Experience and mistakes literary works. Arguments for an Unified State Exam essay on the topic: Experience and mistakes. What are the arguments?

School essays on this topic, as an option for preparing for the final essay.

Essay: Pride

Pride is considered the root of every evil, the root of every sin, in contrast to humility, which is the path to grace. There are different forms of pride. The first form of pride refers to the belief that you are superior to others, or at least inclined to be equal to all people, and are in search of superiority.

Here's something very simple, but very powerful. Our tendency is to feel superior to others, or at least equal, but this also masks an attitude of superiority. This is a complex. When we are often tormented by thoughts, we feel embarrassed, the thought appears that someone has refused me something, that they have offended me or misunderstood me or are smarter than me or look better than me - and we begin to feel competition, jealousy or conflict . At the root of this problem lies our need to be better than others, higher, or at least to make sure that no one can be something better than us, something stronger than us. Something very simple that we don't understand. Rising, the proud man puts down his neighbor. Such exaltation actually has no value, since it is completely conditional. The very idea of ​​becoming better at the expense of another is simply absurd; such pride is actually insignificant.

This can only be overcome if there is room for love. If love is real and exists - this is clearly understood by how easily we overcome the attitude of winning over another to show that we are superior to him, not wanting to convince the other at any cost, not expecting him to necessarily identify with our opinion. If we do not have this attitude, we are not free, because we are slaves to the need to identify the other with our idea, our opinion, our theory. If we don't have this need, we are free.

Pride is a general concept, but when it comes to practical manifestations that affect us personally, we become irritated and stop seeing what is happening to us. We must respect everyone. Not everyone is equally capable by nature, character, everyone has different conditions. They are also relative, they change. Everyone is potentially ideal, just often far from this ideal. Therefore, pride simply does not make sense.

Why can pride be a negative feeling?

Pride is common to many people. In what cases can such a quality develop into a negative one? Another writer from France, Adrian Decourcel, called pride a slippery slope, and below a person there is vanity and arrogance. Thus, pride is easily transformed into arrogance, the bearer of which is not able to rejoice in the successes of others, but is entirely focused on his own.

It is well described in Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment. Rodion simply reveled in pride and even created his own theory. Confident in his exclusivity, the hero of the novel talked about the uselessness of some people, doubting the purpose of their lives. The result of his worldview was the murder of the old woman.

Humility, often perceived as weakness, goes very well with strength, as Pushkin clearly demonstrated in The Captain's Daughter.

Masha Rodionova, who suffered a lot, was not broken. For the girl, Grinev’s parents were the authority. When they did not want to bless the couple for the wedding, Masha humbly reacted to the adults’ decision, eventually winning everyone’s respect, including Empress Catherine herself. That is, humility is the strength of a person.

Thus, we have carried out a detailed comparative analysis of the two above terms. It would seem that despite the fact that these are complete opposites, they have a huge number of similar parameters by which they can be compared. I expressed my point of view and in no way claim to be the ultimate truth.

What is the difference between pride and arrogance?

Pride. Pride. What do these concepts mean? What is the difference between pride and arrogance? Many poets and writers have thought about these questions. I believe that pride is a feeling associated with awareness of one's own dignity and independence. Pride is the highest measure of pride, arrogance. It is very important to have a sense of this illusory line between pride and arrogance.

To prove my thoughts, I will give an example from fiction. In A. S. Pushkin’s work “Eugene Onegin,” Tatyana, one of the heroines, is presented as a lady from high society. She is accompanied by the same general who is very proud of his wife.

The woman combines amazing character traits. It's easy to be around her because she constantly remains herself and does not try to falsely present herself in the best light. Tatyana sincerely confesses her feelings to Onegin and does not want to be disingenuous about it. The woman appreciates Eugene’s pride, but they are not destined to be together, since her heart is given to another.

To explain my point of view, I will give another example from fiction. The work of M. A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don” shows the tragic situation in which Natalya Korshunova found herself. Her life lost meaning due to the lack of mutual love and fidelity on the part of her husband Gregory. And when she learned about the renewed infidelities of her beloved husband, she, being pregnant, came to the conclusion that she did not want to have any more children from him. Her pride and insults from her husband were the reason for this decision. Natalya did not want a child from a traitor. The abortion that the village grandmother performed was unsuccessful, and the heroine died.

To summarize what has been said, we can come to the conclusion that pride is a positively colored emotion that expresses the presence of self-esteem. And pride is excessive pride, which is accompanied by conceit and arrogance.

The theme of humility and rebellion in the works of F.M. Dostoevsky

The plot of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, at first glance, is quite banal: in St. Petersburg, one poor young man kills an old money-lender and her sister Lizaveta. However, the reader soon becomes convinced that this is not a simple crime, but a kind of challenge to society, the “masters of life,” caused by injustice, poverty, hopelessness and spiritual impasse of the hero of the novel, Rodion Raskolnikov. To understand the reason for this terrible crime, we need to remember history. The time in which the characters in the work lived was the sixties of the nineteenth century.
Russia at that time was experiencing an era of serious reforms in all spheres of life, which were supposed to modernize its political and social system in order to maintain the absolute power of the monarch.
It was then that the first women's gymnasiums, a course of real schools appeared in the country, and all classes had the opportunity to enter universities. Rodion Raskolnikov was one of these young people. He is a commoner and a former student. What were students like then?
These were progressive youth, people, as already mentioned, from various social strata of Russian society. In a word, an environment in which a “ferment of minds” had already begun: young people of that time were looking for ways to socially and morally renew Russia. Revolutionary thought and “rebellious” sentiments were ripening in universities.
Rodion Raskolnikov, pursuing the absolutely merciful goals of liberating dozens of spiritually rich people from material poverty, formulates his theory, according to which he divides all people into “trembling creatures” and “those who have the right.” The first are the wordless, humble crowd, and the second are those who are allowed everything. He considers himself and a few other “chosen” individuals to be “exceptional” personalities, and everyone else to be “humbled” by those who are “humbled.”
“Everything is in the hands of man, and he misses everything out of sheer cowardice,” thinks Raskolnikov.
If the world is so terrible that it is impossible to accept it, to come to terms with social injustice, then it means that we must separate ourselves, become higher than this world.
Either obedience or rebellion - there is no third option!
And there were such circles and waves from his thoughts that all the rot, all the stench that was lurking at the bottom of his soul, climbed up and became exposed.
Raskolnikov decides to cross the line that separates “great” people from the crowd. And this very trait for him becomes murder: this is how the young man mercilessly judges this world, judges with his personal “punishing sword.” After all, according to Rodion’s thoughts, the murder of a worthless old woman, who only causes harm to people, is not evil, but rather good. Yes, everyone will only say thank you for this!
However, the unplanned murder of the unfortunate “humble” Lizaveta for the first time makes Raskolnikov doubt the correctness of his theory, and then the tragic tossing of the hero begins.
His “rebellious” mind enters into an insoluble dispute with his spiritual essence. And a terrible tragedy of the PERSON is born.
The theme of humility and the theme of rebellion collide on the pages of the novel in all its insoluble contradiction, turning into a painful dispute about a person that Dostoevsky waged with himself all his life. Raskolnikov’s “rebellious” worldview and Sonya Marmeladova’s “humble” thoughts reflected the author’s own bitter thoughts about human nature and social reality.
“Thou shalt not kill,” says one of the commandments.
Rodion Raskolnikov violated this commandment - and crossed himself out of the world of people.
“I didn’t kill the old lady, I killed myself,” the hero admits to Sonya Marmeladova. Having committed a crime, he transgressed the formal law, but could not transgress the moral law.
The tragedy of the “rebel” Raskolnikov is that, having made an attempt to escape from the world of evil, he is mistaken and suffers a terrible punishment for his crime: the collapse of his idea, repentance and pangs of conscience.
Dostoevsky rejects the revolutionary transformation of the world, and the theme of “humility” at the end of the novel sounds quite victorious and convincing: Raskolnikov finds peace of mind in faith in God. The truth is suddenly revealed to him: merciful goals cannot be achieved through violence.
Only in hard labor does the hero realize that it is not violence, but love for people that can change the world.

Dostoevsky's novel remains relevant today. We also live in an era of change. The level of public life is increasing every year.
The theme of humility with the surrounding reality and the theme of rebellion against social injustice wanders in the minds of modern Russians.
Perhaps someone is ready to take up axes. But is it worth it?
After all, ideas can be a destructive force, both for the person himself and for society as a whole.

What is the significance of mistakes in a person's life? Do they always lead only to negative consequences? Does it make sense to be afraid to do them on your way? V. Bim-Bad discusses these questions in his text.

What makes the professor think about the problem of the role of mistakes in a person’s life is the fact that, according to the results of psychological research, “a group makes a more decisive choice than the choice of any group member interviewed individually.” The author sees the reason for this phenomenon in the fear of “responsibility for the decision,” which is identified with the fear of making a mistake (sentence 24).

The author's position is contained in sentences 25-27. Bim-Bad believes that a truly smart, thoughtful person will not sit idly by for fear of doing or saying something wrong. On the contrary, he will act and express his own opinion, and if he makes a mistake in something, he will not give up, but will learn a useful life lesson from the current situation. Therefore, the professor encourages us to “not be afraid to choose, think and try, do and observe the results.” I completely agree with the author’s opinion and also believe that you need to be brave and confident in yourself in order to live (not exist) with dignity.

Everyone can make a mistake, and therefore there is no point in being afraid to make one. I will try to prove my opinions with two examples.

A.S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter” can serve as the first argument. Having been under the strict control of his parents all his life, Pyotr Grinev did not know much about life and, having received freedom, fell into a trap. The hero met an adult man, drank with him and agreed to play billiards for money. The consequences were unpleasant: the young man got drunk to the point of losing his balance, lost a large sum and let down his teacher Savelich. The hero reproached himself for a long time for what he had done, but this incident became a lesson for him for the rest of his life and in the future Peter did not find himself in similar situations.

The second argument can be the story of the great inventor Thomas Edison. Having suffered over a thousand failures, which showed the scientist how not to invent a light bulb, he still managed to create something that forever changed the life of all mankind. To bring his idea to life, Thomas spent a huge amount of time, effort, money and, of course, nerves, and for several years before the great discovery, the scientist had to listen to ridicule from others, but, despite everything, Edison did not give up and did not lose faith in himself, which helped the scientist, in the end, achieve his goal.

As you can see, no one is immune from mistakes - neither people who have received a good upbringing and education, nor brilliant scientists. So there is no point in being afraid to commit them. As G. Lichtenberg said: “Great people also make mistakes, and some of them so often that you are almost tempted to consider them insignificant people.”

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Final essay. Thematic area: Experience and mistakes. Prepared by: Shevchuk A.P., teacher of Russian language and literature, MBOU “Secondary School No. 1”, Bratsk

2 slide

Slide description:

List of recommended literature: Jack London “Martin Eden”, A.P. Chekhov “Ionych”, M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”, Henry Marsh “Do No Harm” M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” A. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”; “Eugene Onegin”. M. Lermontov “Masquerade”; “Hero of Our Time” I. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”; "Spring Waters"; "Noble Nest". F. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.” L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"; "Anna Karenina"; "Resurrection". A. Chekhov “Gooseberry”; "About love". I. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco”; "Dark alleys". A. Kupin “Olesya”; "Garnet bracelet". M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”; "Fatal Eggs" O. Wilde “The Picture of Dorian Gray”. D.Keys "Flowers for Algernon." V. Kaverin “Two Captains”; "Painting"; “I’m going to the mountain.” A. Aleksin “Mad Evdokia”. B. Ekimov “Speak, mother, speak.” L. Ulitskaya “The Case of Kukotsky”; “Sincerely yours, Shurik.”

3 slide

Slide description:

Official comment: Within the framework of the direction, discussions are possible about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world, gaining life experience. Literature often makes you think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

4 slide

Slide description:

Methodological recommendations: “Experience and errors” is a direction in which a clear opposition of two polar concepts is less implied, because without errors there is and cannot be experience. A literary hero, making mistakes, analyzing them and thereby gaining experience, changes, improves, and takes the path of spiritual and moral development. By assessing the actions of the characters, the reader gains invaluable life experience, and literature becomes a real textbook of life, helping not to make one’s own mistakes, the price of which can be very high. Speaking about the mistakes made by the heroes, it should be noted that a wrong decision or an ambiguous act can affect not only the life of an individual, but also have the most fatal impact on the destinies of others. In literature we also encounter tragic mistakes that affect the destinies of entire nations. It is in these aspects that one can approach the analysis of this thematic area.

5 slide

Slide description:

Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:  You should not be timid for fear of making mistakes; the biggest mistake is to deprive yourself of experience. Luc de Clapier Vauvenargues  You can make mistakes in different ways, but you can do the right thing only in one way, which is why the first is easy, and the second is difficult; easy to miss, difficult to hit the target. Aristotle  In all matters we can only learn by trial and error, falling into error and being corrected. Karl Raimund Popper  He is deeply mistaken who thinks that he will not make a mistake if others think for him. Aurelius Markov  We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us. François de La Rochefoucauld  Learn from every mistake. Ludwig Wittgenstein  Shyness may be appropriate everywhere, but not in admitting one’s mistakes. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing  It is easier to find an error than the truth. Johann Wolfgang Goethe

6 slide

Slide description:

As support in your reasoning, you can refer to the following works. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and confessing to what he had done, does not fully realize the tragedy of the crime he committed, does not recognize the fallacy of his theory, he only regrets that he could not commit the crime, that he will not now be able to classify himself among the chosen ones. And only in hard labor does the soul-weary hero not only repent (he repented by confessing to the murder), but embark on the difficult path of repentance. The writer emphasizes that a person who admits his mistakes is able to change, he is worthy of forgiveness and needs help and compassion. (In the novel, next to the hero is Sonya Marmeladova, who is an example of a compassionate person).

7 slide

Slide description:

M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". The heroes of so many different works make a similar fatal mistake, which I will regret all my life, but, unfortunately, they will not be able to correct anything. Andrei Sokolov, leaving for the front, pushes away his wife hugging him, the hero is irritated by her tears, he gets angry, believing that she is “burying him alive,” but it turns out the other way around: he returns, and the family dies. This loss is a terrible grief for him, and now he blames himself for every little thing and says with inexpressible pain: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I will not forgive myself for pushing her away then!”

8 slide

Slide description:

Story by K.G. Paustovsky is a story about lonely old age. Grandmother Katerina, abandoned by her own daughter, writes: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come at least for a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands.” But Nastya calms herself with the words: “Since her mother writes, it means she’s alive.” Thinking about strangers, organizing an exhibition of a young sculptor, the daughter forgets about her only relative. And only after hearing warm words of gratitude “for caring for a person”, the heroine remembers that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon." Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? After all, I have no one in my life. It is not and will not be dearer. If only I could make it in time, if only she could see me, if only she would forgive me.” The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones “before it’s too late.”

Slide 9

Slide description:

M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". The hero of the novel, M.Yu., also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Lermontov. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disillusioned with life. Pechorin himself says about himself: “Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him.” Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find use for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a “suffering egoist” because Grigory Aleksandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction.

10 slide

Slide description:

Grigory Alexandrovich is a very smart and reasonable person, he knows how to admit his mistakes, but at the same time wants to teach others to admit theirs, as, for example, he kept trying to push Grushnitsky to admit his guilt and wanted to resolve their dispute peacefully. But then the other side of Pechorin also appears: after some attempts to defuse the situation in the duel and call Grushnitsky to conscience, he himself proposes to shoot in a dangerous place so that one of them will die. At the same time, the hero tries to turn everything into a joke, despite the fact that there is a threat to both the life of young Grushnitsky and his own life.

11 slide

Slide description:

After the murder of Grushnitsky, we see how Pechorin’s mood changed: if on the way to the duel he notices how beautiful the day is, then after the tragic event he sees the day in black colors, there is stone on his soul. The story of Pechorin's disappointed and dying soul is set out in the hero's diary entries with all the mercilessness of introspection; being both the author and the hero of the “magazine,” Pechorin fearlessly speaks about his ideal impulses, and about the dark sides of his soul, and about the contradictions of consciousness. The hero is aware of his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience does not teach him anything. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the destinies of others, which makes himself unhappy .

12 slide

Slide description:

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". If Lermontov's hero, realizing his mistakes, could not take the path of spiritual and moral improvement, then Tolstoy's favorite heroes, the acquired experience helps them become better. When considering the topic in this aspect, one can turn to the analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky stands out sharply from the high society environment with his education, breadth of interests, dreams of accomplishing a feat, and desires great personal glory. His idol is Napoleon. To achieve his goal, Bolkonsky appears in the most dangerous places of the battle. Harsh military events contributed to the fact that the prince was disappointed in his dreams and realized how bitterly he was mistaken. Seriously wounded, remaining on the battlefield, Bolkonsky experiences a mental crisis. At these moments, a new world opens up before him, where there are no selfish thoughts or lies, but only the purest, highest, and fair.

Slide 13

Slide description:

The prince realized that there is something more significant in life than war and glory. Now the former idol seems small and insignificant to him. Having experienced further events - the birth of a child and the death of his wife - Bolkonsky comes to the conclusion that he can only live for himself and his loved ones. This is only the first stage in the evolution of a hero who not only admits his mistakes, but also strives to become better. Pierre also makes a considerable series of mistakes. He leads a riotous life in the company of Dolokhov and Kuragin, but understands that such a life is not for him. He cannot immediately correctly evaluate people and therefore often makes mistakes in them. He is sincere, trusting, weak-willed.

Slide 14

Slide description:

These character traits are clearly manifested in his relationship with the depraved Helen Kuragina - Pierre makes another mistake. Soon after marriage, the hero realizes that he was deceived and “processes his grief alone.” After breaking up with his wife, being in a state of deep crisis, he joins the Masonic lodge. Pierre believes that it is here that he will “find rebirth to a new life,” and again realizes that he is again mistaken in something important. The experience gained and the “thunderstorm of 1812” lead the hero to drastic changes in his worldview. He understands that one must live for the sake of people, one must strive to benefit the Motherland.

15 slide

Slide description:

M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don". Speaking about how the experience of military battles changes people and forces them to evaluate their mistakes in life, we can turn to the image of Grigory Melekhov. Fighting either on the side of the whites or on the side of the reds, he understands the monstrous injustice around him, and he himself makes mistakes, gains military experience and draws the most important conclusions in his life: “...my hands need to plow.” Home, family – that’s the value. And any ideology that pushes people to kill is a mistake. A person already wise with life experience understands that the main thing in life is not the war, but the son who greets him at the doorstep. It is worth noting that the hero admits that he was wrong. This is precisely the reason for his repeated darting from white to red.

16 slide

Slide description:

M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog". If we talk about experience as “a procedure for reproducing a phenomenon experimentally, creating something new under certain conditions for the purpose of research,” then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky to “clarify the question of the survival of the pituitary gland, and subsequently its influence on rejuvenation organism in humans” can hardly be called completely successful. From a scientific point of view, it is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation. The scientific result was unexpected and impressive, but in everyday life it led to the most disastrous consequences.

Slide 17

Slide description:

The guy who appeared in the professor’s house as a result of the operation, “short in stature and unattractive in appearance,” behaves defiantly, arrogantly and insolently. However, it should be noted that the emerging humanoid creature easily finds itself in a changed world, but does not differ in human qualities and soon becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the entire house. Having analyzed his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “humane” than P.P. Sharikov.

18 slide

Slide description:

Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid hybrid Sharikov is more a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey... This, doctor, is what happens when a researcher, instead of going parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” Philip Philipovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story “Heart of a Dog,” the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is happy with his fate and with himself. But in real life, such experiments have a tragic effect on people’s destinies, warns Bulgakov. Actions must be thoughtful and not destructive. The main idea of ​​the writer is that naked progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people and such a mistake will be irreversible.

Slide 19

Slide description:

V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". When discussing mistakes that are irreparable and bring suffering not only to each individual person, but also to the people as a whole, one can turn to the indicated story by a twentieth-century writer. This is not just a work about the loss of one’s home, but also about how wrong decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole. The plot of the story is based on a true story. During the construction of the hydroelectric power station on the Angara, surrounding villages were flooded. Relocation has become a painful experience for residents of flooded areas. After all, hydroelectric power stations are built for a large number of people.

20 slide

Slide description:

This is an important economic project, for the sake of which we need to rebuild, and not hold on to the old. But can this decision be called unambiguously correct? Residents of flooded Matera are moving to a village built inhumanely. The mismanagement with which huge amounts of money are spent hurts the soul of the writer. Fertile lands will be flooded, and in the village built on the northern slope of the hill, on stones and clay, nothing will grow. Gross interference in nature will certainly lead to environmental problems. But for the writer it is not so much they that are important as the spiritual life of people. For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family.

21 slides

Slide description:

And the reason for this is the tragic mistake that progress is much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people. The older generation, wise from life experience, does not want to leave their native island, not because they cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because for these amenities they demand to give Matera, that is, to betray their past. And the suffering of the elderly is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not, abandon his roots. In discussions on this topic, one can turn to history and the disasters that human “economic” activity entailed. Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is the tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people of the 21st century.

22 slide

Slide description:

Composition. “Experience is the teacher of everything” (Gaius Julius Caesar) As a person grows up, he learns from books, school classes, conversations and relationships with other people. In addition, the environment, traditions of the family and the people as a whole have an important influence. While studying, a child receives a lot of theoretical knowledge, but the ability to apply it in practice is necessary in order to acquire skills and gain personal experience. In other words, you can read the encyclopedia of life and know the answer to any question, but in reality, only personal experience, that is, practice, will help you learn to live, and without this unique experience a person will not be able to live a bright, full, rich life. The authors of many works of fiction depict characters in dynamics to show how each person develops his personality and goes through his own path.

Slide 23

Slide description:

Let us turn to Anatoly Rybakov’s novels “Children of the Arbat”, “Fear”, “The Thirty-Fifth and Other Years”, “Dust and Ashes”. The difficult fate of the main character Sasha Pankratov passes before the reader’s gaze. At the beginning of the story, he is a sympathetic guy, an excellent student, a school graduate and a first-year student. He is confident in his rightness, in his future, in the party, his friends, he is an open person, ready to help those in need. It is because of his sense of justice that he suffers. Sasha is sent into exile, and suddenly he finds himself an enemy of the people, completely alone, far from home, convicted under a political article. Throughout the trilogy, the reader observes the development of Sasha’s personality. All his friends turn away from him, except for the girl Varya, who selflessly waits for him, helping his mother overcome the tragedy.

25 slide

Slide description:

Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables tells the story of the girl Cosette. Her mother was forced to give her baby to the family of the innkeeper Thenardier. They treated someone else's child very badly there. Cosette saw how the owners pampered and loved their own daughters, who were smartly dressed, played and were mischievous all day long. Like any child, Cosette also wanted to play, but she was forced to clean the tavern, go to the forest to get water from the spring, and sweep the street. She was dressed in miserable rags, and slept in a closet under the stairs. Bitter experience taught her not to cry, not to complain, but to silently carry out the orders of Aunt Thenardier. When, by the will of fate, Jean Valjean snatched the girl from the clutches of Thenardier, she did not know how to play, did not know what to do with herself. The poor child learned to laugh again, play with dolls again, spending his days carefree. However, in the future, it was this bitter experience that helped Cosette become modest, with a pure heart and an open soul.

26 slide

Slide description:

Thus, our reasoning allows us to formulate the following conclusion. It is personal experience that teaches a person about life. Whatever this experience may be, bitter or blissful, it is our own, experienced, and the lessons of life teach us, forming character and nurturing personality.

Human life is difficult. It is full of serious situations, difficult decisions, because of which a person can stumble or commit a bad act. How should you deal with your mistakes? D.S. suggests thinking about this problem. Likhachev, the author of the text offered to me for analysis.

The author, arguing his position on the stated problem, says that “no one is free from mistakes in our lives.” D.S. Likhachev draws the reader's attention to the fact that even a person who does nothing against his will can stumble. The author writes with alarm that a person who has made a mistake may fall into despair. D.S. Likhachev, proving the inadmissibility of such a situation, says that it is important to “find courage and admit mistakes.” He gives the example of a man who committed a bad act in his youth, but admitted his mistake and changed. The sins of youth did not prevent this man from becoming someone admired and appreciated. By talking about this, the author seeks to convince the reader that the ability to admit one’s guilt does not spoil, but beautifies a person.

The author's position is expressed openly: he believes that a person can make mistakes, but he must admit his mistakes. The author is sure that mistakes are not a path to despair and disappointment. He believes that good deeds once committed will not interfere with a person’s life if he admitted his guilt and repented.

I agree with the author's position. I think everyone has the right to make a mistake, it is only important to admit this mistake. A person who realized that he was wrong deserves a good attitude from others. The main thing is to improve in the future.

Mistakes can be too serious, but even in such cases there is room for repentance. A person who has committed a crime can become a better person. In the work of F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" we see the path of spiritual resurrection of Rodion Raskolnikov, who committed murder. He completely changed his views on the world, became better, cleaner. There is no doubt that the hero deserves a good life in the future. His crime is a grave sin, but the main thing is that he repented.

A person’s way of life, his view of the world may be erroneous. Ivan Bezdomny, the hero of M. Bulgakov’s work “The Master and Margarita,” lived and did not think about whether he was doing the right thing by writing poems that had no value. A conversation with the Master forced him to reconsider his attitude towards his own works and recognize them as disgusting. The hero realized that he was wrong. This is his big victory. But it’s worth changing your worldview!

Everyone makes mistakes. It simply cannot be any other way. But mistakes can be a reason for improvement, so in some cases their presence is more good than bad. The main thing is to repent, admit the mistake, and strive not to allow anything like this to happen in the future.

The work was written based on the text of the Statgrad 2017 version

Direction "Experience and mistakes"

Example of an essay on the topic: “Experience is the son of difficult mistakes”

Life experience... What does it consist of? From actions done, words spoken, decisions made, both right and wrong. Experience is often the conclusions we draw when we make mistakes. There is a question: how is life different from school? The answer is this: life gives you a test before the lesson. Indeed, a person sometimes unexpectedly finds himself in a difficult situation and can make the wrong decision or commit a rash act. Sometimes his actions lead to tragic consequences. And only later does he realize that he made a mistake and learns the lesson life taught him.

Let's look at literary examples. In V. Oseeva’s story “Red Cat” we see two boys who learned a life lesson from their own mistake. Having accidentally broken the window, they were sure that the owner, an elderly lonely woman, would certainly complain to their parents and then punishment would not be avoided. In revenge, they stole her pet, a red cat, from her and gave it to an unknown old woman. However, the boys soon realized that by their action they had caused unspeakable grief to Marya Pavlovna, because the cat was the only reminder of the woman’s only son who died early. Seeing her suffer, the boys felt compassion for her, realized they had made a terrible mistake, and tried to correct it. They found the cat and returned him to his owner. We see how they change throughout the story. If at the beginning of the story they are driven by selfish motives, fear, and the desire to avoid responsibility, then at the end the heroes no longer think about themselves, their actions are dictated by compassion and the desire to help. Life taught them an important lesson, and the guys learned it.

Let us recall the story by A. Mass “The Trap”. It describes the action of a girl named Valentina. The heroine dislikes her brother’s wife, Rita. This feeling is so strong that Valentina decides to set a trap for her daughter-in-law: dig a hole and disguise it so that Rita, when she steps, will fall. She carries out her plan, and Rita falls into the prepared trap. Only suddenly it turns out that she was five months pregnant and could lose the baby as a result of a fall. Valentina is horrified by what she has done. She didn't want to kill anyone, especially a child! Now she will have to live with an everlasting feeling of guilt. Having made, perhaps, an irreparable mistake, the heroine acquired, albeit bitter, but valuable life experience, which in the future, perhaps, will save her from wrong steps, change her attitude towards people and herself, and make her think about the consequences of her actions.

Summing up what has been said, I would like to add that experience, being often the consequence of “difficult mistakes,” has a great influence on our future lives. With experience comes an understanding of many important truths, our worldview changes, and our decisions become more balanced. And this is its main value.

(394 words)

Example of an essay on the topic: “Is the experience of previous generations important for us?”

Is the experience of previous generations important to us? Reflecting on this question, one cannot help but come to the answer: of course, yes. The experience of our fathers and grandfathers, of our entire people, is undoubtedly significant for us, because the wisdom accumulated over the centuries shows us the future path and helps us avoid many mistakes. Thus, the older generation of Russians passed the test of the Great Patriotic War. The war left an indelible mark on the hearts of those who saw with their own eyes the horrors of the war days. The current generation, although it knows about them only by hearsay, from books and films, stories of veterans, also understands that there is nothing worse and cannot be. The bitter experience of the harsh war years teaches us not to forget how much grief and suffering war can bring. We must remember this so that the tragedy does not repeat itself again and again.

The terrible trials of war days are clearly shown in works of Russian and foreign literature. Let us recall A. Likhanov’s novel “My General”. In the chapter “Another story. About the Trumpeter,” the author tells the story of a man who ended up in a concentration camp during the Great Patriotic War. He was a trumpeter, and the Germans forced him, along with other captured musicians, to play cheerful melodies, escorting people to the “bathhouse”. Only this was not a bathhouse at all, but ovens where prisoners were burned, and the musicians knew about it. It is impossible to read the lines that describe the atrocities of the Nazis without shuddering. Nikolai, that was the name of the hero of this story, miraculously survived the execution. The author shows what terrible trials befell his hero. He was released from the camp, he learned that his family - his wife and child - had disappeared during the bombing. He searched for his loved ones for a long time, and then realized that the war had destroyed them too. Likhanov describes the hero’s state of mind this way: “It’s as if a trumpeter had died. Alive, but not alive. He walks, eats, drinks, but it’s as if he’s not the one walking, eating, drinking. And a completely different person. Before the war I loved music most of all. After the war he can’t hear.” The reader understands that the wound inflicted on a person by war will never heal completely.

K. Simonov’s poem “The Major Brought the Boy on a Carriage” also shows the tragedy of the war. We see a little boy whom his father took from the Brest Fortress. The child clutches a toy to his chest, and he himself is gray-haired. The reader understands what extraordinary trials befell him: his mother died, and in just a few days he himself saw so many terrible things that cannot be expressed in words. It is not for nothing that the writer says: “For ten years in this and this world, these ten days will be counted towards him.” We see that the war spares no one: neither adults nor children. And there is no more important lesson for future generations: we must preserve peace on the entire planet and not allow the tragedy to happen again.

Summing up what has been said, we can conclude: the experience of previous generations teaches us not to repeat tragic mistakes and warns us against making wrong decisions. An experiment conducted by Channel One journalists is indicative. They approached people on the street with the question: is it necessary to launch a preemptive strike on the United States? And ALL respondents unequivocally answered “no”. The experiment showed that the modern generation of Russians, aware of the tragic experiences of their fathers and grandfathers, understands that war brings only horror and pain, and does not want this to happen again.

(481 words)

An example of an essay on the topic: “What mistakes can be called irreparable?”

Is it possible to live life without making mistakes? I think not. A person walking along the path of life is not immune from a wrong step. Sometimes he commits actions that lead to tragic consequences; the price of wrong decisions is someone’s life. And, although a person ultimately understands that he did wrong, nothing can be changed.

The heroine of the fairy tale N.D. makes an irreparable mistake. Teleshov "White Heron". Princess Isolde wished to have an extraordinary wedding dress, including a decoration made from the crest of a heron. She knew that for the sake of this crest the heron would have to be killed, but this did not stop the princess. Just think, one heron! She will die sooner or later anyway. Isolde’s selfish desire turned out to be the strongest. Later she learned that for the sake of their beautiful crests, the herons began to be killed in the thousands and were eventually completely destroyed. The princess was shocked to learn that because of her their entire family had been exterminated. She realized that she had made a terrible mistake that was now impossible to correct. At the same time, this story became a cruel lesson for Isolde, making her think about her actions and their consequences. The heroine decided that she would never harm anyone again, moreover, she would do good, and would think not about herself, but about others.

Let us remember the story “Holidays on Mars” by R. Bradbury. It describes a family arriving on Mars. At first it seems that this is a pleasure trip, but later we learn that the heroes are one of the few who managed to escape from Earth. Humanity has made a terrible, irreparable mistake: “Science has rushed forward too quickly and too far, and people have gotten lost in the machinic jungle... They were doing the wrong thing; they endlessly came up with more and more new machines - instead of learning how to operate them.” We see the tragic consequences this led to. Carried away by scientific and technological progress, people forgot about the most important things and began to destroy each other: “The wars became more and more destructive and eventually destroyed the Earth... The Earth perished.” Humanity itself destroyed its planet, its home. The author shows that the mistake made by people is irreparable. However, for the handful of survivors, it will be a bitter lesson. Perhaps humanity, continuing to live on Mars, will choose a different path of development and avoid a repetition of such a tragedy.

To summarize what has been said, I would like to add: some mistakes people make lead to tragic consequences that cannot be corrected. However, even the most bitter experience is our teacher, who helps us reconsider our attitude towards the world and warns us against repeating the wrong steps.

Sample essay on the topic: “What does reading experience add to life experience?”

What does reading experience add to life experience? Reflecting on this question, one cannot help but come to the answer: by reading books, we draw on the wisdom of generations. Should a person comprehend important truths only through personal experience? Of course not. Books give him the opportunity to learn from the mistakes of heroes and comprehend the experience of all mankind. The lessons learned from the works read will help a person make the right decisions and warn against making mistakes.

Let's look at literary examples. Thus, V. Oseeva’s work “Grandma” tells about an elderly woman who was treated with disdain in her family. The main character was not respected in the family, often reproached, and did not even consider it necessary to say hello. They were rude to her, even calling her “grandma.” No one appreciated what she did for her loved ones, but she spent all day cleaning, washing, and cooking. Her care did not evoke a sense of gratitude from the family and was taken for granted. The author emphasizes the selfless, all-forgiving love of the grandmother for her children and grandson. A lot of time passed before Borka’s grandson began to understand how wrong he and his parents were towards her, because none of them ever said a kind word to her. The first impetus was a conversation with a friend, who said that in his family the grandmother is the most important, because she raised everyone. This made Borka think about her attitude towards her own grandmother. However, only after her death Borka realized how much she loved her family and how much she did for them. Awareness of mistakes, a painful sense of guilt and belated repentance came only when nothing could be corrected. A deep sense of guilt engulfs the hero, but nothing can be changed, the grandmother cannot be returned, which means words of forgiveness and belated gratitude cannot be said. This story teaches us to appreciate loved ones while they are nearby, to show attention and love to them. Undoubtedly, a person must learn this important truth before it is too late, and the bitter experience of the literary hero will help the reader avoid a similar mistake in his own life.

A. Mass’s story “The Difficult Exam” talks about the experience of overcoming difficulties. The main character is a girl named Anya Gorchakova, who managed to withstand a difficult test. The heroine dreamed of becoming an actress; she wanted her parents, when they came to a performance at a children’s camp, to appreciate her performance. She tried very hard, but she was disappointed: her parents never arrived on the appointed day. Overwhelmed by a feeling of despair, she decided not to go on stage. The teacher’s arguments helped her cope with her feelings. Anya realized that she should not let her comrades down, she needed to learn to control herself and complete her task, no matter what. And so it happened, she played better than anyone. It was this incident that taught the heroine to control herself. The first experience of overcoming difficulties helped the girl achieve her goal - she later became a famous actress. The writer wants to teach us a lesson: no matter how strong negative feelings are, we must be able to cope with them and move towards our goal, despite disappointments and failures. The experience of the heroine of the story will help the reader think about his own behavior in difficult situations and show him the right path.

Thus, we can say that reading experience plays an important role in human life: literature gives us the opportunity to understand important truths and shapes our worldview. Books are a source of light that illuminates our life path.

An example of an essay on the topic: “What events and impressions in life help a person grow up and gain experience?”

What events and experiences in life help a person grow up and gain experience? Answering this question, we can say that these can be a variety of events.

A child grows up most quickly when he finds himself in a difficult situation, for example during a war. The war takes away his loved ones, people die before his eyes, the world collapses. Experiencing grief and suffering, he begins to perceive reality differently, and this is where his childhood ends.

Let us turn to K. Simonov’s poem “The Major Brought the Boy on a Carriage.” We see a little boy whom his father took from the Brest Fortress. The child clutches a toy to his chest, and he himself is gray-haired. The reader understands what extraordinary trials befell him: his mother died, and in just a few days he himself saw so many terrible things that cannot be expressed in words. It is not for nothing that the writer says: “For ten years in this and this world, these ten days will be counted towards him.” War cripples the soul, takes away childhood, forces you to grow up prematurely.

But it is not only suffering that gives impetus to growing up. What is important for a child is the experience that he gains when he makes decisions on his own, learns to be responsible not only for himself, but also for others, and begins to care about someone.

Thus, in A. Aleksin’s story “Meanwhile, somewhere...” the main character Sergei Emelyanov, having accidentally read a letter addressed to his father, learns about the existence of his ex-wife. A woman asks for help. It would seem that Sergei had nothing to do in her house, and his first instinct was to simply return her letter to her and leave. But sympathy for the grief of this woman, once abandoned by her husband and now by her adopted son, forces him to choose a different path. Seryozha decides to constantly visit Nina Georgievna, help her in everything, save her from the worst misfortune - loneliness. And when his father invites him to go to the sea on vacation, the hero refuses. After all, he promised Nina Georgievna to be with her and cannot become her new loss. The author emphasizes that it is precisely this life experience of the hero that makes him more mature; it is not without reason that Sergei admits: “Perhaps the need to become someone’s protector, a deliverer, came to me as the first call of male adulthood. You can’t forget that first person who began to need you.”

Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that a child grows up when turning points occur in his life that radically change his life.

(342 words)

Example of an essay on the topic: “Should reason prevail over feelings”?

Should reason prevail over feelings? In my opinion, there is no clear answer to this question. In some situations you should listen to the voice of reason, while in other situations, on the contrary, you need to act in accordance with your feelings. Let's look at a few examples.

So, if a person is possessed by negative feelings, he should curb them and listen to the arguments of reason. For example, A. Mass “Difficult Exam” talks about a girl named Anya Gorchakova, who managed to pass a difficult test. The heroine dreamed of becoming an actress; she wanted her parents, when they came to a performance at a children’s camp, to appreciate her performance. She tried very hard, but she was disappointed: her parents never arrived on the appointed day. Overwhelmed by a feeling of despair, she decided not to go on stage. The teacher’s reasonable arguments helped her cope with her feelings. Anya realized that she should not let her comrades down, she needed to learn to control herself and complete her task, no matter what. And so it happened, she played better than anyone. The writer wants to teach us a lesson: no matter how strong negative feelings are, we must be able to cope with them, listen to the mind, which tells us the right decision.

However, the mind does not always give the right advice. Sometimes it happens that actions dictated by rational arguments lead to negative consequences. Let us turn to A. Likhanov’s story “Labyrinth”. The father of the main character Tolik was passionate about his work. He enjoyed designing machine parts. When he talked about this, his eyes sparkled. But at the same time, he earned little, but he could have moved to the workshop and received a higher salary, which his mother-in-law constantly reminded him of. It would seem that this is a more reasonable decision, because the hero has a family, has a son, and he should not depend on the pension of an elderly woman - his mother-in-law. In the end, yielding to family pressure, the hero sacrificed his feelings to reason: he abandoned his favorite activity in favor of earning money. What did this lead to? Tolik’s father felt deeply unhappy: “His eyes are sore and they seem to be calling. They call for help as if the person is scared, as if he is mortally wounded.” If before he was possessed by a bright feeling of joy, now he was possessed by dull melancholy. This was not the life he dreamed of. The writer shows that decisions that are reasonable at first glance are not always correct; sometimes, by listening to the voice of reason, we doom ourselves to moral suffering.

Thus, we can conclude: when deciding whether to act in accordance with reason or feelings, a person must take into account the characteristics of a particular situation.

An example of an essay on the topic: “Should a person live in obedience to his feelings?”

Should a person live according to his feelings? In my opinion, there is no clear answer to this question. In some situations you should listen to the voice of your heart, and in other situations, on the contrary, you should not give in to your feelings, you need to listen to the arguments of your mind. Let's look at a few examples.

Thus, in V. Rasputin’s story “French Lessons” it is said about the teacher Lydia Mikhailovna, who could not remain indifferent to the plight of her student. The boy was starving and, in order to get money for a glass of milk, he gambled. Lydia Mikhailovna tried to invite him to the table and even sent him a parcel of food, but the hero rejected her help. Then she decided to take extreme measures: she herself began to play with him for money. Of course, the voice of reason could not help but tell her that she was violating the ethical standards of relations between a teacher and a student, that she was overstepping the boundaries of what was permitted, that she would be fired for this. But a feeling of compassion prevailed, and Lidia Mikhailovna violated the generally accepted rules of teacher behavior in order to help the child. The writer wants to convey to us the idea that “good feelings” are more important than reasonable standards.

However, sometimes it happens that a person is possessed by negative feelings: anger, resentment. Overwhelmed by them, he commits bad deeds, although, of course, with his mind he realizes that he is doing evil. The consequences can be tragic. The story “The Trap” by A. Mass describes the action of a girl named Valentina. The heroine dislikes her brother’s wife, Rita. This feeling is so strong that Valentina decides to set a trap for her daughter-in-law: dig a hole and disguise it so that Rita, when she steps, will fall. The girl cannot help but understand that she is committing a bad act, but her feelings take precedence over reason. She carries out her plan, and Rita falls into the prepared trap. Only suddenly it turns out that she was five months pregnant and could lose the baby as a result of a fall. Valentina is horrified by what she has done. She didn't want to kill anyone, especially a child! “How can I continue to live?” - she asks and finds no answer. The author leads us to the idea that we should not succumb to the power of negative feelings, because they provoke cruel actions, which we will later bitterly regret.

Thus, we can come to the conclusion: you can obey your feelings if they are good and bright; negative ones should be curbed by listening to the voice of reason.

(344 words)

An example of an essay on the topic: “The dispute between reason and feelings...”

The dispute between reason and feeling... This confrontation has been eternal. Sometimes the voice of reason is stronger in us, and sometimes we follow the dictates of feeling. In some situations there is no right choice. By listening to feelings, a person will sin against moral standards; listening to reason, he will suffer. There may be no way that will lead to a successful resolution of the situation.

So, in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” the author talks about the fate of Tatyana. In her youth, having fallen in love with Onegin, she, unfortunately, does not find reciprocity. Tatyana carries her love through the years, and finally Onegin is at her feet, he is passionately in love with her. It would seem that this is what she dreamed about. But Tatyana is married, she is aware of her duty as a wife, and cannot tarnish her honor and the honor of her husband. Reason takes precedence over her feelings, and she refuses Onegin. The heroine places moral duty and marital fidelity above love, but dooms both herself and her lover to suffering. Could the heroes have found happiness if she had made a different decision? Hardly. A Russian proverb says: “You can’t build your own happiness on misfortune.” The tragedy of the heroine’s fate is that the choice between reason and feeling in her situation is a choice without a choice; any decision will only lead to suffering.

Let us turn to the work of N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba”. The writer shows what choice one of the heroes, Andriy, faced. On the one hand, he is possessed by a feeling of love for a beautiful Polish woman, on the other hand, he is a Cossack, one of those who besieged the city. The beloved understands that she and Andriy cannot be together: “And I know what your duty and covenant are: your name is father, comrades, homeland, and we are your enemies.” But Andriy’s feelings prevail over all arguments of reason. He chooses love, in the name of it he is ready to betray his homeland and family: “What are my father, comrades and homeland to me!.. The homeland is what our soul is looking for, what is dearer to it than anything else. My fatherland is you!.. And I will sell, give away, and destroy everything that I have for such a fatherland!” The writer shows that a wonderful feeling of love can push a person to do terrible things: we see that Andriy turns weapons against his former comrades, together with the Poles he fights against the Cossacks, among whom are his brother and father. On the other hand, could he leave his beloved to die of hunger in a besieged city, perhaps becoming a victim of the cruelty of the Cossacks if it was captured? We see that in this situation the right choice is hardly possible; any path leads to tragic consequences.

Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that, reflecting on the dispute between reason and feeling, it is impossible to say unequivocally what should win.

An example of an essay on the topic: “One can be a great person thanks to his feelings - not only his mind.” (Theodore Dreiser)

“One can be a great man thanks to his feelings - not only his mind,” asserted Theodore Dreiser. Indeed, not only a scientist or a general can be called great. The greatness of a person can be found in bright thoughts and the desire to do good. Feelings such as mercy and compassion can motivate us to noble deeds. By listening to the voice of feelings, a person helps those around him, makes the world a better place and becomes cleaner himself. I will try to confirm my idea with literary examples.

In B. Ekimov’s story “Night of Healing,” the author tells the story of a boy Borka, who comes to visit his grandmother on vacation. The old woman often has wartime nightmares in her dreams, and this makes her scream at night. The mother gives the hero reasonable advice: “She will just start talking in the evening, and you shout: “Be silent!” She stops. We tried". Borka is about to do just that, but the unexpected happens: “the boy’s heart was filled with pity and pain” as soon as he heard his grandmother’s groans. He can no longer follow reasonable advice; he is dominated by a feeling of compassion. Borka calms her grandmother down until she falls asleep peacefully. He is ready to do this every night so that healing can come to her. The author wants to convey to us the idea of ​​the need to listen to the voice of the heart, to act in accordance with good feelings.

A. Aleksin talks about the same thing in the story “Meanwhile, somewhere...” The main character Sergei Emelyanov, having accidentally read a letter addressed to his father, learns about the existence of his ex-wife. A woman asks for help. It would seem that Sergei has nothing to do in her house, and his mind tells him to simply return her letter to her and leave. But sympathy for the grief of this woman, once abandoned by her husband and now by her adopted son, forces him to neglect the arguments of reason. Seryozha decides to constantly visit Nina Georgievna, help her in everything, save her from the worst misfortune - loneliness. And when his father invites him to go to the sea on vacation, the hero refuses. Yes, of course, a trip to the sea promises to be exciting. Yes, you can write to Nina Georgievna and convince her that she should go to the camp with the guys, where she will feel good. Yes, you can promise to come see her during the winter holidays. But a sense of compassion and responsibility takes precedence over these considerations in him. After all, he promised Nina Georgievna to be with her and cannot become her new loss. Sergei is going to return his ticket to the sea. The author shows that sometimes actions dictated by a sense of mercy can help a person.

Thus, we come to the conclusion: a big heart, just like a big mind, can lead a person to true greatness. Good deeds and pure thoughts testify to the greatness of the soul.

An example of an essay on the topic: “Our mind sometimes brings us no less grief than our passions.” (Chamfort)

“Our reason sometimes brings us no less grief than our passions,” argued Chamfort. And indeed, grief from the mind happens. When making a decision that seems reasonable at first glance, a person can make a mistake. This happens when the mind and heart are not in harmony, when all his feelings protest against the chosen path, when, having acted in accordance with the arguments of reason, he feels unhappy.

Let's look at literary examples. A. Aleksin in the story “Meanwhile, somewhere...” talks about a boy named Sergei Emelyanov. The main character accidentally learns about the existence of his father's ex-wife and about her trouble. Once her husband left her, and this was a heavy blow for the woman. But now a much more terrible test awaits her. The adopted son decided to leave her. He found his biological parents and chose them. Shurik doesn’t even want to say goodbye to Nina Georgievna, although she raised him since childhood. When he leaves, he takes all his things. He is guided by seemingly reasonable considerations: he does not want to upset his adoptive mother by saying goodbye, he believes that his things will only remind her of her grief. He realizes that it is difficult for her, but he considers it reasonable to live with her newly acquired parents. Aleksin emphasizes that with his actions, so deliberate and balanced, Shurik deals a cruel blow to the woman who loves him selflessly, causing her unspeakable pain. The writer brings us to the idea that sometimes reasonable actions can become the cause of grief.

A completely different situation is described in A. Likhanov’s story “Labyrinth”. The father of the main character Tolik is passionate about his work. He enjoys designing machine parts. When he talks about this, his eyes sparkle. But at the same time, he earns little, but he can move to the workshop and receive a higher salary, which his mother-in-law constantly reminds him of. It would seem that this is a more reasonable decision, because the hero has a family, has a son, and he should not depend on the pension of an elderly woman - his mother-in-law. In the end, yielding to family pressure, the hero sacrifices his feelings to reason: he gives up his favorite job in favor of earning money. What does this lead to? Tolik’s father feels deeply unhappy: “His eyes are sore and they seem to be calling. They call for help as if the person is scared, as if he is mortally wounded.” If before he was possessed by a bright feeling of joy, now he was possessed by dull melancholy. This is not the life he dreams of. The writer shows that decisions that are reasonable at first glance are not always correct; sometimes, by listening to the voice of reason, we doom ourselves to moral suffering.

Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that a person, following the advice of reason, will not forget about the voice of feelings.

An example of an essay on the topic: “What rules the world – reason or feeling?”

What rules the world – reason or feeling? At first glance, it seems that reason dominates. He invents, plans, controls. However, man is not only a rational being, but also endowed with feelings. He hates and loves, rejoices and suffers. And it is feelings that allow him to feel happy or unhappy. Moreover, it is his feelings that force him to create, invent, and change the world. Without feelings, the mind would not create its outstanding creations.

Let's remember J. London's novel "Martin Eden". The main character studied a lot and became a famous writer. But what prompted him to work on himself day and night, to create tirelessly? The answer is simple: it is a feeling of love. Martin's heart was captured by a girl from high society, Ruth Morse. To win her favor, to win her heart, Martin tirelessly improves himself, overcomes obstacles, endures poverty and hunger on the way to his calling as a writer. It is love that inspires him, helps him find himself and reach the top. Without this feeling, he would have remained a simple semi-literate sailor and would not have written his outstanding works.

Let's look at another example. V. Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains” describes how the main character Sanya devoted himself to searching for the missing expedition of Captain Tatarinov. He managed to prove that it was Ivan Lvovich who had the honor of discovering the Northern Land. What prompted Sanya to pursue her goal for many years? Cold mind? Not at all. He was motivated by a sense of justice, because for many years it was believed that the captain died through his own fault: he “carelessly handled government property.” In fact, the true culprit was Nikolai Antonovich, because of whom most of the equipment turned out to be unusable. He was in love with the wife of Captain Tatarinov and deliberately doomed him to death. Sanya accidentally found out about this and most of all wanted justice to prevail. It was the sense of justice and love of truth that prompted the hero to tirelessly search and ultimately led to a historical discovery.

To sum up all that has been said, we can conclude: the world is ruled by feelings. To paraphrase Turgenev’s famous phrase, we can say that only by them does life hold on and move. Feelings encourage our minds to create new things and make discoveries.

An example of an essay on the topic: “Mind and feelings: harmony or confrontation?” (Chamfort)

Mind and feelings: harmony or confrontation? It seems that there is no clear answer to this question. Of course, it happens that reason and feelings coexist in harmony. Moreover, as long as there is this harmony, we do not ask such questions. It’s like air: while it’s there, we don’t notice it, but if it’s missing... However, there are situations when the mind and feelings come into conflict. Probably every person at least once in his life felt that his “mind and heart were not in harmony.” An internal struggle arises, and it is difficult to imagine what will prevail: the mind or the heart.

So, for example, in A. Aleksin’s story “Meanwhile, somewhere...” we see a confrontation between reason and feelings. The main character Sergei Emelyanov, having accidentally read a letter addressed to his father, learns about the existence of his ex-wife. A woman asks for help. It would seem that Sergei has nothing to do in her house, and his mind tells him to simply return her letter to her and leave. But sympathy for the grief of this woman, once abandoned by her husband and now by her adopted son, forces him to neglect the arguments of reason. Seryozha decides to constantly visit Nina Georgievna, help her in everything, save her from the worst misfortune - loneliness. And when his father invites him to go to the sea on vacation, the hero refuses. Yes, of course, a trip to the sea promises to be exciting. Yes, you can write to Nina Georgievna and convince her that she should go to the camp with the guys, where she will feel good. Yes, you can promise to come see her during the winter holidays. This is all quite reasonable. But a sense of compassion and responsibility takes precedence over these considerations in him. After all, he promised Nina Georgievna to be with her and cannot become her new loss. Sergei is going to return his ticket to the sea. The author shows that the feeling of compassion wins.

Let us turn to the novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”. The author talks about the fate of Tatyana. In her youth, having fallen in love with Onegin, she, unfortunately, does not find reciprocity. Tatyana carries her love through the years, and finally Onegin is at her feet, he is passionately in love with her. It would seem that this is what she dreamed about. But Tatyana is married, she is aware of her duty as a wife, and cannot tarnish her honor and the honor of her husband. Reason takes precedence over her feelings, and she refuses Onegin. The heroine places moral duty and marital fidelity above love.

Summing up what has been said, I would like to add that reason and feelings lie at the basis of our existence. I would like them to balance each other, to allow us to live in harmony with ourselves and with the world around us.

Direction "Honor and Dishonor"

An example of an essay on the topic: “How do you understand the words “honor” and “dishonor”?

Honor and dishonor... Probably many have thought about what these words mean. Honor is self-esteem, moral principles that a person is ready to defend in any situation, even at the cost of his own life. The basis of dishonor is cowardice, weakness of character, which does not allow one to fight for ideals, forcing one to commit vile acts. Both of these concepts are revealed, as a rule, in a situation of moral choice.

Many writers have addressed the topic of honor and dishonor. Thus, V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov” talks about two partisans who were captured. One of them, Sotnikov, bravely endures torture, but does not tell his enemies anything. Knowing that he will be executed the next morning, he prepares to face death with dignity. The writer focuses our attention on the hero’s thoughts: “Sotnikov easily and simply, as something elementary and completely logical in his situation, now made the last decision: to take everything upon himself. Tomorrow he will tell the investigator that he went on reconnaissance, had a mission, wounded a policeman in a shootout, that he is the commander of the Red Army and an opponent of fascism, let them shoot him. The rest have nothing to do with it.” It is significant that before his death the partisan thinks not about himself, but about saving others. And although his attempt did not lead to success, he fulfilled his duty to the end. The hero faces death courageously, not for a minute does the thought of begging the enemy for mercy or becoming a traitor occur to him. The author wants to convey to us the idea that honor and dignity are above the fear of death.

Sotnikov’s comrade, Rybak, behaves completely differently. The fear of death took over all his feelings. Sitting in the basement, all he can think about is saving his own life. When the police offered him to become one of them, he was not offended or indignant; on the contrary, he “felt keenly and joyfully - he will live! The opportunity to live has appeared - this is the main thing. Everything else will come later.” Of course, he does not want to become a traitor: “He had no intention of giving them partisan secrets, much less joining the police, although he understood that it would obviously not be easy to evade them.” He hopes that “he will turn out and then he will certainly settle accounts with these bastards...”. An inner voice tells the Fisherman that he has embarked on the path of dishonor. And then Rybak tries to find a compromise with his conscience: “He went to this game to win his life - isn’t this enough for the most, even desperate, game? And there it will be visible, as long as they don’t kill him or torture him during interrogations. If only he could break out of this cage, he wouldn’t allow himself anything bad. Is he an enemy to his own? Faced with a choice, he is not ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of honor.

The writer shows the successive stages of Rybak's moral decline. So he agrees to go over to the side of the enemy and at the same time continues to convince himself that “there is no great guilt behind him.” In his opinion, “he had more opportunities and cheated to survive. But he is not a traitor. In any case, I had no intention of becoming a German servant. He kept waiting to seize an opportune moment - maybe now, or maybe a little later, and only they will see him...”

And so Rybak takes part in Sotnikov’s execution. Bykov emphasizes that Rybak is trying to find an excuse even for this terrible act: “What does he have to do with it? Is this him? He just pulled out this stump. And then on the orders of the police.” And only walking in the ranks of policemen, Rybak finally understands: “There was no longer a road to escape from this formation.” V. Bykov emphasizes that the path of dishonor that Rybak chose is a path to nowhere.

Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that, when faced with a difficult choice, we will not forget about the highest values: honor, duty, courage.

An example of an essay on the topic: “In what situations are the concepts of honor and dishonor revealed?”

In what situations are the concepts of honor and dishonor revealed? Reflecting on this question, one cannot help but come to the conclusion: both of these concepts are revealed, as a rule, in a situation of moral choice.

Thus, in wartime, a soldier may face death. He can accept death with dignity, remaining faithful to duty and without tarnishing military honor. At the same time, he can try to save his life by taking the path of betrayal.

Let us turn to V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov”. We see two partisans captured by the police. One of them, Sotnikov, behaves courageously, withstands cruel torture, but does not tell the enemy anything. He retains his self-esteem and before execution, he accepts death with honor. His comrade, Rybak, is trying to escape at all costs. He despised the honor and duty of the defender of the Fatherland and went over to the side of the enemy, became a policeman and even participated in the execution of Sotnikov, personally knocking out the stand from under his feet. We see that it is in the face of mortal danger that the true qualities of people emerge. Honor here is fidelity to duty, and dishonor is synonymous with cowardice and betrayal.

The concepts of honor and dishonor are revealed not only during war. The need to pass a test of moral strength can arise for anyone, even a child. To preserve honor means to try to protect your dignity and pride; to experience dishonor means to endure humiliation and bullying, afraid to fight back.

V. Aksyonov talks about this in his story “Breakfasts in 1943.” The narrator regularly became a victim of stronger classmates, who regularly took away not only his breakfasts, but also any other things they liked: “He took it away from me. He selected everything - everything that was of interest to Him. And not only for me, but for the whole class.” The hero not only felt sorry for what was lost, the constant humiliation and awareness of his own weakness were unbearable. He decided to stand up for himself and resist. And although physically he could not defeat three over-aged hooligans, moral victory was on his side. An attempt to defend not only his breakfast, but also his honor, to overcome his fear became an important milestone in his growing up, the formation of his personality. The writer brings us to the conclusion: we must be able to defend our honor.

Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that in any situation we will remember honor and dignity, will be able to overcome mental weakness, and will not allow ourselves to fall morally.

(363 words)

An example of an essay on the topic: “What does it mean to walk the path of honor?”

What does it mean to walk the path of honor? Let's turn to the explanatory dictionary: “Honor is the moral qualities of a person worthy of respect and pride.” Walking the path of honor means defending your moral principles, no matter what. The right path may involve the risk of losing something important: work, health, life itself. Following the path of honor, we must overcome fear of other people and difficult circumstances, and sometimes sacrifice a lot in order to defend our honor.

Let's turn to the story by M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". The main character, Andrei Sokolov, was captured. They were going to shoot him for carelessly spoken words. He could beg for mercy, humiliate himself before his enemies. Perhaps a weak-willed person would have done just that. But the hero is ready to defend the soldier’s honor in the face of death. When commandant Müller offers to drink to the victory of German weapons, he refuses and agrees to drink only to his own death as a release from torment. Sokolov behaves confidently and calmly, refusing a snack, despite the fact that he was hungry. He explains his behavior this way: “I wanted to show them, the damned ones, that although I am perishing from hunger, I am not going to choke on their handouts, that I have my own, Russian dignity and pride, and that they did not turn me into a beast, like no matter how hard they tried." Sokolov’s act aroused respect for him even among his enemy. The German commandant recognized the moral victory of the Soviet soldier and spared his life. The author wants to convey to the reader the idea that even in the face of death one must maintain honor and dignity.

Not only soldiers during war must follow the path of honor. Each of us must be ready to defend our dignity in difficult situations. Almost every class has its own tyrant - a student who keeps everyone else in fear. Physically strong and cruel, he takes pleasure in tormenting the weak. What should someone who constantly faces humiliation do? Tolerate dishonor or stand up for your own dignity? The answer to these questions is given by A. Likhanov in the story “Clean Pebbles”. The writer talks about Mikhaska, an elementary school student. He more than once became a victim of Savvatey and his cronies. The bully was on duty every morning at the elementary school and robbed the children, taking away everything he liked. Moreover, he did not miss an opportunity to humiliate his victim: “Sometimes he would grab a textbook or notebook from his bag instead of a bun and throw it into a snowdrift or take it for himself so that, after walking away a few steps, he would throw it under his feet and wipe his felt boots on them.” Savvatey specifically “was on duty at this particular school, because in primary school they study up to the fourth grade and the children are all small.” Mikhaska more than once experienced what humiliation means: once Savvatey took away from him an album with stamps, which belonged to Mikhaska’s father and therefore was especially dear to him, another time a hooligan set fire to his new jacket. True to his principle of humiliating the victim, Savvatey ran his “dirty, sweaty paw” over his face. The author shows that Mikhaska could not stand the bullying and decided to fight back against a strong and ruthless enemy, before whom the whole school, even the adults, were in awe. The hero grabbed a stone and was ready to hit Savvatea, but unexpectedly he retreated. He retreated because he felt Mikhaska’s inner strength, his readiness to defend his human dignity to the end. The writer focuses our attention on the fact that it was the determination to defend his honor that helped Mikhaska win a moral victory.

Walking the path of honor means standing up for others. Thus, Pyotr Grinev in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter” fought a duel with Shvabrin, defending the honor of Masha Mironova. Shvabrin, having been rejected, in a conversation with Grinev allowed himself to insult the girl with vile hints. Grinev could not stand this. As a decent man, he went out to fight and was ready to die, but to defend the girl’s honor.

Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that every person will have the courage to choose the path of honor.

(582 words)

Example of an essay on the topic: “Honor is more valuable than life”

In life, situations often arise when we are faced with a choice: to act in accordance with moral rules or to make a deal with our conscience, to sacrifice moral principles. It would seem that everyone would have to choose the right path, the path of honor. But it's often not that simple. Especially if the price of the right decision is life. Are we ready to die in the name of honor and duty?

Let us turn to the novel by A.S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”. The author talks about the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by Pugachev. The officers had to either swear allegiance to Pugachev, recognizing him as sovereign, or end their lives on the gallows. The author shows what choice his heroes made: Pyotr Grinev, just like the commandant of the fortress and Ivan Ignatievich, showed courage, was ready to die, but not to disgrace the honor of his uniform. He found the courage to tell Pugachev to his face that he could not recognize him as sovereign and refused to change his military oath: “No,” I answered firmly. - I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you.” With all sincerity, Grinev told Pugachev that he might begin to fight against him, fulfilling his officer’s duty: “You yourself know, it’s not my will: if they tell me to go against you, I’ll go, there’s nothing to do. You are now the boss yourself; you yourself demand obedience from your own. What will it be like if I refuse to serve when my service is needed? The hero understands that his honesty may cost him his life, but the feeling of longevity and honor prevails in him over fear. The hero's sincerity and courage impressed Pugachev so much that he saved Grinev's life and released him.

Sometimes a person is ready to defend, not even sparing his own life, not only his honor, but also the honor of loved ones and family. You cannot accept an insult without complaint, even if it is inflicted by a person higher on the social ladder. Dignity and honor are above all.

M.Yu. talks about this. Lermontov in “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov.” The guardsman of Tsar Ivan the Terrible took a liking to Alena Dmitrievna, the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov. Knowing that she was a married woman, Kiribeevich still allowed himself to solicit her love. An insulted woman asks her husband for intercession: “Don’t give me, your faithful wife, // to evil blasphemers!” The author emphasizes that the merchant does not doubt for a second what decision he should make. Of course, he understands what the confrontation with the Tsar’s favorite threatens him with, but the honest name of the family is more valuable than even life itself: And such an insult cannot be tolerated by the soul
Yes, the brave heart cannot bear it.
There's going to be a fist fight tomorrow
On the Moscow River under the Tsar himself,
And then I will go out to the guardsman,
I will fight to the death, to the last strength...
And indeed, Kalashnikov comes out to fight against Kiribeevich. For him, this is not a fight for fun, it is a fight for honor and dignity, a battle for life and death:
Don't joke, don't make people laugh
I, son of Basurman, came to you, -
I went out for a terrible battle, for the last battle!
He knows that the truth is on his side, and is ready to die for it:
I will stand for the truth to the last!
Lermontov shows that the merchant defeated Kiribeevich, washing away the insult with blood. However, fate is preparing a new test for him: Ivan the Terrible orders Kalashnikov to be executed for killing his pet. The merchant could have justified himself and told the tsar why he killed the guardsman, but he did not do this. After all, this would mean publicly disgracing the good name of your wife. He is ready to go to the chopping block, defending the honor of his family, to accept death with dignity. The writer wants to convey to us the idea that there is nothing more important for a person than his dignity, and it must be protected no matter what.

Summing up what has been said, we can conclude: honor is above everything, even life itself.

An example of an essay on the topic: “To deprive another of the honor means to lose your own”

What is dishonor? On the one hand, it is a lack of dignity, weakness of character, cowardice, and inability to overcome fear of circumstances or people. On the other hand, an outwardly seemingly strong person also incurs dishonor if he allows himself to defame others, or even simply mock the weaker, humiliate the defenseless.

Thus, in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter,” Shvabrin, having received a refusal from Masha Mironova, in retaliation slanderes her and allows himself offensive hints addressed to her. So, in a conversation with Pyotr Grinev, he claims that you need to win Masha’s favor not with verses, he hints at her availability: “... if you want Masha Mironova to come to you at dusk, then instead of tender poems, give her a pair of earrings. My blood began to boil.
- Why do you have such an opinion about her? - I asked, barely containing my indignation.
“And because,” he answered with a hellish grin, “I know her character and customs from experience.”
Shvabrin, without hesitation, is ready to tarnish the girl’s honor just because she did not reciprocate his feelings. The writer leads us to the idea that a person who acts vilely cannot be proud of his unblemished honor.

Another example is A. Likhanov’s story “Clean Pebbles”. A character named Savvatey keeps the entire school in fear. He takes pleasure in humiliating those who are weaker. The bully regularly robs students and mocks them: “Sometimes he would snatch a textbook or notebook from his bag instead of a bun and throw it into a snowdrift or take it for himself so that, after walking away a few steps, he would throw it under his feet and wipe his felt boots on them.” His favorite technique was to run a “dirty, sweaty paw” across the victim’s face. He constantly humiliates even his “sixes”: “Savvatey looked at the guy angrily, took him by the nose and pulled him down hard,” he “stood next to Sashka, leaning on his head.” By encroaching on the honor and dignity of other people, he himself becomes the personification of dishonor.

Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude: a person who humiliates the dignity or discredits the good name of other people deprives himself of honor and condemns himself to contempt from others.