Open lesson poor people Dostoevsky. Analysis of “Poor People” by Dostoevsky. Independent work in groups

Class: 10

Target:

• introduce students to the life and work of F.M. Dostovevsky;
• develop monologue speech of students;
• continue work to cultivate interest in Russian literature.

Equipment: exhibition, portrait, presentation, media projector, computer.

Write on the board:

• “The new Gogol has appeared!” (N.A. Nekrasov)
• “...Let’s just say that this is an extraordinary and original talent, which immediately, even with his first work, sharply separated himself from the entire crowd of our writers...” (V.G. Belinsky)
• “In the works of Mr. Dostoevsky we find one common feature, more or less noticeable in everything he wrote: this is pain about a person...” (N.A. Dobrolyubov)

Epigraph: Every person should be a person and treat others as person to person.

Lesson number in topic: 1.

Lesson type– introductory.

Form of conduct– literary living room with theatrical elements.

During the classes

Teacher's opening remarks:

Dostoevsky is read by the whole world, the impression of his novels is enormous and ambiguous. Dostoevsky is complex and contradictory. He is the greatest realist writer, an expert on life, a humanist, a passionate denouncer of social evil, lies and hypocrisy. Throughout his adult life, the writer was concerned about the fate of his people and humanity.

He has always stood apart in Russian literature, remaining not entirely understood and appreciated.

Dostoevsky is rightly called “the most difficult classic in the world.” To understand this writer, you need to know the logic of his thinking, the structure of his concepts and terms. Much of Dostoevsky’s work is “not like people’s.” He strove for isolated originality.

Where did this genius come from, from what roots?

What were the writer’s childhood and youth like?

1st student:

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on October 30, 1821 in the family of a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, in Moscow, on Bozhedomka. The family lived in a wing at the hospital. It was an imposing palace-type building, but the interior decoration of the official apartment of the collegiate adviser, the staff physician, was very modest.

The family eventually grew to 9 people, but huddled in two rooms with a front and separate kitchen.

Was the family poor? After all, poverty is the main motive of all stories about Dostoevsky’s childhood. Judge for yourself: the father rose to the rank of personal nobility, had a private practice, supported servants: a nanny, two maids, a cook, a coachman, and a footman. At the birth of children, nurses were hired and four horses were kept.

The writer's mother came from a wealthy merchant family of the Nechaevs, had many brothers and sisters who later helped raise their children: Mikhail, Fyodor, Varvara, Andrey, Vera, Lyubov, Nikolai, Alexandra. Lyuba died in infancy, the rest of the children, except Mikhail and Fyodor, lived an ordinary life, not even realizing how brilliant Fyodor was.

2nd student:

Family relationships were built on complete submission to the will and whims of the husband and father.

Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, the writer’s father, according to all recollections, was a hot-tempered, suspicious and obstinate hoarder. He counted the rags behind the washerwoman, became furious when he didn’t count the silver spoon in the cupboard; He constantly tormented his wife with nagging, jealousy, and suspicion.

The writer's mother, who died in February 1837, was completely different: cheerful, sociable, economical, quick-witted, all like merchants.

The correspondence of the Dostoevsky spouses has survived to this day. She does not shine with literacy, but she is all permeated with some kind of gingerbread, sugary tenderness.

And this could not pass without a trace for Dostoevsky. For a writer, the issue of family relationships is a matter of enormous importance: all of his novels are built on the fate of the family, on showing the collapse of his contemporary family.

Teacher: What is the influence of the family on the writer himself? How was he brought up, what was he accustomed to in childhood and youth?

3rd student:

Researchers of Dostoevsky’s life and work note that the future writer’s home education was conducted correctly and systematically: he knew French and German, his father even taught him Latin.

In early childhood, Dostoevsky, like Pushkin, had his own “nanny” Alena Frolovna. She told the boy about the fabulous firebird, about the exploits of Alyosha Popovich, about Bluebeard. Then independent reading began. The writer was especially struck by the book “104 Sacred Stories of the Old and New Testaments.” All literary novelties were in his field of vision: the then famous Russian historical novels “Yuri Miloslavsky” by Zagoskin; “Ice House” by Lazhechnikov; “Sagittarius” by Masalsky; “The Kholmsky Family” by Begichev.

But in first place were Pushkin and Gogol. Pushkin's death struck Dostoevsky as a personal grief, because he loved everything about the poet, especially his love of life and humanism.

Most of all, Dostoevsky was attracted to “Songs of the Western Slavs”. He perfectly read Pushkin's poems and prose in his quiet, soulful voice, enchanting listeners with the melody of the verse. F.M. Dostoevsky, one might say, “worshiped” the depth and grace of “Eugene Onegin”

Teacher: If not for the illness and death of “mama,” Fyodor and Mikhail Dostoevsky would have declared mourning for Pushkin in the family. Thoughts about his beloved writer ran through Dostoevsky’s entire difficult life. Therefore, the writer considered the opportunity to speak at the opening of the monument to A.S. Pushkin in Moscow a great joy and a great honor, and thought about what PUSHKIN was for Russia and the world.

4th student: Monument to sculptor A.M. Opekushina was opened on June 6, 1880 in Moscow on the edge of Tverskoy Boulevard. And on June 8, in the hall of the noble assembly, Fyodor Mikhailovich gave his speech. Excited and somehow stooping, he climbed up to the pulpit and began to read somehow slowly and hesitantly. But gradually his voice became stronger, the inspired elation of thoughts seemed to make him taller, straighten his shoulders, and light up his dark eyes with fire.

Dostoevsky spoke about three periods of Pushkin’s work, between which, however, “there are no firm boundaries,” and, the writer noted, the last period of Pushkin’s work is universal. The writer believed that among the world's literary geniuses there was not a single one who had such the ability of worldwide responsiveness as our Pushkin. But the main meaning of the speech was to call everyone to unity and brotherhood. Fyodor Mikhailovich ended his speech with the words: “I am only talking about the brotherhood of people and that the Russian heart is, perhaps, most destined of all peoples for universal, but all-human fraternal unity, I see traces of it in our history, in our gifted people , in the artistic genius of Pushkin.”

5th student: But the great service to Russia by the artist’s pen especially struck him in Gogol. With the advent of Gogol, a miracle happened in literature: the writer spoke about Russian life in such close, heartfelt words, made him look at himself in a new way, so that life seemed like an unexplored abyss.

Teacher: But a person’s childhood is not endless; there comes a time when he must leave his father’s house in order to get a profession and create his own home, his own family. The time has come for Dostoevsky too.

6th student:

At first, brothers Fedor and Mikhail studied at the first-class Moscow boarding school of Leonty Chershak, which they later remembered with gratitude, because The boarding school was distinguished by strict discipline, a rich curriculum, and educated teachers. Education at the boarding school awakened independent thought among students. But nothing specifically literary is visible in Dostoevsky yet. After finishing the boarding school, he entered the main engineering school in St. Petersburg. Apparently, this choice was made at the behest of the father, who wanted his children to be securely provided for, and graduating from college would give them an officer rank. The school was dominated by steps, topography, fortification, and exact sciences, and here Dostoevsky had his first attack of epilepsy. At school, the writer lived some kind of inner life, intense, hidden from others. He was distinguished by his religiosity. He was unsociable and had few friends.

All this internal work could not go unclaimed. By 1845, Dostoevsky had completely re-read Schiller, became interested in Balzac, and here he saw the main concept of his work: realism, the diversity of the elements of life. In the eyes of the writer, this united Balzac, Pushkin and Gogol.

7th student:

In 1845, Dostoevsky entered Russian literature, not timidly, like a new student, but boldly, weightily, having said his new, word. It was the novel “Poor People”. Immediately after the publication of the novel, Dostoevsky was talked about as the greatest writer of the natural school. At this time, literature was experiencing a period of remarkable prosperity.

Everything in the first novel was in the spirit of the “natural school”: the title, the characters, and the pathos of defending human rights. According to Belinsky, this was the first attempt at a social novel in Russian literature. And indeed, the sociality of the novel appeared in sharpening the issue of class inequality, in showing the outcasts of society. full of inner dignity and spiritual delicacy. This is exactly what Makar Devushkin and Varenka Dobroselova are like. They do not dream of any benefactors, or of any saviors, but live on their own. But reality bursts into their narrow little world and breaks everything, they are forced to part.

It is amazing that Dostoevsky wrote his first novel in the epistolary genre. This form in literature was considered aristocratic and refined. And suddenly Dostoevsky “wasted” this form on depicting the inner world of “a simple official and a fallen maiden.” But, in essence, Dostoevsky continued the tradition of high and pure feelings. But, from the point of view of ingrained morality and “decency”. this world of poor heroes seemed challenging. And Dostoevsky continued this same line in the story “White Nights”.

8th student:

Pain about a person... For Dostoevsky’s creativity, for his humanism, it is difficult to find a more accurate and capacious formula. “White Nights” is a sentimental novel from the memories of a dreamer. Let's start with the word “dreamer,” as the hero himself calls himself. What is he hiding from? From other people, from their curious glances. For him there is always a divide: the dreamer and the rest.

But what does the addition “sentimental novel” mean? This is not just a novel, but a sentimental one, i.e. covered in the poetry of heartfelt feeling, blurring the contours of real events. And here we turn to the words of the title itself - “White Nights”.

Please note that the entire action of the novel takes place at night. It doesn’t even have the usual division into chapters, but there are nights: night one, night two... 4 nights in total. The night scenery is spare and laconic: only the canal embankment where the dreamer and Nastenka met; the bench they were sitting on. At the beginning, both heroes are equal, equal in their misfortune, loneliness, and poverty. It turns out that misfortune brings them closer together. And happiness—happiness, her meeting with her lover—separates. It turns out that even what he experienced during these White Nights was not his. The dreamer realized that even this very tenderness of hers, her care, her love, were nothing more than the joy of a speedy meeting with another, the desire to tie their happiness.” Such is Dostoevsky’s comprehensive humanism: the writer is filled with “pain for every person - poor, unfortunate, forgotten - and forces us, the readers, to share this pain.”

But Dostoevsky did not limit himself to just one sentimental direction. Over the course of 3 years, he created, following “Poor People” and “White Nights,” 6 works. Among them are “Netochka Nezvanova”, “Double”, “Mistress”. In these works, either the “environment” dominates the individual, or attempts to rebel the individual for his rights are traced, or the heroes are obsessed with some idea. Actually, this marked the end of the first stage of Dostoevsky’s literary creativity. And the reason for this or the reason was the socio-political activity of the writer. The new ideology - socialism - attracted the writer by preaching a better future for humanity, preaching equality, the emancipation of women, and criticism of bourgeois civilization.

1st student:

It was the ideology of socialism that brought Fyodor Mikhailovich to various circles and political societies, but from September 1848 he chose the circle of Mikhail Vasilyevich Petrashevsky and regularly attended his “Fridays”. The “Petrashevtsy” were the ideological heirs of the Decembrists, but the society no longer consisted of only nobles, there were also commoners. The “Petrashevites” were arrested without even starting to act, but only after forming a “conspiracy of ideas.”

But Dostoevsky, by his convictions, was never a revolutionary; the truths of the Gospel prevail in his consciousness, and he accepted socialism as a branch of Christianity. Petrashevsky’s “Fridays” led Dostoevsky to his arrest and sentence to death. But then, along with others, the writer was pardoned and received 4 years of hard labor and settlement in Siberia. The verdict was announced on December 22, 1849, and on January 23, 1850, Dostoevsky was transported to Omsk, a convict prison. In the book “Notes from a Dead House,” he described in detail the life of convicts. Being in hard labor, and then serving as a private, made certain changes in the writer’s worldview. In 1858, Dostoevsky, who had risen to the rank of ensign, resigned “due to illness.” A year earlier, he had been restored to civil rights and his hereditary nobility was returned to him.

Although in some ways Dostoevsky abandoned his previous ideas, he remained faithful to one main idea - the idea of ​​​​the truth of life. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the genre of the novel began to dominate in Russian literature. Dostoevsky, a novelist, along with Tolstoy, occupied one of the first places in Russian literature. In his novels he showed limitlessly rich life material. He touched upon such aspects of public and social life that other novelists passed by. And the power of Dostoevsky’s talent was manifested in the depiction of the restless personality of his time, in the criticism of the disorder of modern society.

In the 60-70s of the 19th century, the writer created “his great novels”: “Crime and Punishment”, “Idiot”, “Demons”, “Teenager”, “The Brothers Karamazov”.

2nd student:

Dostoevsky's path to the novel “Crime and Punishment” was long. It was conceived back in the early 50s. The painful and painful year of 1864 provides the writer with abundant material for his planned work. After the death of his brother, Fyodor Mikhailovich finds himself in dire need, and the threat of debt prison hangs over him. All year the writer was forced to turn to St. Petersburg moneylenders. Not sparing his health, he sat at work until 6 o’clock in the morning, trying to save the brainchild he and his brother shared – the magazine “Epoch”. Dostoevsky still cannot escape poverty and brings the amount of his debt to 25 thousand rubles. He stops fighting for the magazine and returns to his main business - writing.

The main version of the novel took shape by the autumn of 1865. But it grew, became larger and more complex. It seems that work on the novel is about to be completed successfully, and suddenly in the fall of 1866 Dostoevsky again finds himself in extremely difficult circumstances: he is forced, simultaneously with work on “Crime and Punishment,” to work hard on another novel, “The Gambler.” The fact is that, according to the contract with the publisher Stellovsky, he had to present a new novel by November 1. Therefore, only in November 1866 Dostoevsky dictated the last, sixth, part of the novel and the epilogue “Crime and Punishment”, which were published in the December issue of the magazine “Russian Messenger”. And only in March 1867 the novel “Crime and Punishment” was published as a separate edition.

The release of the novel was preceded by many difficulties: financial, psychological, and moral quests did not leave the writer. But the main problem was the lack of time to write another work under an enslaving contract. And at this most difficult time for the writer, fate, in the person of Miliukov and professor of shorthand Olkhovsky, presented Fyodor Mikhailovich with probably the most generous gift - an acquaintance with the main person of his entire life, both literary and human. We bring to your attention a small fragment telling this touching story (see. Annex 1).

Two more novels were published after “Crime and Punishment”, these are “The Teenager” and “The Idiot”. And all these years, in the soul and in the thoughts of the writer, the idea of ​​a new novel, a novel-dulogy, combining the past and the future, has been maturing.

3rd student: “The Brothers Karamazov” is the last, final, greatest novel of Dostoevsky. It is based on dramatic intrigue - the murder of a person who is the focus of passions. Killing out of hatred and revenge, because of money, because of jealousy. A purely everyday basis gives naturalness to the intrigue, completeness and persuasiveness to the motivations.

“The Brothers Karamazov” is Dostoevsky’s most complex and most understandable novel in terms of plot. The family principle, usually found in the writer’s novels and found itself on the periphery, is here the basis of the narrative. The action develops rapidly, all roles are designated at once. The novel is organic, clear, the national Russian element dominates in all its cells.

Scenes of people's suffering taken from life were a new development in artistic storytelling. The plot is based on the story of the retired lieutenant Ilyinsky, a “parricide from the nobility”, who was imprisoned in the Omsk prison. Ilyinsky was convicted erroneously; the murderer was his younger brother, who wanted to receive the inheritance alone. The novel relies on much of what the author observed in life or specifically found out. Dostoevsky sometimes wrote in the heat of personal experiences: his three-year-old son Alyosha died, and he named one of the heroes of the novel Alyosha.

In “The Brothers Karamazov” the question of the meaning of existence is raised. This problem was discussed by all the characters in the novel. The writer comes to the conclusion that not a single government system existing in the world protects the rights of every person. Salvation lies only in the renewal of man himself. Elder Zosima said: “If they are brothers, there will be brotherhood.” This is an expression of the writer’s basic life principle. In Dostoevsky’s teaching, of course, there is a lot that is controversial and incorrect, but the general conclusion is that the meaning of life is to know why to live.

And we must live, according to Dostoevsky, so that there is peace between people, in the name of their prosperity and improvement. The brothers themselves from the Karamazov family split in different directions. But the principle of “brotherhood” remained and was bequeathed by the writer to the future.

I think it’s time to sum up our acquaintance with the writer and his work. Each of you, preparing for the lesson, recognized some facet of this great and controversial personality. At home you will write a miniature essay “Dostoevsky as I see him.”

I also remind you that you received group assignments in advance for the novel “Crime and Punishment”:

• 1st group -Petersburg Pushkin
• Group 2 - Petersburg Gogol
• Group 3 - Dostoevsky's Petersburg.

Thank you everyone, I look forward to seeing you at the next lesson.

P.S. Each teacher creates a presentation in accordance with his/her tasks; for me it served as illustrative material for students’ presentations; it included portraits of F.M. Dostoevsky by various authors, various photographs, illustrations for the writer’s works, and fragments of films.

Lessons 105–106 MEETING WITH F. M. DOSTOEVSKY, THINKER, ARTIST AND MAN (SKETCH OF LIFE AND WORK)

Lessons 105–106
Meeting with F. M. Dostoevsky,
thinker, artist and person
(Essay on life and work)

Goals : deepen students’ understanding of Dostoevsky, a thinker, writer and person; awaken interest in his work; find out what causes the enormous interest in Dostoevsky’s novels in our time.

Visual aids: portrait of a writer, album of F. M. Dostoevsky.

Progress of lessons

Epigraph for lessons:

I will tell you about myself that I am a child of the century, a child of disbelief and doubt. What terrible torment this thirst to believe has cost and still costs.

F. M. Dostoevsky

I. Teacher's opening speech.

Life and work of F. M. Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821–1881)– an outstanding writer-thinker, talented journalist and publicist. The artist K. Trutovsky left us a portrait of Dostoevsky: a high forehead, widely spaced eyes, regularly shaped lips and nose, sparse light-colored hair and a barely noticeable beard. A decisive wave of dark eyebrows - and the expression on his face is sad, disappointed, a little stern and at the same time sympathetic.

E. M. Rumyantseva: “In Dostoevsky, indeed, the most contradictory qualities were combined: gullibility and simplicity - with painful suspiciousness, isolation - with sincerity and frankness, warmth and participation - with aloofness, sometimes mistaken for arrogance, uncontrollable passion - with impenetrability, seriousness with frivolity.”

The life, personality and work of the writer are complex and full of drama.

II. Conversation with students about the life and personality of F. M. Dostoevsky.

Questions.

1. Tell us about the main events and impressions of Dostoevsky’s childhood and youth that influenced the formation of his worldview.

2. What role did acquaintance with V. G. Belinsky play in the writer’s life? What excited the great critic in Dostoevsky’s novel “Poor People”? (Novel "Poor People" (1845) was read by Grigorovich and Nekrasov. “Suddenly there was a call that surprised me extremely, and Grigorovich and Nekrasov rushed to hug me, in complete delight, and both almost cried themselves,” Dostoevsky recalled. Soon the manuscript was read by V. G. Belinsky. “Do you understand that you wrote this!.. The truth has been revealed and proclaimed to you as an artist... Appreciate your gift and remain faithful and you will be a great writer“,” Belinsky repeated to the aspiring writer. The critic found that the novel “as a whole is excellent,” that it contains “terrible simplicity and truth.”

In the novel “Poor People,” Dostoevsky revealed the complex, rich spiritual world of a “small” man, humiliated and insulted, crushed by life. “After all, these are people too, your brothers!” The heroes of the novel, Makar Devushkin and Varenka Dobroselova, are people of amazing spiritual purity.)

3. What ideas united people in M. V. Petrashevsky’s circle? Why and how were the Petrashevites punished? (Since 1847, Dostoevsky began to attend the “Fridays” of M. Petrashevsky, a utopian socialist. Petrashevsky dreamed of freedom, of social justice for all people. Dostoevsky spoke out for the immediate abolition of serfdom in Russia.

In April 1849, the writer read at a meeting the forbidden “Letter of Belinsky to Gogol,” filled, as the report of the provocateur Antonelli said, with “impudent freethinking.”

Dostoevsky, along with other Petrashevites, was arrested and sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The case of those arrested took eight months to be considered. Everyone was amazed at the cruelty of the sentence: “subject to death by firing squad.” The execution ceremony took place on December 22, 1849 at the Semenovsky parade ground in St. Petersburg. “This moment was terrible,” wrote one of the Petrashevites D. Akhsharumov. But a few minutes later another verdict was read out, according to which “... the Emperor announced the granting of life by the Sovereign and, instead of the death penalty, a special punishment to each according to his guilt.” Dostoevsky was sentenced to 4 years of hard labor in Siberia.

From a letter from F. M. Dostoevsky to his brother Mikhail: “...Brother! I am not sad and have not lost heart... In four years there will be a relief of fate... As I look back at the past and think how much time was wasted, how much of it was lost in delusions, in mistakes, in idleness, in the inability to live... so my heart bleeds. Life is a gift, life is happiness, every minute could be a century of happiness... Brother! I swear to you that I will not lose hope and will keep my spirit and heart pure. I will be reborn for the better. This is all my hope, all my consolation.")

4. What role did the meeting with the Decembrists play in Dostoevsky’s life? (In Tobolsk, in a transit prison, the writer and his like-minded people lived for 6 days. They were helped by the wives of the Decembrists - Zh. A. Muravyov, P. E. Annenkova and N. D. Fonvizin. They encouraged the exiles, helped with food and clothing, and provided each The Gospel is the only book allowed in the prison. Traveling under escort was difficult. F. Dostoevsky recalled: “I was frozen to my heart.”)

5. How did Dostoevsky’s views and ideas change after hard labor? (At penal servitude, the writer “recognized” the Russian people. “And in penal servitude among the robbers, I, at the age of four, finally distinguished people. Would you believe it,” Dostoevsky wrote to his brother, “there are deep, strong, beautiful characters... I got along with them and that’s why , it seems, I know them fairly well... If I didn’t get to know Russia, then I got to know the Russian people well, as perhaps not many people know them.”

Dostoevsky saw in hard labor the full extent of the suffering of the common man, his powerless position, his humility. It is possible to revive Russia and save the oppressed people only by returning “to the highest spiritual values ​​of goodness, love and mercy, known since biblical times.” The Christian religion with its ideas of brotherhood and mutual compassion can unite people. “To believe that there is nothing more beautiful, deeper, more sympathetic, more intelligent, more courageous and more perfect than Christ,” said Dostoevsky. Faith in the existence of a moral principle in the midst of general chaos and lawlessness helped the writer endure the torment of hard labor.

The writer had a negative attitude towards the revolutionary movement and did not share the views of the revolutionary democrats on the future of Russia.)

6. Tell us about the journalistic activities of F. Dostoevsky.
(Publishing the magazines “Time”, 1861–1863, “Epoch”, 1864–1865, “Citizen”, 1873)

7. What are the reasons for Dostoevsky’s enormous popularity in our time?

III. A brief retelling of the content of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novels.

1. “Humiliated and Insulted” (1861)

A story about Ivan Petrovich, about how he wrote a story about a poor official. This is Dostoevsky’s personal confession, his memories of the beginning of his creative journey, his unabated pain for a humiliated and abused person.

2. “Notes from the House of the Dead” (1859–1861)

The work was written after hard labor, from where the writer returned reconciled with life. For the first time in literature, Dostoevsky showed the world the life of prisoners. Thieves, rapists, murderers, counterfeiters... “The devil took three bast shoes before he gathered us into one pile,” the convicts said gloomily. But even in hardened criminals, Dostoevsky managed to find something human. According to A.I. Herzen, “Notes...” is a “terrible book.”

3. "Crime and Punishment" (1866)

The hero of the novel is tormented by the sight of crimes committed with impunity before his eyes. Raskolnikov cannot remain passive, indifferent. And then he has an idea, the implementation of which requires breaking the law.

The writer describes the murder scene in great detail and also explores the psychology of the killer.

4. "The Idiot" (1868)

This is a book about a wonderful man, Prince Myshkin, who finds himself in a world where chaos reigns, the cult of money, where people do not know pity and do not understand goodness. The prince is ready to help the suffering. But, unfortunately, he can’t do anything; he is powerless in the face of the surrounding evil.

The novel poses “the question of saving the world through faith, beauty, love, but the answer to it sounds utopian and unconvincing.”

5. "The Brothers Karamazov" (1879–1880)

were conceived as a series of novels, but only the first was written by Dostoevsky. The novel “The Brothers Karamazov” is, according to literary critic S. V. Belov, spiritual biography the writer, his ideological and life path from atheism in Petrashevsky’s circle (Ivan Karamazov) to a believer (Alyosha Karamazov). But Dostoevsky’s creative and life biography becomes the history of the human personality in general, a universal and all-human destiny.

At the center of the novel is the Karamazov family, in which hatred and enmity reign between Fyodor Karamazov and his sons. Dmitry, Ivan, and Alyosha are all guilty of the murder of the head of the family, although the direct perpetrator is Smerdyakov. Ivan preached atheism; Smerdyakov decided that everything was allowed to him; Dmitry is also to blame; in a fit of hatred towards his father, he was on the verge of a crime. Alyosha knew about the impending crime, but did nothing. The crime of the Karamazov children entails general punishment...

As a result, three brothers “through suffering are reborn to a new life.”

6. Novels by F. M. Dostoevsky “Demons” (1871–1872),
"Teenager" (1875)

Dostoevsky's works are distinguished by their acute topicality; they are filled with pain and compassion for man, for his tormented, crippled fate.

Homework.

1. Reading the novel “Crime and Punishment”, part 1.

2. Answer the questions orally:

1) How do you see the streets of St. Petersburg?

2) Tell us about the people Raskolnikov met.

3) Where do Dostoevsky’s heroes live? (Raskolnikov, Marmeladov.)

4) Read the description of nature. What is the role of landscape?

5) What is the meaning of color in Dostoevsky’s work? (Use quotations when answering.)

Lesson Study

On the topic “What, what should we do?”

(based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky “Poor People”)

Equipment: portrait of F.M. Dostoevsky, illustrations for the novel, text of the novel.

The purpose of the lesson:

Introduction to Dostoevsky's text “Poor People”;

Development of analytical reading skills, expressive reading;

Fostering in students a sense of compassion and a humane attitude towards others.

During the classes

In the last lesson, we got acquainted with the biography and features of the work of the great Russian realist writer F.M. Dostoevsky, who, along with Pushkin, Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Goncharov and other representatives of critical realism, is gaining worldwide recognition and has a great influence on the development of Russian and European literature.

1. What made him popular?
2. Why did his works excite and continue to excite readers today?

Perhaps a partial answer to the question lies in our familiarity with his novel Poor People.

The topic of our lesson today is “What, what should we do?”

This question was asked by many of the writer’s literary heroes. Fyodor Mikhailovich himself is also looking for an answer to this painful question: “What, what should we do?” so that there is no suffering, pain, cruelty and oppression of the human person in the world. His books cannot be read calmly, without spiritual tension; his cruel realism captures, frightens, amazes...

According to the poet D. Merezhkovsky, “Dostoevsky’s books cannot be read, they must be experienced, suffered in order to understand, and then they are no longer forgotten.” And physicist Albert Einstein claimed that he gives him more than any thinker.

(Words are projected on the slide)

“In today’s world... Dostoevsky’s alarm bell rings incessantly, calling for humanity and humanism,” says the Russian-language writer Ch. Aitmatov.

Gorky argued: “Tolstoy and Dostoevsky are two greatest geniuses; with the power of their talents they shocked the whole world, they drew the amazed attention of all Europe to Russia.”

Write these statements in your notebook.

1. Which of them could we take as an epigraph for the lesson?

We will be able to answer this question a little later.

How did the writer’s contemporaries react to the novel?

1. The novel was an extraordinary success even before its publication.

Such a triumph for a debutant was an extraordinary event in the history of Russian literature.

According to Nekrasov, a new Gogol has appeared in the person of Dostoevsky.

The famous literary critic Belinsky believed that “the novel reveals secrets of life and characters in Rus' that no one had ever dreamed of before.”

1. Addressing Dostoevsky,asked: “Do you yourself understand that you wrote this!... have you yourself comprehended all this terrible truth that you pointed out to us?

This is the artist's service to the truth! The truth was revealed and proclaimed to you as an artist, it was given to you as a gift, so appreciate your gift and remain faithful and you will be a great artist.” These words of the critic turned out to be prophetic.

In a letter to his brother Mikhail, Dostoevsky talks about his success: “... Never, I think, will my glory reach such a climax as it does now. Everywhere the respect is incredible, the curiosity about me is terrible.”

How can one explain such a success of the novel?

(Students' answers follow)

What impression did the novel make on you?

(Students' answers follow)

The subject of the writer’s image becomes a small person, his inner world.

The definition of “little man” is given

Which 19th century writers turned to the theme of the “little man” in their works?

“Stationmaster A.S. Pushkin.

"Overcoat" -

Why is the story about a man called “The Overcoat”?

1. A thing has replaced a person

The uniform replaced the personality, the rank replaced the person.

The value of a person is determined by formal characteristics, by external data - clothing, rank, house... But it cannot be otherwise: this is the essence of the state structure.

Thus, Dostoevsky in his novel continues the traditions of Russian literature in the depiction of the “little man”; it is no coincidence that the author himself claims that “we all came out of Gogol’s “The Overcoat.”

One of the reviewers of the novel, Konstantin Aksakov, believed that Dostoevsky’s work was written strongly under the influence of Gogol and, therefore, the author of “Poor People” did not bring anything new to the image of the “little man.”

Do you agree with this opinion?

1. No, since Dostoevsky showed the inner world of the heroes, their emotional experiences, ability to compassion, readiness to help, whereas Gogol N.V. Akaki Akakievich is lonely and very withdrawn.

What new did Dostoevsky bring to the disclosure of this topic?

1. The characters speak about themselves, in letters.

Why did the heroes of the novel need to correspond, because they live in the same yard, they even see each other through the window. Why did you have to write?

1. Dostoevsky is afraid that his meetings with the girl will give rise to gossip and gossip.
2. To show the inner world of the heroes, because the heroes speak about themselves in their letters.
3. Does the “little man” himself confide in us his experiences and thoughts?

These are letters of confession, letters of confession, letters of revelation.

(a slide with the definition of “epistolary form” is displayed)

How are the heroes of Dostoevsky’s novel Varenka Dobroselova and Makar Devushkin presented?

Dramatization

In total, the heroes wrote 55 letters, full of suffering, grief, hopes for the best, “What, what should we do?” so that at least something would change for the better in the lives of the heroes.

What are M. Devushkin’s letters about and how does he appear in these letters?

Their speech characterizes the characters very well.

What can we say about M. Devushkin’s speech?

Why did Dostoevsky not accept Belinsky’s reproaches for his inability to “overcome obstacles from language and form”?

Many accused Dostoevsky of the verbosity of the main character, of tongue-tiedness, to which the author replied ... They have no idea that Devushkin is speaking, not me, and that Devushkin cannot speak otherwise. The novel is found to be drawn out, but there is no superfluous word in it.” The modern linguist Vinogradov noted this manner as the merit of the work: “For the first time in Dostoevsky, a petty official speaks so much and with such tonal vibrations.”

Transition to Varenka Dobroselova

Conclusion. For the first time in Dostoevsky's novel, the life of little people is shown from the inside, revealed so truthfully and in detail. The inner wealth of the “little man”, beauty, and high culture of feelings are convincingly shown. Love for Varenka straightens him, a real revolution takes place in him: “and I found peace of mind and learned that I am no worse than others, that this is the only way I don’t shine with anything. There is no shine, there is no drowning, but still I am a man, that in my heart and thoughts I am a man.”

So Dostoevsky showed us how much beauty, nobleness and light lies in the most limited human nature.

Conclusion.

What to do?

For himself, Dostoevsky resolved this question in this way:

I tried to express the mystery of the human soul.

How would you answer this question asked at the beginning of the walk?

Homework.

Prepare messages “Doubles of M. Devushkin”

Traditions and innovation of Dostoevsky in the novel “Poor People”

Literature lesson in 10th grade.

“Our sick conscience” (F.M. Dostoevsky)

The purpose of the series of lessons on the creativity of F.M. Dostoevsky:

- get acquainted with the biography and work of F.M. Dostoevsky, show the relevance of the topics raised by Dostoevsky.

Lesson objectives:

educational

Introduce the biography of F.M. Dostoevsky, trace the connection of the biography with the evolution of the writer’s worldview

developing

Develop logical thinking, ability to generalize and draw conclusions

educational

Form moral guidelines for students

Lesson type : lesson-explanation of new material

Lesson form : lesson-research

During the classes:

“Man is a mystery. It needs to be solved, and if you spend your whole life solving it, don’t say you wasted your time; “I am engaged in this mystery, because I want to be a man,” seventeen-year-old Fyodor Dostoevsky wrote to his brother Mikhail.

Today we will begin to get acquainted with an amazing writer and his work. The topic of our lesson is “The artistic world of F. M. Dostoevsky.” I want to say right away that it will be very difficult for many to read Dostoevsky’s books. You are still very young, and the questions that Dostoevsky poses will arise before you for the first time.

For Dostoevsky, man is complex, inexhaustible, unexpected, “deep as the sea.” The human soul is not a sum of psychologies that can, in principle, be calculated. This is something more complex, not yet accessible to knowledge. Dostoevsky wrote: “The laws of the human spirit are still so unknown, so unknown to science, so uncertain and so mysterious that there are not and cannot yet be either doctors or even final judges.”

Finding answers to the questions: Why us? Where we are going? Who are we? - lead us to Dostoevsky.

Dostoevsky belongs to those writers whose biography is closely connected with their creativity, to those writers who were able to reveal themselves in their works of art. That is why he was able to penetrate so deeply into the mystery of man. By unraveling it, Dostoevsky unravels the mystery of his own personality, and, conversely, he projects his fate onto the fate of his heroes.

Today we will talk about how F.M. Dostoevsky came to Russian literature. How was the life of a writer? How did his creative destiny develop? What influenced the formation of the writer’s worldview?

So, Dostoevsky went to hard labor as a revolutionary and an atheist, and returned as a monarchist and a believer. “If it suddenly turns out that the existence of Christ is outside the Truth, I would prefer to remain with Christ than with the Truth,” wrote Dostoevsky.

Try to formulate the main problem of our lesson today.

How did life events influence the formation of the writer’s new worldview? How has the writer’s personality changed in connection with the formation of a new worldview?

The guys who received individual assignments will help me. As the conversation progresses, we will create a reference chronological table that will help us trace the evolution of his worldview.

So, we all come from childhood. What was F.M.’s childhood like? Dostoevsky?

DOSTOEVSKY'S CHILDHOOD. YEARS OF STUDY.

The writer's father, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, came from an old Lithuanian family, but he himself was the son of a priest, that is, a commoner. While still a young man, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky broke up with his family and came to Moscow, entered the Medical-Surgical Academy and graduated from it. He took part in the Patriotic War of 1812, then retired and became a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor.

Here, on November 11, 1821, the second son of the Dostoevskys, Fyodor, was born. A year later, the family moved to the wing of the hospital, where the future writer spent his childhood and adolescence.

Mikhail Andreevich was an unsociable, irritable and hot-tempered person. He kept his family strictly and meticulously monitored the behavior of each family member.

The writer's mother came from a merchant family. Unlike her husband, she had a cheerful character and was well educated: she loved poetry, played the guitar beautifully, and sang. Fyodor Mikhailovich treated his mother with extraordinary tenderness. The Dostoevsky family led a secluded life. Fyodor early began to peer at the people around him, to think about their destinies and relationships. He could often be seen among the sick walking in the garden. He was drawn to these pale, sad, sickly people. Sometimes he entered into conversation with them, although his parents forbade him to do so. He wanted to understand them, to find out how they live. The boy saw many other sad pictures. The people living around were mostly poor, destitute, always preoccupied with the search for their daily bread. Children's observations and impressions did not pass without a trace. A sense of justice and irreconcilability towards evil awakened in the boy early.

The writer's childhood was brightened by his friendship with his older brother Mikhail. They were united by common interests, they both loved to read and often shared their impressions of what they read with each other. Most of all, the brothers loved Pushkin, most of whose works they knew by heart. Dostoevsky carried his love for Pushkin throughout his life. He perceived Pushkin's death as the greatest grief.

Beginning in 1831, the Dostoevsky family spent the summer months in the village of Darovoye, Tula province, which was acquired by their father. Here Fyodor first saw how serfs lived. In 1833, he and his brother Mikhail were sent to half-board by the Frenchman Suchard, where special attention was paid to the study of literature.

After the death of thirty-seven-year-old Maria Feodorovna Dostoevskaya from consumption, her husband was left with seven children. The loss of his wife shocked and broke Mikhail Andreevich. He was forced to resign. In the spring of 1837, the father took his two eldest sons, Mikhail and Fedor, to St. Petersburg to prepare for admission to the Main Engineering School. The brothers did not experience any attraction to military service, but such was the will of their father. Mikhail was recognized as not entirely healthy, and he went to study at Revel.

And Fyodor Dostoevsky was enrolled in the school on January 16, 1838 and moved to the Engineering Castle, where it was located.

What character traits did Dostoevsky develop in childhood?

(An inquisitive mind, observant, there was no internal harmony, vulnerable, impressionable, early began to think about the foundations of life itself and not only his own, but also the lives of those around him)

ENGINEERING SCHOOL.

Mikhailovsky, or Engineering, Castle, even before moving into it, disturbed Fyodor’s imagination with the beauty of its architecture and its romantic history. Even in this, the best of military schools, an oppressive atmosphere and cruel morals reigned. The authorities strictly punished the slightest omission. For an unbuttoned collar or button, they were put in a punishment cell, stood at the door on watch with a satchel on their back and a heavy gun in their hand, and the gun was not allowed to be lowered to the floor. The life of a newbie was no better than hard labor. Fyodor received the nickname “grouse” (the military contemptuously called civilians “grouse”) and had to endure all kinds of bullying invented by those who had studied for several years. It was considered very witty to pour water into a newbie’s bed, pour cold water down his collar, splash ink on the paper and force the “grouse” to lick it off. While preparing lessons, as soon as the officer on duty left, they set up a table and forced the newcomers to crawl under it on all fours. On the other side of the table he was greeted with twisted ropes and whipped anywhere. If the “grouse” cries or decides to fight back, he will be so decorated that the only way is to the infirmary. And there he is obliged to remain silent and explain his injury by the fact that he tripped, crashed, or fell down the stairs. Otherwise it won't be good. “I can’t say anything good about my comrades,” Fyodor wrote to his father. The authorities were well aware of everything that was happening, but turned a blind eye to it, believing that since it was the way it was, it was not for us to change. The violent antics of the students and the cruelty of the reprisals against them were equally disgusting. Fyodor was painfully sensitive to any humiliation of human dignity and therefore shunned both his comrades and his superiors. His stay at the school was not easy for him; he did not want to obey or command. But the years spent at the Engineering School were a time of intense internal work. Dostoevsky conscientiously studied the special subjects provided for in the program, but with great enthusiasm he studied history, literature and architecture. Dostoevsky's reading range is unusually wide. During these years he discovered Gogol. It was to Gogol that Dostoevsky owed the keen attention with which he began to peer into the life around him and see the tragedy of everyday life.

Young Dostoevsky was deeply shocked by the news of his father's death. The circumstances of his death remain unclear. However, according to rumors, he was killed by his own peasants. Fyodor Mikhailovich was also convinced of this. It was then that he suffered the first attack of a serious illness - epilepsy, from which he suffered until the end of his days.

In 1843, Dostoevsky graduated from college and was enlisted in the Engineering Department, but a year later he retired and became a professional writer. “Don’t worry about my life,” he writes to his brother. “I’ll find a piece of bread soon. I'll work like hell. Now I'm free." His first literary experience was a translation of Balzac's novel Eugénie Grande, published in 1844. Working on it was a breakthrough for Dostoevsky. After the novel was published, he felt that he was ready for independent creativity.

I would like to ask you a question: “How did staying at the school influence the formation of the writer’s personality and inner world?”

(It only strengthened the internal disharmony, firstly, he got there without any desire or inclination, and secondly, his ideas about the unfair life structure and the complexity of human relationships only intensified, the idea that there are victims and there are tormentors became stronger

THE BEGINNING OF LITERARY ACTIVITY.

Living in St. Petersburg, Dostoevsky carefully peered into the reality around him. Much seemed scary and incomprehensible to him. More and more often, Dostoevsky thought about the fate of poor and disadvantaged people, and he had a passionate desire to talk about their lives. For almost a year, Dostoevsky worked on a novel he called Poor People. On the advice of his friend, he introduced Nekrasov and then Belinsky to his work. Belinsky read the novel and invited the young writer to his place. As Dostoevsky later recalled, from the first minutes Belinsky spoke fieryly, with burning eyes: “But do you understand that you wrote this!” Many years later, the writer recalled that this was the most delightful moment of his life. The novel Poor People was published in the Petersburg Collection. Its appearance made the name of Dostoevsky widely known among the reading public. who saw in the young writer a continuer of Gogol’s traditions.

At the center of the novel Poor People is the story of the pure and sublime love of the official Makar Devushkin and the poor girl Varenka Dobroselova. This is a novel in letters. Devushkin loves Varenka touchingly and tenderly, although he understands that he, an elderly man, is not at all a match for a young girl, he feels that she is smarter and more educated than him. Dostoevsky is interested not only in the “poverty” of a poor person, but also in the consciousness distorted under the influence of poverty. Dostoevsky analyzes poverty as a special mental state of a person. Physical suffering is nothing compared to the mental suffering that poverty condemns. Poverty means defenselessness, intimidation, humiliation, it deprives a person of dignity, the poor man withdraws into his shame, hardens his heart. The novel gives piercing details of a person’s humiliation, for example, in Devushkin’s story that he wanted to clean himself a little from the street dirt in the department hallway, but the watchman said that he would ruin the government brush. “This is how they are now,” writes Makar to Varenka, “so that among these gentlemen I am almost worse than a rag on which they wipe their feet. You can wipe your feet on a rag, but here the brush can be ruined by touching a person.” But even in this little man a consciousness of his human worth arose; for the first time, someone needed him. Love for Varenka straightens him, a real revolution takes place in him, he writes to Varenka: “And I found peace of mind and learned that I am no worse than others, that only this way, I don’t shine with anything, there’s no gloss, I’m drowning, but still I a man, that in heart and thoughts I am a man.” But Devushkin’s indignation at social injustice gives way to humility and recognition of the inviolability of the existing order. He is able to sympathize and help others, but cannot actively defend his rights.

The novel “Poor People” opened a whole series of works by Dostoevsky dedicated to the life of various strata of the population of St. Petersburg.

Young Dostoevsky is concerned with the problem of the consciousness of a poor person. Both in “Poor People” and “The Double”, and in the following early works - “Mr. Prokharchin”, “Weak Heart”, “Crawlers” - he continues to explore the dangers that threaten the “weak heart”, looks closely at a person, unravels his.

Dostoevsky's own biography helped him find a new artistic theme - daydreaming. Dissatisfaction with reality brings young Dostoevsky and his dreamer hero closer together.

In 1847, a series of feuilletons was published under the general title “The Petersburg Chronicle”, where Dostoevsky tries to explain the appearance of dreamers in life. He believes that daydreaming arises from dissatisfaction with the surrounding reality.

Not feeling enough strength to fight, they go into the fictional world of fantasies and dreams. Dostoevsky most fully reflected the image of the dreamer in one of his most poetic novels, “White Nights” (1848).

for today's lesson and write down your impressions about the work and the author in free form. But first, let's listen to the final scene of the novel.

Scene from White Nights

Dreamer.

My nights ended in the morning. It wasn't a good day. It was raining and knocking sadly on my windows; it was dark in the room, cloudy outside. My head ached and felt dizzy; a fever crept through my limbs.

The postman brought a letter to you, father, by city mail,” Matryona said above me.

Letter! from whom?” I shouted, jumping up from my chair.

I broke the seal. It's from her!

Oh, if only he were you! - flew through my head. I remembered your words, Nastenka.

I re-read this letter for a long time: tears left my eyes.

Finally it fell out of my hands and I covered my face. But so that I remember my offense, Nastenka! So that I can cast a dark cloud over your clear, serene happiness, so that I, with a bitter reproach, bring melancholy to my heart, sting it with secret remorse and make it beat sadly in a moment of bliss,

Oh, never, never! May your sky be clear, may your sweet smile be bright and serene, may you be blessed for the minute of bliss and happiness that you gave to another, lonely, grateful heart!

My God! A whole minute of bliss! Is this not enough for even a human life?...

Nastenka.

Oh, forgive me, forgive me! On my knees I beg you to forgive me! I deceived both you and myself. It was a dream, a ghost... I languished for you today; sorry, forgive me!

Do not blame me, because I have not changed in anything before you; I said that I would love you, and now I love you, more than I love you. Oh my God! If only I could love you both at once! Oh, if only you were he!

God knows what I would do for you now! I know it's hard and sad for you. I insulted you, but you know, if you love, how long will you remember the insult. Do you love me!

Thank you Yes! thank you for this love! Because it was imprinted in my memory like a sweet dream that you remember for a long time after waking up; because I will forever remember that moment when you so fraternally opened your heart to me and so generously accepted my gift, which was killed, in order to protect it, cherish it, heal it... If you forgive me, then the memory of you will be exalted in me forever , a grateful feeling for you that will never be erased from my soul...

We will meet, you will come to us, you will not leave us, you will forever be my friend, my brother... And when you see me, you will give me your hand... right?

Do you still love me?

Oh love me don't leave me cause I love you so much

at this moment.

I'm marrying him next week. He came back in love, he never forgot about me... You won’t be angry because I wrote about him. But I want to come to you with him; you will love him, won't you?...

Forgive me, remember and love your Nastenka.

Excerpts from students' work.

1. The story made a huge impression on me. I didn't know that loneliness could be so immense, boundless, piercing and painful. I just never thought about it. And it doesn’t matter at all what reasons led to this, but going into dreams is not a solution - it’s a dead end. And the hero himself understands this when he says that his soul wants and asks for something else.

It was just physically difficult to read the lines where the hero tells Nastenka that he is forced to celebrate the anniversary of his feelings, the anniversary of what was so sweet before, which in fact never happened - because this anniversary is still celebrated according to the same ethereal dreams .

The hero realizes that years will pass, and shaking old age will come with a stick, and behind it melancholy and despondency, and he will have to remain alone, completely alone, there will not even be anything to regret, because everything that he lost was all nothing, stupid, just a dream.

For some reason it seems that the author experienced such loneliness or thought a lot about it. When I read, it seemed that I also felt something similar, although, of course, I could not convey my feelings. It was difficult for me to understand why the hero, realizing the severity of his situation, his doom, did not try to hold Nastenka, because she felt his originality, ability to feel subtly, nobility. Why didn't he fight for his happiness?

At first it was difficult to read, emotionally difficult, as if someone in front of you was turning your soul inside out, and so much suffering had accumulated in your soul. But I wanted to know how the Dreamer got to this life and whether he could change his fate.

It was difficult for me to understand the author’s attitude towards the Dreamer and his reluctance to fight for Nastenka’s love. On the one hand, this inertia, this departure from real life is subject to the author’s condemnation, and on the other hand, the author cannot help but like the Dreamer, because he is a poet at heart and even poetizes his own loneliness and because the world of his dreams and dreams is pure and bright . He dreams not of wealth, not of power, but of love, understanding, beauty, of everything that he is deprived of in real life.

In my opinion, this novel is not about love, but about the fact that going into the world of dreams absorbs a person so much that even such a strong feeling as love cannot revive him, cannot force him to fight for himself, for his beloved. When I read, I thought that the world of my own dreams and dreams is always more beautiful than reality, everything there is according to your laws, there you are the creator of your own destiny, and no external circumstances can interfere, there is no injustice, humiliation, poverty, or insults. Plunging into this world, it is very difficult to return back to cruel reality; Dostoevsky’s hero could not escape from his own world of dreams, even realizing the danger lurking in it.

“A whole minute of bliss! But isn’t this enough for at least a human life!” says the hero, left alone again. I don’t know, but it seems to me that it’s not enough, a person must be able to fight for his happiness, overcome difficulties and live in a real, not an imaginary world, which is like a mirage in the desert.

I feel very sorry for the hero; his inability to live in reality is both his fault and his misfortune. I think that Dostoevsky also sympathizes with the hero, because for all the seductiveness of the hero’s fictional world, his feelings in reality are very tragic.

The dreamer was defeated in his first encounter with real life. He found himself defeated even in a small battle for a tiny bit of happiness.

You correctly felt that the author’s attitude towards the hero is ambivalent and complex. On the one hand, Dostoevsky argues that ghostly life is a sin, since it leads away from real reality, and on the other hand, he emphasizes the creative value of this sincere and pure life, its influence on the artist’s inspiration

This inspiration of the artist is bought at a high price, separation from reality, spiritual loneliness. A dreamer floats freely in a fantasy world and does not know how to walk on earth. In a letter to his brother, Dostoevsky precisely formulates the dreamer’s “idea”: “The external must be balanced with the internal. Otherwise, with the absence of external phenomena, the internal will take over too dangerously.”

While creating White Nights, Dostoevsky was captivated by Belinsky’s ideas. But very soon the paths of the critic and the writer diverged. Belinsky believed that literature should become a weapon in the fight against the autocratic system, while Dostoevsky even then had a different understanding of the tasks facing literature. In his opinion, it must penetrate the recesses of human consciousness, comprehend the complexity and variability of the character of a person living in a world full of contradictions, and understand what prevents him from gaining his own dignity.

Personality traits?

At the beginning of 1847, Dostoevsky finally parted ways with Belinsky and his circle, but, of course, did not abandon ideas related to changing the existing world order.

REVOLUTIONARY CIRCLE.ARREST.KATORGA.

In March 1846, Dostoevsky met a former employee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Butashevich-Petrashevsky, and starting in the spring of 1847, he became a regular visitor to his “Fridays.” Later, recalling this time, Dostoevsky said: “An idea appeared in front of which health and self-care turned out to be trifles.” The idea was to save Russia, to save humanity.

At the meetings that took place in Petrashevsky’s apartment, political, philosophical and socio-economic issues were discussed, and they argued about the teachings of utopian socialists. Petrashevites put forward a broad program of democratic reforms in Russia, which included the abolition of serfdom, reform of the court and press. At meetings with Petrashevsky, Dostoevsky read Pushkin’s freedom-loving poems and took an active part in discussing issues of transformation in Russia. He was a supporter of the immediate abolition of serfdom, criticized the policies of Nicholas 1, and advocated the liberation of Russian literature from censorship.

Fyodor Mikhailovich is full of creative ideas. The first part of the novel “Netochka Nezvanova” was published in the January book of “Notes of the Fatherland” for 1849, and the second part was published in the February book. The favorite theme of recent years - the theme of dreaming - sounded differently here. The heroine, growing up, overcomes her daydreaming, strengthens her soul, becomes strong, she is full of desires to act, to change her life. But he was not destined to finish the novel.

On the night of April 22-23, 1849, on the personal order of Nicholas 1, Dostoevsky and other Petrashevsky members were arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The writer spent almost nine months

in the damp casemate of the Alekseevsky ravelin. During the investigation, Dostoevsky behaved with dignity, he denied all the charges brought against him, and generally refused to talk about his comrades, but the investigative commission recognized Dostoevsky as one of the most important criminals. The military court found Dostoevsky guilty and, together with twenty other Petrashevsky members, sentenced him to death. On December 22, 1849, on the Semyonovsky parade ground in St. Petersburg, a ritual of preparation for the death penalty was performed over the Petrashevites.

They were young, educated, talented. Only one of them responded to the offer to confess before death, but everyone kissed the cross presented by the priest. The suicide bombers standing on the platform revered Christ as a fighter for equality and brotherhood of people. Fyodor Dostoevsky was among those who refused confession.

The condemned were put on white robes and shrouds. The first three were tied to posts and caps were thrown over their heads so that their faces were covered. Dostoevsky had to go in third place. There were five minutes left before death. At that moment, he asked his friend Nikolai Speshnev: “Will we be there with Christ?” “We will be a handful of dust,” Speshnev answered him. Suddenly there was a drum roll. They sounded the all clear. The guns were raised with their barrels up. Those tied were untied from the post. They read out the brought paper stating that the sovereign gives life to those sentenced and replaces the death penalty with punishment in accordance with the offense.

Please tell me why it was natural for Dostoevsky to join the Petrashevsky society?

(Dostoevsky was young, energetic, passionately wanted to change the world; naturally, he wanted to move from words and dreams to a great deed.)

Dostoevsky was sentenced to four years of labor in the fortress, and then had to be demoted to the rank and file

Now they told me, dear brother, that we should go on a hike today or tomorrow. I asked to see you, But they told me it was impossible; I can only write you this letter. Brother! I was not sad or discouraged. Life is life everywhere, life is in ourselves, and not in the external. There will be people next to me, and to be a person among people and remain one forever, in any misfortunes, not to become discouraged and not to fall - that’s what life is, that’s its task. I realized this.

I haven't lost hope! Goodbye brother! Don't worry about me.

The writer served his punishment in the Omsk convict prison, and then in the Simbirsk linear battalion number 7, stationed in Semipalatinsk. At hard labor, Dostoevsky came into close contact with the people. He was amazed when he saw with what hatred the inhabitants of the prison treated the nobles, including those convicted of political crimes. The idea of ​​tragic separation from the people becomes one of the aspects of his spiritual drama. The result of the reflections was the conclusion that the progressive intelligentsia should abandon the political struggle, opposing it with the moral and ethical path of human re-education.

Finding himself in the gloomy walls of the Omsk prison, Dostoevsky was most burdened by the fact that he could not write. One day, the prison doctor Troitsky, who had great sympathy for Dostoevsky, handed him several sheets of paper and a pencil. They became the basis of the famous “Siberian Notebook”, where Dostoevsky recorded his observations on the life of hard labor. Almost half of all entries were later included in Notes from the House of the Dead.

Four years later, Dostoevsky arrived in Semipalatinsk for military service. After the return of his noble rights and permission to publish, Dostoevsky began to seriously consider the plan of his return to literature. He is tormented by the abundance of material accumulated in recent years. But he can’t decide where to start. There were many ideas: journalistic articles, stories and novels. “Siberian” stories were created by Dostoevsky after almost ten years of forced silence. In Semipalatinsk, Dostoevsky wrote the stories “Uncle’s Dream”, “The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants”.

At the beginning of 1857, a very important event for him occurred in Dostoevsky’s life: he married the widow of a retired official, Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. In May 1859, Dostoevsky received news that he was leaving the service due to illness, and in early June he left Siberia forever. The writer finally returns to St. Petersburg.

Dostoevsky devoted thirty-one years, right up to his death, to refuting Speshnev’s ridicule. For four years in hard labor, Dostoevsky read one book, the Gospel, which Fonvizin’s wife gave him on the way to Omsk. This book radically changed the writer's worldview.

MAGAZINE "TIME"

In December 1859, exactly ten years later, Dostoevsky returned to the city with which he had two of the most important events in his life: “the most delightful minute” when he became a writer and Belinsky blessed him into literature, and the minute of his death - the scaffold . But after everything that happened, a new life inevitably had to begin. The writer expressed his thoughts on issues of social life and literature on the pages of the magazine “Time,” which was published by his brother Mikhail. But the ideological leader and actual editor of the publication was Fyodor Mikhailovich. The ideological platform of “Time” was the theory of “soilism” developed by Dostoevsky.

The writer believed that Russia should develop along a special, unique historical path that would help it avoid revolutionary conflicts.

The idea that runs through the entire novel is that in a world dominated by the power of money, cruelty and oppression, the only protection for the “humiliated and insulted” from all life’s hardships is brotherly help to each other, love and compassion.

Dostoevsky switches social issues into the area of ​​moral relations.

Simultaneously with the novel “Humiliated and Insulted,” Dostoevsky published the famous “Notes from the House of the Dead,” one of his most outstanding works, which reflected the writer’s impressions of the terrible years spent in the Omsk convict prison,

The book was written on behalf of convict Alexander Petrovich Goryanchikov, convicted of murdering his wife. But very soon the reader learns that the narrator was sent to hard labor not for a criminal crime, but for a political crime. From the first pages of Notes from the House of the Dead, the author immerses us in the atmosphere of prison life.

The writer draws a whole gallery of the inhabitants of hard labor. Among them there were many robbers and murderers, but the bulk of the convicts were people convicted for trying to protest against violence and tyranny, and to speak out in defense of desecrated human dignity. Dostoevsky could rightfully say that in penal servitude he met not the worst, but the best representatives of the people.

“Notes from the House of the Dead” is a work in which Dostoevsky poses and tries to solve many problems. The writer is trying to understand the reasons that push people to crime, he is concerned about the unjustified cruelty of the punishments to which criminals are subjected, he wants to understand the psychology of the executioner and his victim, but in every criminal, no matter how low he fell, Dostoevsky tried to see, or, in the words of himself Fyodor Mikhailovich, “to dig up a person,” to reveal in him what is valuable that has been preserved in him, despite the terrifying circumstances that surround him.

In “A Writer’s Diary for 1876,” Dostoevsky wrote: “Judge the Russian people not by the abominations that they so often do, but by those great and holy things for which even in their very abomination they constantly sigh. But not all of the people are scoundrels; there are saints, and what kind of saints too: they themselves shine and illuminate the path for all of us! Judge our people not by what they are, but by what they would like to be.”

The book about the “House of the Dead” was enthusiastically received by readers and critics.” “My “House of the Dead,” wrote Dostoevsky, “literally made a splash, and I renewed my reputation with it.”

SUMMARY BY THE TEACHER

How did the personal characteristics of F.M. change under the influence of a new understanding of life, a new worldview? Dostoevsky?

(Leniency, tolerance, compassion, mercy).

We have come to a very important stage in Dostoevsky’s life, work on one of his most complex and most perfect novels, Crime and Punishment. This topic requires a separate discussion. We will talk about working on a novel in the next lesson. In the meantime, let's summarize our conversation today.

Youthful intransigence, categoricalness, rebellion, the desire to change the world at any cost remained in the past by the time of returning to St. Petersburg, a different understanding of life came, “man” is the main secret. The understanding has come that it is not external circumstances that need to be changed, but the consciousness of the person himself.

Dostoevsky understands that aggressiveness and hatred are destructive; only love, mercy, and compassion are creative. You can help a person not by changing the world around him, but by changing him, his attitude towards the world, towards himself, towards those who are close to him, or, to put it in the words of Dostoevsky himself, “unearth” the person in him.

Dostoevsky learned to believe in people. And I would like to end the lesson with the words of the English poet Auden: “It is impossible to build a human society on everything that Dostoevsky talked about. But a society that forgets what he talked about is not worthy to be called human.”

Lesson topic: 8th grade
F.M. Dostoevsky "Poor people"
Goal: to expand students’ knowledge in the field of Russian literature.
Educational task: to introduce students to Dostoevsky’s work “Poor People”.
Developmental task: developing the ability to analyze a literary work.
The task is educational: moral education.
During the classes:
1.The topic and objectives of the lesson are announced.
2. A minute of poetry.
3. Introductory word about the writer.
4. Reading and analysis:
Who are the main characters of the work?
What story is described in this work? What is your attitude towards the characters?
What feelings do the characters evoke? Justify. What is this work about?
What can it teach the reader?
5. Basic questions.
What is the author's position in relation to the characters? Why do you think the author abandoned the optimistic ending? Come up with your own version of the ending of the story. Explain the meaning of the title of the story. Do you think the theme of the “little man” is relevant?
F. M. Dostoevsky “Poor people”
Summary. Makar Alekseevich Devushkin is a 47-year-old titular councilor who transcribes papers for a small salary in one of the St. Petersburg departments. He had just moved to a new apartment in a permanent building near Fontanka along a long corridor with doors to rooms for residents. The hero himself huddled behind a partition in the common room. His previous housing was far better. However, now the main thing for Devushkin is cheapness, because in the same courtyard he rents a more comfortable and expensive apartment for his distant relative Varvara Alekseevna Dobroselova. A poor official takes under his protection a 17-year-old orphan, for whom there was no one else to stand up for her. Living nearby, they rarely see each other, as Makar is afraid of gossip. However, both need warmth and sympathy, which they draw from daily correspondence with each other. The history of the relationship between Makar and Varenka is revealed in 31 of his and 24 of his letters, written from April 8 to September 30, 184... M.’s first letter is permeated with the happiness of finding heartfelt affection. He spends money on flowers and sweets for his little angel, denying himself food and clothes. Varenka is angry with her patron for being too much.
This is Varenka’s fate. She grew up in the village, but her father lost his position as estate manager and took the family to St. Petersburg. My father worked very hard, got sick and died. The mother suffered the same fate. The widow, Varenka's mother, and her daughter were sheltered by relative Anna Fedorovna, who later sold Varenka to the wealthy landowner Bykov, who treated the girl cruelly to cover her family expenses. She got sick. Makar looked after her. She was unconscious for a whole month.
When she felt better, she was afraid that Bykov would find her. This happened. Bykov said that if Varenka does not marry him, then he will marry a rich merchant’s wife. But Varenka still marries him. Makar is taking this very hard.
Why such an end to the work? Is he fair? How would you finish this piece?
6. Compilation of a five-line poem about the work.
"Poor people"
Touching, exciting.
Raises the problem of the “little man”, does not leave people indifferent, teaches mercy, demands mercy from society.
Sad, tragic, awakening sympathy, demanding justice.
Pain.
7. Results, conclusions, assessments. Finish the sentence: Today was interesting...It was difficult for me...Now I can...
8. D/Z A story about Dostoevsky. Reading by role of the fragment you like. Make a quiz on the work with 5 questions.
Finish reading the work.