We are writing an essay for the Unified State Exam. Template to help. Speech clichés in the Russian language for an essay How to move from one argument to another

It is written according to the following plan:

Introduction

Formulation of the problem

Comment on the issue

Your position

Arguments (2 arguments: from personal experience and from literature, history, etc.)

Conclusion

Speech clichés for introduction.

To enter you can use the following speech clichés:

Everyone knows that... Oh... thousands of books have been written and a large number of films have been shot. Subject …. interests many of us.


Rhetorical questions.


Quote from the text - in these words it sounds (reveals, touches)...

Speech clichés for formulating a problem.

To describe the problem revealed in the text, you can use the following phrases:

The proposed text reveals the problem... In this text, the author describes (reveals, brings to our attention) the problem... A problem that worries many... in the above-described text the author reveals...

Speech clichés to reflect the author’s position.

At this point you can use the following figures of speech:

Speech clichés for expressing your own opinion.

In order to diplomatically express your opinion about the problem being disclosed, you can use the following phrases:

It is impossible not to agree with the author that... I agree with the author that... My views on the problem ... are similar to the author’s position that ... I hold a similar opinion with the author regarding ...

Speech clichés for argumentation.

In order to organically fit arguments into the text, you can use the following cliches (depending on the type of argument):

We often have to deal with... Often, in our time... Who among us has not encountered... Nowadays, it has become commonplace that... This problem was especially acutely revealed in such a work as... The problem revealed in this text worried many Russian classics, for example,...The relevance of this topic is revealed in the work.... great Russian writer (poet, philosopher).... Topic.... Many TV shows and articles are dedicated to...

Speech clichés for conclusion.

Summarize the Unified State Exam essay you can start with the following phrases:

After reading this text, everyone will think (everyone will understand that)... Having become familiar with the author’s position, you understand that... In this text, the author expressed his main idea:... It is no coincidence that the author writes at the end of the article that... The author wants , to...

Introduction

1) Everyone knows that... Thousands of books have been written about this and hundreds of films have been made; it worried people in ancient times and does not leave people indifferent (disturbs, disturbs) in our time. This topic interests both young and experienced people, and the text... is also dedicated to...
2) (Rhetorical questions). These questions have always worried humanity. About ... reflects in his article ... .
3) (Rhetorical questions). At first glance, these questions seem simple. Some people think that... Others emphasize... But the meaning of this article is somewhat broader than it seems at first glance. The problem that the author poses concerns not only selected people, it concerns any of us. … . Why does this happen? The answer to this question can be found in the article….
4) (The “Thread” technique) Start with a quote that contains the main idea of ​​the text. “(Statement)” - this is how the article begins…. Already in the first sentence the main theme of the text is clearly expressed. Oh... they talked and wrote a lot. The importance of this topic is difficult to overestimate: not all people understand... (Define the problem in the form of a question).
5) “Quote” technique. “…,” wrote the famous…. These words sound…. Really, … .
6) (Questions). These questions are asked in the article... The author raises a problem whose relevance no one doubts.

Problem Statement

1) This text is devoted to the topic (problem) ... .
2) In the text proposed for analysis (we indicate the author), it raises (addresses) the problem... (concerns the following questions..., dwells on the following problems...)
3) “_______!” - this appeal addressed to the reader’s heart is heard in the text (full name)
4) From the very first lines we (find ourselves, plunge, enter) into (mysterious, magical, quiet, bright, etc.) ________. _________ in the cultural experience of our ancestors was the embodiment (has long been considered, revered) (embodiment, symbol, manifestation) of the _______ beginning. That's why the author (full name) describes _____ like this.
5) “You can talk about ____________ endlessly!” - we hear. And indeed, how many books, articles, and programs have already been devoted to __________! But the strange thing is that everyone who turns to this (hot, topical, sacred, important, relevant) topic finds in it something of their own, new (+ relevance).
6) The author explores, analyzes, raises, considers, touches on the problem…. Comment on the problem (relevance).

Problem comment

1) Reasoning about the problem..., (indicate the author) addresses... (indicate on what material the author considers the problem: maybe these are memories, dialogues, artistic narration, excited monologue, quoting the thoughts of great people, reasoning, description of paintings nature, etc.). (We convey the content of the text, not a retelling).
2) The problem put forward (raised, indicated, etc.) (indicate the author) is especially relevant (topical, important, significant) these days, because...
3) The narrator does not discuss the question he raised in a detached manner; one can feel his interest in what he is writing about. (Referring to the text, we explain how this manifests itself).

1) The author’s point of view, it seems to me, is expressed quite clearly. It is as follows:...
2) The author believes (convinces us that) that...
3) The author seeks to convey to the reader the idea that...
4) Although the author’s position is not expressed explicitly, the logic of the text convinces the reader that...

Expressing your opinion

1) I hold (do not hold) the same opinion on the problem ... as the author.
2) It is difficult (impossible) to disagree with the author of the text that...
3) I share (do not share) the author’s point of view on the problem...

Argumentation of your opinion

From reading experience
1) This problem worried many great Russian writers, in particular...
2) This problem is especially acute in the works...
3) The topicality of the topic raised by the author is also proven by the fact that Russian writers addressed it in their works.

From spectator experience
1) The topic is often discussed (discussed) on the Internet (on the pages of newspapers and magazines; in various television programs) ...
2) It is also noteworthy (not coincidentally) that numerous articles and television programs are devoted to this topic...

Useful cliches for task C1 in the Russian language.

The essay is written according to a specific plan:

1. Introduction
2. Statement of the problem
3. Comment on the problem
4. Author's position
5. Your position
6. Literary argument
7. Any other argument
8. Conclusion

1) Everyone knows that... Thousands of books have been written about this and hundreds of films have been made, both inexperienced teenagers and experienced people talk about it... Probably, this topic interests each of us, so the text... is also dedicated to...

2) Everyone knows about the need... Teachers at school and writers talk about this in their books. Problems... are those problems that a person constantly faces. It would seem that everything should have been decided long ago. But how often everything remains only at the level of formal knowledge.

3) (Rhetorical questions). These questions have always worried humanity. About ... reflects in his article ... .

4) (Rhetorical questions). At first glance, these questions seem simple. For some people, they are not questions at all, they do not face them. The answers to them seem self-evident to them.
Some people think that... Others emphasize... But the meaning of this article is somewhat broader than it seems at first glance. The problem that the author poses concerns not only selected people, it concerns any of us. … . Why does this happen? The answer to this question can be found in the article...

5) Start with a quote that conveys the main idea of ​​the text. (Technique “Thread”) “(Statement)” - this is how the article begins…. Already in the first sentence the main theme of the text is clearly expressed. Oh... they talked and wrote a lot. The importance of this topic is difficult to overestimate: not all people understand... (Define the problem in the form of a question).

6) One of the most exciting mysteries that has always troubled human thought was the question related to .... (Rhetorical questions).

7) (Rhetorical question). This question arises before every new generation, because people do not want to be satisfied with old answers and strive to find their truth.

8) Technique “Key word”. a) Determine the topic of the text. b) Highlight the key concept. c) Explain the meaning of this concept.

9) Technique “Allegory”. It is necessary to illustrate the importance of the problem posed with some specific example.

10) “Quote” technique. “…,” wrote the famous…. These words sound…. Really, …

11) (Questions). These questions are asked in the article... The author raises a problem whose relevance no one doubts.

12) People often think that... (People thought about the fact that ... both in ancient and modern history).

13) What do we know about...? (each of us someday...). Most often, our knowledge about ... is limited to the most general ideas: ...

14) (Questions). These questions are very important because they make us think about the essence of.... Some people think that... Somebody … .

15) “…,” - these words, it seems to me, express the main idea of ​​the text….
Let's think about the meaning of this seemingly “textbook” and understandable phrase? (Questions. Then you need to reveal the complexity of the questions posed). If you ask any of us..., we will probably answer this question in the affirmative. We know that…

1) In the text proposed for analysis (we indicate the author) it raises (addresses) the problem...

3) This text is devoted to the topic (problem) ...

4) The text presents a point of view (we indicate the author) on the problem...

5) The text proposed for analysis (we indicate the author) concerns the following issues... (dwells on the following problems...)

9) A problem that worries us all... raises (indicate the author).

10) The problem raised (posed) (indicate the author) is...

11) The problem... cannot but worry modern people. I thought about it and (indicate the author).

12) What is...? (What is...? What role does... play in a person’s life?) This important problem is raised by (indicate the author).

1) The question of ... (we denote the problem in other words than it was in the first paragraph) cannot leave anyone indifferent, it concerns each of us to a greater or lesser extent. (We explain why)

2) The problem put forward (raised, indicated, etc.) (indicate the author) is especially relevant (topical, important, significant) these days, because...

3) The narrator does not discuss the question he raised in a detached manner; one can feel his interest in what he is writing about. (Referring to the text, we explain how this manifests itself).

4) Reasoning about the problem..., (indicate the author) addresses... (indicate on what material the author considers the problem: maybe these are memories, dialogues, artistic narration, excited monologue, quoting the thoughts of great people, reasoning, description of paintings nature, etc.). (We convey the content of the text, not a retelling).

8) The text proves the idea that...

9) The main idea of ​​the text is that...

1) I share (do not share) the author’s point of view on the problem...

2) I hold (do not hold) the same opinion on the problem ... as the author.

- using life experience:
1) How often do you have to deal with...

2) Haven’t such phenomena as... become common (the norm of life)?

3) Who among us has not observed (failed to encounter; noticed (oneself); witnessed) how...

4) Unfortunately, often these days (among us; around us) ...

- from reading experience
1) This problem worried many great Russian writers, in particular...

2) This problem is especially acute in the works...

- from spectator experience
1) The topic is often discussed (discussed) on the Internet (on the pages of newspapers and magazines; in various television programs) ...

2) It is also noteworthy (not coincidentally) that numerous articles and television programs are devoted to this topic...

1) “Response” technique. The signal of this technique is the participial construction “After reading this text...”:
After reading this text, it becomes clear (you understand) that... .

2) Using a quote that expresses the main idea of ​​the text:
“...!” - this statement reflects the main idea of ​​the text. (Explain the meaning expressed in this statement).

4) (Use of quotation) “…,” wrote…. These words express the idea of... The author of the text also believes that...

6) After reading this text, you understand how... . It is no coincidence that the author writes in the final part of his article that “...”.

How to determine the problem in the proposed text?

Let's start with the definition of this concept: in short, a problem is a question that the author asks.
The surest way to identify a problem in a text is to find the author's position. If there is an author’s position, there must certainly be a problem on which this position is expressed. It is best to take the main problem of the text, but inspectors, as a rule, are loyal to indirect ones.

An article about how to properly prepare and write, using all the tactical and literary techniques in writing an essay in the form of an argument.

An argumentative essay always has the goal of convincing the reader (listener) of something, changing or consolidating his opinion on a certain issue (if the opinions of the author and the reader coincide.

Therefore, the basis of reasoning, its core, becomes a clearly formulated, understandable and justified from different positions one main idea .

We write an essay-reasoning on a free topic

Step one . Clearly and completely formulate the idea you want to prove.

You can check the success of this step as follows. Read the formulation to several people: if they have no questions about your position (objections to the essence of the issue do not count), then the formulation is successful. Now you can move on to writing an argumentative essay.

What parts does an argumentative essay consist of?

The complete essay-reasoning consists of 3 parts. This:

• thesis(that thought, judgment, position that you have formulated and which you will prove);
• arguments(each of them should serve as a visual, accomplished, and therefore convincing proof of your thought);
• conclusion(he essentially repeats the thesis, but takes it to a new level with broad generalizations, forecasts, recommendations, etc.).

An optional, but desirable part of the discussion is a brief introduction, the task of which is to involve the reader in a dialogue, to outline the essence and relevance of the problem.

Example . The topic of the essay-reasoning is "First love…". You can talk about first love endlessly (as well as about other issues), so let’s do it immediately step one - formulate a thesis.

With the thesis “First love is the most important stage in a person’s life, which will affect all future relationships and the personality itself,” the introduction could be like this: “For teenagers, it becomes the meaning of life, and in adults it causes an indulgent smile. However, parents and acquaintances grin in vain: according to psychologists, the source of our “adult” happiness and unhappiness is hidden in first love.”

Main part: arguments, content of arguments

Argumentation in an argumentative essay should occupy at least 2/3 of the total volume. The optimal number of arguments for a short (school or exam) essay is three.

The best arguments are well known historical facts(or not very well-known, but which can be easily found in authoritative sources - encyclopedias, reference books, scientific works, etc.). Good evidence would be statistics, events discussed. In the practice of school essays, the most powerful argument is literary work, but not everything, but that episode, storyline, story of the hero that confirms your idea.

To choose the right arguments, mentally pronounce your thesis each time and ask the question “Why?”

Example . Let’s take another thesis related to the topic “First Love” - “To love is to become better" Why?

• By trying to please another person, we improve. Literary argument. Tatyana Larina, wanting to unravel Onegin's soul, spends her days in his library reading books, eagerly peering at the notes left by Eugene, and reflecting on what she read. Not only does she finally understand what kind of person fate has brought her together, but she herself grows spiritually and intellectually.

An argument can also be personal experience, but remember that such evidence is the least convincing and is best presented as an extension to the basic facts, known and authoritative.

Step two . Select arguments that support your idea and arrange them in the following order: “ very convincing - quite convincing - the most convincing".

Conclusion

The conclusion deepens the thesis, contains - albeit not explicit - advice, rules, and offers forecasts.

Example. First love, no matter what age it happens, can turn a person into a tough, ruthless cynic, an incorrigible romantic, and a realist who does not exclude any possibilities for himself.

The first one will be deeply unhappy: he will not be able to love, which means he will remain lonely. The second often moves from the absolute optimism of “love forever” to the same pessimism of “no love.” And only the third is able to find harmony. To ensure that there are more and more people like this, adults, family, and friends should take the feelings of teenagers and children carefully and seriously.

Sections: Russian language

Class: 11

1. Text analysis We start by identifying the topic (what the text is about). To do this, we select keywords (words related to the same topic, synonymous words and expressions).

This text (article) is about...

2. Having determined the topic, you can try to formulate the problem.

Problem– (from Greek) – task – a question that requires study, resolution.

The problem of something, a point of view on a problem, put, put forward, consider, discuss, present, resolve a problem, touch on a problem, pay attention to a problem, a problem arises, arises, is of interest , Deserves attention.

The problem is formulated as a question, or by combining the word “problem” with a noun in the genitive case.

There may be several problems. It is important to see two and comment. It is important to comment not on the entire text, but on the problems that you stated at the beginning.

Which question should I choose? It is important to choose the issue that the author thinks about the most and about which the author’s position is clearly stated.

Re-read how you defined the problem. If in the form of a question, then the position should sound like an answer to the question. If, according to the formula “problem + noun in the genitive case,” then this noun should be heard in the designation of the author’s position.

• delivered
• stated
• reviewed
• nominated
• affected
• raised
• formulated
• researched
• analyzed

Possible problems:

• The problem of memory about one’s origins, about one’s childhood (why, having matured, does a person feel a connection with the home of his childhood, with the world of his childhood?);
• The problem of the role of childhood in a person’s life (why is childhood the most important stage of a person’s life?);
• The problem of historical memory (why does a person need to preserve the memory of the past? What does it mean to love your family and your Motherland7);
• The problem of the father's house (why one should not forget the father's house7);
• The problem of assessing such a period of a person’s life as childhood (is childhood really the “golden” period of a person’s life? What is the role of childhood in the formation of personality?);
• The problem of a person’s moral strength (why is it in ordinary everyday situations that a person’s moral essence often manifests itself?);
• The problem of the development and preservation of the Russian language (is the Russian language enriched or deteriorated thanks to borrowings?);
• The problem of human influence on nature (what is the degree of human influence on nature and what are the possible consequences of this influence);
• The problem of human perception of nature as living matter (should a person perceive nature as something living and take care of it?);
• The problem of the injustice of the social structure of society (is it natural to divide people into rich and poor, is society structured correctly?);
• The problem of alienation of the world of the rich and well-fed from the world of the poor and hungry (do the well-fed and rich think about those who cannot afford to eat to their fullest?);
• The problem of internal resistance to the temptation of abundance (can children from a poor family resist the temptation of abundance and not become embittered?);
• The problem of choosing a profession taking into account personal and public interests (can personal and public interests coincide when choosing a profession?)
• The problem of a person’s responsibility to himself and society (can a person be free from society, from other people?);
• The problem of commercialization of culture.

3. Comment on the problem.

A commentary differs from a simple retelling in that in a retelling you say what the characters are doing, and in a commentary what the author is doing. This is the most important and difficult thing.

It is important to reflect on some questions related to the text you read; Who is the text addressed to? What is the relevance of the text? How does the author approach this problem? What category does the problem belong to: moral, ethical, social, environmental, socio-political, philosophical, psychological? How covered is this problem in the literature? Which of the authors touched on it? How did the author approach his task? How does the author talk about the situation, what does he focus on?

Here it is possible to turn to means of expression if they help determine the author’s position. What is the writer's point of view? Maybe the author shows this through the eyes of the narrator, speaks on behalf of the hero? In what mood does the author write? What does it emphasize? What follows from this? What conclusions does this lead us to?

Templates: The problem could be:

The significance of the problem can be emphasized using the words:

The problem may cause the reader to:

Why is it important to be able to comment on the main problem of the text?

• This allows you to see what interests the author.
• By commenting on the problem, you also show your perception of what worries the author.
• The comment will allow you to look deeper at the problem at hand.

The comment should not contain:

• Retelling the source text or part of it.
• Reasoning about all the problems of the text.
• Comments on the actions of the characters in the text.
• Avoid repeating the word “problem”
• Avoid the expressions “the problem is that...”, “the problem is that...”, “the problem is about courage and perseverance...”.

At the same time, it is necessary to say how the author solves the stated problem, how he argues for his position (“for”), what, ultimately, is the purpose of writing the text. If the problem of the text is a question, then the author’s position is the answer to the question, how is the author answers it. When formulating a problem as a question, you need to know how the author answers it. You are not required to formulate the author’s position in general, but to show his opinion on the issue you have highlighted and commented on.

The author's position in a journalistic style is likely to be stated directly and can be easily detected. It is better not to quote the entire sentence, which reflects the author’s position, but to quote in part or paraphrase (so as not to reduce the score).

If the text is artistic, then the author’s position may not be directly stated. Here it is important to pay attention to how it is stated: directly or indirectly; use of expressive means; conscription; evaluativeness; availability; simplicity, etc.

Cliche:

• The author believes that... The author claims that...
• The author is convinced that..., and such confidence has its grounds.
• It is important for the author to convince the reader that...
• There is no doubt about the author’s opinion that...
• The author leads the reader to the idea that...
• The author strives to convey to the reader the idea that...
• Solving the problem, the author comes to the conclusion: ...
• ... – these words, in my opinion, reflect the main problem of the text.
• ... - this statement accurately reflects the author’s thought.
• The author’s position is obvious:...

5. Expression of one’s own attitude to this problem.

To prove it, we present 2 arguments, referring to examples from reading or life experience. Your own opinion must be expressed correctly. Your arguments should not repeat what was said in the original text.

Search your memory, remember what you read about it, what literary associations it evokes for you. It is very important that your arguments support, prove your point of view, and are not just an illustration on the same topic. Therefore, with each argument, formulate what you prove with the example given.

It's important to prove why you think this way. I (dis)agree with the author because... and I think...

Here is a strict essay-reasoning:

• thesis
• argumentation
• conclusion
• argumentation

Start each argument in a new paragraph.

Give examples, citing examples from fiction, authoritative people, or from your own life and the lives of others.

However, his thought about ... is doubtful

I share the author’s indignation (rejection, delight) and think...

A story comes to mind that I heard (read, that happened to me)

My opinion is confirmed by this fact...

Templates:

• I enjoyed reading...
• You can't remain indifferent...
• Unfortunately…
• It should be noted that the indisputability of the author’s position is beyond doubt...
• The author convincingly proves that...
• The author, in my opinion, is not entirely right when he claims that...
• The author's point of view is, of course, interesting, but I believe that...
• In my opinion, the author is somewhat categorical in his judgments.
• I believe that it is not entirely fair that the author says that...
• The author rightly notes that...
• The author's assessments are fair and accurate. Really, …
• The author's position on this issue coincides with my point of view.

• Firstly,…
• Secondly,…
• Thus,

Arguments must be accurate.

Arguments must be detailed and convincing.

Arguments must prove your point.

How can you introduce arguments into your own position?

Using phrases:

• Let's turn to (a fact, someone's memories, scientific data...)
• Suffice it to give an example...
• This can be proven as follows..
• This can be confirmed by the following fact...
• Let me give you another example to prove my point.
• You can easily verify this by contacting...

Using introductory words and phrases:

• For example... Let's say...
• According to someone's testimony... Suppose...
• Firstly, ..., secondly, ... etc.

Using conjunctions and subordinate clauses:

• Because…
• Because…
• Because of…
• Thanks to…
• Due to the fact that…

6. How to finish an essay?

• 2-3 sentences duplicating the introduction.

7. How to start an essay?

• If you know anything about the author, you can write 2-3 sentences.
• You can write about the positive impression the text made on you.
• You can paint a typical picture (It often happens that...)
• On eternal topics, you can start like this: Love... So much has been said about it!

Algorithm for writing an argumentative essay

1. Introduction.
2. Problems that the author thinks about.