Presentation of the history of the calendar for elementary school. Ancient calendars. Calendar of the ancient Slavs

The first calendars appeared as an urgent need in conditions of cyclical and predictable weather changes. In Nabta-Playa (the territory of modern Egypt) approximately 5 thousand years BC. e. semi-nomadic tribes of pastoralists created, perhaps, the first annual “calendar circle”, the beginning of the year which was marked by the appearance of the star Sirius. This calendar helped the tribe determine when to expect the beginning and end of the rainy season, which turned the desert region into a flourishing savannah suitable for grazing livestock. Around the same time, on the territory of modern Germany, the so-called Goseck circle was created, the basis for which was the winter solstice. Converting from one calendar to another presents certain difficulties due to the different lengths of the year and due to the different start date of the year in different systems. The counting of the year from January 1 was introduced in Rome by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. e. (Julian calendar). In Rus', since 1492, the beginning of the year began to be considered not March 1, but September 1. The Julian calendar established the average length of the year at 365.25 days: ordinary years lasted 365 days, once every four years (leap year) 366 days. The development of the Julian calendar is the Gregorian calendar (new style). It was introduced under Pope Gregory XIII on October 15, 1582 to replace the Julian calendar (old style). The difference between the old and new styles was 10 days in the 16th and 17th centuries, 11 days in the 18th century, 12 days in the 19th century, and 13 days in the 221st centuries. From March 15, 2100 it will be 14 days.

Ancient Greek calendar. It was lunar and consisted of 354 days. The main disadvantage of such a calendar was that it periodically diverged from the solar year by 11.25 days. For this reason, every eight years it was necessary to add 90 days to the year, divided into three equal months.

Ancient Roman calendar. Initially, the Roman calendar consisted of 304 days divided into 10 months, and the first of March was considered the start date of the new year. Subsequently, this calendar underwent numerous reforms, in particular, two additional months were added, and the date of the new year was changed from the first of March to the first of January.

The Julian calendar was created by Julius Caesar, who tried to link calendar dates with seasonal natural phenomena. Julius introduced the length of the year equal to 365.25 days. According to the Julian calendar, a leap year occurs every four years, the duration of which is 366 solar days. Focus on the solar cycle made it possible to avoid unnecessary “insertions” into the calendar (with the exception of leap years), as well as to bring calendar dates closer to the natural cycle.

Gregorian calendar The creation of the Gregorian calendar was associated with the name of Pope Gregory XIII and was designated as the introduction of a “new style” to replace the “old style” (Julian calendar). The main goal of the reform was to return the real date of the vernal equinox - March 21, established during the Council of Nicaea, which approved Easter. The Gregorian calendar is as close as possible to the tropical year, the difference is only 26 seconds. The Gregorian calendar was introduced in Russia in 1918.

Calendar systems Lunar calendar Lunar-solar calendar Solar calendar 29.53 days 354.37 days Ease of observation Not tied to the solar year Inconsistency of the month due to the complex movement of the moon in orbit 30.44 days 365.24 days Linked to natural processes Need for adjustments 29 .53 days 365.24 days Variable number of months in a year (12-13)

Lunar calendar The change of phases of the Moon is one of the most easily observed celestial phenomena. Therefore, many peoples used the lunar calendar. Over time, the lunar calendar ceased to meet the needs of the population, since agricultural work is tied to the change of seasons, that is, the movement of the Sun. Therefore, lunar calendars, with rare exceptions (for example, the Islamic calendar), were inevitably replaced by lunisolar or solar calendars. The beginning of the month in lunar calendars coincides with the first appearance of the young Moon in the rays of the setting Sun. This event is easily observed, unlike the new moon. Neomenia is 23 days behind the new moon. Moreover, this time varies depending on the time of year, the latitude of the observer and the current length of the synodic month. Because of this, it is impossible to maintain the same calendar in different countries.

Lunar-solar calendar A calendar year can consist of 12 (ordinary year) or 13 calendar months. In order for the average length of the calendar year to be close to the length of the tropical year, a system of inserting additional months is necessary. The beginning of the month in lunisolar, as well as in lunar calendars, falls on inability, that is, on the first appearance of the young Moon in the rays of the setting Sun.

Solar Calendar A calendar year in the solar calendar must be 365 days (regular year) or 366 days (leap year). To bring the average length of the calendar year closer to the length of the tropical year, leap years are inserted. In this calendar, the sequence of leap years is the same as in the Julian calendar, but an additional rule has been introduced, according to which in the New Julian calendar 7 days are excluded every 900 years. A century year is considered a leap year if, when dividing it by 900, the remainder is 2 or 6. Cycle The calendar is 900 years long, during which 218 leap days are inserted. The average length of a calendar year is 365.242 days, which gives an error of 1 day in approximately years.

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1. What is a calendar

2. What kind of calendars are there in countries: Ancient, Pocket, Calendar of significant dates, Church, Fisherman's calendar, Fan's calendar, Astrological calendar.

3. Types of calendars: Table calendar, Tear-off calendar, Desk calendar, Book type calendar.

What is a calendar?

• Days turn into weeks, weeks into months, and months into years - this is how time flows.
• Without a calendar, it would be difficult to determine what day or month it is. It lists the days of the week and months sequentially throughout the year.
• The word “calendar” translated from Latin literally means the following: “record of loans”, “debt book”. The fact is that in Ancient Rome, debtors paid debts or interest on them on the days of the Kalends - in the first days of the month. Hence the name. But the Greeks did not have calends. Therefore, the Romans ironically said about inveterate defaulters that they would repay the debt in Greek calendars, that is, it is not known when. This expression has become popular in many languages ​​of the world.

The priests also noted that every year, approximately simultaneously with the beginning of the flood, a bright star appeared in the sky before sunrise. We counted the days between these events - it turned out to be 365 days. This was 6,000 years ago, and before that no one knew that there are 365 days in a year. The Egyptians divided the year into 12 months of 30 days, adding 5 additional days at the end of the year.

Ancient calendar

What types of calendars are there?

The modern 12-month calendar appeared thanks to the Roman emperor Gaius Julius Caesar. Before this, a calendar of 10 months was in use. In a four-year cycle, three years have 365 days, and the fourth has 366 days. In this way, it was possible to achieve correspondence between the calendar and the time of the Earth’s revolution around the Sun.

There are many more ways to count dates: Muslim, Israeli, Chinese, Indian and Buddhist calendars, which are still used today.

Pocket calendar

• The word “calendar” (we are talking about single-sheet pocket calendars, which have a picture on one side and a table of the days of the year on the other) appeared in Russia in 1780. However, they had to wait another hundred years for their printed embodiment.
• Such calendars were first printed in Russia in the mid-1880s in Moscow. And the first calendars with a new style were published in St. Petersburg at the beginning of 1918, immediately after the signing of the decree on the introduction of the Western European calendar in our country.

Time sheet calendar

• Time sheet calendar, in the form of a sheet publication containing a list of days of the year arranged by month in table form

Tear-off calendar

• Tear-off calendar, in which separate tear-off sheets are allocated for each day (week, month)

Desk calendar

Desk calendar, in which separate flip sheets are allocated for each day (week, month)

Book type calendar

• Book type calendar, published in the form of a book publication containing materials selected in accordance with a specific topic and (or address)

Calendar of significant dates

• Calendar of significant dates, including a selective list of days of the year associated with any memorable events, and information about these events

Church calendar

Calendar of church holidays and fasts, dictionary of names, lives of saints. List of troparia; prayers and gospel readings for every day.

Astrological calendar

When compiling horoscopes, astrologers rely on the lunar calendar

Mayan calendar

A system of calendars created in the pre-Columbian era by the Mayan civilization. This calendar was also used by other Central American peoples - the Aztecs, Toltecs, etc.

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The purpose of the work is to get acquainted with the history of the calendar from its origins to the present day. Objectives: study

literature on the topic, describe the basis and types of calendar. Methods: study of literature (reading and analysis), description, use of an electronic educational resource.

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Calendar

A calendar is usually called a certain system of counting long periods of time with their divisions into separate shorter periods (years, months, weeks, days). The word calendar itself comes from the Latin words “caleo” - to proclaim and “calendarium” - debt book.

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Synodic month

The change of day and night, which gave people a natural unit of time - the day, then the change of phases of the Moon, which occurs during the so-called synodic month (from the Greek "synodos" - rapprochement; this meant the monthly rapprochement of the Moon and the Sun in the sky.

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Tropical year

The change of seasons and the corresponding unit of account is the tropical year (from the Greek “tropos” - turn: tropical year - the period of time after which the height of the Sun above the horizon at noon, having reached its greatest value, decreases again).

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Julian calendar

The counting of the year from January 1 was introduced in Rome by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. In 325 the Julian calendar was adopted by Byzantium. The Julian calendar has a tropical year with a period of 365.25 days, which gives an error of approximately one day every 128 years. This accuracy is achieved by introducing a leap year (366 days) every three ordinary years (365 days).

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Mayan calendar

The Mayan year began on December 23, that is, on the day of the winter solstice, and was divided into 18 months (20 days each).

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Calendar of the ancient Slavs

The years were counted from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple (5508 BC), which did not mean the creation of the universe by the biblical god, but literally: the signing of a peace treaty in the year of the Star Temple according to the Circle of Chislobog after the victory of the Power of the Great Race (in the modern sense - Russia) over the Ahriman Empire, the kingdom of the Great Dragon (in modern times - China).

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Types of calendar