Features of economic security in the Russian Federation. Current problems of the country's economic security

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Current state of development of economic security problems. Factor of globalization of national and economic security. Applied aspects of economic security. Methodology for identifying key problems of economic security.

Course work

On the topic of:Problemseconomic security of Russia

INTRODUCTION

1. Current state of development of economic security problems

1.1 Key trends in economic security issues

1.2. Factor of globalization of national and economic security

2. Applied aspects of economic security

2.1 Methodology for identifying key problems of economic security: historical aspect

2.2. Globalization as a threat to the economic sovereignty of the state

Conclusion

List of used literature

INTRODUCTION

The study of problems of economic security in Russia, rightfully, has today taken a leading place in the work of Russian research and analytical centers. A significant number of original articles, monographs, and collective studies are devoted to this topic. See: Illarionov A.I. Criteria for economic security // Questions of Economics. - 2004. - No. 10; Economic security: Manufacturing Ї Finance Ї Banks / Under. ed. VC. Senchagova. - M.: Finstatinform, 2004; Bogdanov I.A. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. - M.: ISPIRAN, 2005. - P. 28; Abalkin L.I. Economic security of Russia: threats and their reflection // Questions of Economics. - 1994. - No. 12; Pankov V. Economic security // Interlink. - 2002. - No. 3; Zagashvili V.S. Economic security of Russia. - M.: Gardarika, 2004. - P. 114; Plisetsky A. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2005. - No. 5. . In essence, the current socio-economic situation in Russia is such that, no matter what research Russian economists undertake in a particular area, they cannot fail to touch upon the problems of the country’s economic security.

Economic security has different structural levels. We are talking about the economic security of the state, society, enterprise, and individual. All these levels form a complex economic system that does not float in airless space, but has a solid foundation - economic space.

Economic space is the basis of the modern economic system, while possessing relative independence. The economic role of space, its heterogeneity, fragmentation, and in previous times was taken into account when analyzing the conditions for the formation of differential land rent, which was expressed in specific cost values.

Target course work - Determining the place and role of economic security in the development of a modern economic system.

We must not forget that space paired with time are fundamental philosophical categories, the nature of which has not yet been thoroughly studied.

1. Current state of development of economic security problems

1.1 Key tTrends in economic security issues

The increased attention to the problem of Russia's economic security is based on objective processes and phenomena occurring in the national economy and in Russian society, as well as in the global economy and international economic relations. It seems appropriate to include the following among the most important such processes and phenomena.

Firstly, the economic experiment of the 90s in Russia had as its main goal the redistribution of ownership and control over national natural resources and the material base of social production. In general, it is quite clear that in order to quickly achieve this goal during privatization, the only effective means was chosen to destroy the state management system, since it was the state that was the main holder of ownership of the conditions and means of production.

All this led to the fact that economic reforms were predominantly destructive rather than creative. Russia has set a unique record for the duration and depth of an economic recession in peacetime. By the beginning of the new century, Russia's socio-economic problems had become so acute that changing domestic and foreign economic policies became not a matter of debate among economists and political scientists, but a matter of preserving the Russian state on the economic and political map of the world. As is known, the leadership of China, for example, chose as reform priorities the goals of achieving economic growth through the primary development of the production of durable goods. Naturally, this was accompanied by a structural redistribution of property to the extent that it met the main development goals without destroying the national management system.

National interests and issues of economic security of the state have been and remain decisive in the complex of reforms carried out in China. As a result, China demonstrated record rates of economic growth and became one of the driving forces and stabilizing factor of the world economy. All countries of the world, almost without exception, were literally “inundated” with Chinese goods, and the Chinese diaspora abroad took strong positions in the local business circles of not only developing, but also industrialized countries. Unlike many, it was this country that resisted the events that unfolded in 1997-1998. global financial crisis.

Secondly, as a result of the change in the leadership of Russia at the turn of the century, the problem of the economic security of the state from a declarative and opportunistic one began to gradually turn into a question of the practical economic policy of the state. This served as an impetus for new research and the development of practical approaches to ensuring national security in various areas, including the security of financial and economic activities.

Thirdly, the process of the beginning of relative financial and economic stabilization in Russia, observed today, appears to reflect the completion of a certain transitional stage of deregulation of the national economy. To a certain extent, the main division of state property has already occurred, and entrepreneurship is becoming more interested in maintaining the current situation, in stabilizing and consolidating what has been achieved. New radical changes and social disasters no longer meet the interests of business, because they can disrupt the normal production process, worsen the sales of products and services, and, most importantly, they can threaten a new radical redistribution of property.

In the current situation, Russian entrepreneurs themselves are increasingly becoming interested in consolidating their position in a regulated market, while improving the legislative framework for entrepreneurship, protecting individuals, property rights, in other words, in the state’s implementation of its fundamental tasks of ensuring the economic security of financial and economic activities.

Fourthly, there was obvious disappointment with the results of the reforms among economists and political scientists from among the “reformers” who stood at the origins of the beginning of economic transformations. Thus, not only the majority of the population, which remained “overboard” from market reforms, but also a significant part of the Russian scientific elite began to critically evaluate the results of the economic experiment carried out in the country. The demand for economic and political “radical liberalism” was extremely high at the stage of destruction of the existing system of public administration and implementation of privatization. At the same time, as with other social upheavals that have occurred in history, the ideologists of radical reforms turned out to be superfluous after the redistribution of national wealth was completed. Under these conditions, critical understanding of the reforms being carried out intensified in Russian economic literature, and increasing attention began to be paid to the role of the state in the economy and the problems of ensuring national economic security.

Fifthly, the globalization of the world economy and international production relations calls into question the preservation of the national-state form of organization of economic systems. For example, Nekipelov A.D., analyzing the process of globalization in the financial sector, notes: “... a modern monetary and financial system has emerged, characterized by the highest the degree of internationalization of capital while maintaining the national-state form of organization of monetary and financial systems.” Nekipelov A.D. Consequences of globalization in the financial sector. In: Macroeconomic and financial policy in crisis situations: world experience and Russian reality. Materials of situational analysis. - M.: IMEPI RAS "EPIKON", 2004. - P. 77. . Russian entrepreneurship, having received direct access to world markets, in many cases faces not just individual competitive companies, but state-monopoly structures, which they are unable to resist alone.

The fact that in the process of globalization the problem of national interests and economic security of the state is becoming more acute is evidenced by such trends as the implementation of state support for national businesses in world markets in overt and hidden forms; expansion and increase in the number of zones of national interests of the leading countries of the world, primarily the USA; active research into problems of ensuring the security of national interests by foreign political scientists and economists.

One could continue listing the objective processes underlying the recent increased attention to the problem of Russia's economic security. At the same time, both the trends listed above and the research conducted by Russian scientists and specialists indicate that the problem itself is not far-fetched, but quite concrete.

1.2. Fglobalization actor of national and economic security

In the extensive literature on the entire range of issues of state, national and economic security, the factor of globalization has not yet received proper coverage, which is interpreted mainly as the next stage in the linear development of the international division of labor. And in modern economic literature there are discussions about the comparative costs and comparative advantages of various options for the division of labor between countries. It is assumed that it continues to be deployed on the basis of the principle of mutual benefit and interdependence and not so long ago the last word in the theory of international relations was the concept of the interdependence of nations and states in the world economic system.

At the same time, the experience of the global, or, as it was designated in the literature, the “Asian” crisis of 1997-1998, although this is not a regional, but a systemic crisis, indicates that the flight of capital organized by large financial speculators, which bankrupted the dynamically developing countries of the Asian region, changed the configuration of the world economy, bringing to the surface the destructive role of global financial capital.

There are many examples, but only one can be cited - the more than sad fate of Indonesia, which had a backlog of high-tech industries for the 21st century and could really take its rightful place among developed countries. The immediate withdrawal of capital in the form of portfolio investments ruined the country, caused severe social conflicts and even the division of territory.

Using such examples, one can assess the full degree of risk for national economies that is associated with the globalization factor. With this in mind, the country must be prepared to take proactive action to ensure its economic security.

In this case, it is necessary to correctly determine the vector of such actions. Some experts consider the likely decline in world prices for exported raw materials, as the main source of foreign exchange earnings in the country, to be a particular destabilizing factor. See: Plisetsky D. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 5. - P. 28. . At the same time, economic threats to a much greater extent for our country, as well as for many others, today come from the instability of currency and financial markets. This is no longer interdependence, but dependence within the world economic system, due to its structural imbalance.

The globalization factor has disrupted the relative balance of the world economic system and the interdependence of its structural elements and components.

The qualitative difference between the global system and the previous traditional model of international economic relations is its structural asymmetry, not only due to the hypertrophy of its financial segment, but also its separation from the system due to the exceptional mobility of portfolio investments.

In this regard, experts point to the threat to the economic security of the country from suddenly breaking out financial epidemics: “Thus, we are talking about the formation of qualitatively new processes that make the situation less and less controllable by a traditional set of levers. This trend is also enhanced by the behavior of market operators, the actions of which can be provoked by the steps of some large participants (the so-called herd behavior). Hence the threat of the spread of financial epidemics, often based on subjective market sentiments. It is these circumstances that force many economists and practitioners (P. Krugman, J. Bhagwati, J. Soros, etc.) to talk about the need to limit the mobility of capital, reduce the destabilizing possibilities of “hot” short-term money.” See: Ershov M. Russia and the Levers of Globalization politics // ME and MO. - 2003. - No. 5. - P. 3. .

Following the old scheme, we can assume that the mobility of capital constitutes the investment potential for material production, that the competitive mechanism of free flow of capital is the basis for the modernization of production. This was true as long as financial capital was functionally linked to productive capital.

However, for some time now a different scheme has been in effect. Despite the short historical period of its implementation, material has already been accumulated to draw some conclusions.

Of course, the new situation requires deep scientific research leading to successful economic practices that can ensure the economic security of the country at all its structural levels.

2. Applied aspects of economic security

2.1 Methodology for identifying key problems of economic security

The relevance, complexity and novelty of the problem of economic security and the security of its financial component in the context of globalization requires a combination of empirical analysis with the implementation of the scientific potential of methodology and theory.

Profound structural changes in the system of economic relations in our country quite naturally gave a powerful impetus to the development of specific applied work across the entire spectrum of market relations, their structure and infrastructure. Our scientists, specialists, and practitioners had to quickly master both new economic vocabulary and new approaches to real economic processes.

Questions of methodology and theory were pushed into the background and even further, perhaps due to their dubious “Marxist” origins. Generations of young PhDs in economics understand the complexities of banking, but believe that methodology and technique are the same thing. But if in applied economic research it may be possible to limit oneself to methods, then in order to qualifiedly determine the nature of such complex phenomena as economic security, it is necessary to use both method and theory in combination.

As a method in this work, an attempt was made to use the universal principles of a systems approach.

The issue of economic security is already being actively developed in our country, a solid basis has been created for its further theoretical understanding, and a number of definitions have been proposed. But it appears that the work done is predominantly analytical in nature. The subject has been studied in parts, and the time has come to move from the specific to the general, i.e. produce synthesis. As a result of the synthesis, the subject under study - economic security - will appear as a whole, and the whole, as follows from the general theory of systems, is an interconnected set See: Philosophical Encyclopedia. - M., 1970. - T. 5; Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. General organizational science. - M., 1989. .

In relation to economic security, this can be represented as an interconnected set of economic relations within a large system, organized according to the principle of hierarchy, i.e. subordination of some structural elements of the system to others.

The main property of the system is its integrity. This means that the system is not a simple collection of its elements, their arithmetic sum. Its qualitative certainty depends on the strength of interaction and adhesion of its components. If individual elements fall out of the system, then it does not decrease, but collapses.

The consequence of the integrity of the system is integrativeness. Integrity is the fundamental law of any system - technological, biological, cultural, military, social, economic. The integrativeness of a system in abstract form is expressed in the irreducibility of the parts of the system to their sum, which is greater than its components.

In the language of economics, this means that the system, through the interaction of its parts, creates additional productive force, which is greater than the productive force of its individual parts.

The positive dynamics of the economic system is characterized by natural and monetary, absolute and relative indicators and indicates its economic security.

Economic security is a dynamic integral indicator of the integrity of the economic system.

Economic security belongs to the category of complex economic categories; as such, it reflects the relationships and interdependencies of a large economic system. This system can be characterized with varying degrees of abstraction in accordance with the methodological principle of ascent from the abstract to the concrete. Therefore, the proposed definition, due to its abstractness, is expanded into a number of other, more specific definitions as a necessary approximation to the modern realities of the Russian economy.

Nevertheless, it is possible to understand the current situation in a constantly reforming economy (although it is high time to stop at least in order to understand what economic system we are in) with minimal costs, using the developments of theory, thereby making a transition from methodological to conceptual principles of research.

At the same time, if science has developed universal principles of a systems approach as a research method, then modern economics does not have such universal principles. On the contrary, it breaks up into different schools and directions that offer contradictory concepts that explain the same economic phenomena and processes, often from opposite positions.

In recent years, the idea of a crisis in economic theory as a whole has begun to spread. Both in our country and in the West, economic theory has proven inadequate in solving the problems of transitional post-socialist economies. For example, the inflation forecast for Russia turned out to be underestimated by tens of thousands of times; privatization did not lead to the emergence of an effective owner. True, claims in this case should be made to liberal economists. Well-known Western economists of alternative trends - the late V. Leontiev, C. Arrow, J. Tobin and others - were critical of the recommendations of experts close to the International Monetary Fund, for whom the main thing is to remove the state from the economy, while economists close to the institutional direction, they believe that during a period of radical structural restructuring of the economy, the regulatory role of the state should not be weakened, but strengthened.

Within the scope of this study, it is not possible to dwell on this issue specifically. At the same time, it is incorrect to move away from it due to the need to turn to theory.

The reform of the economy of our country was carried out and is being carried out according to the liberal model, and its failures, at least in the West, are explained in the opposite way: supporters of economic liberalism by the fact that the state continues to interfere in the economy, and their opponents by the fact that the state has withdrawn from regulating complex economic processes, which ultimately led to the threat of loss of its economic security.

In 2001, a study was published in the United States, carried out under the auspices of the American independent research Institute of Peace, under the eloquent title “The Tragedy of Russian Reforms,” which consistently argues that the reforms would have been effective in economic and social terms if they had been implemented differently, democratically, taking into account the interests of the country's population, its economic security See: Reddaway P. & Glinsky D. The tragedy of Russia's Reforms. Market Bolshevism Against Democracy. - Wash.: United States Institutes of Peace, 2001. .

The liberal model of reforms was, as already noted, focused on the eradication of state ownership, the creation of a social basis for capitalism, and already conceptually created a threat to the economic security of the country, since this model lacked criteria for economic and social efficiency.

It is no coincidence that the reality of such a threat has become the focus of attention of politicians, sociologists, and economists, and the problem of the economic security of our country has come to the forefront.

The crisis state of modern economic theory can be seen as an incentive to develop new approaches based on economic knowledge accumulated over many decades, which cannot depreciate due to the failure of any school or theory.

In this regard, institutional theory has great scientific potential, the fashion for which has led to significant costs and confusion, since it is difficult to understand why, for example, “new institutionalism” and “neo-institutional analysis” exist independently.

It seems to us that modern economic theory cannot be reduced to institutionalism, no matter how it is interpreted, it must be based on a synthesis of the current interpretation of classics, neoclassics and institutionalism. This version of the formation of a general economic theory is close to what Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. Mayevsky calls evolutionary theory. He writes: “The paradox of modern post-industrial society is that fundamental economic science in countries that have achieved success in the field of technological progress is still captive of the so-called orthodoxy, primarily neoclassical theory. The latter does not adequately describe the features of a technologically progressive market economy... A consequence of this paradox can be considered the fact that something like a Chinese Wall has arisen between orthodoxy and modern business in the field of technology.” See: Economic Issues. - 2005. - No. 11. - P. 4. .

The author rightly points out the timeliness of the process of formation of modern evolutionary theory, which considers economic development as an irreversible process of increasing complexity, diversity and productivity of production due to periodically repeated changes in technologies, types of products, organizations and institutions (rules of behavior, according to D. North) See: Right there. - P. 4-5. .

D. North, a Nobel Prize laureate, is the most authoritative representative of that version of institutionalism that adequately perceives and scientifically interprets the modern economy, functioning on the basis of the interaction of market and non-market factors.

This important circumstance is also pointed out by J. Kornai, who made significant clarifications to the principles of systemic research within the framework of the “systemic paradigm”, modernizing it by including both market and non-market institutions in the system.

He offers a fairly broad understanding of the concept of institutions, which “includes the dominant legal structure of the system in question, its moral norms and property rights, the distribution of centers of power, the incentives interacting with the subjects of society, and the information structure” See: Economic Issues. - 2005. - No. 4 - P. 11. .

The modern economic system is a more complex and more contradictory interaction of its constituent elements and components than the system of the classical market economy of the past. That is why it is advisable to trace the process of historical changes that have taken place, comparing the past with the present, turning to the classical system paradigm.

As is known, the classical school of English political economy made a historical transition from fragmentary economic knowledge to systemic one. It was the classics who made a breakthrough in theory, presenting the market economy as a large economic system of social division of labor, in which the connection between production and consumption is mediated by exchange and distribution.

A large economic system is economic relations between people in the process of production, exchange, distribution and consumption, which are self-regulated by the “invisible hand of the market”, i.e. competition. A large system is structurally composed of small systems. This means that production, exchange, distribution, and consumption have relative independence, their own structure and logic of development. Let us emphasize that this independence is relative, i.e. should not go beyond the dependency between small systems in accordance with the principles of hierarchy and integrity.

It is advisable to imagine a large economic system through the interconnections of its enlarged blocks - production and circulation. This is a departure from the scheme under consideration, but it allows us to dwell on two interpretations of the nature of the connection between them, the concept of the primacy of production over circulation and the exchange concept, which assigns a determining role to the sphere of circulation.

The classical concept of the primacy of production over circulation was opposed in the past and is opposed in the present by the exchange concept, which considers the sphere of circulation as a system, and production as a subsystem.

Of course, 200 years ago there were other terms in use. The question rested on the nature of wealth and the sources of its achievement. Wealth was the central theme and subject of controversy between the mercantilists, on the one hand, and the physiocrats, and then the classics, on the other. The classics, as you know, associated wealth with the production of material goods.

Thus, under industrial capitalism, the growth of profits was ensured by the expansion and modernization of production, leading to an increase in labor productivity; with the growth of the wealth of individual capitalists, the wealth of society grew. Capital needed qualified workers, and this expanded the sphere of education; capital was interested in the development of science and technology, using their achievements in competition. The system was integrative, its dynamics were positive. On this real basis, the ideology of liberalism was quite organically formed. The new economic system that emerged was dynamic, its integrativeness is beyond doubt. The connections and interrelations of production, exchange, distribution and consumption were mediated by the market; the contradictions inherent in the relative isolation of each of the small systems were successfully resolved until the first crisis of overproduction, which occurred in 1825 and was initially considered as a temporary failure in the sales sphere. But later it turned out that since 1825 the market system entered a stage of cyclical development that continues to this day.

During a crisis, the system loses its integrative properties; the whole ceases to be greater than the sum of its parts. In terms of organizational science - tectology by A. Bogdanov, ingression is a general form of chain communication and is equal to organization. Its opposite is disingression or disorganization, a sign of which is “a decrease in the practical sum of activities by the very way they are combined. And it becomes conceivable only in such a form that some part of them becomes resistance for some other part of them” See: Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. General organizational science, book 1. - M., 1989. - P. 161. . Such a certain part that offers resistance is consumption limited by solvent needs. Resistance in the sphere of consumption operates constantly and only gradually reaches a critical mass, manifested through a crisis.

Before the global crisis of 1929-1933. the system itself coped with crises, and each point of economic recovery exceeded the previous one. The system developed along an ascending line, although through periodic recessions, i.e. she was in relative economic security.

At the same time, the global crisis of 1929-1933, especially destructive in the United States and rightly called there the “Great Depression,” turned out to be irreversible. This was, in the full sense of this definition, a crisis of the system of market self-regulation.

The way out of the crisis was not carried out by the “invisible hand of the market”, not through competition mechanisms, but through the methods of strict government regulation within the framework of President Roosevelt’s “New Deal”. The adopted laws “On the restoration of national industry”, “On the regulation of agriculture”, etc. contradicted the American Constitution, but met the needs of US national security, the central place of which was given to economic security.

Roosevelt’s “New Deal” marks the beginning of the history of a mixed economy in the United States and Europe, where economic policy was formed under the influence of the ideas of John Keynes, outlined by him in his monograph “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money,” published in 1936.

Keynesianism took hold in the post-war period for three decades. Every government of any developed country has prioritized the fight against unemployment by increasing the aggregate demand of the population. Without going into details of his fairly well-reasoned recommendations to increase aggregate demand in order to stimulate investment through various social payments, etc., we can state that they were ultimately aimed at intra-system balancing of production and consumption. But for this, methods of government intervention in the economy, both direct and indirect, through financial and credit instruments and levers, turned out to be necessary.

Terms belonging to Keynes, such as “built-in stabilizer”, “fiscal multiplier”, indicate the introduction of non-market institutions into the system of market relations.

The predecessors of Keynes in a certain sense in this direction were American institutionalists, who drew attention to the limitations of the neoclassical analysis of human economic behavior, which is supposedly guided only by the relations of supply and demand, while in reality his behavior is influenced by various institutions - family, trade unions, traditions, education, culture, religion. J. Commons, for example, considered such a market category as value not as a result of the interaction of supply and demand, but as a product of a legal agreement of “collective institutions.”

In the 20s of the 20th century, institutionalists justified state intervention in the economy with the goals of curbing the power of monopolies; in the 30s, the main task of the state was considered to be anti-crisis regulation. In this regard, the structure of a large economic system has become more complex due to the integration of non-market institutions, or stabilizers, into its subsystems. Thus, in direct production, the relationship between labor and capital has lost its purely market character due to the legislative establishment of a minimum wage and the participation of trade unions in concluding collective agreements between employees and their employers.

In the post-war period, government support for business began to be provided through tax breaks, the method of accelerated depreciation, which was first used in the USA in 1942. Then other countries began to use it: Germany in 1948, France in 1960, Great Britain in 1962 .

Built-in stabilizers include social payments, including unemployment benefits. Indeed, the taxes that fund unemployment benefits rise sharply when employment levels are high. Therefore, the reserve fund grows during boom times and puts pressure on too much spending, keeping inflation in check. On the contrary, during a period of weak employment, the reserve fund is used to pay income, which increases effective demand, supporting consumption, which leads to a decrease in the rate of decline in production, thereby mitigating the recession.

Other types of benefits - such as charitable payments outside the social insurance system - by the nature of their automatic countercyclical regulation also belong to the stabilizing type.

Thus, not only the production segment of the economic system falls out of the space of free competition to the extent that state regulation exists. This applies to exchange, distribution, and consumption.

One of the conditions for Russia's entry into the World Trade Organization is, as is known, the deregulation of agricultural production. At the same time, in the USA, Canada and Europe, favorable climatic conditions do not prevent subsidizing agriculture in amounts incomparable with the costs of this key industry for Russia from the point of view of its economic security. In the United States, the number of employees in the Department of Agriculture system is second only to the Pentagon, but the point is not in the number, but in the variety of the functions that employees of this ministry perform in regulating such an important industry.

The US government uses a powerful tool to stabilize the economy through a system of purchasing goods and services for its needs in the amount of about 2 trillion. US dollars, i.e. is a permanent participant in exchange relations. The data presented do not provide a complete picture of the institutional features of the modern economic system, but can serve to expose the myth about the advantages of a free competitive market system, which has long been absent from nature.

The inclusion of non-market institutions in the economic system is caused by the objective need to ensure its economic security and was achieved by maintaining the integrity of the system, greater or lesser consistency of its structural elements and components. Periodically arising after the crisis of the 30s. of the last century, recessions were not of a threatening nature for economic security, with the exception of the global crises of 1974-75. and the crisis that began in 2001 and continues today, which in many ways is systemic in nature.

It can be argued that the crisis of the early 70s. last century was the prologue to the modern crisis.

In the early 70s of the last century, two events occurred that left their mark on all subsequent years. This is the collapse of the gold standard as a result of the US refusal to exchange paper dollars for gold to IMF member states.

Masses of paper dollars were issued on the Euromarkets, then Eurobonds were issued, the issue of which was not subject to tax, Euro-commercial bills appeared with the condition of payment in Eurocurrency, etc. This was the first impetus for the isolated position of the sphere of circulation in the economic system, which quickly acquired a supranational character.

Another important event in the early 70s was the organization of the international cartel of oil producers and exporters, OPEC, and its decision to repeatedly increase oil prices.

Both of these factors influenced the nature of the next cyclical crisis, which was characterized by a combination of high unemployment and high inflation, which formally contradicted the Keynesian model of combining low unemployment with measured inflation.

The classical cycle in the depression phase is characterized by a decrease in prices and, on this basis, the resorption of commodity surpluses, a crisis in 1974-1975. was not classical in this regard; prices were kept high not only because of oil prices, but also because of the excess money in circulation associated with the collapse of the gold standard.

Accusations of the current situation against Keynesian countercyclical regulation were, to say the least, incorrect. Keynes recommended paper issue as a government monetary reserve to be used for investment in production during a recession, but with the condition that investment should go into the real economy and not into speculative transactions in the markets.

The ambiguity of the course towards deregulation and liberalization of economic relations has another aspect - the discrepancy between the ideology of economic liberalism and the actual practice of government regulation in all economically developed countries with “market economies”.

The course towards deregulation within the framework of Reaganomics or Thatcherism was decisively declared, but was implemented with great caution. In practice, Keynesian methods of influencing the economic cycle were preserved, for example, the well-known practice of regulating the interest rate by the US central bank - the Federal Reserve, increasing it during periods of high market conditions and reducing it during recessions.

Important areas of key importance for the economic security of the country, for example, agriculture and energy, not to mention military and space programs, remained under state protection and control.

It was not until 1996 that the California legislature decided to deregulate the electrical system within its jurisdiction.

It was assumed that energy producers, freed from state control, would enter into noble competition for consumers, market mechanisms would work, and prices would begin to fall, as is written in Economics textbooks. According to A. Marshall's pricing model, the excess profit generated as a result of rising prices due to demand exceeding supply, which he called “quasi-rent,” should be invested in increasing production capacity, as a result supply will increase and prices will decrease.

At the same time, in reality it turned out that the construction of powerful power plants requires billions of dollars of investment, i.e. long-term money, while the shortage of electricity during peak hours allows it to be sold at a price 8-10 times higher than the cost of its production. California has experienced rolling blackouts that have left a strong impression on other states that have been slow to take advantage of California's free market economy See: R. Ortting, RAO UES of California. - N.G. 01/20/2001. .

Investments in the real sector of the economy are becoming unattractive in comparison with the fantastic returns of stock market speculation and the possibilities of relocating enterprises to countries with low labor costs. This practice is associated with the activities of transnational corporations (TNCs), which explode national economic systems and do not fit into the traditional economic theory of the international division of labor. The new world economy, which began to be designated as global, did not receive a worthy theoretical interpretation. Naturally, it is not in the system of A. Smith, nor in the system of K. Marx, nor in the system of J. Keynes, who considered international processes as national processes that went beyond their borders, and did not attach to them the special significance that they acquired Today.

2.2. Globalization as a threat to the economic sovereignty of the state

Indeed, in the past, the foreign economy was not divorced from its national soil, international economic relations were of an interstate nature and guaranteed the inviolability of sovereignty and economic security, and the principle of mutual benefit operated in international exchanges.

Globalization poses a threat to both the sovereignty of the state and its national security, if it is considered in the aspect of the activities of TNCs, for which the territory of the earth is equal to the economic space for the free movement of goods and capital belonging to them.

It is known that the basis of the global economic system is about 500 TNCs, five of them control more than half of the world production of durable goods, as well as aircraft, electronic equipment for cars, etc.

Supporting the ideology of economic liberalism, advocating the free movement of capital, goods, and services within the global economic space, TNCs themselves use planning and set prices not as a result of the struggle between supply and demand, but by administrative means. But the most important thing is that in the 90s of the last century there was a transformation of transnational capital into financial capital with its separation from real capital.

At the system level, this means a gap between the sphere of production and the sphere of circulation, an imbalance in the connection between production, exchange, distribution and consumption. And this is no longer abstract reasoning, but an objective reality expressed in numbers. Thus, if in 1990 600 billion US dollars were spent daily in monetary speculation, then in 1997 - more than 1 trillion. US dollars, which is 29-30 times higher than the cost of goods and services sold per day See: Movsesyan A., Ognivtsev S. Transnational capital and national states // ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 6. - P. 56-57. .

The separation of finance from the real economy is a historical reality of the late twentieth century.

With the increase in computer power, the securities market began to be dominated by secondary securities, united under the general concept of “derivatives.” These are futures, swaps, options, etc. Not long ago, these securities were a kind of insurance for the real economy. But then, with the development of the electronic market, derivatives trading became completely autonomous. In the mid-90s of the XX century. commercial director of Deutsche Bank T. Fischer defined the current situation as follows: “the financial world has emancipated itself from the real sphere.” See: Martin G.P., Schumann H. The trap of globalization: an attack on prosperity and democracy. - M.: Publishing house "ALPINA", 2001. - P. 82. .

This emancipation was expressed in astronomical amounts: at the end of the 20th century. The total volume of the secondary securities market was approaching 100 trillion. US dollars, and the annual turnover of financial transactions reached half a quadrillion US dollars See: ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 6.- P. 57. .

An economist who has not accepted the tenets of modern monetarism must ask himself how such fantastic sums can be achieved, which is the source of enrichment for financial speculators; were the old mercantilists right when they believed that the source of wealth was trade? The answer may be clear: the super-profits of financial speculators are the result of the redistribution of material wealth on a global scale. This is made possible by the liberalization of national economies, depriving the state of the possibility of strict financial control, regulation of the foreign exchange market, and preservation of national wealth.

The new economic system emerging as a result of globalization contains a destructive gene that gives rise to and multiplies the importance of the asymmetry factor - the hypertrophy of the stock market, which is fueled by dimensionless credit resources.

The famous historian and ethnologist L. Gumilyov called space and time parameters of the history of ethnic groups. He gave space an essentially economic definition, calling it “an accommodating and feeding landscape.” He interpreted time in an extraordinary way, emphasizing the conventions of both linear and cyclic time. See: Gumelev A.A. From Rus' to Russia. - M., 1992; Osipov Yu.M. Russia in actual time-space // Philosophy of Economics. - 2004. - No. 5. .

But time, like space, has economic content, for example, an indicator of hourly labor productivity, the cyclical nature of a market economy, the timing of depreciation charges, etc. At the same time, these indicators can be included in the integrative indicator of the security of the economic system. It should be clarified that logically, at the theoretical level, we can talk about a single integrative indicator of economic security and its positive dynamics. At the same time, economic security is composed of many factors - military, political, economic, social, demographic. Of particular importance in modern conditions are energy and food security, which are directly related to the economic space. And this is nothing new. As we have seen, the economic aspect of space was taken into account earlier both in theory and in practice, but economic space was not an independent object of scientific research and was not considered as an economic category, as is the case today See: Chekmarev V.V. On the theory of economic space // News of the St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance. - 2005. - No. 3. .

There are quite serious reasons for bringing the problem of security of the economic space to the forefront.

Of course, this is directly related to globalization, which has already been discussed. At the same time, attention to the negative manifestations of globalization, which constitute a threat to economic security not only for Russia, but also for the world economy, should not distract from the objective processes underlying the globalization of the world space.

Economic space coincides with the territory in a natural closed economy that exists on the principles of self-sufficiency, or autarky.

In a market economy, economic space is determined by the scale of production and the geography of sales of its product. Its conquest is carried out on the basis of specialization and cooperation. This is the material basis for the activities of TNCs, for which the territory of the earth is an economic space without national borders, in which capital, goods, and services move freely. Modern communications and, potentially, the Internet make the economic space unified and nationalless.

The economic space has turned into an aggressive economic, competitive environment, which remains open to new competitors. Therefore, Russia should make full use of its intellectual potential, natural resources, and part of the remaining production base to adequately support its national producers and potential exporters.

With the support of government protectionism, soft and hidden, as is done in countries with developed market economies, domestic entrepreneurs, through the inevitable processes of mergers and acquisitions, can move on to conquering economic space, or, more precisely, to recapturing it. It would not be amiss to remember that the Westerner and market leader S. Witte insisted on pursuing an active protectionist policy in relation to young Russian capital.

In the Soviet system, the main role in ensuring economic security at all its structural levels was played by the state. In addition to a powerful apparatus of political control, which is condemned by the public, the state had an equally powerful economic base.

At the same time, without delving into the still unclear question of the comparative advantages or disadvantages of various models of control, we note something in common: the role of the state in the economy is proportional to the resources it controls, be it the budget, natural resources, property rights.

The Russian state continues to free itself from such burdens as industrial enterprises, land, reduces taxes and thereby loses the opportunity to have a significant influence on economic processes, not to mention economic security and one of its main threats - capital flight from the country. This sensitive issue is not discussed properly, although it is the reason for the meager state budget.

While ceding economic space to business, the state should not shy away from fulfilling its inherent modern functions - political, economic, social. State regulation of economic processes should be aimed at restoring optimal proportions between production, exchange, distribution and consumption. This purpose can be served by the institutions of property rights, contract law, competitive order, etc., the activation of which can reduce the factor of uncertainty, reduce risks and threats to economic security of both business and the state.

Conclusion

To sum up, we can state that Russia’s economic security is closely related to the structure and dynamics of the world economy, which is in a state of potential systemic crisis. Our country can protect its economy from the risks of globalization by reducing its dependence on accidents and sudden fluctuations in the world market.

The answer to the needs of ensuring economic security can be the scientific achievements of the theory of disasters, the subject of which is the study and prevention of risks, conflicts and crises.

The need to turn to the theory of catastrophes for many became obvious already at the beginning of “perestroika” and the response to it was the publication of the monograph by academician V. Arnold “The Theory of Catastrophes”, which formulated guidelines for responding to difficulties and possible undesirable consequences of reforms See: Arnold V. The theory of catastrophes. - M., 1990. .

The main thing is to understand the nonlinearity of transition processes, to which managers accustomed to linear thinking need to adapt. See: Puzanov V.I. Intellectual potentials of the USA and Russia: on the way to competition of minds // USA and Canada. - 2003. - No. 12. .

This can be understood as a call for prompt and non-standard decisions and actions to prevent a crisis in the economic security of the country, primarily from the state, but not only from the state, but also from institutions - norms, mechanisms, rules of behavior.

Spisoto the literature used

1. Abalkin L.I. Economic security of Russia: threats and their reflection // Questions of Economics. - 1994. - No. 12

2. Arnold V. Theory of disasters. - M., 1990.

3. Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. General organizational science, book 1. - M., 1989. - P. 161.

4. Bogdanov I.A. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. - M.: ISPIRAN, 2005. - P. 28

5. Gumelev A.A. From Rus' to Russia. - M., 1992; Osipov Yu.M. Russia in actual time-space // Philosophy of Economics. - 2004. - No. 5.

6. Ershov M. Russia and the levers of globalization policy // ME and MO. - 2003. - No. 5. - P. 3.

7. Zagashvili V.S. Economic security of Russia. - M.: Gardarika, 2004. - P. 114

8. Illarionov A.I. Criteria for economic security // Questions of Economics. - 2004. - No. 10

9. Martin G.P., Schumann H. The trap of globalization: an attack on prosperity and democracy. - M.: Publishing House "ALPINA", 2001. - P. 82.

10. Movsesyan A., Ognivtsev S. Transnational capital and national states // ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 6. - P. 56-57.

11. Nekipelov A.D. Consequences of globalization in the financial sector. In: Macroeconomic and financial policy in crisis situations: world experience and Russian reality. Materials of situational analysis. - M.: IMEPI RAS "EPIKON", 2004. - P. 77.

12. Ortting R. RAO UES of California. - N.G. 01/20/2001.

13. Pankov V. Economic security // Interlink. - 2002. - No. 3

14. Plisetsky A. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2005. - No. 5.

15. Plisetsky D. Economic security: monetary and financial aspects // ME and MO. - 2004. - No. 5. - P. 28.

16. Puzanov V.I. Intellectual potentials of the USA and Russia: on the way to competition of minds // USA and Canada. - 2003. - No. 12.

17. Philosophical Encyclopedia. - M., 1970. - T. 5; Bogdanov A.A. Tectology. General organizational science. - M., 1989.

18. Chekmarev V.V. On the theory of economic space // News of the St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance. - 2005. - No. 3.

19. Economic security: Production Ї Finance Ї Banks / Under. ed. VC. Senchagova. - M.: Finstatinform, 2004

20. Reddaway P. & Glinsky D. The tragedy of Russia's Reforms. Market Bolshevism Against Democracy. - Wash.: United States Institutes of Peace, 2001.

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Before we identify some problematic aspects in the field of security, it is necessary to highlight the levels of occurrence of these problems.

The first level is global economic security, that is, Russia’s susceptibility to threats from the global economy of third countries. This level is also called international or external security, but the definition of this level through the term “global” is considered more accurate in the scientific literature. The second level of security is regional security.

The third level includes the internal security of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities, and economic entities.

Let's consider the problems of Russia's global economic security.

Problems of global security are closely related to the tasks of harmonizing economic spheres. One of the main reasons for the global financial crisis can be identified as a significant increase in the number of financial instruments, as well as a decrease in the reflection by these instruments of processes occurring in the real sector of the economy. Financial and banking institutions were at the center of the crisis, with savings and processes for using cash balances in bank, government and enterprise accounts, etc.

The harmonization process balances the main areas and sectors of the economy with each other.

Equilibrium can only be achieved with a large-scale increase in domestic volumes of mass production. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure sufficiently high growth rates in industrial sectors of production, including the fuel and energy complex.

It is important to solve the problem of introducing competitive advanced technologies into production.

According to experts, resource-extracting industries have the greatest potential in production, however, a significant lag is observed in its processing and processing sectors, and the engineering industry is also at a low level.

The communications and transport industries have seen noticeable growth in the last nine years.

According to some scientists, determining the competitiveness of individual sectors of the economy is possible due to the increased level of novelty of technology. Thus, despite achieving growth rates for certain types of products in Russia in recent years from 15 to 20% per year, on the world market the level of sales remains at no higher than one percent.

In Russia, there is a dependence of the technological level of the economy on such fundamental factors as innovation and investment. There has been a significant decline in investment in Russia due to sanctions imposed in 2014 by the United States and European Union countries. In the field of innovation in Russia, there is also no particular progress - their share as of 2015 is no higher than 10%.

Thus, we can state the presence of competitive technologies, machinery and equipment, including imports, at the level of the same share in the technological base of the state.

Another problem for Russia is the problem of food security.

There is inefficient use of agricultural land: Russia accounts for approximately 10% of the world's reserves, and the country's share in global agricultural production does not rise above 1.34%.

The main reason for this problem is the ownerlessness and non-use of about 30% of arable land. Given that Russia has about 250 million hectares of agricultural land, the share of production of food necessary for the country's population is no more than 65%, while in Europe there are only about 100 million hectares of land, which, when fully utilized, provide its population with food. In Japan, there are only about 5 million hectares of land, which provide food for approximately 80% of the country's 122 million citizens. Currently, there is a slight increase in the production of Russian food products due to the introduction of economic sanctions, but to achieve better results, Russia also needs to increase investment and innovation in agriculture.

Another problem of economic security is the reduction of labor resources. According to some researchers, in 2025 there may be a significant reduction in the working-age population by 17 million people, and, on the contrary, an increase in the number of citizens of retirement age by 7 million people. UN experts are also sounding the alarm, predicting a rapid demographic decline.

According to their calculations, by 2050 in Russia the number of working-age citizens may decrease by 42-43%, i.e. by 40 million people.

Experts offer only one way out of this situation - a significant increase in labor productivity by at least 4-5 times. It is important to include the development and implementation of national innovation programs and projects among the priority areas of economic development necessary to achieve a breakthrough and manifold increase in labor productivity and ensure the competitiveness of Russian products. Programs must be targeted and backed by real resources.

According to some researchers, such an innovative process should be developed by professional engineers. With the right choice of principles for the innovative development of the state, they will be able to push the Russian economy towards progress.

Currently, there are very low indicators of the intellectual component of all sectors of Russian production - no higher than 1%, when in Western countries it can reach 25-30%. The reason is a sharp decrease, compared to the USSR, in registrations of patents for inventions - no more than 20 thousand per year, of which only 5% is used in industry. Overcoming this problem is possible if the Ministry of Education develops the necessary educational programs for training highly qualified specialists in industry.

One of the reasons for Russia's economic lag is the lack of a long-term socio-economic strategy for the country.

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009, No. 537 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020” In Russia, the Concept of National Security of the State was adopted. This document formulated the priority principles of state policy, directions of national interests, types of threats to national security in the Russian Federation.

The implementation of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 should mobilize all factors in the development of the national economy, contribute to improving the quality of life of people, ensuring political stability, strengthening the country's defense, increasing the level of security and law and order, competitiveness and growing the international prestige of the Russian Federation.

It is also important to ensure the unity of state policy in the management system for solving strategic problems. It is necessary to create a special management body capable of scientifically determining the volume of the country's resources, assessing the capabilities of science, introducing and debugging a system of natural and cost balances. Building a comprehensive strategy for the long-term development of the country is possible, in our opinion, only if the above conditions are strictly observed.

Thirdly, the process of the beginning of relative financial and economic stabilization in Russia, currently observed, appears to reflect the completion of a certain transitional stage of deregulation of the national economy. To a certain extent, the main division of state property has already occurred, and entrepreneurship is becoming more interested in maintaining the current situation, in stabilizing and consolidating what has been achieved. New radical changes and social disasters no longer meet the interests of business, because they can disrupt the normal production process, worsen the sales of products and services, and, most importantly, they can threaten a new radical redistribution of property.

Fourthly, there was obvious disappointment with the results of the reforms among economists and political scientists from among the “reformers” who stood at the origins of the beginning of economic transformations. Thus, not only the majority of the population, which remained “overboard” from market reforms, but also a significant part of the Russian scientific elite began to critically evaluate the results of the economic experiment carried out in the country. The demand for economic and political “radical liberalism” was extremely high at the stage of destruction of the existing system of public administration and implementation of privatization. However, as with other social upheavals in history, the ideologists of radical reforms turned out to be superfluous after the redistribution of national wealth was completed. Under these conditions, critical understanding of the reforms being carried out intensified in Russian economic literature, and increasing attention began to be paid to the role of the state in the economy and the problems of ensuring national economic security.

Fifthly, the globalization of the world economy and international production relations calls into question the preservation of the national-state form of organization of economic systems. For example, Nekipelov A.D., analyzing the process of globalization in the financial sector, notes: “... a modern monetary and financial system has emerged, characterized by the highest the degree of internationalization of capital while maintaining the national-state form of organization of monetary and financial systems.” Nekipelov A.D. Consequences of globalization in the financial sector. In: Macroeconomic and financial policy in crisis situations: world experience and Russian reality. Russian entrepreneurship, having received direct access to world markets, in many cases faces not just individual competitive companies, but state-monopoly structures, which they are unable to resist alone.

One could continue listing the objective processes underlying the recent increased attention to the problem of Russia's economic security. However, both the trends listed above and the research conducted by Russian scientists and specialists indicate that the problem itself is not far-fetched, but quite concrete.

COURSE WORK

in the course "Economics"

on the topic: “Economic security of the Russian Federation”

Introduction

1. Economic security as a type of state security

2. Problems of economic security of the Russian Federation

2.1 Ways to integrate Russia into the world economy

2.2 Types of threats to Russia's economic security

3. Ways to increase the economic security of the Russian Federation

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Second half of the 90s of the 20th century. marked by the revival of government structures and the public's attention to the problems of the country's national security. The formation of a socially oriented market economy necessitated the development and approval of basic concepts in the national security system.

The modern reform of the legal and economic foundations of the Russian state cannot fail to take into account the interests of national security. This problem is becoming particularly acute in the context of increasing globalization and in connection with the active inclusion of Russia in international political and economic processes. Foreign economic aspects of the country’s national security are the most important component of the state’s economic security system. The more economically developed a country is, the more economic resources it has (or controls), the higher its degree of protection from possible threats.

At the present stage, economic security is a guarantee of the country’s independence, determines the possibility of pursuing an independent economic policy and creates the conditions for stability and success in the context of the globalization of the world economy.

In the period from 1996 to 2005, scientific research was carried out and a number of scientific works and collective monographs on this issue were published by Senchagova V.K., Oleynikova E.A., Grunina O., Guseva G., etc. In many universities of the country they are introduced into the educational process and taught special courses on national security and its various aspects. The relevance of the problems of economic security is reflected in the work of all-Russian and international scientific and practical conferences.

The work examines the general problems of Russia's economic security related to its activities in the system of international economic relations.

1. Economic security as a type of state security

The characteristics of the state are:

· the presence of a special system of bodies and institutions performing the functions of state power;

· law that establishes a certain system of norms sanctioned by the state;

· a certain territory over which the jurisdiction of the state extends and in which its population lives.

The life and ideas of the people and the state unfold in various spheres, and in each of them the action of unfavorable factors, dangers and threats is possible that disrupt the normal life of a person, society and the state. In terms of content, the following types (spheres) of its activities are distinguished: economic, social, political, military, environmental, legal, technological, cultural, intellectual, informational, demographic, psychological and many others.

The state protects its interests, its territory, its population from external and internal threats.

A threat to the security of the state can be formulated as the possibility of such a development of events that will create (or creates) a danger to the existence of the state, its political and economic independence.

There are the following types of state security:

· geopolitical security;

Geopolitical security is the security and provision of state interests guaranteed by constitutional, legislative and practical measures.

· political security;

Each state is interested in having a stable internal political situation, in creating an internal climate that promotes the normal development of all spheres of activity of society and the individual. Political security is a state of security of the geopolitical life of a country. The purpose of political security is determined by the type of state. The essence of political security is determined by the ability to pursue independent foreign and domestic policy and resolve issues of government.

· military security;

Military security is the ability to protect the sovereignty, territorial integrity and population of the country from internal and external threats. Military security includes the following areas: state borders, armed forces, deterrence, military education, military science and military industry.

· economic security.

Problems of national economic security are increasingly becoming the subject of study by representatives of various sciences. Scientists offer their own definitions, determine the essential features of this complex social phenomenon, and reveal emerging social connections between related concepts and phenomena. However, there are still many “dark spots” in the area under consideration. There is still no consensus among researchers of this problem regarding the definition of basic concepts, which in practice gives rise to significant difficulties in applying legislation on economic security. Therefore, we must begin with the development of a conceptual apparatus.

The legal definition of the concept of “economic security” can be found in the Federal Law of October 13, 1995. No. 157-FZ “On state regulation of foreign trade activities.” In accordance with Article 2 of the said Law, economic security is a state of the economy that ensures a sufficient level of social, political and defense existence and progressive development of the Russian Federation, invulnerability and independence of economic interests in relation to possible external and internal threats and influences. Consequently, the state of the economy is the main sign of economic security.

Therefore, in a compressed (concentrated) form we can say that national economic security is a state of protection of basic national economic interests from internal and external threats.

It is important to emphasize that such concepts as “conditions”, “factors”, “ratio” characterize economic security from different points of view. Thus, the condition is the environment (environment) in which economic security occurs (is realized). There are economic, geopolitical, environmental, legal and other conditions. The factor acts as the cause, the driving force of economic security. The correlation of economic interests is understood as their mutual relationship, their location relative to each other.

Economic security is characterized by the level of development of productive forces and economic relations aimed at realizing the needs of the individual, society, state, the presence of minerals, developed infrastructure, qualified labor and its training system, as well as the nature of integration into the system of world economic relations.

Objects of economic security are:

· economic system of the country: producers and sellers of products, works and services;

· natural resources of the country - agricultural land, forests, rivers, lakes, seas, shelf, minerals.

Subjects of economic security are:

· functional and sectoral ministries and departments;

· tax and customs services;

· banks, exchanges, funds and insurance companies;

· manufacturers and sellers of products, works and services;

· Society for the Protection of Consumer Rights.

In Russia, the doctrine of economic security was approved and introduced by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996. No. 608 “State strategy for economic security of the Russian Federation (Basic provisions).” In pursuance of the provisions of this Decree, on December 27, 1996. RF Government Decree No. 1569 “On priority measures for the implementation of the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)” was adopted. These documents define the purpose and objects of the state strategy for economic security, characterize the threats to Russia's economic security, formulate criteria and parameters for the state of the economy that meet the requirements of economic security, describe the mechanisms and measures of economic policy aimed at ensuring economic security. As noted in the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation, “in international relations, Russia is faced with the desire of industrialized countries, large foreign corporations to use the situation in the Russian Federation and member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in their economic and political interests... Without ensuring economic security, it is practically impossible to solve any of the problems facing the country, both domestically and internationally.” The above-mentioned Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation assigned responsibility to a number of federal executive authorities (Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Security Council of the Russian Federation, etc.) for the development of quantitative and qualitative parameters of economic security criteria, monitoring and forecasting factors that determine the emergence of threats to economic security, and conducting research to identify trends and opportunities for the development of threats and searching for optimal ways to overcome them. At the same time, the economic security system must identify situations in which the actual or predicted parameters of economic development go beyond the threshold values, develop measures to overcome them (i.e., to get the country out of the danger zone), conduct an examination of adopted regulations, government decisions on financial economic issues from the position of economic security of Russia.

To understand the essence of threats to Russia's economic security, let's consider the structure of the modern world community.

Some scientists divide the world community into two parts: privileged and adjacent rich developed states (Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Singapore and some others) with a population of about 1 billion. people (“golden billion”) and other unprivileged countries, whose population by 2000 exceeded 5 billion people. In 1994, the 1 billion population of rich countries accounted for 70% of the world's total social product, and the remaining 4.6 billion. people – 30%.

Other scientists divide countries into three groups: countries of the “golden billion”, newly industrialized countries that have gained a foothold on the periphery of the developed world (China, India, most of the “Asian Tigers”, some Latin American countries, former socialist countries, most oil-producing states), and, finally, the third a group of so-called “falling” states (a significant part of the countries of the American continent and Asia, as well as the former USSR).

The peculiarity of this division of countries is that competition between these groups of states is practically impossible, “vertical” movements to the top are extremely difficult, while competition within each of the groups is becoming increasingly fierce.

Russia's place in terms of general economic indicators can be determined at the lower limit of the second group of states. The reality of the threat of consolidation on this border and possible further weakening of positions is based on the structural regression of the Russian economy as the main trend of the past decade.

2. Problems of economic security of the Russian Federation

2.1 Ways to integrate Russia into the global economy

One can agree with the assessments of the famous American economist Thurow that “today Russia is halfway between a market and a planned economy, and neither of them works.”

The economic result of the reform is a drop in Russia’s share in world GDP to 2.4% and a transition from 3rd place, which Russia occupied as part of the USSR (after the USA and Japan and shared it with Germany) to 15th. To 1.3%, i.e. e. Russia's share in world exports has approximately halved compared to the pre-perestroika period.

As a result, the share of Russian products in global markets for high-tech civilian products is 1%. For comparison: the US accounts for 36% , Japan – 30% of these markets. The lag in such industries as computer science, electronics, and communications, which developed in past decades, is especially dangerous, including due to the existing gap between the civilian and military-industrial sectors of the economy.

Many Western experts explain the general economic weakening of Russia by the ineffectiveness of economic reforms and the excessive opening of the economy to external competition. Others emphasize that it is not “liberalism” that is to blame, but the economy of plunder established in the country. The assessments of French economists are particularly critical. Professor Brandet (Paris Dauphine University) writes: “Everything that could be sold was sold in Russia, and as a result, in the absence of funds for investment, huge amounts of money ended up in individual accounts of Swiss and Cypriot banks. The country’s industrial potential was practically destroyed, and the volume of industrial production decreased by 10% per year.”

The Russian economy currently remains largely reformed, transitional, and has not completed its transformation into any specific state. It combines elements of the old and new systems. If in terms of the share of non-state economic entities the Russian economy can be considered completely market, then in terms of the efficiency of their activities and the level of competitiveness, it is not. In addition, more than half of Russian companies are generally fictitious and are often associated with illegal activities.

In Russia, the inefficient structure of social production remains - the predominance of the fuel, energy and raw materials industries and the low share of mechanical engineering products and modern high-tech, knowledge-intensive industries. The financial and credit system in general and the banking system in particular are weak, which limits investment in production. Internal parameters largely determine external ones: Russia remains a supplier of raw materials and an importer of finished products on world markets, including various types of modern equipment and food.

Russia's participation in international economic relations is still insignificant. Russia's share in the world population is 2.5%, in world natural resources - 30%, in world exports - 1.74% (and in world exports of high-tech goods - 0.7%), in world imports - 0.73%. Consequently, Russia is poorly involved in global processes, which is associated both with the legacy of the past and with the weaknesses of its current position.

At the same time, the importance of the world market for the Russian economy is enormous. Thus, in 2002, exports amounted to 133.7 billion dollars, and imports – 57.4 billion dollars.

The current state of economic security in Russia is characterized by Table 1.1:

Table 1.1

Current indicators of economic security of the Russian Federation

No.

Indicators

Threshold value

Actual condition

Relationship between actual and threshold values

Grade

Volume of gross

internal product:

overall from average

according to "seven"

per capita

from average

according to "seven"

per capita

from the world average

Dangerous 2

Share in industrial

production

processing

industry

70% 50% 0.71 dangerous 3

Share in machine

production

mechanical engineering

20% 15% 0.75 dangerous 4

Investment volume in %

25% 13% 0.6 dangerous 5

Scientific expenses

research as a percentage of GDP

2% 0.5% 0.25 dangerous 6

Share of new types of products in volume

manufactured products

6% 2.6% 0.43 dangerous 7

Population share

people with income

below subsistence level

minimum (2004)

7% 20% 0.29 dangerous 8

Duration

life of the population

70 years 64 years 0.91 dangerous 9

Income gap

high income groups

population

and 10% of the most

low income groups

8 times 12.9 0.62 dangerous 10

Crime level

(number of crimes

per 100 thousand population)

5 thousand 6 thousand 0.83 dangerous 11

Unemployment rate

according to ILO methodology

7% 9.2% 0.76 dangerous 12

Inflation rate for the year

20% 6% 1.25 dangerous 13

Domestic debt volume in %

to GDP for comparable

period of time

30% 33% 0.9 dangerous 14

Current need for

service and

repayment

Domestic debt in %

to tax

budget revenues

25% >100% 0.25 dangerous 15

Volume of external debt

25% 31% 0.8 dangerous 16

Share of external

borrowings in

covering the deficit

budget (2004)

30% 45% 0.66 dangerous 17

Budget deficit

as a percentage of GDP (2004)

5% 4.2% 1.2 dangerous 18

Volume of foreign

currency in cash

to the volume of cash rubles

25% 100% 0.25 dangerous 19

Volume of foreign

currency against

ruble mass

in national currency

10% 50% 0.2 dangerous 20

Money supply (M2)

as a percentage of GDP

50% 12% 0.24 dangerous 21

Share of imports in

domestic consumption of everything

including

food

Differentiation

subjects

Living wage federations

1.5 times 5 times 0.3 dangerous

It should still be noted that in the last few years, positive trends have emerged in the development of the Russian economy, outpacing some global processes. For example, the growth rate of global gross product in 2002 was 2.8%, in 2003. - 2.5%, and the growth rates of Russian GDP were 4.1% and 7.3%, respectively.

The growth in production and GDP that has emerged in the last two years and is predicted in Russia can be considered as a stable trend only if it is possible to make maximum use of favorable conditions for the growth of domestic production (ruble devaluation, rising world oil prices) and other factors of a market nature, which, unfortunately, can be reversible.

However, despite all the shortcomings of the country’s economic policy, one cannot help but see that the free access of Russian producers to foreign markets is limited by far from liberal measures: in relation to Russia, the practice of double standards is widely used, as well as special concessions and requirements in domestic and foreign economic policy, and pressure on external debt.

As a result, Russia, having a weakened and unbalanced economy, must fit into an international situation that is characterized by at least three main intractable problems:

· split of civilization;

· the growing unpredictability of global economic processes, especially in the field of financial movement;

· opposition of the national management of many countries to the methods and forms of globalization.

Russia has both competitive advantages and weaknesses on world markets. Competitive advantages include:

a) high supply of mineral resources - 13% of the world's proven oil reserves, 36% of natural gas, 12% of coal are concentrated in Russia;

b) a significant volume of accumulated fixed production assets and funds of universal equipment, which makes it possible to reduce the capital intensity of technological modernization of a number of industries (although a significant part of them has a long service life and wear and tear);

c) cheap labor combined with a fairly high level of qualifications;

d) the presence of unique advanced technologies in a number of industries, especially in the military-industrial complex, etc.

It should be noted that these advantages lose their character over time - natural resources are depleted, equipment and new technologies become obsolete, skilled labor ages and emigrates.

At the same time, many Russian competitive advantages are limited by Russia’s strategic weaknesses, which include:

a) the weakness of the system for supporting the competitiveness of Russian exports;

b) a sharp reorientation of foreign economic relations to the West and increased deformations in this area (increased raw material orientation of Russian exports, loss of traditional sales markets);

c) blocking entry into markets where Russia has competitive advantages;

d) competitive technologies used in the military-industrial complex are focused on the production of small series of products with a weak level of control over material costs;

e) a rapid decline in domestic demand for high-tech products, which destroys the already weak competitive environment for the “testing” of goods and technologies prior to their promotion to the foreign market.

However, modern Russia is characterized by increasingly expanding interaction with the world market. Russia's share in world GDP after the 1998 crisis has had a constant upward trend. This also leads to increased threats associated with the foreign economic sphere.

2.2 Types of threats to Russia's economic security

In the specialized literature, there is no consensus among scientists on the issue of the list of threats to national economic security. Different researchers define the composition of internal and external threats in different ways. Note that this composition often varies without taking into account changed political, socio-economic and other conditions. Sometimes there is a combination of internal and external threats to economic security, current and strategic.

The main threats to Russia's economic security manifest themselves in those sectors in which economic relations with international entities are carried out. Let's consider the most important of them.

1. Commodity market.

According to experts, in the future, in international trade, exports of finished products will grow at a faster pace, while the market share of raw materials and income from them will decrease due to the introduction of resource-saving technologies.

In this area, the main threats to Russia are:

· irrational structure of exports and imports and the possibility of its conservation, the share of mechanical and technical products in Russian exports is less than 5% (knowledge-intensive - about 1%), and in imports - more than a third;

· discriminatory measures and, above all, anti-dumping sanctions of other countries and blocs, in relation to Russia in 2001. 99 anti-dumping and other procedures were in effect in 24 countries (in relation to ferrous metals, rolled metal, nitrogen fertilizers, textiles), which annually cause damage in the amount of $3.5 billion;

· illegal export of natural resources from Russia;

· illegal (smuggling) import of goods into Russia;

· chronically large non-payments for supplied fuel and energy resources to the CIS countries;

· dependence of the state of the Russian economy (GDP size, inflation, budget revenues, trade balance, etc.) on world oil prices;

· sharp liberalization of foreign trade, which could lead to an increase in the export of non-renewable natural resources and the ruin of most domestic producers, and increase unemployment.

2. Financial and credit sphere.

Among the threats are the following:

· the weakness of the banking sector (its total capital is only 4% of GDP) threatens the disappearance of domestic and the emergence of foreign entities and regulators (both private companies and international organizations) in this area and the economy as a whole in their own interests. In 2001, the capital and assets of the Russian banking system amounted to 10 and 80 billion dollars, while these figures for any Western bank were equal to 30-40 and 700-800 billion dollars, respectively;

· the growing influence of global financial processes, market fluctuations, including negative ones, on the financial sector and the economy as a whole, as demonstrated by the 1998 crisis;

· flight of capital, which bled the economy dry, depriving it of investment, and the budget lost $100 billion. Russia, which has a huge need for investment in the world capital market, paradoxically, is a major exporter of capital (especially illegal).

· An increase in the influx of foreign investment has a number of negative consequences. Firstly, it actually contributes to consolidating the raw material export-oriented model of the Russian economy, since half of the total investment in industry is investment in the fuel, energy and raw materials industries. Secondly, at present there is not so much a threat of capital outflow from Russia, but a threat its significant influx into the market, which, due to its narrowness, can create serious problems, both for the stability of the market itself and for the stability of the ruble.

· inflexible and irrational debt policy. Payments on Russia's external debt reach up to $17 billion annually. Russia's entry into the Paris Club cost it the loss of $110 billion owed by other countries out of a total debt of $160 billion. Today this figure is $10 billion. Russia received significant income from high oil prices on world markets and increased its gold and foreign exchange reserves. The Russian leadership announced full and timely (and even early) payment of external debt, although negotiations could be held on its restructuring use these funds for investments.

3. Foreign exchange market.

Main threats:

· peg of the Russian ruble to the US dollar. Russia is actually lending to the United States because there are about 100 billion dollars in cash in Russia. Moreover, Russia is actually strengthening the dollar exchange rate, since gold and foreign exchange reserves are kept mainly in dollars. If the dollar falls, Russia will face a financial crisis;

· a policy is being pursued of underestimating the value of the ruble to the dollar several times, which ensures current, market-related benefits, but a strategic loss. The low exchange rate of the ruble generates cost-push inflation, excessive exports of raw materials and capital outflow. Current export revenues, high due to the undervalued ruble exchange rate, bring market benefits that do not lead to increased investment in the economy. A cheap national currency makes it easier for foreign companies to buy Russian assets.

4. Labor market.

While developed countries are limiting the process of immigration, Russia is already experiencing real expansion from Asia, primarily from China. Moreover, illegal immigration is many times greater than legal immigration. This threat leads to an aggravation in the Russian labor market, increasing the demand for jobs and reducing the price of labor (wages). In addition, immigrants are cheaper for employers, because... do not have any social guarantees.

Threats to Russia's economic security can also include:

Table 1.2

Threats to Russia's economic security

Types of threats

Grade

Corruption in government bodies 7.49 Decline in production in knowledge-intensive industries 7.43 Sharp increase in crime 6.31 Destruction of domestic scientific schools 5.60 Failure of the state to fulfill its functions of protecting business entities 5.32

Russia's relations with international subjects of economic relations are ambiguous and can both open up new opportunities for Russia and pose certain threats to its security. Let us consider these relations, firstly, with international economic organizations and countries, and, secondly, with international business entities.

Accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is important for Russia. Problems that can be resolved by Russia’s participation in the WTO:

· for the sake of one's presence as an equal member,

· support of Russian exporters,

· stimulating the development of new sectors,

· restriction of domestic monopolies.

However, the WTO requires a sharp liberalization of the Russian economy, including its opening to foreign entities. Requirements include:

· liberalization of access of foreign labor to the Russian labor market;

· liberalization of access of foreign firms (primarily financial, trade, construction, tourism, etc.) to the services market;

· reduction of import duties to a level lower than in the US and EU;

· complete liberalization of exports and the abolition of non-tariff regulation measures;

· equalization of domestic and world energy prices, liberalization of the current currency regulation regime;

· providing non-residents with a national tax regime;

· refusal of subsidies to producers at the federal and regional levels, etc.

Reckless implementation of WTO requirements can lead to an increase in energy prices in Russia (and, therefore, for everything), an uncontrolled increase in the export of raw materials and a decrease in income from them due to a decrease in world prices, a sharp increase in imports and the ruin of domestic producers of most goods and services, and, consequently, an increase in unemployment, a massive influx of foreign labor (Asian), not spoiled by social guarantees and therefore cheaper. The abolition of export duties will lead to an increase in prices for energy resources and then for all goods and services.

Russian legislation does not comply with WTO rules in the field of forms of economic support permitted by the state. In the event of joining the WTO and the transition to international rules (since the Constitution establishes the priority of international norms), the manufacturing industry, service sector and agriculture in Russia will practically disappear.

In addition, joining this organization in itself does not guarantee economic growth. For example, although Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and Georgia joined the WTO, their per capita GDP remained the lowest among the 14 countries admitted in the last 5 years.

A special area is represented by the activities of large international business entities in Russia, primarily transnational corporations (TNCs).

International business (represented by large corporations) poses an increased danger to the Russian economy, because:

· characterized by activity and aggressiveness;

· its activities are hidden, unlike state institutions or international organizations;

· guided solely by profit considerations;

· carries out industrial espionage, which our companies have not learned to defend against.

TNCs strive to subordinate to their interests sectors of the national economy that have competitive advantages.

TNCs strive to consolidate the raw materials orientation of the Russian economy, and to ensure their leadership in promising industries. They benefit from the economic crisis in the country - they buy unprofitable competing enterprises cheaper. Despite the well-known information from all international rating agencies about the risk of investing in the Russian economy, the share of foreigners in the capital of leading Russian companies is constantly growing.

The penetration of international business entities into Russia occurs through investments in the capital of Russian economic entities (companies, banks), loans to Russian companies, imported goods, provision of various services (banking, insurance, financial), etc.

A number of large TNCs are already operating in the real sector of the Russian economy - General Motors, Ford, Fiat, Renault, Shell, McDonald's, Canon, Nestlé, Procter and Gamble, " Coca-Cola, Siemens, Ericsson, etc.

A special type of threat is associated with the activities of oligarchs in Russia and the possible oligarchic modernization of Russia.

It should be borne in mind that oligarchic groups made a significant contribution to the integration of our country into the world economy; they provide the bulk of domestic investment today. Oil companies have ensured a significant reduction in the cost of produced oil, thereby reducing the dependence of the country's economy on the global market. Oligarchic groups today are in many ways initiating further liberalization of the domestic economy.

At the same time, the role of oligarchic groups, according to some authors, is anti-national. As subjects of the Russian economy, oligarchs act mainly as foreign investors. Oligarchic property on the territory of Russia is registered in the hands of foreign legal entities, mainly offshore companies. The families of the majority of oligarchs permanently live outside of Russia and the majority of oligarchs do not associate personal and family strategic interests with Russia as a geopolitical and ethnocultural entity, which gives rise, among other things, to the continuation of large-scale export of capital abroad borders of Russia.

The high degree of criminalization of the economy poses a serious danger. The “shadow” component of the Russian economy has reached critical levels - if the share of the illegal sector in the GDP of Western countries is officially estimated at 5-10%, then in Russia it is almost 25%.

Among the general trends in Russian organized crime, the following can be identified:

· domestic crime has gone far beyond the borders of Russian territory, establishing contacts both with criminal structures and completely legally operating economic entities of various states;

· the scale of illegal export operations with energy resources, especially oil, and other strategic raw materials and materials, is constantly increasing, and not only domestic organizations, but also their foreign partners are involved in actions damaging Russian interests;

· throughout Russia, the activity and influence of “ethnic” criminal groups that have connections with the diaspora in the near and far abroad are increasing (their areas of activity include export-import transactions with raw materials and scarce consumer goods, counterfeiting, crimes in the Russian gold and diamond complex. Using the “shuttle” way of committing crimes, hiding behind a language barrier, differences in culture, they are difficult to vulnerable to law enforcement forces of any country);

· the positions of criminal groups in the drug business are consistently strengthening, their organization and interaction with similar structures abroad is growing;

· the smuggling of weapons and ammunition, explosives and devices, their leakage from military facilities and manufacturing plants, from areas of military conflicts is acquiring alarming proportions (at the same time, modern Western-made weapons are smuggled into conflict areas in Russia);

· there is a further strengthening of the material, technical and financial base of criminal structures, an increase in the professionalism of their participants due to the expansion of international relations.

Russia is also increasingly involved in the process of transnationalization of crime. One striking example is the scandal associated with money laundering from the “Russian mafia” and its transfer through the Bank of New York to companies controlled by criminal leaders. From October 1998 to March 1999 alone, $4.2 billion passed through this bank.

Consequently, Russia participates in international economic relations in the context of globalization, having a weak economy with an ineffective structure, a sharp discrepancy between the domestic and foreign markets with the aggressive policies of strong international actors.

3. Ways to increase the economic security of the Russian Federation

The situation in the sphere of economic security in Russia is difficult, but not hopeless.

Rashid Ismailov, a legal specialist who has written a number of works on problems of economic security, believes that in order to mitigate external threats to the economic security of the country, it is necessary to strengthen state control over the movement and use of natural resources, restore the volume of geological exploration work and outpace the growth of proven reserves of fuel and raw materials compared with production; implementation of extensive modernization of extraction and primary processing of fuel and raw materials, transition to resource-saving technologies. This will make it possible in the future to achieve a relative and absolute reduction in domestic needs for natural resources, and to increase the share of export foreign exchange earnings allocated for investment purposes.

To weaken import dependence, financial support from the state is needed for domestic producers capable of producing goods that are in demand in the West today. It is also necessary to apply a more flexible system of customs duties, identify sectors of the economy that need customs protection, introduce a state monopoly on the import of medicines, tobacco products, alcohol, grain and on the export of oil and petroleum products, non-ferrous metals, etc.

Lykshin S. and Svinarenko A. note that a market economy (especially in a country like Russia) is unthinkable without elements of centralized leadership. Where it is reasonable, it is necessary to actively introduce methods of state planning and management of the country's economic life.

In this regard, it is possible to highlight the main directions of state legal regulation of the economy in general and business activity in particular. This is, in particular: state ownership and entrepreneurship, the use of forms and methods of state planning and regulation (norms, standards, quotas, a system of state, regional and municipal orders); state regulation of the Russian national market, state regulation of international economic relations

In Russia's economic program, the main emphasis must be placed on the development (with elements of powerful state support and protectionism) of systemically important sectors of the national economy, such as mechanical engineering, the metallurgical industry, fuel and energy, chemical and forestry complexes, and light industry. It is in these areas of the economy that investments and capital injections should be targeted and systematically implemented.

From the standpoint of ensuring national economic security, an important problem is Russia's rental income. The redistribution of rental income will, on the one hand, eliminate (or at least reduce) the gap in the property status of Russian citizens - between the poor and the very rich. On the other hand, this redistribution will somewhat reduce the number of domestic billionaires who appropriate a significant portion of rental income.

In order to ensure national economic security, the country's leadership needs to pursue a more balanced and consistent foreign policy.

BorisovaV.D. notes that it is impossible for any country to achieve the state of national, etc. economic security, if the population's food needs are not met as one of the foundations of society.

It is necessary to methodologically clearly distinguish between the concepts of “food security of society” and “food security”. Food security is the ability of the state to provide all members of society with food in sufficient, rational, environmentally friendly and safe nutrition in order to strengthen the health of the nation and preserve its gene pool, increase life expectancy, improve the quality of life, increase the labor activity of the population not only through self-sufficiency, but also with the active use advantages of the international division of labor. Food security implies the country’s ability to provide food for its current and emergency food needs of the country’s population as a whole, and of each individual person in food in accordance with scientifically based standards at the expense of its own resources.

The level of supplies of imported food from the total volume of consumption in the country is used as a criterion for a country's food security. In the Russian Federation, the threshold value should not exceed 25%. Exceeding this level creates strategic dependence on food importing countries.

It is noteworthy that in developed countries, for example, in the USA back in the 70s. The country's food security law was adopted, aimed at ensuring a stable food supply by supporting domestic agriculture and preserving its natural resources, as well as ensuring high quality food products and maintaining their high competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets.

The priority tasks in the field of ensuring food security in Russia should be recognized:

· Formation of a unified food complex in the country and its achievement of an optimal level of food production in volume, range and quality sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of the population in accordance with scientifically based standards.

· Development of optimal options for the structure of food imports (tropical and subtropical crops).

· Determining the nutritional needs of the country's population and providing the population with environmentally friendly food, which determines the health and life expectancy of the population, the gene pool of the nation.

· Ensuring economic accessibility to the basic set of food products, which means ensuring the solvency of demand among the main social groups of the population and eliminating hunger and malnutrition. A government policy is needed to redistribute income, expand employment and increase consumption of quality food products, and regulate prices for agricultural products and food.

· Creation and maintenance of food reserves that can be used in extreme situations.

· Timely identification, prediction and elimination of threats to food security, determination of threshold values.

· Strengthening state regulation of interregional supplies of food and raw materials for a more complete supply of food to the regions. For example, 23 regions of Russia grow grain in excess, and 50 regions feel a shortage of it, while the state does not have effective levers for regulating the Russian grain market, which allows some regions to set a monopoly price, while others import imported grain, because Taking into account transport costs, domestic grain becomes uncompetitive.

· Active support for the development of integration and cooperation, allowing to reduce transaction costs, optimize commodity and financial flows and increase the competitiveness of enterprises.

· Development of market infrastructure: organization of regional wholesale markets and credit institutions, which will allow for effective intra- and interregional exchange.

Conclusion

1. Economic security is the state of security of the economy from internal and external threats. The goal of economic security is to ensure sustainable economic development of the country in the interests of meeting the social and economic needs of citizens with optimal labor costs and reasonable use of natural resources.

2. Threats in the economic sphere are complex. This means that economic security is affected by various factors; and not only in its pure economic form. It is significantly influenced by geopolitical, social, environmental and other factors.

3. Among the main threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation are considered: increasing property differentiation of the population and increasing poverty levels, deformation of the structure of the Russian economy, increasing unevenness of socio-economic development of regions, criminalization and oligarchization of society and economic activity.

4. To combat the threat to Russia's economic security, an economic security strategy must be developed; it is necessary to monitor and evaluate both internal and external threats that can have a destabilizing effect on the economy.

5. Russia's national idea should consist of Russia's attempts to regain the status of a world power. Previously, we built developed socialism, then communism. Now, for the revival of the nation, the awakening of its spiritual and moral principles, a new ideal is needed: Russia is a strong and prosperous state.

Literature

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2. Belozerov I.P. Economic security of Russia // Materials of the conference “Reforms in Russia - history and modernity”.

3. Borisova V.D. Current problems of economic security of Russia at the present stage.//Questions of Economics. 2002–№2.

4. Zotova N. GusakovN. Modern problems of national security. // National security. 2001–№8-9.

5. Ilyin M. S., Tikhonov A. G. Financial-industrial integration and corporate structures: world experience and Russian realities. M., 2002.

6. Ismailov R. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. St. Petersburg, 1999.

7. Ismailov R. Economic security of Russia. // Business and security. 2004–№2.

8. Kolosov A.V. Economic security. – M.: ZAO Finstatinform, 1999.

9. Lykshin S., Svinarenko A. Development of the Russian economy and its restructuring as a guarantee of economic security // Questions of Economics. 2004.–№ 12. pp. 117-118.

10. Milyukov P. I. Memoirs. Volume two (1859-1917). M., 1990.

11. Pechenev V.Vladimir Putin – Russia’s last chance? M., 2001.

12. Pomorov A.A. Yeltsin - the tragedy of Russia. M., 1999.

13. Management of socio-economic development of Russia: concepts, goals, mechanisms / Director. auto count D. S. Lvov, A. G. Porshnev. M.: ZAO Publishing House “Economy”, 2002.

14. Tsyganov S.I., Manina A.Ya. Foreign investments in Russia: problems of national economic security: Monograph. Ekaterinburg: Publishing house UrGUA, 2000.

15. Yarochkin V.I. Securitology - The science of life safety. M, 1999.

Problems of ensuring economic security of Russia

The need for protection from unwanted external influences and radical internal changes, in other words, the need for security is a basic, fundamental need for the life of both an individual, a family, and various associations of people, including society and the state. In the conditions of the formation of a market economy, the sphere of safe existence has narrowed so much that the constant and massive dissatisfaction of this need has a negative impact on the development and functioning of individual citizens, families, organizations, the state and society as a whole, exacerbating the crisis state of all spheres of its life.

Today, the most pressing issues are related to threats to the national security of the Russian Federation. Economic security is one of the most important components of the country's national security.

Currently, the object of economic security is the economy at all levels with its tasks of stability, invulnerability, balance of obvious benefits and certain damage introduced by the process of “pulling” into international market relations and economic relations. The crisis state of the economy is manifested through a significant reduction in production, a decrease in investment activity, the destruction of scientific and technical potential, stagnation of the agricultural sector, a decrease in the revenue side of the federal budget, etc.

The object of this study is the economic security of Russia. The subject of the research is the problems of ensuring the economic security of Russia. regulatory security management

The purpose of the work is to study the concept of “economic security” and identify the main problems of its organization in Russia. As a result of the study, the following tasks were solved:

reveal the essence of the concept of “economic security”;

consider the regulatory framework for economic security;

study the main governing bodies of economic security in Russia;

consider mechanisms for ensuring economic security in Russia;

draw conclusions about the importance of ensuring economic security and solving the main problems.

The topic of the course work, its goals and objectives determined the research methodology. It was carried out within the framework of macroeconomic and structural-institutional approaches based on the dialectical method, historical and logical analysis, methods of economic and mathematical modeling, as well as statistical and econometric methods for processing and analyzing empirical data.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the works of domestic and foreign economists in the field of management and protection of economic interests, solving security problems, the results of scientific research of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Economic Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and a number of other institutes on economic security issues.

Various aspects of managing the national economy and its individual sectors in the context of the transformation of the Russian economy have been studied by many domestic and foreign scientists. The works of L.I. are devoted to economic security in the main spheres of the economy. Abalkin, A.V. Sidorovich, Yu.S. Ufimtsev, A.A. Odintsov, V.K. Senchagova, S. Rabkina and others. Both periodicals and teaching aids were used.

According to the degree of importance, economic security indicators can be divided into general, basic and specific. Based on the scale of the characterized security object, we can distinguish:

1) microeconomic indicators that determine the state of the enterprise, firm, institution, as well as families and individuals;
2) mesoeconomic indicators characterizing the region or industry;
3) macroeconomic indicators reflecting the state of the country’s economy as a whole.

The main mechanism for ensuring economic security in Russia is also highlighted, and the basic principles for ensuring economic security are considered. The second chapter reveals current problems of ensuring economic security in Russia today. In the context of the study, the interaction of the federal center and regions in the process of ensuring economic security, the main problems and the significance of this interaction are considered. It is emphasized that the discrepancy between the vertical management and the actually established horizontal regulation of regional economic development aggravates the situation and introduces chaos into the development of relations between the federal center and the regions and that, according to E.M. Primakov, “Russia faces a long struggle not only for building effective state institutions, but also to overcome deep-rooted resistance to the very idea of strengthening the rule of law. And as it happened in the history of our country, part of the final solution to the problem of the legitimacy of power may be the transfer of power from the center to the regions and local authorities.”

The influence of the development of nanotechnologies within the framework of scientific and technical progress on the economic security of the country is revealed. Since nanometric materials and products (with parameters from 1 to 100 nm) are characterized by radically improved physical, chemical and consumer properties, it is often impossible to get a full-scale idea of the prospects and possible consequences of this systemic process. Pessimists focus public attention on the potential threats and risks of nanotechnological production and use of products with nanofeatures. We are talking about the possible biological and environmental danger of nanoobjects. According to experts of the UN World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), the following specific properties of nanotechnologies are of greatest concern: the invisibility of nanotechnologies during their use makes it difficult to control and track their consequences (as with nuclear technologies); The high pace of development of nanotechnologies makes it difficult, especially in the long term, to predict their possible consequences and take appropriate measures. It is generally accepted that the field of nanotechnology in Russia is “quite ‘politicized’, as it uses significant amounts of government funding distributed among competing groups.”

The main results of the study are that in order to ensure the economic security of Russia and to solve the assigned tasks, it is necessary to develop an appropriate mechanism for their implementation. The mechanism for ensuring the country's economic security in the context of globalization is a system of organizational, economic and legal measures to prevent economic threats. It includes the following elements:

- objective and comprehensive monitoring of the economy and society in order to identify and predict internal and external threats to economic security;
- development of threshold, maximum permissible values of socio-economic indicators, non-compliance with which leads to instability and social conflicts;
- state activities to identify and prevent internal and external threats to economic security.

The mechanism for ensuring economic security in the context of globalization is implemented through a state strategy, which should be an ideology of development and take into account strategic priorities and national interests. Therefore, the main goal of the economic strategy is to form the structure of the economy and the formation of industrial, financial and banking structures capable of creating conditions for the introduction of capital into a new direction of economic development.

Another important aspect of the economic security strategy is the stability of the national currency. The state strategy in the field of ensuring economic security is developed and implemented within the framework of the ongoing economic policy, the main priorities of which are achieving the sustainability of the economic situation of the individual, the socio-economic stability of society, the state, respect for the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, legality and law-abiding of all, including public authorities .

For these purposes, a well-functioning and reliable system of state influence on the economy must be created, allowing for the regulation of the most important economic transformations with minimal losses, and also capable of taking on the functions of managing and maintaining the country’s economy at a safe level. The state must implement a set of measures, first of all, to ensure economic growth, which will guarantee the economic security of the country.

Since the problem of economic security has been quite relevant in Russia since the early 90s. This is quite natural, since the transformation of the state is accompanied by the collapse of old institutions and the creation of new ones. But, as you know, this process is very long and expensive. Accordingly, during this period the country is in a transitional state and is quite vulnerable. Until now, the government of the Russian Federation cannot bring the country to the proper level. The prevention of various threats to economic security is entrusted by the President of Russia to the federal executive authorities. There are special government regulations in this area with lists of measures, but, unfortunately, today their application in practice is not felt.

In conclusion, I would like to highlight the main directions for solving problems in the field of ensuring the economic security of Russia.

It is necessary to improve the regulatory framework for all types of economic relations. Russia's national interests in the economic field are key. A comprehensive solution to problems associated with the implementation of Russia's interests is possible only on the basis of the sustainable functioning of diversified high-tech production, capable of providing leading sectors of the economy with high-quality raw materials and equipment, the army with weapons, the population and social sphere with consumer goods and services, and foreign trade with - competitive export goods.

The isolation of regional economic complexes has created a psychology of temporary workers, which society today has to abandon. The objective, at that time, isolation of the economic complexes of the regions, which took place within the framework of political euphoria, the complexity of the system of relations between the regions and the federal center, including in matters of budget financing and tax relations, formed a new system of federal interaction. It was built not simply on the principles of administrative-territorial division, but on economic lobbying of certain interests. Hence the lack of those “links” between the center, regions, state corporations, private companies and the population, which actually force each of the participants in this process to determine their interests.

From the standpoint of ensuring the economic security of the country, it is strategically important that the planned projects be implemented, since, on the one hand, the federal center actually provides additional funding to the regions, and on the other, the regions themselves activate their internal reserves, forming a new system of economic relations. The state deliberately finances from federal sources those powers that in many Western countries are financed by the regions themselves. Thereby creating the basis for the subsequent independent development of the territories, but within the framework of the Federation and the overall development strategy of the country. Perhaps this is one of the options for the transition from disintegration processes to the integration of territories. As for another problem related to nanotechnology, it shows that the equalization in the current situation of the level of financing for nanoindustrialization in Russia and the United States is a unique phenomenon in itself. But to increase production and increase the competitiveness of domestic nanoproducts, systemic institutional changes are needed, first of all. They are associated with the development of a mechanism for targeted government lending for long-term innovative projects, the “growing” of public-private venture partnership institutions, the formation of an effective patent system and strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights, the introduction of procedures for strategic and indicative planning of development institutions with the establishment of target indicators for their activities, the consolidation of strict requirements and safety standards for nanomaterials, etc.

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CPM, CTR and CPC are all synthetic indicators that are necessary for the most accurate understanding of reports on advertising...

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For every Russian citizen who receives income, registration with the tax service is a mandatory procedure. TIN is required in...

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