Why does the day described by Shukhov seem happy? “What helped Ivan Denisovich Shukhov to resist. Other works on this work

Help answer questions about the work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisov” 1. Why is the story about the camp world limited to a description of one day? 2. Who is Ivan Denisovich? (restore his past, how did he get to the camp?) 3. What helps the hero to resist, to remain human? 4. Why does the day described in the story seem “almost happy” to the hero?

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13 answers to the question “questions about the work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisov"

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  I don’t remember it well, it’s been a long time since I read it. But I can answer the first question. Because 1 day is like many. Basically, they are all the same. And so Ivan Denisovich lives not just for one day, but for years.
  Source: Wonderful work

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  1. Solzhenitsyn himself wrote about this: “... IT WAS NECESSARY TO DESCRIBE THE WHOLE CAMP WORLD IN ONE DAY...” THE MAIN FACTOR OF THE MOVEMENT OF THE PLOT in the introduction. I see the course of camp time - from early wake-up until lights out. 2.Ivan Denisovich Shukhov - Ch. hero. He is 40 years old, formerly a peasant, married, and has two daughters. In the beginning. war went to the front, was wounded, in February. In 1942, the army was surrounded, Shukhov was captured, but he managed to escape. HE was forced to sign a confession that he was a fascist agent. He was convicted under Article 58 (For Treason) and sentenced to 10 years in the camps. 8 years have passed since then. 3. During the time that Shukhov spent in the camp, he “did not lose himself.” In this he was helped by adherence to some principles of life: involvement in a community of people, work, fortitude, wisdom and responsibility, conscientiousness. 4. This day was “almost happy” for him. Here, for example, is how he sums it up: “...they didn’t put him in a punishment cell, they didn’t send the brigade to Sotsgorodok, he made porridge at lunch... he didn’t get caught with a hacksaw on a search, he worked at Caesar’s in the evening and bought tobacco. And he didn’t "I got sick, I got over it. THE DAY PASSED, NOT MARKED BY ANYTHING, ALMOST HAPPY." SECRET INNER LIGHT. COMING FROM THE HUMBLE SHUKHOV. - THIS IS THE LIGHT OF ALL-CONQUERING LIFE!!! JUST ONE DAY, depicted by the writer, became a SYMBOL OF THE TERRIBLE ERA in which our country lived.

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  1. The hero - Ivan Denisovich Shukhov - is one of many who fell into the Stalinist meat grinder and became faceless “numbers”. In 1941, he, a standing man, a peasant who fought honestly, found himself surrounded and then captured. Having escaped from captivity, Ivan Denisovich ends up in Soviet counterintelligence. The only chance to stay alive is to sign a confession that he is a spy. The absurdity of what is happening is emphasized by the fact that even the investigator cannot figure out what task the “spy” was given. That’s what they wrote, just a “task.” “Counterintelligence beat Shukhov a lot. And Shukhov’s calculation was simple: if you don’t sign, it’s a wooden pea coat; if you sign, you’ll at least live a little longer. Signed." And Shukhov ends up in the camp.

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  3. Shukhov lives in harmony with himself. “Naturality” I.D. associated with the high morality of the hero. They trust Shukhov because they know he is honest and decent. He lives according to his conscience. He works conscientiously, as if in freedom, on his collective farm. While working, he feels a surge of energy and strength. Work is life for Shukhov. The way of peasant life, its age-old laws turned out to be stronger. Common sense and a sober outlook on life help him survive.

Sections: Literature

Epigraph for the lesson:

2. “...groan and bend...but if you resist, you’ll break..”

Lesson equipment: on the board there is a portrait of A.I. Solzhenitsyn, a projector, a screen, presentations (Appendix 1).

The purpose of the lesson:

1. Analyze the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn.

2. Bring students to the idea of ​​the possibility and even the necessity of preserving human dignity in any conditions.

3. Show the connection between Solzhenitsyn’s recitation and the traditions of Russian classical literature.

During the classes

1. Introductory speech by the teacher.(from an article by Lydia Chukovskaya)

There are destinies that seem to be deliberately conceived and staged on the stage of history by some brilliant director. Everything in them is dramatically tense and everything is dictated by the history of the country, the ups and downs of its people.

One of these destinies is, of course, the fate of Solzhenitsyn. Life and literature.

Life is known. It coincides with the destinies of millions. In peacetime - a student, in wartime - a soldier and commander of a victorious army, and then, with a new wave of Stalinist repressions, - a prisoner.

Monstrous and - alas! - usually. The fate of millions.

1953 Stalin died.

His death in itself has not yet resurrected the country. But then, in 1956, Khrushchev, from the rostrum of the party congress, exposed Stalin as an executioner and murderer. In 1962, his ashes were taken out of the mausoleum. Little by little, the curtain is carefully lifted over the corpses of the innocently tortured and the secrets of the Stalinist regime are revealed.

And here the writer enters the historical stage. History instructs Solzhenitsyn, yesterday’s camp inmate, to speak loudly about what he and his comrades experienced.

This is how the country learned the story of Ivan Shukhov - a simple Russian worker, one of millions, who was swallowed up by the terrible, bloodthirsty machine of a totalitarian state.

2. Checking advanced homework (1)

“How was this born? It was just such a camp day, hard work, I was carrying a stretcher with my partner, and I thought how to describe the entire camp world - in one day. Of course, you can describe your ten years of the camp, and then the entire history of the camps, but it is enough to collect everything in one day, as if in pieces; it is enough to describe only one day of one average, unremarkable person from morning to evening. And everything will be. This idea came to me in 1952. In the camp. Well, of course, it was crazy to think about it then. And then the years passed. I was writing a novel, I was sick, I was dying of cancer. And now... in 1959..."

“Conceived by the author during general work in the Ekibastuz Special Camp in the winter of 1950-51. Realized in 1959, first as “Shch - 854. One day of one prisoner,” more politically acute. It was softened in 1961 - and in this form it was useful for submission to the New World in the fall of that year.

The image of Ivan Denisovich was formed from the soldier Shukhov, who fought with the author in the Soviet-German war (and never went to prison), the general experience of a prisoner and the personal experience of the author in the Special Camp as a mason. The rest of the faces are all from camp life, with their authentic biographies.”

3. New theme

Teacher. Let's try to piece together a picture of camp life using the fragments of text.

What lines allow the reader to see all the realities of this life?

Possible citations:

“...An intermittent ringing faintly passed through the glass, frozen into two fingers...”

“...the orderlies carried one of the eight-bucket buckets...”

“...Three days of withdrawal with withdrawal...”

“..lanterns...There were so many of them that they completely illuminated the stars..”

Checking advanced homework (2):

The camp depicted by the writer has its own strict hierarchy:

There are ruling bosses (among them stands out the head of the Volkova regime, “dark, long, and frowning,” who fully lives up to his name: he looks like a wolf, “rushes quickly,” waves a twisted leather whip). There are guards (one of them is a gloomy Tatar with a wrinkled face, who appears every time “like a thief in the night”). There are prisoners who are also located at different levels of the hierarchical ladder. Here there are “masters” who have settled well, there are “sixes”, informers, informants, the worst of the prisoners, betraying their fellow sufferers. Fetyukov, for example, without shame or disdain, licks dirty bowls and removes cigarette butts from the spittoon. There are the “nets” hanging out in the infirmary, the “morons”. There are people who are slavishly humiliated and depersonalized.

Conclusion. One day from getting up to lights out, but it allowed the writer to say so much, to reproduce in such detail the events that were repeated over three thousand six hundred and fifty-three days, that we can get a complete picture of the life of Ivan Shukhov and the people around him.

Teacher. Solzhenitsyn casually writes about “morons”, “sixes”, “shackles” - in just one sentence, sometimes their last names or first names say more: Volkova, Shkuropatenko, Fetyukov. The technique of “speaking” names refers us to the works of Fonvizin and Griboedov. However, the writer is more interested not so much in this social “cut” of the camp as in the characters of the prisoners, who are directly related to the main character.

Who are they?

Checking advanced homework (3)

Possible answer:

These are prisoners who do not give up and save their face. This is the old man Yu-81, who “is in camps and prisons countless times, no matter how much Soviet power costs,” but at the same time has not lost his human dignity. And the other is the “wiry old man” X-123, a convinced fanatic of the truth. This is the deaf Senka Klevshin, a former prisoner of Buchenwald who was a member of an underground organization. The Germans hung him up by the arms and beat him with sticks, but he miraculously survived so that he could now continue his torment in a Soviet camp.

This is the Latvian Jan Kildigis, who has been in the camp for two years out of the allotted twenty-five, an excellent mason who has not lost his penchant for jokes. Alyoshka is a Baptist, a pure-hearted and neat-looking young man, a bearer of spiritual faith and humility. He prays for spiritual things, convinced that the Lord is “bashing evil” from him and others.

Buinovsky, a former captain of the second rank, who commanded destroyers, “went around Europe and along the Great Northern Route,” behaves cheerfully, although he is “getting there” before our eyes. Capable of taking the blow on himself in difficult times. He is ready to fight with cruel guards, defending human rights, for which he receives “ten days in a punishment cell”, which means he will lose his health for the rest of his life.

Tyurin, with traces of smallpox, was a former peasant, but has been sitting in the camp for 19 years as the son of a dispossessed man. That is why he was dismissed from the army. His position is now that of a brigadier, but for the prisoners he is like a father. At the risk of getting a new term, he stands up for people, which is why they respect and love him, and try not to let him down.

Teacher. Trying to destroy the person in man, prisoners were deprived of their name and assigned a number. In which work have we already encountered a similar situation?

(E. Zamyatin “We”)

Indeed, E. Zamyatin warned people at the beginning of the century about what could happen to a person in a totalitarian society. The novel is written as a utopia, that is, a place that does not exist, but in the middle of the 20th century it turned into reality.

Teacher. Ivan Denisovich Shukhov. Who is he, the main character of Solzhenitsyn's story?

Checking advanced homework(4)

Possible answer:

Ivan Denisovich Shukhov, a forty-year-old peasant, torn out by evil will from the army, where he honestly fought, like everyone else, for his native land, and from a family where his wife and two daughters were hanging around without him, deprived of his beloved work on the land, so important in the hungry post-war years. A simple Russian man from the village of Temgenevo near Polomnya, lost in central Russia, he went to war on June 23, 1941, fought with enemies until he was surrounded, which ended in captivity. He escaped from there with four other daredevils. Shukhov miraculously made his way to “his own people,” where neither the investigator nor Shukhov himself could figure out what task of the Germans he was carrying out after escaping from captivity. Counterintelligence beat Shukhov for a long time and then offered him a choice. “And Shukhov’s calculation was simple: if you don’t sign, it’s a wooden pea coat; if you sign, you’ll at least live a little longer. Signature." So they “concocted” Article 58 for him, and it is now believed that Shukhov went to prison for treason. Ivan Denisovich found himself with this painful cross, first in the terrible Ust-Izhmensky general camp, and then in a Siberian convict prison, where a patch with the prisoner number Shch-854 was sewn onto his cotton trousers.

Teacher. How does the main character live, or rather, try to survive? What laws did Shukhov learn during his time in prison?

Possible answers:

“...Shukhov was deeply filled with the words of the first foreman Kuzyomin....:

Here, guys, the law is the taiga. But people live here too. In the camp, this is who is dying: who licks the bowls, who hopes at the medical unit, and who goes to the godfather’s house to knock.”

“Not counting sleep, a camp inmate lives for himself only for ten minutes in the morning at breakfast, five at lunch, and five at dinner.”

“..Caesar was smoking...But Shukhov did not ask directly, but stopped next to Caesar and half-turned to look past him.”

“Shukhov has been trampling the earth for forty years, half his teeth are missing and he has bald spots on his head, he never gave to anyone or took from anyone, and he didn’t learn in the camp...”

“...but Shukhov understands life and doesn’t stretch his belly for other people’s goods...”

“The knife is also a source of income. Possession of it is punishable by a punishment cell.”

“Money came to Shukhov only from private work: if you sew slippers from the rags of the dealer - two rubles, if you pay for a quilted jacket - also by agreement...”

Conclusion. For eight years now, Ivan Denisovich He knows that he should not give up, maintain his dignity, not be a “moron”, not become a “jackal”, not get into the “sixes”, that he must take care of himself, showing both efficiency and common sense meaning, and endurance, and perseverance, and ingenuity.

Teacher. What unites all these people: a former peasant, a military man, a Baptist...

Possible answer:

All of them are forced to comprehend the wild customs and laws of Stalin’s hellish machine, striving to survive without losing their human appearance.

Teacher. What helps them not to sink, not to turn into an animal?

Possible answer:

Each of them has its own core, its own moral basis. They try not to return to thoughts of injustice, not to moan, not to bully, not to fuss, to strictly calculate each step in order to survive, in order to preserve themselves for the future life, because hope has not yet faded.

Teacher. Let’s turn to the epigraph of our lesson “...and the further, the more tightly I held on...”. Now knowing quite a lot about the characters in the story, explain how you understand this expression. To whom do you think he can be attributed first of all?

Teacher. Let's try to explain the second line of the epigraph. Whose words are these and how do you understand them?

Conclusion. Ivan Denisovich continues the galaxy of heroes of classical Russian literature. You can remember the heroes of Nekrasov, Leskov, Tolstoy... the more trials, suffering, and hardships that befell them, the stronger their spirit they became. So Shukhov tries to survive where nothing contributes to this; moreover, he tries to preserve himself not only physically, but spiritually, because to lose human dignity means to die. But the hero is not at all inclined to take all the blows of camp life, otherwise he will not survive, and this is what the second line of the epigraph tells us.

Teacher. Once upon a time, F.M. Dostoevsky, in his novel Notes from the House of the Dead, described a year of life in the tsarist penal servitude and, when involuntarily compared with one day in the Soviet penal servitude, despite all the shackles and girders, the tsarist penal servitude looks more merciful, if such a word is appropriate in relation to objects of this kind. Solzhenitsyn chooses from all the camp days of Ivan Denisovich not the worst, without scenes of bullying and violence, although all this is invisible, somewhere in snatches of phrases, a meager description. But what’s amazing is remember with what thoughts Shukhov ends this day.

(« Shukhov fell asleep completely satisfied………The day passed...almost happy...".)

Does the writer really want to convince us that it is possible to live in a camp, that a person can be happy in his misfortune?

Possible answer: I didn’t end up in a punishment cell, I didn’t get sick, I didn’t get caught during a search, I lost my extra rations... the absence of misfortunes in conditions that you can’t change - what’s not happiness?! “He had a lot of luck that day...”

Teacher. Ivan Denisovich considered work to be one of the pleasant moments of this day. Why?

Reading and analysis of the wall masonry scene of a thermal power plant.(from the words “And Shukhov no longer saw a distant glance...” to the words “And he outlined where to put how many cinder blocks..”; from the words “..But Shukhov is not mistaken...” to the words “The work went like this - no time for the nose wipe...".)

In what mood does Shukhov work?

How does his peasant thrift manifest itself?

How can you characterize the work of Ivan Denisovich?

What words of the sentence indicate Shukhov’s conscientious attitude to work?

Conclusion. Innate hard work is another quality of Solzhenitsyn’s hero, which makes him similar to the heroes of Russian literature of the 19th century and which helps him survive. A former carpenter and now a mason, he works conscientiously even in the area fenced with barbed wire; he simply doesn’t know how to do it any other way. And it is work that allows him, at least for a while, to break out of the camp existence, remember his past self, think about his future life and experience that rare joy in the camp that a hard worker - a peasant - is capable of experiencing.

4. Teacher's final words

One can talk endlessly about such a small and such a large work. The number of times you reread Solzhenitsyn's story, the more times you will discover it in a new way. And this is also a property of the best works of classical Russian literature. Today, finishing our lesson, I would like to return to the topic posed in the title of the lesson.

At the beginning of the last century, Anna Andreevna Akhmatova wrote her “Requiem” as a memorial service for her tortured, persecuted, lost generation. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn wrote “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” as a hymn to his generation, a hymn to a man who withstood everything that his “native” state had in store for him, endured, survived, preserving his human dignity. Many broke down and died, but many remained human. They returned to live, raise children and selflessly love their homeland.

5. Homework

It is impossible to discuss and analyze all aspects of such a multifaceted work within the framework of one lesson. I suggest you write an essay about what we didn’t have time to talk about. What were you able to see in the story that we missed? What conclusions did you come to that we couldn’t?

Comparing two peasant heroes from different writers, we discover a fundamental difference between Solzhenitsyn’s hero. He, according to the author’s description, is “not a miss,” that is, he is dexterous, smart, and brave. But that's not all. The main thing is that Ivan Denisovich is a thinking person who is aware of his place in the big and small world, has a sense of self-esteem, and evaluates everything around him from a demanding moral point of view.

Critics have long been talking about the righteousness of Solzhenitsyn’s heroes. Readers, apparently in connection with the theme of martyrdom in the camp, have a question about the righteousness of the hero of this story. Do we know the meaning of this word?

Let's write it in a notebook: Righteous- it is your opinion). In 3 minutes, we will read out loud all the opinions as we have time.

And now - from dictation: Righteousness - this is the ability to live “without lying, without being deceitful, without condemning your neighbor and without condemning a biased enemy.” “Chance makes a hero, daily valor makes a righteous man.”
(According to N.S. Leskov.)

Can Ivan Denisovich be called a righteous man? And can he be considered the most ordinary, insignificant person (“zero”, according to Dombrovsky)? What about the “little man”? (What if from Tolstoy’s point of view?) Obviously, it is impossible to do everything due to the conditions of time. It is important to come to an intermediate question - what saves Shukhov?

But you can save a life, but lose your living soul and become a vile person, lose your personal qualities... A particularly important question is about the limits of moral compromise 10 .

Let's discuss in groups: who does Ivan Denisovich respect and why? Not those who adapt well, but those who retain a living soul within themselves. He wholeheartedly welcomes Alyoshka, although he is a “lack of money,” and Semyon Klevshin, who will not leave his comrade, and Buinovsky, who does not behave according to the laws of survival and “gets screwed,” but is a real hard worker, and Shukhov is glad that the extra porridge will be given to him . And let us remember the toothless old man who, in the dining room, like the main character of the story, “did not allow himself” to eat while wearing a hat. It would be necessary to speak separately about brigadier Andrei Prokofich Tyurin, his image, and fate...

In order for the discussion to take place, before starting work in groups, we will write down additional questions in a notebook (or you can open it on the board):
- What is a compromise?
- Who does Shukhov respect and for what?
- Does the author depict adaptability or opportunism? What does this mean?

What saves Ivan Denisovich Shukhov?

10 If you ask even high school students what the difference is between the meanings of the words “adaptation” and opportunism,” not everyone will answer today!..

He described only one day of a prisoner - from waking up to lights out, but the narrative is structured in such a way that the reader can imagine the camp life of the forty-year-old peasant Shukhov and his entourage in its entirety. By the time the story was written, its author was already very far from socialist ideals. This story is about the illegality, the unnaturalness of the very system created by the Soviet leaders.
The image of the main character is collective. Shukhov's main prototype is often cited as Ivan, a former soldier from Solzhenitsyn's artillery battery. Moreover, the writer himself was a prisoner who, every day of his stay in the camp, observed thousands of broken human destinies and tragedies. The material for his story was the result of terrible lawlessness, which had nothing to do with justice. Solzhenitsyn is sure that the Soviet camps were the same death camps as the fascist ones, only they killed their own people there.
Ivan Denisovich realized long ago that to survive it was not enough to feel like a Soviet person. He got rid of ideological illusions that were useless in the camp. This inner conviction of his is clearly demonstrated by the scene when captain Buynovsky explains to the hero why the sun is at its zenith at one o'clock in the afternoon, and not at 12 o'clock. By government decree, the time in the country was moved forward an hour. Shukhov is surprised: “Does the sun really obey their decrees?” Shukhov now has a different relationship with the Soviet government. He is the bearer of universal human values, which party-class ideology failed to destroy in him. In the camp, this helps him to survive, to remain human.
The fate of prisoner Shch-854 is similar to thousands of others. He lived honestly, went to the front, but was captured. He managed to escape from captivity and miraculously made his way to “his own people.” This was enough for a serious charge. “Counterintelligence beat Shukhov a lot. And Shukhov’s calculation was simple: if you don’t sign, it’s a wooden pea coat; if you sign, you’ll at least live a little. Signed."
Whatever Shukhov does, he pursues one goal every day - to survive. Prisoner Shch-854 tries to watch his every step, earn extra money whenever possible and lead a tolerable existence. He knows that the usual practice for a charge as serious as his is to add prison time. Therefore, Shukhov is not sure that he will be free at the appointed time, but he forbids himself to doubt. Shukhov is serving imprisonment for treason. The documents that he was forced to sign indicate that Shukhov carried out tasks for the Nazis. Neither the investigator nor the person under investigation could come up with which ones exactly. Shukhov doesn’t think about why he and many other people are in prison; he’s not tormented by eternal questions without answers.
By nature, Ivan Denisovich belongs to natural, natural people who value the process of life itself. And the prisoner has his own little joys: drink hot gruel, smoke a cigarette, calmly, with pleasure, eat a ration of bread, hide somewhere warmer, and take a nap for a minute until they go to work. Having received new boots, and later felt boots, Shukhov rejoices like a child: “...life, no need to die.” He had a lot of successes during the day: “he wasn’t put in a punishment cell, the brigade wasn’t sent out to Sotsgorodok, he cut porridge at lunch, didn’t get caught with a hacksaw on a patrol, worked at Caesar’s in the evening and bought tobacco. And I didn’t get sick, I got over it.”
In the camp Shukhov’s work saves him. He works enthusiastically, regrets when his shift ends, and hides a trowel convenient for a mason for tomorrow. He makes decisions from a position of common sense, based on peasant values. Work and attitude to work do not allow Ivan Denisovich to lose himself. He does not understand how one can treat work in bad faith. Ivan Denisovich “knows how to live,” think practically, and not throw words to the wind.
In a conversation with Alyoshka the Baptist, Shukhov expresses his attitude towards faith and God, again guided by common sense. “I’m not against God, you know,” explains Shukhov. – I willingly believe in God. But I don’t believe in hell and heaven. Why do you consider us fools and promise us heaven and hell?” When asked why he doesn’t pray to God, Shukhov replies: “Because, Alyoshka, those prayers are like statements, either they don’t reach, or the complaint is refused.” This is hell, the camp. How did God allow this to happen?
Among Solzhenitsyn’s heroes there are also those who, despite performing a small feat of survival every day, do not lose their dignity. Old man Yu-81 is in prisons and camps, how much does Soviet power cost? Another old man, X-123, is a fierce champion of truth, deaf Senka Klevshin, a prisoner of Buchenwald. Survived torture by the Germans, now in a Soviet camp. Latvian Jan Kildigs, who has not yet lost the ability to joke. Alyoshka is a Baptist who firmly believes that God will remove the “evil scum” from people.
Captain of the second rank Buinovsky is always ready to stand up for people, he has not forgotten the laws of honor. To Shukhov, with his peasant psychology, Buinovsky’s behavior seems a senseless risk. The captain was sharply indignant when the guards, in the cold, ordered the prisoners to unbutton their clothes in order to “feel to see if anything had been put on in violation of the regulations.” For this Buinovsky received “ten days of strict imprisonment.” Everyone knows that after the punishment cell he will lose his health forever, but the conclusion of the prisoners is this: “There was no need to get screwed! Everything would have worked out.”
The story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” was published during the “Khrushchev Thaw” in 1962, caused a great resonance among readers, and revealed to the world the terrible truth about the totalitarian regime in Russia. Solzhenitsyn shows how patience and life's ideals help Ivan Denisovich survive in the inhuman conditions of the camp day after day.