The first hero of socialist labor in the USSR. Title Hero of Socialist Labor

And it was used in letters, which enterprises handed over to their advanced workers with a long working history. In the first spring of 1921, about 250 of the best workers of Petrograd and Moscow were awarded the honorary title.

The title of "Hero of Labor" was conferred by the provincial Councils of Trade Unions on the proposal of workers' meetings, after a comprehensive discussion of the proposed candidates at them.

In 1922, the term "hero of labor" was placed on the badge of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the RSFSR.

In 1927, by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (CEC) and the Council of People's Commissariats of the USSR (SNK) dated July 27, the title "Hero of Labor" was established, which was awarded to persons who had special merits in the field of production, scientific activity, state or public service and worked as workers or employees for at least 35 years. In 1938, the awarding of the title of "Hero of Labor" was discontinued due to the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 27 "On establishing the highest degree of distinction - the title of Hero of Socialist Labor".

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor in the USSR is an honorary title, the highest degree of distinction for exceptional achievements in economic and cultural construction. It was awarded by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to individuals who, with their particularly outstanding innovative activities in the field of industry, agriculture, transport, trade, scientific discoveries and technical inventions, contributed to the rise of the national economy, culture, science, the growth of the power and glory of the USSR. The Heroes of Socialist Labor were awarded the highest award of the USSR - the Order of Lenin, and a diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was issued. In order to distinguish the citizens awarded this title, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated May 22, 1940, the gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" was established, which was awarded simultaneously with the Order of Lenin and the diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

In 1973, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 14, the provision on the title of Hero of Socialist Labor in a new edition was approved. The regulation determined that "the title of Hero of Socialist Labor is the highest degree of distinction for merit in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction" and "is awarded to persons who have shown labor heroism, have made a significant contribution to increasing the efficiency of social production by their outstanding labor activity, contributed to the rise national economy, science, culture, the growth of the power and glory of the USSR". The restriction on the number of repeated awards with the Hammer and Sickle medal, which had existed since 1940 (no more than three times in total), was removed, but this step remained unused: no one became Hero of Socialist Labor four times. At the same time, the regulation introduced the procedure for awarding the Order of Lenin with each award of the Hammer and Sickle medal.

In 1988, the awarding of the Order of Lenin during the second presentation of the Hammer and Sickle medal was again canceled, which was the last change in the position on the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

In 1991, this title was abolished along with the award system of the USSR.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Hero of Socialist Labor - an honorary title awarded in the Soviet Union, was considered the highest in the USSR from 1938 to 1991. So they noted the merits for work, the contribution of a particular person to the development of science or a specific area of ​​\u200b\u200bindustry or economy. In this article, we will focus on the most famous personalities who have received this title. Most of them received this award three times.

Anatoly Alexandrov first became a Hero of Socialist Labor in 1954. Twice more he was awarded the honorary title in 1960 and 1973. This is a famous Soviet physicist, a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Alexandrov is considered one of the founders of the domestic nuclear power industry. His main works are written in solid state physics, nuclear physics and polymer physics. Immediately after the Great Patriotic War, he was appointed director of the Institute of Physical Problems at the Academy of Sciences - in this post he replaced Kapitsa, who at that time fell into disgrace.

It was Alexandrov who participated in the creation of projects and the construction of power plants, which were used on the famous Soviet nuclear icebreakers - "Arktika", "Lenin", "Siberia". It was he who presented Stalin with a new type of submarine - a submarine with a nuclear installation.

The decision was made, the submarine was built, serial production was launched - so the USSR became the world's largest center for nuclear submarine shipbuilding.

Alexandrov was a fan of nuclear energy, and when the accident occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, he admitted that for him it became a personal tragedy. He died in 1994 at 91.

Hero of Socialist Labor Boris Vannikov is considered one of the first to receive this award three times. He received it in 1942, 1949 and 1954. Vannikov was an active statesman.

During the Great Patriotic War, he organized the provision of ammunition for the navy and the Red Army. Already in 1943, their production in the USSR tripled compared to 1941. In addition, Soviet engineers made them cheaper, without losing quality and even improving the ballistic characteristics of the shells. This played a certain role in the final victory over fascism.

Immediately after the war, he led the First Directorate under the Council of People's Commissars, oversaw the production of nuclear weapons. In fact, he was one of the creators of the atomic project, and of the entire nuclear industry in the Soviet Union. If Kurchatov was responsible for solving scientific problems, then Vannikov was responsible for the prompt execution of orders and the coordination of all work. In this regard, he was an indispensable leader.

He died in 1962 when he was 64 years old.

Hero of Socialist Labor Yakov Zeldovich was a Soviet chemist and physicist. He is one of the creators of the atomic and hydrogen bombs. He received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor in 1949, 1954 and 1956. Among scientists, his works on detonation, nuclear physics, physics of explosion combustion and cosmology are known.

His works on the theory of combustion are still considered classics today. It was Zel'dovich, together with Dering and Neumann, who proposed a model for the propagation of a detonation wave in a gaseous medium.

Thanks to numerous discoveries made in the field of physics, his name is deservedly included in the list of Heroes of Socialist Labor.

He died in 1987 at the age of 73.

Sergei Ilyushin is one of the most famous aircraft designers in the country. It was his merit that the mass production of the Il-2 attack aircraft, named after the creator, became. Thanks to Ilyushin, the country began to recognize and remember the names of the Heroes of Socialist Labor. The aircraft designer received the award in 1841, 1957 and 1974.

Even before the war, he designed experimental bombers. One of them set the first Soviet aviation world record for the height of cargo lifting in 1936. It was in the Ilyushin design bureau that the Il-4 bombers were created, which already in 1941, when the Germans bombed the territory of the Soviet Union with might and main, made raids on Berlin.

But his main merit is the IL-2, a massive aircraft that participated in that war. Interestingly, after the war, the aircraft designer concentrated on the production of passenger aircraft, which were also made on the basis of Il.

Ilyushin died in 1977, he was 82 years old.

The Order of the Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded three times to the Soviet scientist Mstislav Keldysh, one of the main ideologists of the Soviet space program, in 1956, 1961 and 1971.

After the Great Patriotic War, Keldysh developed a thermonuclear bomb, establishing a special calculation bureau for this. It was for this work that he received his first star of the Hero of Socialist Labor.

In the mid-1950s, he became a member of the Council of Designers, which was headed by Korolev, and began to develop projects for space exploration and rocket design. Then he carried out still only theoretical calculations of the probability of flying into the orbit of the Earth, to the Moon and other planets of the solar system.

He was among the leaders of the council for the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, did a lot for the implementation of manned flights. He was one of the Soviet scientists who collaborated with other countries under the Intercosmos program.

It is with Keldysh that the development of computational mathematics in the Soviet Union is associated. He died in 1978 at the age of 67.

In the list of Heroes of Socialist Labor, this name is known to everyone without exception - Igor Kurchatov. Behind the scenes, he is called "the father of the Soviet atomic bomb." He was awarded the honorary title in 1949, 1951 and 1954.

Kurchatov supervised the Soviet nuclear project from the very beginning in 1942 until his death in 1960, when he was only 57 years old. Initially, these works were predominantly exploratory and theoretical in nature. At the same time, he aroused increased attention from the authorities: they were closely watched by Stalin's people.

Since 1943, Kurchatov began to return prominent scientists from the front, which he needed to achieve an early result. In the Special Committee on GKO, whose main task was the development of the nuclear industry in the country, Kurchatov was responsible for the scientific part, and all organizational issues fell on the shoulders of Vannikov.

In 1946, Kurchatov met with Stalin, which resulted in the signing of several dozen documents that made the nuclear industry a priority in the country.

Talking about the Heroes of Socialist Labor of the USSR, it is necessary to mention Academician Sakharov. He is the only one of those who was three times the owner of this title, and then deprived of them. Sakharov is a major Russian theoretical physicist, one of the main creators of the Soviet hydrogen bomb.

In fact, he worked on this project from 1948 to 1968, at the same time he conducted research on a controlled thermonuclear reaction, unique for that time.

At the same time, Academician Sakharov is no less famous for his human rights activities. He is the author of the draft Constitution of the so-called Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia. For his human rights work in 1975, the Nobel Committee awarded Sakharov the Peace Prize.

In 1980, the authorities considered his activities anti-Soviet, expelled from Moscow and stripped him of all awards. Together with his wife, Sakharov lived in Nizhny Novgorod until Mikhail Gorbachev allowed him to return from exile in 1986.

The academician died in 1989, he died at the age of 68.

Yefim Slavsky

Another head of the Soviet nuclear industry, Yefim Slavsky, received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor in 1949, 1954 and 1962.

He participated in the creation of the atomic and then the hydrogen bomb. In the mid-1950s he was Minister of Mechanical Engineering. His merit is the creation of the so-called nuclear cities - Ozersk in the Chelyabinsk region, Aktau, Zelenogorsk and Zheleznogorsk.

It was he who made the decision to build the Siberian Nuclear Power Plant, and in the early 1960s he supported the program of "peaceful atomic explosions."

He died in 1991, when he was 93 years old.

Andrei Tupolev received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor in 1945, 1957 and 1972. First of all, he is known as a Soviet aircraft designer. Directly under his leadership, several dozen different types of aircraft were designed, 70 of which were put into mass production as a result.

It is Andrei Tupolev who is responsible for the production of the famous Tu aircraft of various modifications, which are still successfully used in domestic civil and military aviation.

Tupolev died in 1972 at the age of 84.

It is noteworthy that not only physicists and aircraft designers, but also agricultural leaders received many awards. So, twice the Hero of Socialist Labor was the chairman of the collective farm "40 years of October", which was based in the Panfilov district of the Alma-Ata region, Nikolai Nikitich Golovatsky.

Being a native of the Volyn province, from the city of Zhytomyr, Golovatsky went to Kazakhstan in the late 30s. At first, he was entrusted with the Krasny Vostok collective farm, and during the Great Patriotic War, he led the farms.

Golovatsky became the chairman of the legendary by Soviet standards collective farm "40 years of October" in 1950, worked in it until 1992 and only at the age of 80 he retired.

All this time, the collective farm was one of the most advanced, favorably differing from many other farms in the Soviet Union. In 1990, a documentary film called "The Union of Land Owners" was even made about Golovatsky's achievements.

He died in 1996 at the age of 84.

Immediately 11 people in the history of the country at the same time were the heroes of the Soviet Union and the heroes of Socialist labor. Among them are military leaders, statesmen, employees of state security agencies.

These are Leonid Brezhnev, Kliment Voroshilov, Vasily Golovchenko, Valentina Grizodubova, Pyotr Masherov, Joseph Stalin, Pyotr Trainin, Ivan Tretyak, Dmitry Ustinov, Nikita Khrushchev.

Kirill Orlovsky deserves special mention, whose name is not as well known as most of those listed above. He worked in the NKVD, was one of the key leaders of the partisan movement in Belarus.

At the same time, he repeatedly inspired writers and directors to create works of art. So, it is Orlovsky who is the prototype of the protagonist of the drama Alexei Saltykov "Chairman", which was released in 1964.

Presumably, Orlovsky is the prototype of Robert Jordan, the protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls. It is known that during the war he illegally crossed the state border and the front line at least 70 times.

The highest degree of distinction - the title of "Hero of Socialist Labor" was established by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 27, 1938. The same Decree approved the Regulations on the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

On May 22, 1940, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On additional insignia for Heroes of Socialist Labor”, the Hammer and Sickle gold medal was established [For a description of the Sickle and Moloch gold medal, see the section “Medals of the USSR”].

The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 14, 1973 approved the Regulations on the title of Hero of Socialist Labor in a new edition. This Regulation reads:

"one. The title of Hero of Socialist Labor is the highest degree of distinction for merits in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction.

2. The title of Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded to individuals who have shown labor heroism, who, through their especially outstanding innovative activity, have made a significant contribution to increasing the efficiency of social production, contributed to the rise of the national economy, science, culture, the growth of the power and glory of the USSR.

3. The title of Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

4. The Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded: the highest award of the USSR - the Order of Lenin; badge of special distinction - the gold medal "Hammer and Sickle"; Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

5. Hero of Socialist Labor for new outstanding achievements in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction, no less than those for which he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, is awarded the Order of Lenin and the second gold medal "Sickle and Hammer" and in commemoration of his labor exploits is being built a bronze bust of the Hero with a corresponding inscription, installed in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the award.

6. The Hero of Socialist Labor, who was awarded two gold medals "Hammer and Sickle", for new outstanding achievements in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction, no less significant than the previous ones, can be again awarded the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal .

7. When a Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal, he is simultaneously presented with a letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR along with the order and medal.

8. In the event that the Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, then in commemoration of his labor and heroic deeds, a bronze bust of the Hero with a corresponding inscription is erected, installed in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

9. Heroes of Socialist Labor enjoy the benefits established by law ... "

The first Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on conferring the title of Hero of Socialist Labor took place on December 20, 1939. By this Decree, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to I.V. Stalin. With the establishment of the Hammer and Sickle gold medal, he was awarded this insignia for No. 1.

The famous designer of small arms Degtyarev V.A. became the second Hero of Socialist Labor in our country. This title was awarded to him by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 2, 1940.

Among the first to be awarded the high title of Hero of Socialist Labor were aircraft designers Polikarpov N.P., Yakovlev A.S., small arms designer F.V. Tokarev, aircraft weapons designer B.G. , Krupchatnikov M. Ya., Ivanov I. I., designers of aircraft engines Mikulin A. A., Klimov V. Ya. (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 28, 1940), TsAGI professor Chaplygin S. A. (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 1, 1941), the designer of one of the samples of jet weapons Kostikov A. G. (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 28, 1941).

During the Great Patriotic War, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was one of the first to be awarded to the People's Commissar of the Aviation Industry A.I. Shakhurin, his deputies P.V. Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 8, 1941), tank designer Zh. Ya. Kotin, director of the Kirov plant in Leningrad I. M. Zaltsman (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 19, 1941) and aircraft designer Ilyushin S. V. (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 25, 1941).

After the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, during the period of restoration of the destroyed national economy of our country and its further development, for outstanding labor successes, especially in the field of agriculture, some Heroes of Socialist Labor were awarded the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle".

The first Heroes of Socialist Labor, awarded the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 17, 1950, were cotton growers Bagirova Basti Masim kyzy and Gasanova Shamama Makhmudali kyzy.

Soon the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" was awarded to cotton growers Annarov A., Tursunkulov X., Kakabaev A., Toyliev I., tobacco grower Svanidze P.P., chairman of the collective farm, which achieved high rates in the collection of cotton and rice yields, Kim P., tea growers Kupunia T. A., Rogava A. M., milkmaids of the state farm "Karavaevo" Barkova U. S., Grekhova E. I., Ivanova L. P., Nilova A. V. and others.

The second gold medal "Sickle and Hammer" was also awarded to well-known foremen of tractor brigades Angelsh-na P. N. and Gitalov A. V., chairmen of collective farms Generalov F. S., Beshulya S. E., Burkatskaya G. E., Dubkovetsky F. I., Ismailov K., Urunkhodzhaev S., Ovezov B., Ersaryev O., noble collective farmers and collective farmers - masters of high yields Vishtak S. D., Diptan O. K., Kayoazarova S m Blazhevsky E. V., Bryntseva M. A., well-known combine operators Gontar D. I., Bai-da G. I., Braga M. A., karakul growers Kuanyshbaev Zh. and Balimanov D., foreman of viticulturists Knyazeva M. D. and others.

In industry, the second gold medal "Sickle and Hammer" was awarded to the head of the construction of the Volgograd hydroelectric complex Alexandrov A.P., the head of the coal mine site Bridko I.I., the famous electric welder Ulesov A.A. and others.

The second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" was awarded to prominent party and government officials, as well as outstanding Soviet scientists. Among them are comrades Kosygin A. N., Kirilenko A. P., Kunaev D. A., Suslov M. A., Ustinov D. F., academician Korolev S. P., honorary academician of VASKhNIL Yuryev V. Ya., full member of VASKhNIL breeder V. S. Pustovoit, famous aircraft designers A. I. Mikoyan, A. S. Yakovlev, P. O. Sukhoi and others.

In total, by the beginning of 1977, in our country, the high title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to 18,287 Soviet citizens, of which over a hundred people were awarded two medals "Hammer and Chamois".

For outstanding services to the state in the field of science and technology, in the management of individual branches of industry, a number of prominent Soviet scientists and organizers of production were awarded three gold medals "Hammer and Sickle". Among them are Academicians I. V. Kurchatov, M. V. Keldysh, A. P. Aleksandrov, Ya. B. Zeldovich, K. I. Shchelkin, B. L. Vannikov, one of the organizers of the defense industry of the USSR, and A. Tupolev, aircraft designers. P., Ilyushin S. V. and others. Three gold medals "Hammer and Sickle" were awarded to the noble chairman of the cotton-growing collective farm Kham-rakul Tursunkulov.

For great services to our socialist Motherland, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 6, 1967, a number of benefits were established for the Heroes of Socialist Labor.

In accordance with this Decree, Heroes of Socialist Labor have the right to:

To establish by him personal pensions of federal significance in relation to the conditions determined by the Regulations on Personal Pensions. This right is also enjoyed by the families of the deceased Heroes of Socialist Labor, who were previously granted a pension on other grounds;

To provide living space in accordance with established standards in the first place;

To pay for the living space occupied by them and their family members in the amount of 50 percent of the rent calculated at the rates established for workers and employees;

When living in houses owned by them as personal property, to a discount on building and land rent tax or agricultural tax in the amount of 50 percent of the established rates;

To pay for the additional space they occupy up to 15 sq. meters in a single size;

Personal free travel once a year (round trip) by rail - in soft cars of fast and passenger trains, by water transport - in class I cabins (category I seats) of fast and passenger lines, by air or intercity road transport;

Personal free use of intra-city transport (tram, bus, trolleybus, subway, water crossings), and in rural areas - buses of intra-district lines;

To receive, at the conclusion of a medical institution, an annual free voucher to a sanatorium or rest home [Issuance of free vouchers to the Heroes of Socialist Labor is carried out at their place of work (service), and to non-working pensioners - by the bodies that assigned the pension];

For extraordinary maintenance by entertainment and public utilities, cultural and educational institutions.

The Heroes of Socialist Labor are an example of labor dedication and heroism, devotion to their homeland, to the cause of building a communist society in the USSR, and enjoy the honor and respect of the Soviet people.

On December 27, 1938, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was established. However, the highest degree of labor distinction appeared much earlier. As early as July 27, 1927, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution establishing the title of Hero of Labor. It was assigned to the leaders of socialist construction, with a long production experience. In the case of exceptional services to the Soviet state, a petition was initiated to award the Hero of Labor with the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

By decision of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of January 2, 1928, the first Heroes of Labor were N. A. Bushuev, a worker at the Paris Commune textile factory in Vladimir, who worked at this enterprise for 50 years and prevented an explosion in the boiler room; modeler of the Borisoglebsk car repair plant V. M. Fedorov - for numerous rationalization proposals and forty years of work experience; P. Kh. Starovatov, a teacher from the city of Vilyuisk, for success in pedagogical work; teacher from the Tatar ASSR M. Kurbangaleev - for compiling more than 50 textbooks in the Tatar language.

In total, 1014 people were awarded the title of Hero of Labor in 1928-1938.

The Hero of Labor was awarded a diploma of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR with a description of his merits and benefits were established.

The newly established title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to persons who achieved especially great success in various fields of the national economy, science, art and culture, contributing to the growth of the power and glory of the USSR.

First, the Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded the Order of Lenin and a special diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. On May 22, 1940, the Hammer and Sickle gold medal was also established, with which the Heroes of Socialist Labor were awarded additionally - in addition to the Order of Lenin and the diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The Hammer and Sickle gold medal also had the shape of a five-pointed star. A sickle and a hammer are superimposed on the Star. On the back - the inscription "Hero of Socialist Labor" and the number of the medal. The author of the sketch of the Hammer and Sickle medal was the artist S. A. Pomansky.

Twice the Heroes of Socialist Labor were provided with the establishment of a bust in their homeland, and with the third award - in Moscow.

On December 20, 1939, in connection with the 60th anniversary of his birth, I. V. Stalin was awarded the first title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

The second Hero was the outstanding gunsmith V. A. Degtyarev, who headed the first design bureau in the USSR for the development of small arms. V. A. Degtyarev created many samples of light and heavy machine guns - aviation, tank, anti-aircraft, as well as other types of weapons. During the Great Patriotic War, these weapons, improved and modernized by the designer, served the Soviet soldiers and partisans in good stead.

The fact that, following the head of the party and the state, it was the weapons engineer who became the Hero of Socialist Labor was not an accident. Realizing that the war was approaching, the country led the rearmament of the army, aviation and navy.

Soon this title was awarded to a large group of designers, engineers and scientists working in the defense industry. The titles of heroes were given to aircraft designers N. N. Polikarpov, A. S. Yakovlev, A. A. Mikulin, the oldest Soviet gunsmith, the creator of manual automatic weapons F. V. Tokarev, the creator of rapid-fire aircraft guns B. G. Shpitalny, mathematician and mechanic, Academician S. A. Chaplygin.

On October 29, 1940, the creators of new types of artillery pieces V. G. Grabin, I. I. Ivanov and M. Ya. Krupchatnikov became Heroes of Socialist Labor. All three are pupils of the F. E. Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy - outstanding scientists and designers.

During the Great Patriotic War, the creators of weapons were the first among those who were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

In 1941, it was assigned to the people's commissar of the aviation industry A. I. Shakhurin, the director of one of the aircraft factories A. T. Tretyakov, the deputy people's commissar of the tank industry, the creator of heavy tanks "KB" and "IS" Zh. Ya. Kotin, the creator of attack aircraft and bombers to aircraft designer S. V. Ilyushin, director of the Leningrad plant named after S. M. Kirov I. M. Zaltsman, who in the most difficult time and in a short time organized the mass production of various types of weapons.

On November 6, 1943, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On conferring the title of Hero of Socialist Labor to the commanding staff and ordinary employees of railway transport, generals, officers and enlisted personnel of the railway troops” was published in the newspapers. The awards were awarded to 127 people, including three women: A. N. Aleksandrova, the senior switchman of the military operation department of the Kalinin Railway, A. P. Zharkova, the duty officer at the station of the Kirov Railway, and E. M. Chukhnyuk, the locomotive driver of the depot Belarusian railway.

It was also handed over to P.F. Krivonos, one of the founders of the Stakhanov movement on the railways of the USSR, who by that time had become the head of the North-Donetsk Railway. But although millions of Soviet people worked selflessly in the rear during the war years, bringing victory closer, only 201 people were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

After the war, the main task was to restore the national economy. The Nazis inflicted enormous material damage on our country: more than 70 thousand cities and villages were turned into ruins, more than 31 thousand enterprises were decommissioned, agriculture was ruined. It was necessary to rebuild the cities and villages, factories and factories destroyed by the enemy, to restore bridges and tunnels, railways and power lines.

Colossal efforts were needed to overcome all the post-war difficulties. And the people found the strength to revive the country. Inspired by the Great Victory, the peoples did everything possible to quickly heal the wounds inflicted by the war. Hundreds of workers were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. There were especially many of them among collective farmers, state farm workers, specialists and organizers of agricultural production. Just as before the Great Patriotic War the main characters turned out to be gunsmiths, after the war the threat of famine forced the grain growers and winegrowers, milkmaids and livestock breeders to rise to the shield.

Among them were many Heroes of the Soviet Union, who became famous on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Among them are the famous organizers and leaders of advanced farms V. I. Golovchenko, K. P. Orlovsky, P. A. Trainin. Among the Heroes of the Soviet Union and Heroes of Socialist Labor, General of the Army I. M. Tretyak is especially worthy - he is the only military leader who showed outstanding organizational skills in peacetime and showed himself, among other things, as an excellent business executive.

Vasily Ivanovich Golovchenko, a driver of a self-propelled artillery mount, especially distinguished himself in the battles for a bridgehead near the city of Erchi on the bank of the Danube. The crew of his self-propelled gun destroyed a tank, a self-propelled gun, two anti-tank guns and 130 Nazis. Then, breaking into the railway station, V. I. Golovchenko set fire to 3 enemy tanks. The driver was wounded, but after the battle he refused to go to the medical battalion and continued to fight. For this, V. I. Golovchenko was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Demobilized from the army, Vasily Ivanovich worked as a tractor driver, and then as a combine operator. In just one suffering, he harvested wheat and barley from 537 hectares, threshed more than 10 thousand centners of grain, for which he received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Kirill Prokofievich Orlovsky belonged to the older generation. During the Civil War, he was the commander of a partisan detachment in Belarus, then fought in Spain, during the Great Patriotic War he became the commander of a partisan brigade. For skillful leadership, courage and heroism shown in the fight against the fascist invaders, Kirill Prokofievich was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In one of the last battles, K.P. Orlovsky was seriously wounded: one arm was torn off, the other was severely crippled, he was almost completely deaf. In the summer of 1944, he returned to his native village of Myshkovichi and was elected chairman of the collective farm - completely destroyed and plundered by the invaders. The long-term selfless work of K. P. Orlovsky has borne fruit - the Rassvet collective farm has become one of the best farms in Belarus, and its chairman was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

The title of Hero of the Soviet Union and the medal "Gold Star"

By a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of April 16, 1934, the highest degree of distinction was established - the award for personal or collective services to the state associated with the accomplishment of a heroic deed, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

By a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of July 29, 1936, the Regulations on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union were approved.

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 1, 1939, in order to distinguish citizens awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and performing new heroic deeds, establish the Gold Star medal, which has the shape of a five-pointed star.

By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 14, 1973, the Regulations on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in a new edition were approved.

Regulations on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union

The order of Lenin

The title of Hero of the Soviet Union (GSS) is the highest degree of distinction and is awarded for personal or collective services to the Soviet state and society associated with the accomplishment of a heroic deed.

The title of Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded:

badge of special distinction - the medal "Gold Star";

A Hero of the Soviet Union who has accomplished a heroic feat for the second time, no less than the one for which others who have accomplished a similar feat are awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, is awarded the Order of Lenin and the second Gold Star medal, and in commemoration of his exploits a bronze bust of the Hero is erected with the appropriate inscription, installed in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the award.

A Hero of the Soviet Union, awarded two Gold Star medals, for new heroic deeds similar to those previously accomplished, may be again awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.

When a Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal, he is simultaneously presented with a letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR along with the order and medal.

In the event that the Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, then in commemoration of his heroic and labor deeds, a bronze bust of the Hero with an appropriate inscription is erected in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on conferring the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Heroes of the Soviet Union enjoy the benefits established by law.

The Gold Star medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union is worn on the left side of the chest above the orders and medals of the USSR.

Deprivation of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union can only be done by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Description of the medal

The Gold Star medal is a five-pointed star with smooth dihedral rays on the front side. The distance from the center of the star to the top of the beam is 15 mm. The distance between opposite ends of the star is 30 mm.

The reverse side of the medal has a smooth surface and is limited along the contour by a protruding thin rim. On the reverse side in the center of the medal there is an inscription in raised letters "Hero of the USSR". The size of the letters is 4 by 2 mm. In the upper beam is the number of the medal with a height of 1 mm.

The medal is made of 950 gold. The medallion is made of silver. As of September 18, 1975, the gold content in the medal is 20.521 ± 0.903 g, the silver content is 12.186 ± 0.927 g. The weight of the medal without a block is 21.5 g. The total weight of the medal is 34.264 ± 1.5 g.

On December 24, 1991, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded for the last time.
The last person to be awarded the Gold Star medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union (No. 11664, for participating in a diving experiment simulating prolonged work at a depth of 500 meters under water) was a diving specialist, 3rd rank captain Leonid Mikhailovich Solodkov. Upon receiving the "Gold Star" of the Hero, he, as an officer, according to the charter, was supposed to answer: "I serve the Soviet Union!" However, at the time the award was presented (January 16, 1992), the USSR had not existed for 22 days. The charter had not yet been rewritten, so Solodkov only said to Air Marshal E.I. Shaposhnikov, who presented him with the award: "Thank you."

From the history of the highest award:

The first Hero of the Soviet Union pilot - Lyapidevsky A.V. (04/20/1934)

The first woman - Hero of the Soviet Union pilot - Grizodubova V. S. (11/02/1938)

The youngest Hero of the Soviet Union partisan Kotik V. A. (06/27/1958) at the time of the feat he was 14 years old

The oldest Hero of the Soviet Union, peasant Kuzmin Matvey Kuzmich (posthumously, 05/08/1965) - at the time of his death he was 83 years old

The first and only woman - twice Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot-cosmonaut S. E. Savitskaya (08/27/1982 and 07/29/1984)

The first twice Heroes of the Soviet Union: military pilot Major S. I. Gritsevets (02.22.1939 and 08.29.1939), military pilot Colonel Kravchenko G.P. (02.22.1939 and 08.29.1939)

Three times Heroes of the Soviet Union:
Air Marshal A. I. Pokryshkin (05/24/1943, 08/24/1943, 08/19/1944)
Colonel General of Aviation Kozhedub I. N. (02/04/1944, 08/19/1944, 08/18/1945)
Marshal of the Soviet Union Budyonny S. M. (02/01/1958, 04/24/1963, 02/22/1968)

Four times Heroes of the Soviet Union:
Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov G.K. (08/29/1939, 07/29/1944, 06/01/1945, 12/01/1956).
Marshal of the Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev (12/18/1966, 12/18/1976, 12/19/1978, 12/18/1981)

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor and the Hammer and Sickle medal

Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 27, 1938 established the highest degree of distinction in the field of economic and cultural construction - the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 22, 1940, in order to distinguish citizens awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, a gold medal "Sickle and Hammer" was established.

The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 14, 1973 approved the Regulations on the title of Hero of Socialist Labor in a new edition.

Regulations on the title of Hero of Socialist Labor

The order of Lenin

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor (GST) is the highest degree of distinction for merit in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction.

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded to individuals who have shown labor heroism, who, through their particularly outstanding innovative activity, have made a significant contribution to increasing the efficiency of social production, contributed to the rise of the national economy, science, culture, and the growth of the power and glory of the USSR.

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded:

the highest award of the USSR - the Order of Lenin;
badge of special distinction - the gold medal "Hammer and Sickle";
Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Hero of Socialist Labor for new outstanding achievements in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction, no less than those for which he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, is awarded the Order of Lenin and the second gold medal "Sickle and Hammer" and a bronze bust is built to commemorate his labor exploits A hero with a corresponding inscription, installed in his homeland, as recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the award.

The Hero of Socialist Labor, who was awarded two gold medals "Hammer and Sickle", for new outstanding achievements in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction, no less significant than the previous ones, can be again awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.

When the Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal, he is simultaneously presented with a letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR along with the order and medal.

If the Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, then in commemoration of his labor and heroic deeds, a bronze bust of the Hero with a corresponding inscription is erected, installed in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union .

Heroes of Socialist Labor enjoy the benefits established by law.

The gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" of the Hero of Socialist Labor is worn on the left side of the chest above orders and medals of the USSR.

Deprivation of the title of Hero of Socialist Labor can only be done by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Description of the gold medal "Hammer and Sickle"

The Hammer and Sickle gold medal is a five-pointed star with smooth dihedral rays on the front side. In the center of the medal there are relief hammer and sickle. The distance from the center of the star to the top of the beam is 15 mm. The diameter of the circumscribed circle of the star is 33.5 mm. The size of the sickle and hammer from the handle to the top point, respectively, is 14 and 13 mm.

The reverse side of the medal has a smooth surface and is limited along the contour by a protruding thin rim. On the reverse side in the center of the medal there is an inscription in raised letters "Hero of Socialist Labor". The size of the letters in the words "Hero" and "Labor" - 2 by 1 mm, in the word "Socialist" - 1.5 by 0.75 mm. In the upper beam is the number of the medal with a height of 1 mm.

The medal is connected by means of an eyelet and a ring to a gilded metal block, which is a rectangular plate 15 mm high and 19.5 mm wide, with frames in the upper and lower parts. There are slits along the base of the shoe; its inner part is covered with a red silk moiré ribbon 20 mm wide. The box has a threaded pin with a nut on the reverse side for attaching the medal to clothing.

The medal is made of 950 gold. The medallion is made of silver. As of September 18, 1975, the gold content in the medal is 14.583±0.903 g, the silver content is 12.03±0.927 g. The weight of the medal without a block is 15.25 g. The total weight of the medal is 28.014±1.5 g.

The title of "City-Hero", the title of "Fortress-Hero"

City-hero-honorary title, the highest degree of distinction.

Officially, the title was established as a state award on May 8, 1965, when the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR by its Decree approved the Regulations on the highest degree of distinction - the title of "hero city". On the same day, the title was awarded to the cities of Leningrad, Volgograd, Sevastopol, Odessa, Kiev and Moscow, and the title of "hero-fortress" was awarded to the Brest Fortress.

The Regulations on the title of "hero city" states:

The order of Lenin

The highest degree of distinction - the title of "hero city" is assigned to the cities of the Soviet Union, whose workers showed mass heroism and courage in defending the Motherland in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

The city awarded the highest degree of distinction - the title of "hero city":

a) the highest award of the USSR is awarded - the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal;

b) a Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR is issued.

On the banner of the city, awarded the highest degree of distinction - the title of "hero city", the Order of Lenin and the medal "Gold Star" are depicted.

In the city, awarded the highest degree of distinction - the title of "hero city", an obelisk is installed with the image of the Order of Lenin, the Gold Star medal and the text of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Each city, like each person, has its own destiny: the time of birth (foundation), development, the time of ups and downs, the time of heroic deeds...

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, all the people stood up to defend their homeland: men fought at the front, women and children fought in the rear, at the machine tools, in partisan detachments. Some cities showed special courage and mass heroism, for which they were awarded a special title.

After the war, 12 cities of the USSR were awarded the title of Hero City:

May 1, 1945
Leningrad (St. Petersburg);
Stalingrad (Volgograd);
Sevastopol;
Odessa.

Currently, Kiev, Odessa, Kerch and Sevastopol are located on the territory of Ukraine; Minsk and the Brest Fortress - in the Republic of Belarus; the rest of the cities are in Russia.

By order of the Supreme Commander I.V. Stalin on May 1, 1945, the first hero cities were:

Leningrad;
Stalingrad;
Sevastopol;
Odessa.

Star of the Marshal of the Armed Forces, Admiral of the Fleet and General of the Army

On September 2, 1940, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the marshal insignia "Marshal Star" was established. On March 3, 1955, it was established that the Admirals of the Fleet of the Soviet Union were awarded the same star.

DESCRIPTION, HISTORY

It is a five-pointed gold star with smooth dihedral rays on the front side. In the middle of the badge there is a platinum five-pointed star with diamonds; in the center is a diamond weighing 2.62 carats, in the rays there are 25 diamonds with a total weight of 1.25 carats.
Between the edges of the rays are 5 diamonds with a total weight of 3.06 carats.
The diameter of the circumscribed circle of the gold star is 44.5 mm, the platinum star is 23 mm.
The height of the Marshal's Star profile is 8 mm.
The reverse side of the badge is flat, with openwork of diamonds of a platinum star and diamonds located between the edges of the rays.
The "Marshal's Star" is connected by means of a triangular lug in the upper beam to a semi-oval mount 14 mm in size, through which a moiré ribbon 35 mm wide is threaded.
The total weight of the marshal's insignia is 36.8 g.

Although the Marshal's Star was a sign of distinction, similar, for example, to epaulettes, it was awarded, like an order, in a solemn atmosphere by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, and a special diploma was also issued to its owner. After the death or demotion of the Marshal, the star was subject to surrender to the Diamond Fund.
About 200 of these stars were made.

Later (February 27, 1943) a Marshal's Star of a different type appeared - for persons with the rank of Marshal of Artillery, Marshal of Air and Marshal of Armored Forces. On March 20, 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Council ordered the marshals of the engineering troops and marshals of the communications troops to wear it; On June 5, 1962, to the admirals of the fleet, and on November 1, 1974, to the generals of the army.

The Marshal's Star of the Marshal of the Armed Forces, Admiral of the Fleet and General of the Army is a five-pointed gold star with smooth dihedral rays on the front side. On top of the gold star is superimposed a five-pointed platinum star of a smaller size. In the center of the platinum star is a 2.04 carat diamond. In the rays of a platinum star - 25 diamonds with a total weight of 0.91 carats. There are no diamonds between the rays of the golden star. The diameter of the circumscribed circle of the gold star is 42 mm, the platinum star is 21 mm. The height of the profile of the Marshal's Star is 8 mm. The reverse side of the badge is flat, with openwork of platinum star diamonds. The total weight is 35.1 g. The Marshal's Star is connected to a 14 mm semi-oval mount by means of a triangular lug in the upper beam. A moiré ribbon 35 mm wide is threaded through the eyelet in the upper beam.
The colors of the ribbon vary, depending on the type of troops. For artillery, the ribbon is golden, for aviation - blue, for armored troops - burgundy, for engineering troops - crimson, for signal troops - blue, for the admiral of the fleet - turquoise.

About 370 such stars were made. They were also awarded in the Russian army in 1992-1997. (after the abolition of marshal ranks in the military branches - only to generals of the army and admirals of the fleet).

Title "Mother Heroine"

Order "Mother Heroine"

By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 8, 1944, it was established that a mother who gave birth and raised ten children was awarded the highest degree of distinction - the title of "Mother Heroine". The regulation on the honorary title "Mother Heroine" and the Order "Mother Heroine" were approved by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 18, 1944.

Regulations on the title "Mother-heroine"

The title "Mother Heroine" is the highest degree of distinction and is awarded to mothers who have given birth and raised ten or more children.

The title of "Mother-Heroine" is awarded when the last child reaches the age of one year and if there are other children of this mother alive.

When conferring the title "Mother Heroine", children are also taken into account:

adopted by the mother in the manner prescribed by law;
dead or missing in the defense of the USSR or in the performance of other duties of military service, or in the performance of the duty of a citizen of the USSR to save human life, to protect socialist property and socialist law and order, as well as those who died as a result of injury, concussion, mutilation or illness received during the specified circumstances, or as a result of an industrial injury or occupational disease.

Mothers who have been awarded the title "Mother Heroine" are awarded the Order "Mother Heroine" and a Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The Order "Mother - Heroine" is worn by the awarded on the left side of the chest and, if the recipient has other orders and medals, is placed above them.

Description of the order "Mother Heroine"

The badge of the order "Mother-Heroine" is a gold convex five-pointed star against the background of silver rays diverging in the form of a five-pointed star, the ends of which are placed between the ends of the gold star.

The size of the order between the opposite ends of the silver shtral star is 28 mm. The height of the order together with the block is 46 mm.

On September 18, 1975, the gold content in the order was 4.5 ± 0.4402 g, the silver content was 11.525 ± 0.974 g. The fineness of gold was 583. The total weight of the order was 17.5573 ± 1.75 g.

The badge of the order is connected by means of an eyelet and a link to a figured metal plate covered with red enamel. On the plate there is a convex inscription "Mother is a heroine". The edges of the plate and the inscription are gilded. The plate has a pin on the reverse side for attaching the order to clothing.