 28.

The theme of the mother sounded truly deeply and powerfully only in democratic poetry. And here it is necessary, first of all, to name the great Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, who created a surprisingly integral and capacious type of peasant woman - mother. It is unlikely that anyone else has sung the praises of woman, mother and wife as reverently and reverently as Nekrasov. Suffice it to recall the titles of his works: “There are women in Russian villages”, “The village suffering is in full swing”, “Orina, the soldier’s mother”, “A knight for an hour”, “Hearing the horrors of war”, the chapter “Demushka” from the poem “To whom on It’s good to live in Rus'”, which alone constitute a kind of anthology...

His poems addressed to his early deceased mother (“A Knight for an Hour”)* are perhaps the most heartfelt in all of world poetry:

See me, darling!

Appear as a light shadow for a moment!

You've lived your whole life unloved,

You have lived your whole life for others...

I sing to you a song of repentance,

So that your gentle eyes

Washed away with a hot tear of suffering

All shameful spots are mine! ...

I'm not afraid of friends' regrets,

It doesn't hurt the enemies' triumph,

Speak only a word of forgiveness,

You, deity of purest love! …*

It is impossible to read the lines filled with high meaning without inner awe and deep complicity:

Listening to the horrors of war,

With every new casualty of the battle

I feel sorry for not my friend, not my wife,

I feel sorry for not the hero himself...

Alas! the wife will be comforted,

And the best friend will forget his friend.

But somewhere there is one soul -

She will remember it to the grave!

Among our hypocritical deeds

And all sorts of vulgarity and prose

I've spied the only ones in the world

Holy, sincere tears -

Those are the tears of poor mothers!

They will not forget their children,

Those who died in the bloody field,

How not to pick up a weeping willow

Its drooping branches...*

7* Nekrasov N.A. Complete works in 15 volumes. T.2-L. "Science", 1981 - p.258.

8* Nekrasov N.A. Complete works in 15 volumes. T.2-L. “Science”, 1981 p. 26

Scenario for an extracurricular activity “Sweet image of a mother” (based on the works of writers and poets of the 19th-20th centuries) Purpose: - recall the works of writers and poets, where a sweet image of a mother is described; - get acquainted with those works where there is an image of a mother. Educational goal: to develop a caring attitude towards the mother and love for her. Equipment: colored crayons, photographs of mothers, texts of works, drawings by students, wall newspapers. On the board (screen): poster: “A woman – a mother – is life, hope and love.” The prophet said: “There is no god but God!” I say: - There is no mother, except mother...! (R. Gamzatov) In Russian “mama” In Vainakh “nana” And in Avar affectionately “baba” From thousands of words of the earth and ocean This one has a special destiny. (R. Gamzatov, “Mama”) You knew the caresses of your relatives’ mothers But I didn’t know, and only in a dream In my golden childhood dreams, Mother sometimes appeared to me Oh, mom, if only I could find you, My fate would not be so bitter ( from the song from the film “Generals of the Sand Quarries”) Mom! Dear mother! How I love you... (from the song) All kinds of mothers are needed, All kinds of mothers are important. (S. Marshak, verse. “What do you have?”) Teacher’s word: The image of the mother, already in oral folk art, acquired the captivating features of a keeper of the hearth, a hard-working and faithful wife, a defender of her own children and an invariable guardian for all the disadvantaged, insulted and offended. These defining qualities of the maternal soul are reflected and sung in Russian folk tales and folk songs. Mother... The dearest and closest person. She gave us life, gave us a happy childhood. A mother's heart, like the sun, shines always and everywhere, warming us with its warmth. She is our best friend, a wise adviser. Mother is our guardian angel. That is why the image of the mother becomes one of the main ones in Russian literature already in the 19th century. The theme of the mother sounded truly deeply in the poetry of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. The image of the mother is vividly represented by A.N. Nekrasov in many of his works (“Village suffering is in full swing,” “Orina, the soldier’s mother,” “Hearing the horrors of war,” “Who lives well in Rus'”). Presenter: And today we have an extracurricular event, the theme of which is “The Sweet Image of a Mother” based on the works of poets and writers of the 19th – 20th centuries. And we will begin our lesson with a poem by Nikolai Zabolotsky, dedicated to the sweetest and dearest image - the image of a mother. At night there is a hacking cough. The old woman fell ill. For many years she lived in our apartment as a lonely old woman. There were letters! Only very rarely! And then, not forgetting us, she kept walking and whispering: “Children, you should come to me at least once.” Your mother has become bent and aged. What can you do? Old age has approached. How nice it would be for us to sit side by side at our table. You walked under this table, got ready, sang songs until dawn, and then parted and sailed away. That's it, come and collect it! Mother is sick! And that same night the Telegraph never tired of knocking: “Children, urgently! Children, very urgently, come! Mother is sick! From Kursk, from Minsk, from Tallinn, from Igarka, Putting things aside for the time being, the children gathered, but it was a pity At the bedside, and not at the table. Wrinkled hands pressed her, Stroked her silver strand. Did you really let separation come between you for so long? Was it really only telegrams that led you to fast trains? Listen, there is a shelf, come to them without telegrams. Host: Many prose and lyrical works are dedicated to the image of a sweet mother. Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov wrote in his poem “Caucasus”: In my infancy I lost my mother, But I remembered that in the pink hour of the evening That steppe repeated to me a memorable voice. Presenter: And, overcome by pain and suffering, he put words into Mtsyri’s mouth (poem “Mtsyri”): I could not say the sacred words “father and mother” to anyone. Teacher's word: Nekrasov's traditions are reflected in the poetry of the great Russian poet Sergei Aleksandrovich Yesenin. Through the creativity of S.A. Yesenina passes through the bright image of the poet’s mother. S.A. Yesenin can be placed next to N.A. Nekrasov, who sang “the tears of poor mothers.” They cannot forget their children, who died in the bloody field, nor can the weeping willow lift up its drooping branches. Presenter: The famous poet of the 20th century Sergei Aleksandrovich Yesenin in the poem “Letter to a Mother” wrote the following words, imbued with love for his mother: Are you still alive, my old lady? I'm alive too. Hello, hello to you! Let that evening unspeakable light flow over your hut. They write to me that you, with your anxiety, are very sad about me, that you often go on the road in an old-fashioned, shabby shushun... Host: Pay attention to the epigraphs written on the board. (Reads statements written on the board.) Different people, different times, but the thought is the same. Now listen to the poem by Rasul Gamzatov, our fellow Avar by nationality, who passed away in 2003.

1. The image of the mother in literature.
2. Sons love Nekrasov.
3. Generalized image of the mother.

You will live in human memory, As long as my lyre can live in it.
N. A. Nekrasov

The image of the mother is one of the most revered in world literature. Russian prose writers and poets also paid tribute to his incarnation. But by the middle of the 19th century, he did not appear too often in Russian literature, and before N.A. Nekrasov, almost no one wrote about his mother with such warmth and love. Usually the image of the mother was mentioned in passing or appeared somewhere in the background, and its presence was limited to family responsibilities. The only exception can be considered the Cossack lullaby of M. Yu. Lermontov. In it, the mother opens a world for her son in which she sees him as a warrior and hero. The poet in this song also speaks about the eternal destiny of a mother to languish with melancholy, wait and pray for her son.

The image of the mother received a more complete and touching embodiment in the works of Nekrasov. Not much evidence has reached us about the relationship with the poet’s mother. But they all say that Nekrasov was connected with his mother by a feeling of deep affection and love. He sympathized with her suffering, her difficult life with her harsh husband, and always remembered her with great warmth and tenderness.

His mother, apparently, was the recipient of his first literary experiments. Nekrasov, by his own admission, “dedicated his first poems, written at the age of seven, to his mother on her name day.” He yearned for her during his years of study at the Yaroslavl gymnasium and subsequently in St. Petersburg, during the years of difficult independent life, he kept her bright image in his heart. Nekrasov was convinced that it was his mother who had a decisive influence on the formation of his personality, his poetic and human conscience:

Do not be shy before the queen truth
You taught my muse.

In the poem “Knight for an Hour,” expecting his imminent death, he calls on his deceased mother to come to him:

So that that free, proud force,
What did you put into my chest,
You strengthened me with a strong will
And she set the path on the right...

In different poems, the poet repeatedly draws her portrait. Portrait of a sufferer with a quiet voice, paleness, a sad look and tears in her eyes. This is a touching portrait of a kind and meek woman who “stood under a thunderstorm” all her life:

With an unearthly expression in his eyes,
Russian-haired, blue-eyed,
With quiet sadness on pale lips
Before the storm, majestically - silent...

But for all her external weakness, the mother in Nekrasov’s portrayal is endowed with extraordinary resilience and inner strength. She not only protects her children from arbitrariness with her breasts, but also sets an example of humanity for them, finding warmth and words of consolation for all those suffering in her difficult lot:

But once again the feeling of fear did not compress
You gave his souls to the slaves,
But once again from trembling and dust
He raised his gaze more cheerfully to the heavens...

And when a thunderstorm broke out over her, she, without flinching, took the blow, with courage and humility, worrying only about the future of her children:

You took the blow without flinching,
While dying, I prayed for my enemies,
God's mercy called upon the children.

In Nekrasov’s works we see images of women-mothers at different levels of the social ladder. Princess Volkonskaya is the wife of a Decembrist exiled to Siberia and mother. Her son was born when her husband was already in prison. The princess experiences a painful struggle between the duty of a wife and the duty of a mother. Despite the resistance of her family, the condemnation of society, the authorities and the law, she decides to follow her husband. But this means not only her renunciation of everything she is accustomed to - the renunciation of noble rights, but also the renunciation of her son, whom she may never see again. It is not without internal hesitation that a woman-mother decides to take such a step. It is not easy for her to agree to separation from her son. But ultimately she comes to the conclusion that as an adult, her son will understand and justify her. Moreover, she believes that if she does not go to the one who needs her now, her son will eventually, having understood the situation, will despise her for depriving his father of consolation:

Why didn't you go after your poor father?
And he will throw a word of reproach at me.

According to the poet, the mother serves as a high moral example for her son and thus, even without being next to him, she conveys to him all the best that is in herself.

The same example is the peasant mother Grusha from the poem “On the Road.” The unfortunate woman, by the will of the master, raised as a young lady, taught to read and write, play the piano and other “noble manners and things”, by the will of the new master, became the wife of a man and was doomed to a hard and joyless peasant life. But she can no longer return to her old way of life. The heroine is not accustomed to hard work, she is uncomfortable in peasant clothes and the trampling of all her spiritual needs is unbearable. Her husband, a kind-hearted man, deeply sympathizes with his wife (and almost never hits him!), but can do nothing to alleviate her plight. The only joy for Grusha is her son, whom she not only does not beat herself and does not allow her husband to beat, but also instills in him the acquired skills and knowledge:

Teaches literacy, washes, cuts hair,
Like a little bark, she scratches every day.
He doesn’t hit, he doesn’t let me hit.
Yes, the arrow will not be amused for long.

We see images of peasant mothers in many of Nekrasov’s works. This is the nameless young woman from the poem “The village suffering is in full swing”, and the stately worker Daria from the poem “Frost, Red Nose”, and female images from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” - Domna, Mitenka’s mother, Matryona Korchagina. All of them are powerless and oppressed by the heavy female lot, which, according to Nekrasov, is difficult to find, but they nevertheless amaze with their high moral qualities, spiritual strength, and most importantly, the power of maternal love. Nekrasov considered the love of a mother for her child to be the only truly sincere, pure and devoted love.

Only the mother, in his deep conviction, will never betray or forget her child in the event of an accident. As long as she lives, her pain will never subside and her tears will never dry. In a small but surprisingly capacious poem of significant depth and power, “Hearing the Horrors of War...”, the poet reflects on the death of a soldier in battle and the suffering that this death causes to loved ones. The poet’s greatest sympathy is with the mother who lost her son in the war:

Listening to the horrors of war,

With every new casualty of the battle

I feel sorry for not my friend, not my wife,

I'm sorry not for the hero himself.

The poet feels most sorry for his mother. Because for her, the death of her son is the greatest tragedy. Friends and wives, no matter how great their grief, will sooner or later be consoled and forgotten. And only one person in the world, “one soul,” “until the grave” will remember and grieve for the deceased. A mother's tears are the only truly sincere tears. Nekrasov poetically compares the appearance of a grieving mother with the appearance of a weeping willow:

Among our hypocritical deeds
And all sorts of vulgarity and prose,
I've spied the only ones in the world
Holy sincere tears -
Those are the tears of poor mothers!
They will not forget their children,
Those who died in the bloody field,
How not to pick up a weeping willow
Of its drooping branches.

From the pages of Nekrasov’s various works emerges a generalized portrait of the mother of an entire people, a majestic and persistent worker, a long-suffering sufferer, selflessly devoted to her children and ready to make any sacrifice for them.