Open bank of presentation tasks. Methodological development in the Russian language (grade 9) on the topic: Master class “Preparation for a concise presentation” in the OGE format

A concise presentation is the type of work that students will encounter when taking the OGE in the Russian language, so it is necessary to prepare for it in advance. It is good if students gradually master this type of presentation throughout their studies in grades 5-9. If not, then students should be familiarized with the basic rules for writing such types of work, shown techniques for compressing text, and practice the entire process of writing a condensed presentation.

This type of work allows you to test the depth of understanding of the text, the ability to highlight main and secondary information, and build a coherent statement based on an abbreviated text.

Basic requirements for a concise presentation:

• Information in the source text must be reduced and summarized;
• It is necessary to reflect the main thoughts of the author; distortion of the author's judgments is not allowed;
• The sequence of presentation of the content must be maintained;
• It is necessary to convey the micro-themes of the source text, there are three of them; omission of a micro-topic or violation of paragraph division leads to a decrease in grade.

Briefly summarizing a listened text is much more difficult than a read text, so when preparing to write a concise summary, it makes sense to practice shortening the read text, that is, the one that you perceived visually. The next stage will be to shorten the text perceived by ear; here you can use audio recordings of the texts.

Types of text compression

When working with text that is perceived visually, you can practice shortening the text in various ways. There are several methods of compression (that is, compression) of text:

Exception.

In this case, we remove unimportant details and secondary information from the proposal. We exclude repetitions, synonyms, introductory and inserted constructions, clarifications and explanations. For example: Last night, at sunset, I was sitting at the bus stop, waiting for the regular bus on which the guests were supposed to arrive. – Last night I was waiting at the bus stop to meet the guests.

You can replace homogeneous members of a sentence with a generalizing word, direct speech with an indirect one, a complex sentence with a simple one, a sentence or part of it with a demonstrative pronoun, etc. For example: Maria said: “Forgive me, I didn’t want to offend you. Come to the table.” – Maria apologized and invited the guests to the table.

The combination of two simple sentences or a complex and a simple one, often accompanied by replacement or exclusion. For example: We went fishing together. There, having cast our fishing rods, we talked for a long time about everything: about school, about the new editorial staff of the newspaper, about the latest books we read. “We went fishing together and talked for a long time about everything.

Basic principles of text compression:

• The result of the reduction should be a coherent, logical text, and not its outline or detailed retelling.

All micro-topics and the main idea of ​​the original text must be preserved in the new text.

When reading the text for the first time, try to focus on the perception of the text, identifying the main theme, micro-themes, ideas (main thought) of the text. You can limit yourself to just listening, but you can also start taking notes, then you need to pay attention to the first sentences of each of the three paragraphs (there is a noticeable pause between them when reading) and write them down briefly. The first sentence is the beginning of the paragraph; often it is the meaning of the micro-topic. Entries should be made, leaving space between the lines so that you can later enter the necessary information there.

Between the first and second reading, 5-7 minutes are allotted to comprehend the text. At this time, you need to briefly record the sequence of events and restore the author’s line of reasoning. You can draw up a plan in which to identify micro-topics.

During the second listening, check the correctness of the paragraphs, supplement and correct the recorded materials. Pay special attention to dates, proper names, quotes that are important for conveying the main idea of ​​the text. Record the sequence: in the narrative - the beginning of the event, its course, climax, end; in the description - the object and its essential features; in reasoning – thesis, evidence, conclusion.

Select compression methods for each part of the text and then, using these methods, shorten the text, preserving the main information and all micro-topics. After recording a concise presentation, check whether the connection between the parts and the author’s intent were preserved. Re-read the text and count the number of words. If there are less than 70, think about which part can be expanded.

After checking the content, carefully check your literacy (presence of grammatical, speech, spelling, punctuation errors), rewrite the condensed presentation into a clean copy.

Text compression example

Let us consider, as a text for a condensed presentation, a fragment of D. S. Likhachev’s article “Goal and Self-Esteem.”

Original text:

When a person consciously or intuitively chooses some goal or life task for himself in life, he at the same time involuntarily gives himself an assessment. By what a person lives for, one can judge his self-esteem - low or high. If a person sets himself the task of acquiring all the basic goods of life, he evaluates himself at the level of these material goods: as the owner of the latest brand of car, as the owner of a luxurious dacha, as part of his furniture set... If a person lives to bring good to people, to make them easier suffering from illness, giving people joy, then he evaluates himself at the level of his humanity. He sets himself a goal worthy of a person.

Only a super-personal goal allows a person to live his life with dignity and get real joy. Yes, joy! Think: if a person sets himself the task of increasing goodness in life, bringing happiness to people, what failures can befall him! Did you help the wrong person? But how many people don’t need help? If you are a doctor, then perhaps you misdiagnosed the patient? This happens even with the best doctors. But in total, you still helped more than you didn’t help. No one is immune from mistakes. But the most important mistake, the fatal mistake, is choosing the wrong main task in life. Didn't get promoted - disappointing. Someone has the best furniture or the best car - that’s also a disappointment, and what a disappointment!

When setting the goal of a career or acquisition, a person experiences much more sorrows than joys, and risks losing everything. What can a person who rejoices in every good deed lose? It is only important that the good that a person does is his inner need, comes from the heart, and not just from the head, and is not a “principle” devoid of a sense of kindness. Therefore, the main task in life must necessarily be a superpersonal task, and not a selfish one. It should be dictated by kindness towards people, love for family, for your city, for your people, for your country, for its great past, for all humanity.

Using compression techniques

The fragment consists of three paragraphs-microthemes, which can be titled as follows:

• Life goal is a person’s self-esteem.
• A super-personal goal allows a person to live life with dignity.
• The main task in life should be superpersonal, dictated by kindness and love.

1st paragraph: Using elimination and substitution, we get:

2nd paragraph: As a result of compression by elimination method we get:

3rd paragraph: This paragraph contains the most important information, so we leave most of it, at the beginning of the paragraph we use a merger, we shorten the last sentence by replacing and deleting:

Brief summary:

When a person chooses a goal in life, he at the same time gives himself an assessment. If a person sets himself the task of acquiring all the basic goods of life, he evaluates himself at their level. If a person lives to bring good to people, then he evaluates himself at the level of his humanity. This is a goal worthy of man.

Only a super-personal goal allows a person to live his life with dignity. If a person sets himself the task of increasing goodness in life, what failures can befall him? No one is immune from mistakes. But the most important mistake is choosing the wrong main task in life.

When setting the goal of a career or acquisition, a person experiences more sorrows than joys, unlike a person who rejoiced in every good deed. It is only important that the good that a person does comes from the heart. Therefore, the main task in life should be a superpersonal task, and not a selfish one. It should be dictated by kindness and love.

Evaluating the result

Compression techniques are also assessed in relation to micro-themes: if one or more compression techniques were used in all micro-themes, then this gives a maximum of 3 points, respectively, in two micro-themes - 2 points, in one micro-theme - 1 point. If compression techniques were not used at all – 0 points.

The third criterion is the assessment of the semantic integrity, coherence and consistency of the resulting text. This takes into account the correct division of the text into paragraphs and the absence of logical errors. The maximum number of points is 2. One logical error or one violation of paragraph division allows you to get one point, if there are more violations - 0 points.

Thus, for the content of a concise presentation, the maximum number of points is 7.

Literacy is assessed according to criteria indicating the acceptable number of spelling, punctuation, grammatical, and speech errors. In addition, the actual accuracy of the statement is assessed. If the work contains no more than two spelling, two punctuation, two speech, one grammatical and there are no errors in the understanding and use of terms, and there are no factual errors, then according to these criteria the student receives a maximum of 10 points.

In general, in total, a student can receive a maximum of 17 points for writing an essay.

Text 2

Each of us once had favorite toys. Perhaps every person has bright and tender memories associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. A favorite toy is the most vivid memory from every person’s childhood. In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract as much attention as virtual ones, but despite all the emerging new products such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable of its kind. After all, nothing teaches and develops a child better than a toy with which he can communicate, play and even gain life experience. A toy is the key to the consciousness of a little person. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, make him mentally healthy, instill love for others, form a correct understanding of good and evil, you need to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as a system of values ​​and worldviews. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of negative toys.

When I was ten years old, someone’s caring hand gave me a volume of “Hero Animals.” I consider it my “alarm clock”. I know from other people that for them the “wake-up call” of the feeling of nature was a month spent in the village in the summer, a walk in the forest with a person who “opened his eyes to everything,” the first trip with a backpack. There is no need to list everything that can awaken in human childhood interest and reverent attitude towards the great mystery of life. Growing up, a person must comprehend with his mind how complexly everything in the living world is intertwined and interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our lives depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of living nature. This school is a must have. And yet, at the beginning of everything is Love. When awakened in time, it makes learning about the world interesting and exciting. With it, a person also finds a certain point of support, an important point of reference for all the values ​​of life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors - this is the love that brings a person closer to happiness.

Text 4
Link to audio recording

No matter how interesting a child’s home and school life may be, if he does not read precious books, he will be deprived. Such losses are irreparable. Adults can read a book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently; here every day there are discoveries. And the acuteness of perception in childhood is such that early impressions can later influence the rest of one’s life. Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of future spiritual life, a golden fund. In childhood, the seeds are sown. Not everyone will germinate, not everyone will bloom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood. Subsequent life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions, determined by many character traits and, in turn, forming this character. But if you trace and find the connection between phenomena, it will become obvious that every character trait of an adult, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every action of his were sown in childhood, and since then have had their own germ, their own seed.

Text 5
Link to audio recording

We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person just starting out in life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, the diminishing importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing strong in a moral sense was instilled in a person by his family, then later society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen. The other extreme is excessive parental care of the child. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents did not give their child enough warmth and, feeling this guilt, strive in the future to pay off their internal spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits. The world is changing, becoming different. But if parents were unable to establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that another child acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness so early that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.

Text 6
Link to audio recording

One man was told that an acquaintance had spoken about him in unflattering terms. "Are you kidding! - the man exclaimed. “I didn’t do anything good for him...” Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is answered with evil. In life, one must assume, this man has more than once met people who have mixed up the guidelines on the moral compass. Morality is a guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a windfall, thorny bushes, or even drown. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave the same towards you. How should we approach this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will receive pleasure from doing good. That is, you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: sublime natures do good.

Times are changing, new generations are coming, for whom, it would seem, everything is different from the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal issues, meanwhile, for some reason remain unchanged. Today's teenagers, like their parents in their time, are concerned about the same thing: how to attract the attention of the one you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love? A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to demonstrate his ability to sympathize and empathize. And just to show his qualities and abilities to those who are friendly towards him, who are ready to understand him. Love is the unconditional and boundless trust of two people in each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone the best that a person is capable of. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always greater than friendship, since only in love do we recognize another person’s full right to everything that makes up our world.

Text 8
Link to audio recording

Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it attracted the attention of doctors, teachers and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: ever-increasing self-doubt could cause a lot of troubles - even serious illnesses, not to mention everyday problems. And the problems are psychological, because self-doubt can serve as the basis for constant dependence on other people's opinions. Let’s imagine how uncomfortable it is to feel dependent: other people’s assessments seem more important and meaningful to him than his own. He sees his every action primarily through the eyes of those around him. And most importantly, he wants approval from everyone: from loved ones to passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess the life situation. How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question based on physiological processes, others rely on psychology. One thing is clear: self-doubt can be overcome only if a person is able to correctly set goals, relate them to external circumstances and positively evaluate their results.

Text 9
Link to audio recording

The essence of the concept of “power” lies in the ability of one person to force another to do something that he would not do of his own free will. A tree, if not disturbed, grows straight up. But even if it fails to grow evenly, then, bending under obstacles, it tries to get out from under them and stretch upward again. So is man. Sooner or later he will want to disobey. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they have managed to throw off their “burden,” they often turn into tyrants themselves. If you command everywhere and everyone, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. Such a person will always be lonely. After all, he does not know how to communicate on equal terms. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. The commanders themselves are unhappy people, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results. Commanding and managing people are two different things. The one who manages knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.

Text 10
Link to audio recording

Is it possible to define what art is in one comprehensive formula? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the identification of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside of himself and remaining after him as his trace in history. The moment a person turns to creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery, unparalleled in history. After all, through art, each individual person and the people as a whole comprehend their characteristics, their life, their place in the world. Art allows us to come into contact with personalities, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just touch, but recognize and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is this that makes it possible for humanity to feel itself as a single whole. That is why, since ancient times, an attitude towards art has been formed not as entertainment or amusement, but as a powerful force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also passing it on to descendants.

Text 11
Link to audio recording

The war was a cruel and rough school for children. They sat not at desks, but in frozen trenches, and in front of them were not notebooks, but armor-piercing shells and machine gun belts. They did not yet have life experience and therefore did not understand the true value of simple things that you do not attach importance to in everyday peaceful life. The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. They could cry not from grief, but from hatred, they could childishly rejoice at the spring crane wedge, as they had never rejoiced either before or after the war, with tenderness they could keep in their souls the warmth of bygone youth. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve within themselves a pure, radiant peace, faith and hope, becoming more uncompromising to injustice, kinder to goodness. Although the war has already become history, the memory of it must live, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget Time means not to forget People, not to forget People means not to forget Time.

Text 12
Link to audio recording

There is simply no universal recipe for how to choose the right, the only true, destined path in life. And the final choice always remains with the person. We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play. But we still make most of the most important decisions that determine our life path in our youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for the rest of his life: his closest friend, his circle of main interests, his profession. It is clear that such a choice is a responsible matter. It cannot be brushed aside, it cannot be put off until later. You shouldn’t hope that the mistake can be corrected later: you’ll have time, your whole life is ahead! Some things, of course, can be corrected and changed, but not everything. And wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, make decisive choices, believe in themselves and persistently achieve their goals.

Text 13
Link to audio recording

There are values ​​that change, are lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, eternal values ​​remain for thousands of years, which are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of these eternal values, of course, is friendship. People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few people can formulate what friendship is, who a real friend is, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to help each other at any time. The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain life phenomena are different. And then true friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be separated for many years, and still remain very close friends. Such constancy is the hallmark of true friendship.

Text 14
Link to audio recording

The word "mother" is a special word. It is born with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. It is babble by a child in a cradle, spoken with love by a young man and an old man. The language of any nation has this word, and in all languages ​​it sounds tender and affectionate. The place of a mother in our lives is special, exceptional. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Mother's love inspires, gives strength, inspires deeds. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and at this moment we only need her. A man calls his mother and believes that no matter where she is, she hears him, has compassion and is in a hurry to help. The word “mother” becomes equivalent to the word life. How many artists, composers, and poets have created wonderful works about mothers. "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.

Text 15
Link to audio recording

In a society where the idea of ​​individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society was formed and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and helping the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the completely opposite point of view, which says that there are no other interests other than our own? And the point here is not even that it sounds selfish. The fact is that it is in this issue that personal and public interests intertwine. Do you understand how much deeper this is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and, therefore, weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society. And what is more in our interests - mutual assistance or primitive selfishness? There can be no two opinions here. We must understand each other if we all want to live well together and not depend on anyone. And when helping people in difficult times, there is no need to expect gratitude, you just need to help without looking for benefits for yourself. Then they will definitely help you in return.

Text 16
Link to audio recording

I remember hundreds of boys’ answers to the question: what kind of person do you want to become? Strong, brave, courageous, smart, resourceful, fearless... And no one said - kind. Why is kindness not put on a par with such virtues as courage and bravery? But without kindness, genuine warmth of the heart, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible. And experience confirms that good feelings must have their roots in childhood. If they are not brought up in childhood, you will never raise them, because they are acquired simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main of which is the value of life, someone else’s, your own, life of fauna and plants. Humanity, kindness, goodwill are born in excitement, joy and sorrow. Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. Today, when there is already enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind towards each other, towards the living world around us and do the bravest acts in the name of good. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and only path for a person. It is tested, it is true, it is useful both to the individual and to society as a whole.

Text 17
Link to audio recording

In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life may be, he still rejoices and constantly finds new and new reasons for this. Perhaps because there is nothing to compare life with yet. He does not yet suspect that it could be somehow different, but most likely, it is still because the soul has not yet had time to become covered with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult. And with age, everything seems to turn inside out. No matter how calm and prosperous life may be, we will not calm down until we find some thorn in it, a clumsiness, a problem, we cling to it and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, we waste time, health, and mental strength on worries. Only when a truly real tragedy happens do we understand how absurd imaginary suffering is and how trivial the reason for it is. Then we grab our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live for your own pleasure and enjoy every minute.”

Text 18
Link to audio recording

I was betrayed by a loved one, I was betrayed by my best friend. Unfortunately, we hear such statements quite often. Most often, those in whom we have invested our souls betray. The pattern here is this: the greater the benefit, the stronger the betrayal. In such situations, I remember the statement of Victor Hugo: “I am indifferent to the knife blows of an enemy, but the pin prick of a friend is painful to me.”

Many endure bullying, hoping that the traitor’s conscience will awaken. But something that is not there cannot wake up. Conscience is a function of the soul, but a traitor does not have it. A traitor usually explains his act by the interests of the case, but in order to justify the first betrayal, he commits a second, third, and so on ad infinitum.

Betrayal precisely destroys a person’s dignity, as a result, traitors behave differently. Someone defends their behavior, trying to justify what they did, someone falls into a feeling of guilt and fear of impending retribution, and someone simply tries to forget everything, without burdening themselves with emotions or thoughts. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.

Text 19
Link to audio recording

The Great Patriotic War is receding further into the past, but the memory of it is alive in the hearts and souls of people. Indeed, how can we forget our unparalleled feat, our irreparable sacrifices made in the name of victory over the most insidious and cruel enemy - German fascism.

The severity of the four years of war cannot be compared with any other years in our history. But a person’s memory weakens over time; first, the secondary things leave it bit by bit: less significant and bright; and then - the essential. In addition, there are fewer and fewer veterans, those who went through the war and could talk about it. If documents and works of art do not reflect the self-sacrifice and resilience of the people, then the bitter experience of past years will be forgotten. And this cannot be allowed!

The theme of the Great Patriotic War has fueled literature and art for decades. Many wonderful films have been made about the life and feats of man during the war, and wonderful works of literature have been created. And there is no intentionality here, there is pain that does not leave the soul of the people who lost millions of human lives during the war years. But the most important thing in a conversation on this topic is to maintain moderation and tact in relation to the truth of the war, to its participants, the living, but mainly the dead.

Text 20

There is no person in the modern world who does not come into contact with art. Its significance in our life is great. Books, cinema, television, theater, music, painting have firmly entered our lives and have a huge influence on it. But fiction has a particularly strong impact on a person.

Contact with the world of art gives us joy and selfless pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, and artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to watch the TV, and pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists, writers, and composers themselves structure their works in such a way as to maintain and develop the interest and curiosity of viewers, readers, and listeners. But the importance of art in our lives is much more serious. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.

Art is capable of preserving the characteristic features of an era, giving people the opportunity to communicate with each other across decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for subsequent generations. It imperceptibly shapes a person’s views and feelings, character, tastes, and awakens a love of beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.

Text 21
Link to audio recording

To appreciate kindness and understand its meaning, you must experience it yourself. You need to accept the ray of someone else's kindness and live in it. One must feel how a ray of this kindness takes possession of the heart, word and deeds of one’s whole life. Kindness comes not out of obligation, not out of duty, but as a gift.

Someone else's kindness is a premonition of something greater, which is not even immediately believed. This is the warmth from which the heart warms and begins to move in response. A person who has once experienced kindness cannot help but respond sooner or later, confidently or uncertainly, with his kindness.

It is a great happiness to feel the fire of kindness in your heart and give it free rein in life. In this moment, in these hours, a person finds his best in himself, hears the singing of his heart. “I” and “mine” are forgotten, what is alien disappears, for it becomes “mine” and “me.” And there is no place left in the soul for enmity and hatred. (138 words)

Text 22
Link to audio recording

If you take away a person’s ability to dream, then one of the most powerful motivations that gives rise to culture, art, science and the desire to fight for a wonderful future will disappear. But dreams should not be divorced from reality. They must predict the future and create in us the feeling that we are already living in this future and that we ourselves are becoming different.

Not only children, but also adults need a dream. It causes excitement, a source of high feelings. She does not allow us to calm down and always shows us new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you passionately desire this life. This is its value.

Only a hypocrite can say that we need to calm down and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for what is meaningful and beautiful. (123 words)

Text 23
Link to audio recording

What are the benefits of reading? Is it true that reading is useful? Why do so many people continue to read? After all, not only to relax or occupy free time.

The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden a person’s horizons, enrich his inner world, and make him smarter. It is also important to read books because it increases a person’s vocabulary and develops clear and clear thinking. Everyone can verify this by their own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classical work, and you will notice how easier it has become to express your own thoughts with the help of speech, to select the right words. A person who reads speaks more competently. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking. Don't believe me? And you read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes” by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and beneficial.

It is also useful to read books because they have a significant influence on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development. After reading one or another classic work, people sometimes begin to change for the better. (based on Internet materials) 168 words

Text 24
Link to audio recording

What is a good book? Firstly, the book should be exciting and interesting. After reading the first pages there should be no desire to put it on the shelf. We are talking about books that make us think and express emotions. Secondly, the book should be written in rich language. Thirdly, it must carry a deep meaning. Original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.

You should not get carried away by any one genre or type of literature. Thus, a passion for the fantasy genre alone can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.

If you have not read books from the school curriculum or read them in an abbreviated form, you should start with them. Classical literature is a must-have foundation for every person. Great works contain disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. They will teach you to be sensitive, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Naturally, read popular science literature. It will expand your horizons, form knowledge about the world, help you determine your path in life, and provide an opportunity for self-development. We hope that these reasons for reading will make the book your best friend. (based on Internet materials) 174 words

Text 25
Link to audio recording

Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who was traditionally considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. The entire burden of peasant labor was shared with him by his adult sons.

The management of the household was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the livestock, took care of food, and clothing. She did not do all this work alone: ​​even children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with play, began to do something useful.

Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of insults grew into mutual love in a good family. Grumpiness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and evoked pity for their bearers. One had to be able to give in, forget the offense, respond kindly or remain silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. It is difficult to expect respect for other people from a person who does not love and respect his family. (according to Belov) 148 words

Text 26
Link to audio recording

The word "culture" is multifaceted. What, first of all, does true culture contain? It carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, then our country will become prosperous. And therefore it would be very good if every city and town had its own cultural center, a creative center not only for children, but also for people of all ages.

True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And such centers should be headed by people who understand well what real culture is, what it consists of, and what its significance is.

The key note of culture can be such concepts as peace, truth, beauty. It would be good if honest and selfless people, selflessly devoted to their work, and respecting each other, were involved in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all begin to participate together in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful. (according to M. Tsvetaeva) 152 words

Text 27
Link to audio recording

What does it mean to be a cultured person? A person who is educated, well-mannered, and responsible can be considered cultured. He respects himself and others. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for high things, the ability to be grateful, love of nature and homeland, compassion and empathy for one’s neighbor, and goodwill.

A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain composure and dignity in any life situations. He has a clearly defined goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase goodness in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is true humanity.

Nowadays people devote too little time to culture. And many people don’t even think about it throughout their lives. It’s good if a person’s process of familiarization with culture occurs from childhood. The child gets acquainted with traditions passed down from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and his homeland, and learns cultural values. As an adult, he can be useful to society. (based on Internet materials) 143 words

Text 28
Link to audio recording

Some people believe that a person matures at a certain age, for example, at 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children even at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?

Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone’s help or care. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.

There is an expression: the hand should expect help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his affairs and actions. He plans his own life and evaluates himself, without relying on anyone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. But for this you also need to become independent, be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.

Text 29
Link to audio recording

What is friendship? How do you become friends? You will most often meet friends among people with a common destiny, the same profession, and common thoughts. And yet it cannot be said with confidence that such a community determines friendship, because people of different professions can become friends.

Can two opposite characters be friends? Certainly! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always receive equal amounts from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other is enriched by experience in friendship. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength and maturity. Another, weak one, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one gives in friendship, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, but manifests itself in differences, contradictions, and dissimilarities.

A friend is someone who asserts that you are right, your talent, your merits. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you in your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.

Text 30
Link to audio recording

Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You cannot force yourself to be a friend to someone or force someone to be your friend.

Friendship requires a lot, first of all mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? This means taking into account his opinion and recognizing his positive traits. Respect is shown in words and deeds. A friend who is respected feels that he is valued as a person, his dignity is respected and he is helped not only out of a sense of duty. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are the two main and main conditions for friendship. In addition, common moral values ​​are important for friendship, for example. People who have different views on what is good and what is evil will have a hard time being friends. The reason is simple: can we show deep respect and, perhaps, trust to a friend if we see that he commits actions that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and considers this the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this is not important.

Friendly feelings do not depend on age. They can be very strong and bring a person many experiences. But life is unthinkable without friendship.

Text 31
Link to audio recording

It only seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, one of a kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, loyalty, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, changed their mind, reasons, answers were found and captured on the pages of fiction. It’s just a matter of little things: take it and read it and you’ll find everything in the book.
Literature, revealing the world with the help of words, creates a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our view of life, of man, and makes our perception more subtle. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures to experience the excitement of search and intrigue. But the hour comes when we feel the need to open a book in order to delve deeper into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, and teaches.
So we picked up the book. What is happening in our soul? With every book we read, which opens up storehouses of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, a person becomes a Human. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.

Text 32
Link to audio recording

Many people think that being sincere means openly and directly saying what you think and doing what you say. But here’s the problem: a person who immediately voices what first came into his head risks being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, and even stupid. Rather, a sincere and natural person is one who knows how to be himself: to take off his masks, step out of his usual roles and show his true face.
The main problem is that we don’t know ourselves well, we are chasing illusory goals, money, fashion. Few people consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your whole life on goals that you really don’t need at all.
If you look inside yourself, you will see a whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And, of course, it won’t become easier or simpler for you, but it will become more interesting. You will find your path in life. The only way to become sincere is to know yourself.

Text 33
Link to audio recording

Every person is looking for a place in life, trying to establish their self. It `s naturally. But how does he find his place? What paths does it take to get there? What moral values ​​matter in his eyes? The question is extremely important.

Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a misunderstood, inflated sense of self-worth, because of the reluctance to appear worse, we sometimes take rash steps, do not act very correctly: we don’t ask again, we don’t say “I don’t know.” “I can’t” - there are no words. Selfish people evoke feelings of condemnation. However, those who exchange their dignity like small coins are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to affirm his self. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.

The true worth of a person is revealed sooner or later. And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called little ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.

Text 34
Link to audio recording

Text 35
Link to audio recording

Option 1

Today's times dictate a new test for friendship. With the acceleration of the pace of life came an understanding of the importance of time. To achieve your goal, you need to save time. As a result, a person communicates with friends less and less.

But here’s a paradox: people are depressed by excessive communication, especially in big cities. Now we strive to isolate ourselves, to retire.

Despite all this, relationships with friends remain in the first place for us.

From the Internet

Option 2

Our busy time with activities and events is a huge test for friendship, because the desire to quickly realize oneself has brought people an understanding of the importance of time. Each of us realizes: in order to achieve a goal, we need to save not only a day, but also an hour... As a result, a person has less and less time to communicate with friends.

But what is surprising: time is becoming less and less, and people are depressed by excessive communication, especially in big cities. So people strive to isolate themselves, to retire.

Option 3

The main test for friendship today is changes in the way and routine of people's lives, which have changed due to the acceleration of the pace of life. Thus, hospitality ceased to be meaningful, and meetings of friends became rare.

In our world, people are oppressed by the excess of forced communication, especially in big cities. In defense, people tend to isolate themselves. It would seem that this should reduce the need for friendship to a minimum. But that's not true.

Relationships with friends remain in first place, since friendship warms the soul with the confidence that we will not be alone in joy or sorrow. (85 words)

Presentation 2

Option 1

Each of us once had favorite toys. A favorite toy is the most vivid memory from every person’s childhood.

In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract as much attention as virtual ones, but the toy still remains irreplaceable because it teaches, develops the child, and helps him gain life experience.

A toy is the key to the consciousness of a little person. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, to form a correct understanding of good and evil, you need to carefully choose a toy. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of negative toys. (83 words)

From the Internet

Option 2

Everyone's favorite toy is their most vivid childhood memory.

In the modern computer age, virtual toys seem to be replacing real ones. But this is not so: a traditional toy remains indispensable, developing the baby and enriching his life experience.

Since a toy is the key to a child’s consciousness, it is necessary to choose it carefully, because a toy strengthens the positive qualities in him and forms a correct understanding of good and evil. It is necessary to remember: it is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of negatively oriented toys. (72 words.)

Exposition 3

Option 1

Each person has his own “alarm clock” of the sense of nature. For me it was the book “Hero Animals”, for others it was a month spent in the village in the summer, the first trip with an overnight stay in the forest...

Is it necessary to list everything that can awaken a child’s interest in nature? Growing up, a person must comprehend with his mind how everything is interconnected in the living world, how this world is strong and vulnerable at the same time.

But still, it is not the mind, but Love for all living things that makes knowledge of the world so interesting and provides a certain point of support in the calculation of all the values ​​of life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds... Love that brings a person closer to happiness. (93 words)

From the Internet

Option 2

For many people, the “wake-up call” to their sense of nature was traveling with a backpack, walking in the forest with friends, and for me, the book “Hero Animals”.

It doesn’t matter at all what exactly arouses in childhood interest and a reverent feeling for forests and fields, rivers and mountains. Growing up, a person understands that everything in the living world is interconnected: our lives depend on the health of nature.

But at the beginning of everything is love for all living things. It helps us to understand the world, to find an important point of support and reference for life values. It is the love of nature that leads a person to happiness. (83 words)

Exposition 4

Option 1

Without reading books, a child's home and school life becomes deprived. It is impossible to make up for the time lost in childhood, because early impressions can later influence the rest of your life. Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting; they form the foundation of the child’s future spiritual life.

The biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.

Subsequent life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions determined by many character traits. It is obvious that all the personality traits of an adult were laid down in childhood and had their own seed. (77 words)

From the Internet

Option 2

If a child did not read precious books in childhood, then he is deprived: early impressions later influence his whole life. Childhood impressions are the foundation of future spiritual life, a golden fund.

In childhood, the seeds are sown. Not all of them will bloom. But the biography of the human soul is such that most of these seeds will gradually germinate.

Subsequent life is complex and varied. But every character trait of an adult, every action was sown in childhood, and from then on had its own germ, its own seed. (71 words)

Exposition 5

Option 1

Difficulties in raising the younger generation are associated with the decreasing importance of family. If in the early years the family did not instill in a person anything strong in a moral sense, then society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.

The other extreme is excessive parental care of the child. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents strive in the future to pay off their internal spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.

The world is changing, but if parents were unable to establish contact with the child and shifted their responsibilities to others, then one should not be surprised that such a child becomes cynical and his life is morally poor. (91 words)

Exposition 6

One man, having heard an acquaintance’s unflattering comments about himself, replied that this could not be: after all, he had not done anything good for him. In his life, apparently, he more than once encountered the black ingratitude of people who responded to good with evil.

Morality is a guide to life. And if you forget about it, you can go astray. People will treat you the way you treat them.

This phenomenon must be treated philosophically. By doing good that is sure to pay off, you yourself will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. Sublime natures do good. (92 words)

From the Internet

Exposition 7

Option 1

Each new generation has its own tastes and life goals. But difficult personal questions remain the same: how to attract the attention of the one you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?

A youthful dream of love is a dream of mutual understanding. A teenager needs to realize himself in communication with peers and show his qualities to those who are ready to understand him.

Love is unconditional trust that brings out the best in everyone that a person is capable of. True love is always greater than friendship. Only in love do we recognize another person’s complete right to everything that makes up our world. (89 words)

From the Internet

Option 2

Each new generation has different life goals and tastes. The only things that do not change are personal questions that are difficult to resolve: how to attract the attention of someone you like and how to distinguish affection from love?

The first dream of love is a dream of mutual understanding, which will help a girl or boy realize himself, show his individuality to someone who is ready to understand him.

Love, undoubtedly, is based on the trust of two people in each other, which reveals in each the best that is in his soul. True love includes friendships, but it is always more than friendship, since only in love do we share with another person everything that makes up our world. (103 words.)

Exposition 8

Option 1

Lack of self-confidence is an ancient problem, but only in the middle of the 20th century it became clear that it can cause a lot of troubles, even serious illnesses.

Lack of self-confidence can serve as the basis for constant dependence on the opinions of others, in which a person who lacks self-confidence becomes indecisive and cannot use life situations to his advantage.

Only a person who correctly sets goals, relates them to external circumstances and positively evaluates their results can overcome self-doubt. (75

words)

From the Internet

Option 2

More recently, the attention of scientists has been drawn to a problem known since ancient times - self-doubt. I was attracted to her because growing uncertainty brings a lot of trouble.

Lack of self-confidence can cause dependence on the opinions of other people. And as a result: the opinions of others seem more important and meaningful than your own. I want approval from everyone, and since this is impossible, then such a person becomes indecisive.

How to get rid of self-doubt? It is necessary to overcome shyness, set life goals correctly and positively evaluate your results. (77 words)

Exposition 9

Option 1

Power is the ability to force another person to do something that he would not do of his own free will. A person, like a tree trying to get around the obstacles that prevent it from growing, wants to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but they often become tyrants themselves.

A person who commands everywhere and everyone will face loneliness, since he does not know how to communicate as equals. Inside he has anxiety, giving way to calm only when his orders are carried out. Commanders are dishonest people who breed misfortune.

Commanding and managing are different concepts. To manage means to be able to take responsibility for your actions. (86 words)

From the Internet

Option 2

The ability to force another person to do something that he does not want is “power”. But not all of us want to obey. Just as trees that are prevented from growing upward, bending under obstacles, reach for the sun, so a person tries to get out of submission. But submissive people most often suffer...

The person who is used to commanding is also unhappy. He does not know how to communicate as equals, so he is always alone. And the “commander” feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders.

But there is a way for those in power to remain happy and mentally healthy. It is necessary not to command, but to manage people, being able to take responsibility for their actions. (100 words)

Exposition 10

Option 1

No formula can define what art is. By creating an image in art, a person leaves his mark on history.

The moment a person turns to creativity allows him to comprehend his place in the world, to come into contact with other personalities, peoples and civilizations. The language of art is universal, and it is it that makes it possible for humanity to feel itself as a single whole.

Since ancient times, an attitude has been formed towards art as a powerful force capable of capturing the image of an era and passing it on to descendants. (72 words)

From the Internet

Option 2

Art cannot be defined by one formula: after all, it is charm and witchcraft, knowledge of the world and humanity. In art, a person creates his own image, which remains in history for centuries

The moment a person turns to creativity is the greatest discovery, thanks to which he can comprehend his life and his place in the world, come into contact with different personalities and peoples. The language of art is universal, and it is this language that allows humanity to feel itself as a single whole.

Since ancient times, the attitude towards art has been formed not as entertainment, but as a powerful force capable of transmitting the image of time to its descendants. (88 words)

Exposition 11

Option 1

The war was a cruel and rough school for children. They did not yet have life experience and therefore did not understand the true value of simple things that you do not attach importance to in everyday peaceful life.

The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve within themselves a pure, radiant peace, faith and hope, becoming more uncompromising to injustice, kinder to goodness.

The memory of the war must live, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget Time means not to forget People, not to forget People means not to forget Time. (89 words)

From the Internet

Option 2

The war was a cruel school for children. They sat not at desks, but in frozen trenches, and in front of them were not notebooks, but weapons. Lacking life experience, children did not understand the true value of simple things.

The war forced them to grow up quickly: they cried not from grief, but from hatred. Those who survived returned from the battlefields, managing to preserve a pure soul within themselves, becoming more uncompromising to evil, kinder to good.

The memory of the war must live: after all, the main participants in history are People and Time. Neither one nor the other should be forgotten! (89 words)

Presentation 12

Option 1

There is no universal recipe for how to choose the right path in life. The final choice always remains with the person.

We make this choice already in childhood, but we still make most of the serious decisions in our youth. It is at this time that a person chooses his closest friend, profession, and circle of interests for the rest of his life.

It is clear that such a choice is a responsible matter, it cannot be postponed until later. You should not hope that the error can be corrected. It will be possible to correct some things, but not everything. Success comes to those who believe in themselves and persistently achieve their goals. (87 words)

From the Internet

Option 2

There is no perfect recipe for how to choose the right path in life. It must be remembered that the final choice always remains with the person.

And we do it in early childhood, but, according to scientists, the most crucial period is adolescence. It is then that the most important thing is chosen: your closest friend, circle of interests, profession.

Such a choice is a responsible matter, it cannot be postponed until later. You should not hope that the error can be corrected later. Some things, of course, will be able to change, but not everything. Success comes to those who know what they want, make decisive choices, and persistently achieve their goals. (86 words)

Exposition 13

Option 1

There are values ​​that are lost and disappear over time. But there remain eternal values ​​that are of great importance to people of all generations and cultures. For example, friendship.

People use this word very often in their language, but few can formulate what it is. Friendship is a relationship based on openness, trust and willingness to help each other.

Friends should have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. True friendship is not afraid of time and distance. You can be close friends without seeing each other for years and talking occasionally. Such constancy is the hallmark of true friendship. (86 words)

From the Internet

Option 2

In human society there are values ​​that change, disappear, becoming the dust of time, and eternal values ​​that persist for centuries. These certainly include friendship.

We pronounce this word very often, but few can clearly answer what friendship is. Relationships based on complete trust and constant readiness to help each other - this is friendship.

True friendship is not affected by time and distance. True friends may meet rarely and not talk often, but this does not prevent them from remaining close people. And all because they have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. (90 words)

Option 3

There are values ​​that disappear, becoming the dust of time. But there are also those that, no matter how society changes, are of great importance for people. Among such eternal values, friendship takes its place.

People use this word all the time, but they cannot always explain its meaning. Friendship is a relationship between people based on trust in each other and willingness to help at any time.

Friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be separated for many years, but still remain close friends. (86 words)

Exposition 14

Option 1

The word "mother" is a special word. It accompanies us throughout our lives. This word is in the language of any nation, and everywhere it sounds gentle and affectionate.

The place of a mother in our lives is special. We always share our joy and sorrow with her and find her understanding. In difficult life circumstances, we call on her for help and believe that she will always help. The word “mother” becomes equivalent to the word “life”.

Many artists and composers dedicate their works to their mother. Unfortunately, we realize late that we were not caring enough for our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy constantly. Grateful children are the best gift for them.(99 words)

From the Internet

Option 2

There is a word in the language of any nation that sounds with special tenderness and accompanies us all our lives. This is the word "mother"...

It is equivalent to the word “life”, because in difficult moments it is she who comes to the rescue, shares both grief and joy with us.

Artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about mothers! Unfortunately, we often forget the words of the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov: “Take care of mothers!” and realize late that we forgot to say many kind words to our mother. In order not to regret it later, you need to constantly give her joy: after all, grateful children are the best gift for a mother. (word 89)

Exposition 15

Option 1

Human society was formed and continues to exist thanks to common cause and helping the weak. In modern society, where the idea of ​​individualism reigns, many have forgotten about mutual assistance and mutual assistance. Where does this lead?

It leads to the fact that individualism destroys society, and, therefore, weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.

But if we all want to live well together and not depend on anyone, then we must help each other, and not live according to the principle of primitive selfishness. Help just like that, without looking for benefits for yourself. Then they will definitely help you in return. (94 words)

Option 2

Many people have now forgotten about mutual assistance and mutual assistance. But human society was formed and exists precisely thanks to the common cause and helping the weak.

How can we support a completely opposite point of view: there are no other interests other than our own?! This is individualism, destroying society and weakening us. And only mutual support can save and unite people. What is more important – mutual assistance or primitive selfishness? Of course, the first one!

In order not to depend on anyone, we must understand and help each other, without seeking our own benefit. Then they will definitely help you in return. (87 words)

Exposition 16

Option 1

When asked what kind of person they want to become, boys list many of their best traits, forgetting about kindness. But without kindness, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible.

Good feelings must be cultivated in childhood, because they are acquired simultaneously with the knowledge of the first truths. Humanity and kindness are born in worries, joys and sorrows.

Good feelings are the center of humanity. Today, when there is enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant of each other and take courageous actions in the name of good. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and only path for a person. (82 words)

Option 2

To the question: “What kind of person do you want to become?” - Hundreds of boys answered in different ways, but no one answered – kind. Why is kindness not as important for children as courage and courage: after all, without it, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible?

Good feelings go back to childhood. During that period, they need to be educated, remembering that humanity and kindness are born in worries, joys and sorrows.

Good feelings are the center of humanity. We should be more patient and kinder towards others and the world around us: after all, there is enough evil in it. The path of good is the most acceptable path for a person. (92 words)

Exposition 17

Option 1

Why is a person happy in childhood? Because by nature a child is a creature predisposed to happiness. And because he has nothing to compare his life with yet. But the main thing is that the soul of a child is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult.

Growing up, a person will always find a reason to feel deeply unhappy. He comes up with a non-existent drama, sincerely complains about it to his friends, wasting his health and mental strength on worries.

And only when a real tragedy happens do we understand how absurd the imaginary suffering was. Then we grab our heads and tell ourselves that we were stupid to suffer because of some nonsense. (94 words)

Option 2

As a child, a person is happy for several reasons. Firstly, a child is a creature predisposed to happiness. Secondly, he has nothing to compare his life with yet. And, thirdly, his soul has not yet had time to become covered with a shell and is more open to goodness than the soul of an adult.

But adults, no matter how calm and prosperous their lives are, will not calm down until they find some kind of thorn in it in order to feel deeply unhappy. And they believe in the invented drama, wasting time and health on worries.

And only in the face of true grief do they understand how absurd the imaginary suffering was and how mediocrely the time was wasted when they could have been happy. (99 words)

Exposition 18

Option 1

We often hear statements about the betrayal of friends and loved ones. The more we invest our souls, the stronger the pain of betrayal. Hugo also said that a pin prick from a friend is more painful than a knife blow from an enemy.

Many hope in vain that the traitor will awaken his conscience. But he doesn't have it. Having betrayed once, a person will betray again and again.

Betrayal destroys a person’s dignity, so traitors try to justify what they did. Some are afraid of retribution, others just try to forget everything. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty and meaningless. (76 words)

From the Internet

Option 2

We often hear statements that we have been betrayed. Most often, those in whom we invest our souls betray. The more you do for a person, the more painful you perceive betrayal.

Many hope that the traitor will have a conscience, but he does not have one. The first betrayal gives impetus to new treacheries.

Betrayal destroys a person’s dignity, so traitors behave differently: they justify their behavior or try to forget everything. One thing is clear: the life of a traitor becomes worthless, empty and meaningless. (70 words)

Exposition 19

Option 1

But a person’s memory weakens over time, first the secondary, and then the essential, disappears from it bit by bit. Veterans are passing away, those who went through the war and could talk about it. Therefore, if the self-sacrifice of the people is not reflected in documents and works of art, then the bitter experience of past years will be forgotten. And this cannot be allowed!

The theme of the Great Patriotic War has fueled art for decades: many wonderful films have been made and wonderful books have been written. And all because there remains pain that does not leave the soul of the people who lost millions of human lives during the war years. (115 words)

Option 2

Why is the memory of the Great Patriotic War alive in the hearts and souls of people? Because we cannot forget our unprecedented feat in the name of victory over German fascism.

But still, a person’s memory weakens over time, much of what he experienced is forgotten... In addition, veterans who could talk about the war leave. Documents and works of art remain that reflect the self-sacrifice and resilience of the people.

The theme of the Great Patriotic War still feeds literature and art. Wonderful films have been made, wonderful works of literature have been written. And all because the pain that does not leave the soul of the people does not subside. The only thing we must take into account is truthfulness and authenticity in the depiction of war.(100 words)

Exposition 20

In the modern world there is no person who would not come into contact with art, the significance of which is great: books, cinema, theater have become firmly established in our lives. But fiction has a special impact on a person.

Contact with the world of art brings us joy, gives us the opportunity to relax and have fun. But it would be wrong to see it only as a means of obtaining pleasure, since its significance in our lives is more serious: art helps us better understand the world and ourselves.

It is capable of preserving the features of the era, becoming a repository of memory for subsequent generations. Art imperceptibly shapes a person’s character and views, which is why people turn to this source of spiritual and moral strength.

Exposition 21

Option 1

What can you do to appreciate kindness and understand its meaning? To do this, you need to experience it, be imbued with a ray of someone’s kindness, feel how this ray takes possession of your heart.

Someone else's kindness is the warmth that warms the soul. A person who has once experienced kindness cannot help but respond in kind sooner or later.

Feeling the flame of kindness in your heart is great happiness. At such moments, a person finds the best in himself, and there is no room left in the soul for enmity and hatred. (74 words)

Exposition 22

Option 1

If you take away a person’s ability to dream, then he will no longer have the desire to fight for the sake of the future, which we must predict. The absence of dreams among people will lead to the fact that culture and science will not develop.

What is the value of a dream? In that it disturbs a person and makes him desire a more perfect life, it causes excitement, a source of high feelings. Therefore, not only children, but also adults need a dream.

Only a hypocrite can say that we need to rest on our laurels. But then we won’t have a wonderful future, so we need to be able to dream, dream passionately and deeply, beautifully and effectively. (93 words)

Option 2

A person’s ability to dream is the motivating reason that gives birth to culture, art, and science. But dreams should not be divorced from reality. By predicting the future, they should give us the feeling that we are living in this future.

A dream causes excitement, anxiety and makes you passionately desire a new life. This is its value. Therefore, it is needed not only for children, but also for adults.

You need to be able to dream passionately, deeply, and cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for what is meaningful and beautiful. (70 words)

Exposition 23

Option 1

What are the benefits of reading? Is it true that reading is useful, and why do many people continue to read?

The benefits of reading books are obvious. It broadens one's horizons, enriching a person's inner world, increases vocabulary, and develops clear thinking. It's easy to verify this. Once you read a classic work thoughtfully, you will immediately notice that it has become easier to express thoughts. Reading serious works makes you think constantly because it develops logical thinking.

Exposition 24

Option 2

What should a good book be? Interesting, written in rich language, making you think about life.

You should not get carried away by one genre of literature. Thus, reading only science fiction can turn readers into worthless dreamers.

If you have not read books from the school curriculum, then you should start with them, because classical literature is a mandatory basis for every person. She will teach you to be sensitive, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. It is also useful to read popular science literature. It will expand your horizons and form knowledge about the world. (81 words)

Exposition 25

Option 1

Having a family and children is necessary and natural. The head of the family has long been considered the father, whom the children respected and obeyed. He did hard work, and his older sons helped him.

The management of the household was in the hands of the woman. She was in charge of everything: she looked after the livestock, took care of food, and clothing. The children helped her little by little.

Mutual love always reigned in a good family. Grumpiness and quarrelsomeness evoked pity for their bearers. Love for relatives gave rise to love outside the home: if you do not love relatives, then it is difficult to expect respect for strangers. (86 words)

Option 2

Having a family and children is a necessity for a person. The head of the family was traditionally considered the father, whom the children respected and obeyed. The father was the breadwinner: he plowed, sowed, built, collected timber and firewood. His adult sons helped him.

All housework fell on the shoulders of the wife and mother. She looked after the livestock, took care of food and clothing. Her children always helped her.

Mutual love and harmony distinguished a good family. They gave rise to love outside the home, since it was difficult to expect a good family man from a person who grew up in a grumpy and quarrelsome family. (86 words)

Option 3

Having a family and children is necessary. For a long time, the father was considered the authority and head of the family. The children respected him and obeyed him in everything. The father bore the entire burden of peasant labor on his shoulders, and his adult sons helped him in this.

The household was run by the wife and mother. She was in charge of all affairs in the house. The younger children helped her.

Kindness, tolerance, mutual assistance are the basis of mutual love in a family. She served as the beginning of love outside the home. Grumpiness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate. (73 word)

Exposition 26

Option 1

The word “culture” carries the concept of spirituality, light and true beauty. If people understand this, our country will prosper. It would be nice to have a cultural center in every city or village.

Real culture is aimed at upbringing and education, so these centers should be headed by literate people who accurately understand the role of culture.

The key note of culture is such concepts as peace, truth, beauty, therefore honest and unselfish people should engage in culture. In culture, a huge ocean of creativity, everyone will find something to do. And then our planet will become more beautiful.

Option 2

The concept of culture includes spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty, which can be developed if every city and town has its own cultural center. Then our country will become prosperous.

The main directions of culture are upbringing and education, so such centers should be headed by people who understand what real culture is.

A true cultural worker is an honest and selfless person who loves his work and respects others. It is he who will be able to ensure that such concepts as peace, truth, and beauty become the key note of culture. (79 words)

Presentation 27

Option 1

A cultured person is considered to be one who is educated, educated, responsible, who knows how to be grateful, and shows compassion for his neighbor.

Such a person always strives for happiness and increasing goodness in the world. This is his goal! The ideal of a cultured person is true humanity.

Nowadays people don’t even think about joining the culture. Maybe because this process does not occur since childhood. And the child is simply obliged to get acquainted with the traditions of the family and people, learning cultural values. Then he can be useful to society. (74 words)

Option 2

Who can be called a cultured person? A cultured person is considered to be an educated, well-mannered, responsible, humane person who loves nature and his homeland.

A cultured person is always honest and calm. He has a clearly defined goal: to increase goodness in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is true humanity.

Nowadays people devote too little time to culture. It’s good if a person’s process of becoming familiar with it occurs from childhood. The child gets acquainted with traditions passed on from generation to generation. As an adult, he can be useful to society. (80 words)

Exposition 28

Option 1

When does a person grow up? There is no consensus on this issue.

Adulthood means the ability to do without anyone's help. If a person does everything himself and does not expect support from others, then he is an adult. There are situations when a person cannot cope alone, then friends and relatives come to the rescue.

An independent person knows how to be responsible not only for himself, but also for someone else. He plans his own life and evaluates himself, without relying on anyone else's opinion. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies. (84 words)

Option 2

There is no consensus on the period in which a person grows up.

When he does everything himself and understands that he must overcome difficulties on his own, this means that he is an adult who should not rely on others.

Being an adult means being responsible for both yourself and someone else. An adult must be responsible, independently plan his life, and evaluate himself, without relying on someone else’s opinion. Adulthood depends on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies. (71 words)

Exposition 29

Option 1

Who become friends? Those who are united by fate, profession, common thoughts. But people who seem to have nothing in common in life can become friends.

Friendship is based on similarities and manifests itself in differences. So, one gives in friendship, the other rejoices in gifts. One makes friends and shares his skills, the other enriches himself with experience through friendship. One, helping a young friend, learns his strength and maturity, and the weak one sees in a friend his role model.

A friend is someone who asserts that you are right, your talent, your merits. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you to your weaknesses and shortcomings. (84 words)

Option 2

Who become friends? Most often, people have a common destiny or profession. But such commonality is not always the basis of friendship.

People with different characters, different experiences, strength and maturity can be friends. Not all friends benefit equally from friendship. One gives his experience, learning his strength and maturity, and the other is enriched by this experience. One shares in friendship, and the other rejoices in gifts. And all because friendship is based on similarities, but manifests itself in differences.

A friend is one who lovingly exposes you to your doubts and shortcomings. (82 words)

Exposition 30

Option 1

Friendship is not something external, as it lies deep in the heart. You cannot force someone to be friends with you, it will not be true friendship.

The two main and main conditions for friendship are respect and trust. Respect means taking into account the opinion of a friend, and trust means being sure that a friend will not betray or deceive. Common moral values ​​and the same interests are important for friendship. People who have different understandings of what is good and what is evil will not be friends.

Friendship is forever, and it does not depend on age. Life is unthinkable without her. (88 words)

Option 2

Friendship lies deep in the heart, so you cannot force yourself to be friends.

For friendship, mutual respect and trust are important, which are manifested in the words and deeds of people. A friend always feels that he is valued as a person and that they help him in all matters. Confidence in your friend's sincerity and that he will never betray you is just as important. Friends should have common moral values: it is difficult for people who have different views on life to be friends. Strengthen friendship and common interests and hobbies.

Friendly feelings do not depend on age. Life is unthinkable without friendship. (84 words)

Option 3

Friendship is not something external. It lies deep in the heart. You can't force yourself to be someone's friend.

Respect is important for friendship. A friend who is shown it feels valued as a person. Confidence in the sincerity of a friend and in the fact that he will not betray is also important. Of course, a friend may make mistakes, but we are all not perfect. Common moral values ​​and interests are also important. People who have different views on what is good and evil will have a hard time being friends.

Friendly feelings do not depend on age; they can be strong and bring many experiences. But life is unthinkable without friendship! (94 words)

Exposition 31

Text

It only seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, one of a kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, loyalty, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, changed their mind, reasons, answers were found and captured on the pages of fiction. It’s just a matter of little things: take it and read it and you’ll find everything in the book.

Literature, revealing the world with the help of words, creates a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our view of life, of man, and makes our perception more subtle. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures to experience the excitement of search and intrigue. But the hour comes when we feel the need to open a book in order to delve deeper into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, and teaches.

So we picked up the book. What is happening in our soul? With every book we read, which opens up storehouses of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, a person becomes a Human. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.

Exposition 32

Text

Many people think that being sincere means openly and directly saying what you think and doing what you say. But here’s the problem: a person who immediately voices what first came into his head risks being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, and even stupid. Rather, a sincere and natural person is one who knows how to be himself: to take off his masks, step out of his usual roles and show his true face.

The main problem is that we don’t know ourselves well, we are chasing illusory goals, money, fashion. Few people consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your whole life on goals that you really don’t need at all.

If you look inside yourself, you will see a whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And, of course, it won’t become easier or simpler for you, but it will become more interesting. You will find your path in life. The only way to become sincere is to know yourself.

Presentation

Many people believe that being sincere means openly saying what you think. But a person who immediately voices his thoughts may seem ill-mannered and stupid. The one who knows how to be himself is sincere!

The main problem is that, knowing ourselves poorly, we are chasing illusory goals. You need to look into your heart, analyze your desires and plans in order to understand what is sincere and what is imposed by someone. Otherwise, we tend to waste our lives on unnecessary goals.

The only way to become sincere is to know yourself. By looking into your soul, you can see the whole world! You just need to study it. Then you will find your path in life.

Exposition 33

Text

Every person is looking for a place in life, trying to establish their self. It `s naturally. But how does he find his place? What paths does it take to get there? What moral values ​​matter in his eyes? The question is extremely important.

Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a misunderstood, inflated sense of self-worth, because of the reluctance to appear worse, we sometimes take rash steps, do not act very correctly: we don’t ask again, we don’t say “I don’t know.” “I can’t” - there are no words. Selfish people evoke feelings of condemnation. However, those who exchange their dignity like small coins are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to affirm his self. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.

The true worth of a person is revealed sooner or later. And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called little ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.

Presentation

Every person is looking for a place in life, trying to establish his “I”. It `s naturally. The question is how he finds it and what moral values ​​carry weight in his eyes.

Many people cannot admit that because of an inflated sense of dignity, people do wrong. However, those who trade away their dignity are no better. There are times in everyone's life when we must show our self-love, but it is not so easy to do.

The true worth of a person is always revealed. And the higher it is, the less we love ourselves and the more we love others. L. Tolstoy emphasized that each of us is a historical person, responsible for the whole world.

Exposition 34

Text

When I was at school, it seemed to me that my “adult life” would take place in some other environment, as if in a different world, and I would be surrounded by other people. But in reality everything turned out differently. My peers stayed with me, the friends of my youth turned out to be the most faithful. The circle of acquaintances has grown unusually, but real friends are old. True friends are made in youth. Youth is a time of bonding.

Therefore, take care of your youth until you are very old, appreciate all the good things you acquired in your young years. Don't lose your friends! Nothing acquired in youth passes without a trace. Good youth skills will make life easier, bad ones will complicate it and make it difficult. Remember the Russian proverb: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” All the actions committed in youth remain in memory. The good ones will make you happy, the bad ones will not let you sleep.
According to D.S. Likhachev

Presentation

As a child, I thought that in adulthood I would be surrounded by other people. But everything turned out differently: my peers stayed with me, the friends of my youth turned out to be the most faithful. Because youth is a time of rapprochement.

You should remember and take care of true friends who share both grief and joy with you. After all, to feel happiness, you need help. Undivided joy is not joy. It is a misfortune for a man if he is alone.

Take care of your youth, appreciate everything good that you acquired at that time, because nothing acquired passes without a trace. Good behavior in youth makes life easier. It is necessary to remember the Russian proverb: “Take care of your honor from a young age!” All actions will remain in memory. The good ones will make you happy, the bad ones will not let you sleep.

1. First, study the criteria for assessing concise presentation.

№	Criteria for evaluating concise presentation	Points
IR1
	The examinee accurately conveyed the main content of the text he listened to, reflecting all the micro-topics that were important for his perception.	2
	But missed or added 1 micro-topic	1
	The examinee conveyed the main content of the text he listened to, But missed or added more than 1 microtheme	0
IR2	Source text compression
	The examinee used 1 or more text compression techniques, using them throughout the text	3
	The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them to compress 2 text microtopics	2
	The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them to compress 1 micro-topic of text	1
	The examinee did not use text compression techniques	0
IR3	Semantic integrity, speech coherence and consistency of presentation
	The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, verbal coherence and consistency of presentation: - there are no logical errors, the sequence of presentation is not broken; - there are no violations of paragraph division of the text in the work	2
	The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, coherence and consistency of presentation, But 1 logical error was made, and/or there is 1 violation of paragraph division of the text in the work	1
	The examinee’s work reveals a communicative intent, But more than 1 logical error was made, and/or there are 2 cases of violation of paragraph division of the text	0
	MAXIMUM POINTS FOR CONCRETE PRESENTATION	7

2. Secondly, remember that the volume of presentation should not be less than 70 words, and the number of microtopics should correspond to the number of paragraphs (there are always three).
3. Third, learn ways to compress text.
-Exclusion: you can exclude details, secondary facts, fragments with descriptions, repetitions, synonyms, clarifying constructions, etc.
-Generalization: when generalizing, homogeneous members of the sentence should be replaced with a generalizing word, etc.
- Simplification: when simplifying, you should replace a complex sentence with a simple one, combine several sentences, break a complex sentence into simple ones, replace direct speech with indirect speech.
Each paragraph should use one or more text compression techniques.
4. Fourthly, read 35 texts from the FIPI website. You will come across one of these texts at the real OGE in 2018.

35 texts for writing a concise summary.

No. 1 About friendship

Listen to the text

Friendship always faces challenges. The main one today is the changed way of life, a change in the way and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, with the desire to quickly realize oneself, came an understanding of the importance of time. Previously, it was impossible to imagine, for example, that hosts were burdened by guests. Now that time is the price of achieving your goal, relaxation and hospitality have ceased to be significant. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations are no longer indispensable companions of friendship. Due to the fact that we live in different rhythms, meetings of friends become rare.

But here’s a paradox: previously the circle of communication was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. This is especially noticeable in cities with high population density. We strive to isolate ourselves, to choose a secluded place in the subway, in a cafe, in the reading room of a library.

No. 2 About friendship

Listen to the text

What is friendship? How do you become friends? You will most often meet friends among people with a common destiny, the same profession, and common thoughts. And yet it cannot be said with confidence that such a community determines friendship, because people of different professions can become friends.

Can two opposite characters be friends? Certainly! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always receive equal amounts from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other is enriched by experience in friendship. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength and maturity. Another, weak one, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one gives in friendship, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, but manifests itself in differences, contradictions, and dissimilarities.

A friend is someone who asserts that you are right, your talent, your merits. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you in your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.

No. 3 About friendship

Listen to the text

Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You cannot force yourself to be a friend to someone or force someone to be your friend.

Friendship requires a lot, first of all mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? This means taking into account his opinion and recognizing his positive traits. Respect is shown in words and deeds. A friend who is respected feels that he is valued as a person, his dignity is respected and he is helped not only out of a sense of duty. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are the two main and main conditions for friendship. In addition, common moral values ​​are important for friendship, for example. People who have different views on what is good and what is evil will have a hard time being friends. The reason is simple: can we show deep respect and, perhaps, trust to a friend if we see that he commits actions that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and considers this the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this is not important.

Friendly feelings do not depend on age. They can be very strong and bring a person many experiences. But life is unthinkable without friendship.

No. 4 About friendship

Listen to the text

When I was at school, it seemed to me that my adult life would take place in some other environment, as if in a different world, and that I would be surrounded by other people. But in reality everything turned out differently. My peers stayed with me. The friends of youth turned out to be the most faithful. The circle of acquaintances has grown unusually. But true friends, old, true friends, are made in youth. Youth is a time of bonding.

Therefore, take care of your youth until old age. Appreciate all the good things you acquired in your younger years, don’t lose friends. Nothing acquired in youth passes without a trace. Good youth skills to make life easier. The bad ones will complicate it and make it difficult. Remember the Russian proverb: “Take care of your honor from a young age”? All the actions committed in youth remain in memory. The good ones will make you happy. The bad ones won't let you sleep.

No. 5 About friendship

Listen to the text

What really lies in this seemingly familiar concept of friendship? Scientifically speaking, friendship is a selfless relationship between people that is based on common likes, interests and hobbies. A true friend is always there, whether we feel bad or good. He will never try to take advantage of your weakness for his own purposes and will always come to the rescue when you need him so much. He will not only help you in trouble, but will also sincerely rejoice in moments of happiness with you.

But, unfortunately, such relationships are gradually fading away. Selfless friendship is gradually becoming a relic of the past. Friends now for us are people who can help in this or that matter, or those with whom we can have a good time. In fact, if one of the supposedly close friends has a crisis, the friends disappear somewhere until this crisis passes. This situation is familiar to almost everyone. In a word, beneficial friendship is rapidly replacing selfless friendship.

We must remember that many problems that seem grandiose and frightening can be solved without much difficulty if you have reliable friends nearby. Friendship gives confidence in the future. It makes a person bolder, freer and more optimistic, and his life warmer, more interesting and multifaceted. True friendship spiritually unites people, contributing to the development in them of a desire for creation rather than destruction.

No. 6 About friendship

Listen to the text

There are values ​​that change, are lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, eternal values ​​remain for thousands of years, which are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of these eternal values, of course, is friendship.

People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few people can formulate what friendship is, who a real friend is, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to help each other at any time.

The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain life phenomena are different. And then true friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be separated for many years, and still remain very close friends. Such constancy is the hallmark of true friendship.

No. 7 About toys

Listen to the text

Each of us once had favorite toys. Perhaps every person has bright and tender memories associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. A favorite toy is the most vivid memory from every person’s childhood.

In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract as much attention as virtual ones, but, despite all the emerging new products, such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable of its kind. After all, nothing teaches and develops a child better than a toy with which he can communicate, play and even gain life experience.

A toy is the key to the consciousness of a little person. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, make him mentally healthy, instill love for others, form a correct understanding of good and evil, you need to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as a system of values ​​and worldviews. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of negative toys.

No. 8 About books

Listen to the text

When I was ten years old, someone’s caring hand gave me a volume of “Hero Animals.” I consider it my “alarm clock”. I know from other people that for them the “wake-up call” of the feeling of nature was a month spent in the village in the summer, a walk in the forest with a person who “opened his eyes to everything,” the first trip with a backpack. There is no need to list everything that can awaken in human childhood interest and reverent attitude towards the great mystery of life.

Growing up, a person must comprehend with his mind how complexly everything in the living world is intertwined and interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our lives depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of living nature. This school is a must have.

And yet, at the beginning of everything is Love. When awakened in time, it makes learning about the world interesting and exciting. With it, a person also finds a certain point of support, an important point of reference for all the values ​​of life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors - this is the love that brings a person closer to happiness.

No. 9 About precious books

Listen to the text

No matter how interesting a child’s home and school life may be, if he does not read precious books, he will be deprived. Such losses are irreparable. Adults can read a book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently; here every day there are discoveries. And the acuteness of perception in childhood is such that early impressions can later influence the rest of one’s life.

Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of future spiritual life, a golden fund. In childhood, the seeds are sown. Not everyone will germinate, not everyone will bloom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.

Subsequent life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions, determined by many character traits and, in turn, forming this character. But if you trace and find the connection between phenomena, it will become obvious that every character trait of an adult, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every action of his were sown in childhood, and since then have had their own germ, their own seed.

No. 10 About books

Listen to the text

What is a good book? Firstly, the book should be exciting and interesting. After reading the first pages there should be no desire to put it on the shelf. We are talking about books that make us think and express emotions. Secondly, the book should be written in rich language. Thirdly, it must carry a deep meaning. Original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.

You should not get carried away by any one genre or type of literature. Thus, a passion for the fantasy genre alone can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.

If you have not read books from the school curriculum or read them in an abbreviated form, you should start with them. Classical literature is a must-have foundation for every person. Great works contain disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. They will teach you to be sensitive, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Naturally, read popular science literature. It will expand your horizons, form knowledge about the world, help you determine your path in life, and provide an opportunity for self-development. We hope that these reasons for reading will make the book your best friend.

No. 11 About literature

Listen to the text

It only seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, one of a kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, loyalty, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, changed their mind, reasons, answers were found and captured on the pages of fiction. It’s just a matter of little things: take it and read it and you’ll find everything in the book.

Literature, revealing the world with the help of words, creates a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our view of life, of man, and makes our perception more subtle. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures to experience the excitement of search and intrigue. But the hour comes when we feel the need to open a book in order to delve deeper into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, and teaches.

So we picked up the book. What is happening in our soul? With every book we read, which opens up storehouses of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, a person becomes a Human. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.

No. 12 About reading

Listen to the text

What are the benefits of reading? Is it true that reading is useful? Why do so many people continue to read? After all, not only to relax or occupy free time.

The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden a person’s horizons, enrich his inner world, and make him smarter. It is also important to read books because it increases a person’s vocabulary and develops clear and clear thinking. Everyone can verify this by their own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classical work, and you will notice how easier it has become to express your own thoughts with the help of speech, to select the right words. A person who reads speaks more competently. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking. Don't believe me? And you read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes” by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and beneficial.

It is also useful to read books because they have a significant influence on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development. After reading one or another classic work, people sometimes begin to change for the better.

No. 13 About education

Listen to the text

We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person just starting out in life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, the diminishing importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing strong in a moral sense was instilled in a person by his family, then later society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.

The other extreme is excessive parental care of the child. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents did not give their child enough warmth and, feeling this guilt, strive in the future to pay off their internal spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.

The world is changing, becoming different. But if parents were unable to establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that another child acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness so early that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.

No. 14 About family

Listen to the text

Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who was traditionally considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. The entire burden of peasant labor was shared with him by his adult sons.

The management of the household was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the livestock, took care of food, and clothing. She did not do all this work alone: ​​even children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with play, began to do something useful.

Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of insults grew into mutual love in a good family. Grumpiness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and evoked pity for their bearers. One had to be able to give in, forget the offense, respond kindly or remain silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. It is difficult to expect respect for other people from a person who does not love and respect his family.

No. 15 About finding yourself

Listen to the text

Every person is looking for a place in life, trying to establish their self. It `s naturally. But how does he find his place? What paths does it take to get there? What moral values ​​matter in his eyes? The question is extremely important.

Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a misunderstood, inflated sense of self-worth, because of the reluctance to appear worse, we sometimes take rash steps, do not act very correctly: we don’t ask again, we don’t say “I don’t know.” “I can’t” - there are no words. Selfish people evoke feelings of condemnation. However, those who exchange their dignity like small coins are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to affirm his self. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.

The true worth of a person is revealed sooner or later. And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called little ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.

No. 16 About sincerity

Listen to the text

Many people think that being sincere means openly and directly saying what you think and doing what you say. But here’s the problem: a person who immediately voices what first came into his head risks being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, and even stupid. Rather, a sincere and natural person is one who knows how to be himself: to take off his masks, step out of his usual roles and show his true face.

The main problem is that we don’t know ourselves well, we are chasing illusory goals, money, fashion. Few people consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your whole life on goals that you really don’t need at all.

If you look inside yourself, you will see a whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And, of course, it won’t become easier or simpler for you, but it will become more interesting. You will find your path in life. The only way to become sincere is to know yourself.

No. 17 About growing up

Listen to the text

Some people believe that a person matures at a certain age, for example, at 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children even at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?

Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone’s help or care. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.

There is an expression: the hand should expect help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his affairs and actions. He plans his own life and evaluates himself, without relying on anyone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. But for this you also need to become independent, be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.

No. 18 About childhood and growing up

Listen to the text

In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life may be, he still rejoices and constantly finds new and new reasons for this. Perhaps because there is nothing to compare life with yet. He does not yet suspect that it could be somehow different, but most likely, it is still because the soul has not yet had time to become covered with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult.

And with age, everything seems to turn inside out. No matter how calm and prosperous life may be, we will not calm down until we find some thorn in it, a clumsiness, a problem, we cling to it and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, we waste time, health, and mental strength on worries.

Only when a truly real tragedy happens do we understand how absurd imaginary suffering is and how trivial the reason for it is. Then we grab our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live for your own pleasure and enjoy every minute.”

No. 19 About choice

Listen to the text

There is simply no universal recipe for how to choose the right, the only true, destined path in life. And the final choice always remains with the person. We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play.

But we still make most of the most important decisions that determine our life path in our youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for the rest of his life: his closest friend, his circle of main interests, his profession.

It is clear that such a choice is a responsible matter. It cannot be brushed aside, it cannot be put off until later. You shouldn’t hope that the mistake can be corrected later: you’ll have time, your whole life is ahead! Some things, of course, can be corrected and changed, but not everything. And wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, make decisive choices, believe in themselves and persistently achieve their goals.

No. 20 About a cultured person

Listen to the text

What does it mean to be a cultured person? A person who is educated, well-mannered, and responsible can be considered cultured. He respects himself and others. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for high things, the ability to be grateful, love of nature and homeland, compassion and empathy for one’s neighbor, and goodwill.

A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain composure and dignity in any life situations. He has a clearly defined goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase goodness in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is true humanity.

Nowadays people devote too little time to culture. And many people don’t even think about it throughout their lives. It’s good if a person’s process of familiarization with culture occurs from childhood. The child gets acquainted with traditions passed down from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and his homeland, and learns cultural values. As an adult, he can be useful to society.

No. 21 About culture

Listen to the text

The word "culture" is multifaceted. What, first of all, does true culture contain? It carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, then our country will become prosperous. And therefore it would be very good if every city and town had its own cultural center, a creative center not only for children, but also for people of all ages.

True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And such centers should be headed by people who understand well what real culture is, what it consists of, and what its significance is.

The key note of culture can be such concepts as peace, truth, beauty. It would be good if honest and selfless people, selflessly devoted to their work, and respecting each other, were involved in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all begin to participate together in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful.

No. 22 About morality

Listen to the text

One man was told that an acquaintance had spoken about him in unflattering terms. "Are you kidding! - the man exclaimed. “I didn’t do anything good for him...” Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is answered with evil. In life, one must assume, this man has more than once met people who have mixed up the guidelines on the moral compass.

Morality is a guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a windfall, thorny bushes, or even drown. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave the same towards you.

How should we approach this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will receive pleasure from doing good. That is, you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: sublime natures do good.

No. 23 About youthful love

Listen to the text

Times are changing, new generations are coming, for whom, it would seem, everything is different from the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal issues, meanwhile, for some reason remain unchanged. Today's teenagers, like their parents in their time, are concerned about the same thing: how to attract the attention of the one you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?

A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to demonstrate his ability to sympathize and empathize. And just to show his qualities and abilities to those who are friendly towards him, who are ready to understand him.

Love is the unconditional and boundless trust of two people in each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone the best that a person is capable of. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always greater than friendship, since only in love do we recognize another person’s full right to everything that makes up our world.

No. 24 About self-doubt

Listen to the text

Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it attracted the attention of doctors, teachers and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: ever-increasing self-doubt could cause a lot of troubles - even serious illnesses, not to mention everyday problems.

What about psychological problems? After all, self-doubt can serve as the basis for constant dependence on the opinions of others. Let’s imagine how uncomfortable it is to feel dependent: other people’s assessments seem more important and meaningful to him than his own. He sees his every action primarily through the eyes of those around him. And most importantly, he wants approval from everyone: from loved ones to passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess the life situation.

How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question based on physiological processes, others rely on psychology. One thing is clear: self-doubt can be overcome only if a person is able to correctly set goals, relate them to external circumstances and positively evaluate their results.

No. 25 About power

Listen to the text

The essence of the concept of “power” lies in the ability of one person to force another to do something that he would not do of his own free will. A tree, if not disturbed, grows straight up. But even if it fails to grow evenly, then, bending under obstacles, it tries to get out from under them and stretch upward again. So is man. Sooner or later he will want to disobey. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they have managed to throw off their “burden,” they often turn into tyrants themselves.

If you command everywhere and everyone, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. Such a person will always be lonely. After all, he does not know how to communicate on equal terms. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. The commanders themselves are unhappy people, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.

Commanding and managing people are two different things. The one who manages knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.

No. 26 About art

Listen to the text

Is it possible to define what art is in one comprehensive formula? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the identification of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside of himself and remaining after him as his trace in history.

The moment a person turns to creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery, unparalleled in history. After all, through art, each individual person and the people as a whole comprehend their characteristics, their life, their place in the world. Art allows us to come into contact with personalities, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just touch, but recognize and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is this that makes it possible for humanity to feel itself as a single whole.

That is why, since ancient times, an attitude towards art has been formed not as entertainment or amusement, but as a powerful force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also passing it on to descendants.

No. 27 About art

Listen to the text

There is no person in the modern world who does not come into contact with art. Its significance in our life is great. Books, cinema, television, theater, music, painting have firmly entered our lives and have a huge influence on it. But fiction has a particularly strong impact on a person.

Contact with the world of art gives us joy and selfless pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, and artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to watch the TV, and pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists, writers, and composers themselves structure their works in such a way as to maintain and develop the interest and curiosity of viewers, readers, and listeners. But the importance of art in our lives is much more serious. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.

Art is capable of preserving the characteristic features of an era, giving people the opportunity to communicate with each other across decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for subsequent generations. It imperceptibly shapes a person’s views and feelings, character, tastes, and awakens a love of beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.

The place of a mother in our lives is special, exceptional. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Mother's love inspires, gives strength, inspires deeds. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and at this moment we only need her. A man calls his mother and believes that no matter where she is, she hears him, has compassion and is in a hurry to help. The word “mother” becomes equivalent to the word life.

How many artists, composers, and poets have created wonderful works about mothers. "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.

No. 31 About mutual assistance and mutual assistance

Listen to the text

In a society where the idea of ​​individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society was formed and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and helping the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the completely opposite point of view, which says that there are no other interests other than our own?

And the point here is not even that it sounds selfish. The fact is that it is in this issue that personal and public interests intertwine. Do you understand how much deeper this is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and, therefore, weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.

And experience confirms that good feelings must have their roots in childhood. If they are not brought up in childhood, you will never raise them, because they are acquired simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main of which is the value of life, someone else’s, your own, life of fauna and plants. Humanity, kindness, goodwill are born in excitement, joy and sorrow.

Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. Today, when there is already enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind towards each other, towards the living world around us and do the bravest acts in the name of good. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and only path for a person. It is tested, it is true, it is useful both to the individual and to society as a whole.

Not only children, but also adults need a dream. It causes excitement, a source of high feelings. She does not allow us to calm down and always shows us new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you passionately desire this life. This is its value.

Only a hypocrite can say that we need to calm down and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for what is meaningful and beautiful.

OGE in the Russian language 2017-2018, presentation of the OGE in the Russian language 2017-2018, condensed presentation of the OGE 2017-2018, texts condensed presentation of the OGE 2017-2018, texts condensed presentation with FIPI, audio recordings condensed presentation of the OGE in the Russian language, how to write a concise presentation in the Russian language, methods of compressing OGE text, methods of compressing OGE text, excluding OGE, generalizing OGE, simplifying OGE, replacing OGE, merging OGE, write a condensed presentation of OGE, check a compressed presentation of OGE, ready-made compressed statements of OGE in the Russian language, criteria for evaluating a compressed presentations of the OGE 2017-2018, OGE tests 2017-2018 in the Russian language, open bank of OGE FIPI tasks, comparison of OGE, OGE phraseology, OGE metaphor, personification of OGE, OGE epithet, OGE prefixes, OGE prefixes PR/PRI in Russian, simpletons in Z/S OGE in the Russian language, suffixes OGE, N/NN OGE, neutral synonym of OGE in the Russian language, phrase OGE in the Russian language, control of OGE, adjunction of OGE, agreement of OGE, grammatical basis of OGE, subject of OGE, predicate OGE, isolated circumstance OGE, separate definition of OGE, application of OGE, participle phrase OGE, participial phrase OGE, introductory word OGE, address OGE, coordinating connection OGE, subordinating connection OGE, complex sentence OGE, complex sentence OGE, non-union sentence OGE, sequential subordination OGE, homogeneous subordination OGE, parallel subordination of OGE, solve OGE tests in the Russian language, OGE form in the Russian language 2017-2018, OGE essay in the Russian language 2017-2018, composition of the OGE essay in the Russian language 2017-2018, OGE essay 15.1, OGE essay 15.2, essay OGE 15.3, write an OGE essay, check an OGE essay, cliches for writing an OGE essay 2017-2018, how to write an OGE essay in the Russian language, cliches for writing an OGE essay in the Russian language, cliches for writing arguments in the Russian OGE language, cliches for writing an OGE conclusion in the Russian language, criteria for assessing essay 15.1, criteria for assessing essay 15.2, criteria for assessing essay 15.3, OGE quotes in the Russian language, examples of writing an OGE essay, ready-made OGE essays, dictionary of concepts 15.3, essay topics 15.3, essay topics 15.3 from the Obz, essay topics from the Obz, the criteria of the General Committee of the OGE in the Russian language, what is the inner world of a person, what is choice, what is kindness, what are precious books, what are life values, what is love, what is maternal love, what is real art, what is self-doubt, what is a moral choice, what is fortitude, who is a strong person, what is mutual assistance, what is happiness

30 Presentations complete with micro-topics

Text 1

Friendship always faces challenges. The main one today is the changed way of life, a change in the way and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, with the desire to quickly realize oneself, came an understanding of the importance of time. Previously, it was impossible to imagine, for example, that hosts would be burdened by guests; now, when time is the price of achieving one’s goal, rest and hospitality have ceased to be significant. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations are no longer indispensable companions of friendship. Due to the fact that we live in different rhythms, meetings of friends become rare.

But here’s a paradox: previously the circle of communication was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. This is especially noticeable in cities with high population density. We strive to isolate ourselves, to choose a secluded place in the subway, in a cafe, in the reading room of a library.

Text 2

Each of us once had favorite toys. Perhaps every person has bright and tender memories associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. A favorite toy is the most vivid memory from every person’s childhood.

In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract as much attention as virtual ones, but despite all the emerging new products such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable of its kind. After all, nothing teaches and develops a child better than a toy with which he can communicate, play and even gain life experience.

A toy is the key to the consciousness of a little person. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, make him mentally healthy, instill love for others, form a correct understanding of good and evil, you need to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as a system of values ​​and worldviews. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of negative toys.

MICRO THEMES
1. A favorite toy is the most vivid memory from every person’s childhood.
2. In the age of computer technology, a toy still remains indispensable, because it teaches, develops a child, and helps him gain life experience.
3. A toy is the key to the consciousness of a little person. It is necessary to carefully choose a toy to develop the child’s positive qualities.

Text 3

When I was ten years old, someone’s caring hand gave me a volume of “Hero Animals.” I consider it my “alarm clock”. I know from other people that for them the “wake-up call” of the feeling of nature was a month spent in the village in the summer, a walk in the forest with a person who “opened his eyes to everything,” the first trip with a backpack. There is no need to list everything that can awaken in human childhood interest and reverent attitude towards the great mystery of life.

Growing up, a person must comprehend with his mind how complexly everything in the living world is intertwined and interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our lives depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of living nature. This school is a must have.

And yet, at the beginning of everything is Love. When awakened in time, it makes learning about the world interesting and exciting. With it, a person also finds a certain point of support, an important point of reference for all the values ​​of life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors - this is the love that brings a person closer to happiness.

MICRO THEMES
1. Each person has his own “alarm clock” of the sense of nature.
2. A person must have a school of reverent attitude towards the mystery of life.
3. The starting point of all values ​​in life is Love, which brings a person closer to happiness.

Text 4

No matter how interesting a child’s home and school life may be, if he does not read precious books, he will be deprived. Such losses are irreparable. Adults can read a book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently; here every day there are discoveries. And the acuteness of perception in childhood is such that early impressions can later influence the rest of one’s life.

Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of future spiritual life, a golden fund. In childhood, the seeds are sown. Not everyone will germinate, not everyone will bloom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.

Subsequent life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions, determined by many character traits and, in turn, forming this character. But if you trace and find the connection between phenomena, it will become obvious that every character trait of an adult, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every action of his were sown in childhood, and since then have had their own germ, their own seed.

MICRO THEMES
1. Childhood impressions form the foundation of a child’s future spiritual life.
2. The biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.
3. All personality traits of an adult were laid down in childhood.

Text 5

We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person just starting out in life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, the diminishing importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing strong in a moral sense was instilled in a person by his family, then later society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.

The other extreme is excessive parental care of the child. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents did not give their child enough warmth and, feeling this guilt, strive in the future to pay off their internal spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.

The world is changing, becoming different. But if parents were unable to establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that another child acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness so early that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.

MICRO THEMES
1. Difficulties in raising the younger generation are associated with the decreasing importance of family.
2. Excessive care of the child by parents is a consequence of the weakening of the family principle.
3. If the parents were unable to establish contact with the child, then such a child becomes cynical, and his life becomes flat and dry.

Text 6

One man was told that an acquaintance had spoken about him in unflattering terms. "Are you kidding! - the man exclaimed. “I didn’t do anything good for him...” Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is answered with evil. In life, one must assume, this man has more than once met people who have mixed up the guidelines on the moral compass.

Morality is a guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a windfall, thorny bushes, or even drown. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave the same towards you.

How should we approach this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will receive pleasure from doing good. That is, you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: sublime natures do good.

MICRO THEMES
1. One person, having heard unflattering comments about himself from a friend, replied that this could not be, because he had not done anything good for him.
2. People will treat you the way you treat them.
3. Doing good that is sure to pay off will make you happy.

Text 7

Times are changing, new generations are coming, for whom, it would seem, everything is different from the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal issues, meanwhile, for some reason remain unchanged. Today's teenagers, like their parents in their time, are concerned about the same thing: how to attract the attention of the one you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?

A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to demonstrate his ability to sympathize and empathize. And just to show his qualities and abilities to those who are friendly towards him, who are ready to understand him.

Love is the unconditional and boundless trust of two people in each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone the best that a person is capable of. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always greater than friendship, since only in love do we recognize another person’s full right to everything that makes up our world.

MICRO THEMES
1. Over time, difficult personal issues remain unchanged. How to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?
2. A teenager needs to realize himself in communication with peers and show his qualities to those who are ready to understand him.
3. Love is greater than friendship; it presupposes complete mutual trust, which reveals all the best qualities of a person.

Text 8

Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it attracted the attention of doctors, teachers and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: ever-increasing self-doubt could cause a lot of troubles - even serious illnesses, not to mention everyday problems.

And the problems are psychological, because self-doubt can serve as the basis for constant dependence on other people's opinions. Let’s imagine how uncomfortable it is to feel dependent: other people’s assessments seem more important and meaningful to him than his own. He sees his every action primarily through the eyes of those around him. And most importantly, he wants approval from everyone: from loved ones to passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess the life situation.

How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question based on physiological processes, others rely on psychology. One thing is clear: self-doubt can be overcome only if a person is able to correctly set goals, relate them to external circumstances and positively evaluate their results.

MICRO THEMES
1. Lack of self-confidence can cause many troubles.
2. A person who is not confident in himself constantly depends on the opinions of others, and therefore he becomes indecisive and cannot use life situations to his advantage.
3. Only the person who correctly sets goals, relates them to external circumstances and positively evaluates their results can overcome self-doubt.

Text 9

The essence of the concept of “power” lies in the ability of one person to force another to do something that he would not do of his own free will. A tree, if not disturbed, grows straight up. But even if it fails to grow evenly, then, bending under obstacles, it tries to get out from under them and stretch upward again. So is man. Sooner or later he will want to disobey. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they have managed to throw off their “burden,” they often turn into tyrants themselves.

If you command everywhere and everyone, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. Such a person will always be lonely. After all, he does not know how to communicate on equal terms. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. The commanders themselves are unhappy people, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.

Commanding and managing people are two different things. The one who manages knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.

MICRO THEMES
1. The essence of power lies in the fact that one person forces another to do something that he would not have done of his own free will. Having left obedience, submissive people themselves often turn into tyrants.
2. People who command everywhere and everyone are always alone, because they do not know how to communicate on equal terms, so they themselves are unhappy and breed unhappiness.
3. Command and control are different concepts. To manage means to be able to take
take responsibility for your actions.

Text 10

Is it possible to define what art is in one comprehensive formula? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the identification of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside of himself and remaining after him as his trace in history.

The moment a person turns to creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery, unparalleled in history. After all, through art, each individual person and the people as a whole comprehend their characteristics, their life, their place in the world. Art allows us to come into contact with personalities, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just touch, but recognize and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is this that makes it possible for humanity to feel itself as a single whole.

That is why, since ancient times, an attitude towards art has been formed not as entertainment or amusement, but as a powerful force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also passing it on to descendants.

MICRO THEMES
1. No formula can define what art is.
2. The language of art is universal: it allows you to come into contact with other individuals and civilizations.
3. Art is capable of capturing the image of an era and passing it on to descendants.

Text 11

The war was a cruel and rough school for children. They sat not at desks, but in frozen trenches, and in front of them were not notebooks, but armor-piercing shells and machine gun belts. They did not yet have life experience and therefore did not understand the true value of simple things that you do not attach importance to in everyday peaceful life.

The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. They could cry not from grief, but from hatred, they could childishly rejoice at the spring crane wedge, as they had never rejoiced either before or after the war, with tenderness they could keep in their souls the warmth of bygone youth. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve within themselves a pure, radiant peace, faith and hope, becoming more uncompromising to injustice, kinder to goodness.

Although the war has already become history, the memory of it must live, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget Time means not to forget People, not to forget People means not to forget Time.

MICRO THEMES
1. The war was a cruel and rough school for children. They didn't understand the truth
values ​​of simple things, since they did not have life experience.
2. The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve within themselves a pure, radiant peace, faith and hope, becoming more uncompromising to injustice, kinder to goodness.
3. The memory of the war must live, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget Time means not to forget People, not to forget People means not to forget Time.

Text 12

There is simply no universal recipe for how to choose the right, the only true, destined path in life. And the final choice always remains with the person. We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play.

But we still make most of the most important decisions that determine our life path in our youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for the rest of his life: his closest friend, his circle of main interests, his profession.

It is clear that such a choice is a responsible matter. It cannot be brushed aside, it cannot be put off until later. You shouldn’t hope that the mistake can be corrected later: you’ll have time, your whole life is ahead! Some things, of course, can be corrected and changed, but not everything. And wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, make decisive choices, believe in themselves and persistently achieve their goals.

MICRO THEMES
1. There is no universal recipe for how to choose the right path intended only for you. The choice always remains with the person.
2. We make most of the serious decisions in our youth.
3. Such a choice is a responsible matter, it cannot be postponed until later. Success comes to those who believe in themselves and persistently achieve their goals.

Text 13

There are values ​​that change, are lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, eternal values ​​remain for thousands of years, which are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of these eternal values, of course, is friendship.

People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few people can formulate what friendship is, who a real friend is, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to help each other at any time.

The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain life phenomena are different. And then true friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be separated for many years, and still remain very close friends. Such constancy is the hallmark of true friendship.

MICRO THEMES
1. One of the eternal values ​​that are of great importance to people of all
generations and cultures, is friendship.
2. Friendship is a relationship based on openness, trust and willingness to help each other.
3. Friends have the same life values ​​and spiritual guidelines. Consistency is the hallmark of true friendship.

Text 14

The word "mother" is a special word. It is born with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. It is babble by a child in a cradle, spoken with love by a young man and an old man. The language of any nation has this word, and in all languages ​​it sounds tender and affectionate.

The place of a mother in our lives is special, exceptional. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Mother's love inspires, gives strength, inspires deeds. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and at this moment we only need her. A man calls his mother and believes that no matter where she is, she hears him, has compassion and is in a hurry to help. The word “mother” becomes equivalent to the word life.

How many artists, composers, and poets have created wonderful works about mothers. "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.

MICRO THEMES
1. The word “mother” is a special word. It accompanies us throughout our lives.
2. The place of a mother in our lives is special.
3. It is necessary to give joy to mothers constantly, because grateful children are the best gift for them.

Text 15

In a society where the idea of ​​individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society was formed and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and helping the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the completely opposite point of view, which says that there are no other interests than our own?

And the point here is not even that it sounds selfish. The fact is that it is in this issue that personal and public interests intertwine. Do you understand how much deeper this is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and, therefore, weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.

And what is more in our interests - mutual assistance or primitive selfishness? There can be no two opinions here. We must understand each other if we all want to live well together and not depend on anyone. And when helping people in difficult times, there is no need to expect gratitude, you just need to help without looking for benefits for yourself. Then they will definitely help you in return.

MICRO THEMES
1. In a society where the idea of ​​individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society was formed and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and helping the weak.
2. Individualism destroys society and weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.
3. We must understand each other if we all want to live well together and not depend on anyone. And when helping people in difficult times, there is no need to expect gratitude.

Text 16

I remember hundreds of boys’ answers to the question: what kind of person do you want to become? Strong, brave, courageous, smart, resourceful, fearless... And no one said - kind. Why is kindness not put on a par with such virtues as courage and bravery? But without kindness, genuine warmth of the heart, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible.

And experience confirms that good feelings should be rooted in childhood. If they are not raised in childhood, you will never educate them, because they are acquired simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main one of which is the value of life, someone else’s, your own, the life of the animal world and plants. Humanity, kindness, goodwill are born in excitement, joy and sorrow.

Good feelings, emotional culture are the center of humanity. Today, when there is already enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind towards each other, towards the living world around us and do the bravest acts in the name of good. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and only path for a person. It is tested, it is true, it is useful both to the individual and to society as a whole.

MICRO THEMES
1. Without kindness, genuine warmth of the heart, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible.
2. Humanity, kindness, goodwill are born in excitement, joy and sorrow.
3. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and only path for a person.

Text 17

In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life may be, he still rejoices and constantly finds new and new reasons for this. Perhaps because there is nothing to compare life with yet. He does not yet suspect that it could be somehow different, but most likely, it is still because the soul has not yet had time to become covered with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult.

And with age, everything seems to turn inside out. No matter how calm and prosperous life may be, we will not calm down until we find some thorn in it, a clumsiness, a problem, we cling to it and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, we waste time, health, and mental strength on worries.

Only when a truly real tragedy happens do we understand how absurd imaginary suffering is and how trivial the reason for it is. Then we grab our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live for your own pleasure and enjoy every minute.”

MICRO THEMES
1. In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default.
2. And with age, everything seems to turn inside out. We believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, we waste time, health, and mental strength on worries.
3. Only when a really real tragedy happens do we understand how absurd imaginary suffering is and how trivial the reason for it is.

Text 18

I was betrayed by a loved one, I was betrayed by my best friend. Unfortunately, we hear such statements quite often. Most often, those in whom we have invested our souls betray. The pattern here is this: the greater the benefit, the stronger the betrayal. In such situations, I remember the statement of Victor Hugo: “I am indifferent to the knife blows of an enemy, but the pin prick of a friend is painful to me.”

Many endure bullying, hoping that the traitor’s conscience will awaken. But something that is not there cannot wake up. Conscience is a function of the soul, but a traitor does not have it. A traitor usually explains his act by the interests of the case, but in order to justify the first betrayal, he commits a second, third, and so on ad infinitum.

Betrayal precisely destroys a person’s dignity, as a result, traitors behave differently. Someone defends their behavior, trying to justify what they did, someone falls into a feeling of guilt and fear of impending retribution, and someone simply tries to forget everything, without burdening themselves with emotions or thoughts. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.

MICRO THEMES
1. The more we put our soul into a relationship, the stronger the pain of betrayal.
2. A traitor has no conscience. Having betrayed once, a person will betray again and again.
3. The life of a traitor becomes empty and meaningless.

Text 19

The Great Patriotic War is receding further into the past, but the memory of it is alive in the hearts and souls of people. Indeed, how can we forget our unparalleled feat, our irreparable sacrifices made in the name of victory over the most insidious and cruel enemy - German fascism.

The severity of the four years of war cannot be compared with any other years in our history. But a person’s memory weakens over time, and bit by bit the secondary things disappear from it: less significant and bright; and then - the essential. In addition, there are fewer and fewer veterans, those who went through the war and could talk about it. If documents and works of art do not reflect the self-sacrifice and resilience of the people, then the bitter experience of past years will be forgotten. And this cannot be allowed!

The theme of the Great Patriotic War has fueled literature and art for decades. Many wonderful films have been made about the life and feats of man during the war, and wonderful works of literature have been created. And there is no intentionality here, there is pain that does not leave the soul of the people who lost millions of human lives during the war years. But the most important thing in a conversation on this topic is to maintain moderation and tact in relation to the truth of the war, to its participants, the living, but mainly the dead.

MICRO THEMES
1. The Great Patriotic War is receding further into the past, but the memory of it is alive in the hearts and souls of people.
2. But a person’s memory weakens over time, bit by bit the secondary things disappear from it: less significant and bright; and then - the essential. And this cannot be allowed.
3. The most important thing in a conversation on this topic is to maintain moderation and tact in relation to the truth of the war, to its participants, the living, but mainly the dead.

Text 20

There is no person in the modern world who does not come into contact with art. Its significance in our life is great. Books, cinema, television, theater, music, painting have firmly entered our lives and have a huge influence on it. But fiction has a particularly strong impact on a person.

Contact with the world of art gives us joy and selfless pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, and artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to watch the TV, and pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists, writers, and composers themselves structure their works in such a way as to maintain and develop the interest and curiosity of viewers, readers, and listeners. But the importance of art in our lives is much more serious. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.

Art is capable of preserving the characteristic features of an era, giving people the opportunity to communicate with each other across decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for subsequent generations. It imperceptibly shapes a person’s views and feelings, character, tastes, and awakens a love of beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.

MICRO THEMES
1. The importance of art in our lives is great.
2. Contact with the world of art gives us joy and selfless pleasure. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.
3. Art is capable of preserving the characteristic features of an era, giving people the opportunity to communicate with each other across decades and centuries.

Text 21

To appreciate kindness and understand its meaning, you must experience it yourself. You need to accept the ray of someone else's kindness and live in it. One must feel how a ray of this kindness takes possession of the heart, word and deeds of one’s whole life. Kindness comes not out of obligation, not out of duty, but as a gift.

Someone else's kindness is a premonition of something greater, which is not even immediately believed. This is the warmth from which the heart warms and begins to move in response. A person who has once experienced kindness cannot help but respond sooner or later, confidently or uncertainly, with his kindness.

It is a great happiness to feel the fire of kindness in your heart and give it free rein in life. In this moment, in these hours, a person finds his best in himself, hears the singing of his heart. “I” and “mine” are forgotten, what is alien disappears, for it becomes “mine” and “me.” And there is no place left in the soul for enmity and hatred.

MICRO THEMES
1. Kindness comes not out of obligation, not out of duty, but as a gift.
2. A person who has once experienced kindness cannot help but respond sooner or later, confidently or uncertainly, with his kindness.
3. It is a great happiness to feel the fire of kindness in your heart and give it free rein in life.

Text 22

If you take away a person’s ability to dream, then one of the most powerful motivations that gives rise to culture, art, science and the desire to fight for a wonderful future will disappear. But dreams should not be divorced from reality. They must predict the future and create in us the feeling that we are already living in this future and that we ourselves are becoming different.

Not only children, but also adults need a dream. It causes excitement, a source of high feelings. She does not allow us to calm down and always shows us new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you passionately desire this life. This is its value.

Only a hypocrite can say that we need to calm down and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for what is meaningful and beautiful.

MICRO THEMES
1. You cannot take away a person’s ability to dream.
2. Not only children, but also adults need a dream. Its value lies in the fact that it is a source of inspiration and high feelings.
3. You need to be able to dream, you need to cultivate in yourself a desire for what is meaningful and beautiful.

Text 23

What are the benefits of reading? Is it true that reading is useful? Why do so many people continue to read? After all, not only to relax or occupy free time.

The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden a person’s horizons, enrich his inner world, and make him smarter. It is also important to read books because it increases a person’s vocabulary and develops clear and clear thinking. Everyone can verify this by their own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classical work, and you will notice how easier it has become to express your own thoughts with the help of speech, to select the right words. A person who reads speaks more competently. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking. Don't believe me? And you read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes” by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and beneficial.

It is also useful to read books because they have a significant influence on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development. After reading one or another classic work, people sometimes begin to change for the better.

MICRO THEMES
1. What are the benefits of reading? Is it useful to read?
2. The benefits of reading books are obvious. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking.
3. It is also useful to read books because they have a significant influence on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development.

Text 24

What is a good book? Firstly, the book should be exciting and interesting. After reading the first pages there should be no desire to put it on the shelf. We are talking about books that make us think and express emotions. Secondly, the book should be written in rich language. Thirdly, it must carry a deep meaning. Original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.

You should not get carried away by any one genre or type of literature. Thus, a passion for the fantasy genre alone can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.

If you have not read books from the school curriculum or read them in an abbreviated form, you should start with them. Classical literature is a must-have foundation for every person. Great works contain disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. They will teach you to be sensitive, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Naturally, read popular science literature. It will expand your horizons, form knowledge about the world, help you determine your path in life, and provide an opportunity for self-development. We hope that these reasons for reading will make the book your best friend.

MICRO THEMES
1. What is a good book? This is a book that makes us think about good things, it is a useful book.
2. You should not get carried away by any one genre or type of literature.
3. You need to read classical literature. This is a must-have base for every person. Great works contain disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy.

Text 25

Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who was traditionally considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. The entire burden of peasant labor was shared with him by his adult sons.

The management of the household was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the livestock, took care of food, and clothing. She did not do all this work alone: ​​even children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with play, began to do something useful.

Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of insults grew into mutual love in a good family. Grumpiness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and evoked pity for their bearers. One had to be able to give in, forget the offense, respond kindly or remain silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. It is difficult to expect respect for other people from a person who does not love and respect his family.

MICRO THEMES
1. Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work.
2. The management of the household was in the hands of the wife and mother.
3. The family cultivated love and respect for each other, which helped outside the home. This was important, because it is difficult to expect respect for other people from a person who does not love and does not respect his family.

Text 26

The word "culture" is multifaceted. What, first of all, does true culture contain? It carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, then our country will become prosperous. And therefore it would be very good if every city and town had its own cultural center, a creative center not only for children, but also for people of all ages.

True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And such centers should be headed by people who understand well what real culture is, what it consists of, and what its significance is.

The key note of culture can be such concepts as peace, truth, beauty. It would be good if honest and selfless people, selflessly devoted to their work, and respecting each other, were involved in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all begin to participate together in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful.

MICRO THEMES
1. True culture carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And therefore it would be very good if every city and town had its own cultural center
2. True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And such centers should be headed by people who understand this.
3. It would be good if honest and selfless people, selflessly devoted to their work, and respecting each other, were involved in culture.

Text 27

What does it mean to be a cultured person? A person who is educated, well-mannered, and responsible can be considered cultured. He respects himself and others. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for high things, the ability to be grateful, love of nature and homeland, compassion and empathy for one’s neighbor, and goodwill.

A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain composure and dignity in any life situations. He has a clearly defined goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase goodness in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is true humanity.

Nowadays people devote too little time to culture. And many people don’t even think about it throughout their lives. It’s good if a person’s process of familiarization with culture occurs from childhood. The child gets acquainted with traditions passed down from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and his homeland, and learns cultural values. As an adult, he can be useful to society.

MICRO THEMES
1. An educated, well-mannered, responsible person can be considered cultured.
2. The main goal of such a person is to increase goodness in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy.
3. It’s good if a person’s process of familiarization with culture occurs from childhood. As an adult, he can be useful to society.

Text 28

Some people believe that a person matures at a certain age, for example, at 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children even at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?

Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone’s help or care. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.

There is an expression: the hand should expect help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his affairs and actions. He plans his own life and evaluates himself, without relying on anyone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. But for this you also need to become independent, be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.

MICRO THEMES
1. Everyone has a different understanding of what it means to be an adult.
2. Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone’s help or care.
3. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.

Text 29

What is friendship? How do you become friends? You will most often meet friends among people with a common destiny, the same profession, and common thoughts. And yet it cannot be said with confidence that such a community determines friendship, because people of different professions can become friends.

Can two opposite characters be friends? Certainly! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always receive equal amounts from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other is enriched by experience in friendship. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength and maturity. Another, weak one, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one gives in friendship, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, but manifests itself in differences, contradictions, and dissimilarities.

A friend is someone who asserts that you are right, your talent, your merits. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you in your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.

MICRO THEMES
1. What is friendship? How do you become friends?
2. friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friendship is based on similarities, but manifests itself in differences, contradictions, and dissimilarities.
3. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you in your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.

Text 30

Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You cannot force yourself to be a friend to someone or force someone to be your friend.

Friendship requires a lot, first of all mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? This means taking into account his opinion and recognizing his positive traits. Respect is shown in words and deeds. A friend who is respected feels that he is valued as a person, his dignity is respected and he is helped not only out of a sense of duty. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are the two main and main conditions for friendship. In addition, common moral values ​​are important for friendship, for example. People who have different views on what is good and what is evil will have a hard time being friends. The reason is simple: can we show deep respect and, perhaps, trust to a friend if we see that he commits actions that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and considers this the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this is not important.

Friendly feelings do not depend on age. They can be very strong and bring a person many experiences. But life is unthinkable without friendship.

MICRO THEMES
1. You cannot force yourself to be a friend to someone or force someone to be your friend.
2. Friendship requires a lot, first of all, mutual respect, trust, confidence in the friend’s sincerity, and common moral values.
3. People of different ages can be friends. Life is unthinkable without friendship.