Presentation "history of the development of computer technology." History of the development of computer technology presentation for a lesson on the topic Historical development of computer technology presentation

Mechanical period The adding machine is a calculating machine that performs all 4 arithmetic operations (1874, Odner) The Analytical Engine is the first computer that executes certain programs (1833, Ch. Babbage) Ch. Babbage Used until the middle. 20th century The project was not implemented due to insufficient development of technical means, but Babbage's ideas were used by many inventors

Charles Babbage (g.) - inventor of the computer. Ada Lovelace is the first computer programmer. back

Mechanical period Tabulator - a machine using punched cards from which information was read using electric current (1888, G. Hollerith) This machine was used in the US census (1890), which made it possible to process the census results for 3 years. In 1924, Hollerith founded IBM to mass produce tabulators.

First generation of computers. ENIAC (1946 D. Eckert, D. Mauchly) Dimensions: 30 m in length, weight 30 tons. Consisted of el. lamps Performed 300 multiplication operations and 5000 additions of multi-digit numbers per second EDSAC (1949) - the first machine with a stored program (England). This computer was created in accordance with von Neumann's principles. MESM (1951) - the first domestic computer, developed by academician S.A. Lebedev. UNIVAC (1951) - magnetic tapes were used for the first time to record and store information (England). BESM-2 (1952) - domestic computer.

Characteristic features of first generation computers: element base: electron vacuum tubes; dimensions: made in the form of huge cabinets and occupies a special room; performance: thousand operations per second; information carrier: punched card, punched tape; programs consist of machine codes; the number of cars in the world is dozens.

Second generation of computers (). Semiconductor transistor (replaced 40 vacuum tubes) BESM-6 (large electronic calculating machine) - the best in the world. MINSK-2 URAL-14

Characteristic features of second generation computers: element base: transistors; Dimensions: made in the form of racks, slightly taller than human height, occupies a special room; performance: up to 1 million operations per second; storage medium: magnetic tapes; programs are written in algorithmic languages; the number of cars in the world is thousands.

Third generation of computers (). Integrated circuit (chip) 1964 - creation of six models IBM-360 IBM-370 SM computer (family of small computers) All 3rd generation machines are software compatible and have a developed operating system.

Characteristic features of third generation computers: element base: IS; Dimensions: made in the form of racks, slightly taller than human height, does not require a special room (mini computer); performance: up to millions of operations per second; storage medium: magnetic disks; programs are written in programming languages; the number of cars in the world is hundreds of thousands.

The fourth generation of computers (from 1971 to the present). The emergence of LSI and VLSI: one LSI in power corresponds to 1000 ICs 1971 - creation of the first microprocessor by Intel year - creation of the first personal computer by MITS year - mass production of PCs by Apple 1981 - creation of the IBM PC by IBM.

Characteristic features of fourth generation computers: element base: LSI and VLSI; Dimensions: microcomputer; performance: up to thousands of millions of operations per second; storage media: floppy and laser disks; programs are written in programming languages; the number of cars in the world is millions.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Ancient means of counting The first computers The first computers Von Neumann's principles Generations of computers (I-IV) Personal computers Modern digital technology

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Computer technology is a critical component of the computing and data processing process. The first devices for calculations were the well-known counting sticks, pebbles, bones and any other small objects at hand. As they developed, these devices became more complex, for example, such as Phoenician clay figurines, also intended to visually represent the number of items being counted, but for convenience placed in special containers. Such devices seem to have been used by traders and accountants of the time.

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Bones with notches (“Vestonice bone”, Czech Republic, 30 thousand years BC) Knotted writing (South America, 7th century AD) knots with woven stones, threads of different colors (red – number of warriors, yellow – gold) decimal system Ancient means of recording accounts

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Chinese counting sticks About a thousand years before the new era, a counting board appeared in China, considered one of the first counting instruments. Calculations on the counting board were carried out using sticks, various combinations of which indicated numbers. There was no special designation for zero. Instead, they left a pass - an empty space. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division were performed on the counting board. Let's look at an example of adding two numbers on a counting board (6784 + 1,348 = 8,132). 1. Both terms are laid out at the bottom of the board. 2. The most significant digits are added (6000+1000=7000) and the result is laid out above the first term, respecting the digits. 3. The remaining digits of the first addend are laid out in the middle of the line of the result of adding the highest digits. The remaining digits of the second term are laid out above this term. 4. The hundreds digits are added (700+300=1000) and the result is added to the previously obtained (1000+7000=8000). The resulting number is laid out in the third line, above the first term. Unused digits of terms are also laid out in the third line. 5. We carry out a similar operation with the tens digits. We put the resulting result (8120) and the remaining digits of the terms (4 and 8) in the fourth line. 6. Add up the remaining digits (4+8=12) and add to the previously obtained result (8120+12=8132). We put the resulting result in the fifth line. The number in the fifth line is the result of adding the numbers 6784 and 1348.

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O. Salamis in the Aegean Sea (300 BC) Size 105×75, marble Salamis plaque The Salamis plaque served for fivefold notation, which is confirmed by the letter designations on it. Pebbles symbolizing the ranks of numbers were placed only between the lines. The columns located on the left side of the slab were used to count drachmas and talents, and on the right - for fractions of drachmas (obols and halqas).

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Abacus (Ancient Rome) – V-VI centuries. BC. Suan-pan (China) – II-VI centuries. Soroban (Japan) XV-XVI centuries. Abacus (Russia) – XVII century. Abacus and his "relatives"

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The abacus board was divided into strips by lines; counting was carried out using stones or other similar objects placed on the strips. Counting marks (pebbles, bones) moved along lines or depressions. In the 5th century BC e. in Egypt, instead of lines and indentations, they began to use sticks and wire with stringed pebbles. Reconstruction of a Roman abacus

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Chinese and Japanese versions of suanpan First mentioned in the book “Shushu jii” (数术记遗) by Xu Yue (岳撰) (190). The modern type of this calculating device was created later, apparently in the 12th century. A suanpan is a rectangular frame in which nine or more wires or ropes are stretched parallel to each other. Perpendicular to this direction, the suanpan is partitioned into two unequal parts. In the large compartment (“ground”) there are five balls (bones) strung on each wire, in the smaller compartment (“sky”) there are two. The wires correspond to the decimal places. Suanpan were made in all possible sizes, down to the most miniature ones - in Perelman’s collection there was an example brought from China, 17 mm long and 8 mm wide. The Chinese developed a sophisticated technique for working on a counting board. Their methods made it possible to quickly perform all 4 arithmetic operations on numbers, as well as extract square and cube roots.

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Calculations on the soroban are carried out from left to right, starting from the most significant digit as follows: 1. Before starting the counting, the soroban is reset by shaking the seeds down. Then the upper bones are moved away from the transverse bar. 2.The first term is entered from left to right, starting from the most significant digit. The cost of the upper stone is 5, the lower one is 1. To enter each digit, the required number of stones is moved towards the transverse bar. 3.Bitwise, from left to right, the second term is added. When a digit overflows, one is added to the most significant (left) digit. 4. Subtraction is done in the same way, but if there are not enough tiles in the rank, they are taken from the highest rank.

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In the 20th century, abacuses were often used in stores, in accounting, and for arithmetic calculations. With the development of progress, they were replaced by electronic calculators. That iron rod in the abacus, on which there are only 4 dominoes, was used for calculations in half rubles. 1 half was equal to half the money, that is, a quarter of a kopeck, respectively, four knuckles made up one kopeck. Nowadays, this rod separates the whole part of the number typed on the abacus from the fractional part, and is not used in calculations.

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Wilhelm Schickard (XVI century) - (the machine was built, but burned down) The first designs of calculating machines The first mechanical machine was described in 1623 by the professor of mathematics at the University of Tübingen Wilhelm Schickard, implemented in a single copy and intended to perform four arithmetic operations on 6-bit numbers numbers. Schickard's machine consisted of three independent devices: adding, multiplying and recording numbers. Addition was carried out by sequentially entering addends using dials, and subtraction was carried out by sequentially entering the minuend and subtrahend. The idea of ​​lattice multiplication was used to perform the multiplication operation. The third part of the machine was used to write a number of no more than 6 digits in length. The schematic diagram of the Schickard machine used was classic - it (or its modifications) was used in most subsequent mechanical calculating machines until the replacement of mechanical parts with electromagnetic ones. However, due to insufficient popularity, Schickard's machine and the principles of its operation did not have a significant impact on the further development of computer technology, but it rightfully opens the era of mechanical computing technology.

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’ “Pascalina” (1642) The principle of operation of the counters in Pascal’s machine is simple. For each category there is a wheel (gear) with ten teeth. In this case, each of the ten teeth represents one of the numbers from 0 to 9. This wheel is called the “decimal counting wheel.” With the addition of each unit in a given digit, the counting wheel rotates by one tooth, i.e., by one tenth of a revolution. The problem now is how to carry out the transfer of tens. A machine in which addition is performed mechanically must itself determine when to carry out the transfer. Let's say that we introduced nine units into the category. The counting wheel will turn 9/10 of a turn. If you now add one more unit, the wheel will “accumulate” ten units. They must be transferred to the next category. This is the transfer of tens. In Pascal's machine, this is accomplished by an elongated tooth. It engages with the tens wheel and turns it 1/10 of a turn. One ten will appear in the tens counter window, and zero will appear in the units counter window again. Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662)

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Wilhelm Gottfried Leibniz (1646 - 1716) addition, subtraction, multiplication, division! 12-bit numbers decimal system Felix adding machine (USSR, 1929-1978) - development of the ideas of the Leibniz machine Leibniz machine (1672)

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The name of this man who was destined to open a new and, perhaps, the brightest page in the history of computer technology is Charles Babbage. During his long life (1792-1871), the Cambridge mathematics professor made many discoveries and inventions that were significantly ahead of his time. Babbage's range of interests was extremely wide, and yet the main work of his life, according to the scientist himself, was computers, on which he worked for about 50 years. In 1833, having suspended work on the difference engine, Babbage began to implement the project of a universal automatic machine for any calculations. He called this device, which ensures the automatic execution of a given calculation program, an analytical engine. The Analytical Engine, which the inventor himself and then his son built intermittently over 70 years, was never built. This invention was so ahead of its time that the ideas contained in it were realized only in the middle of the 20th century in modern computers. But what satisfaction would this remarkable scientist experience if he learned that the structure of the universal computers, newly invented almost a century later, essentially replicates the structure of his analytical engine. Charles Babbage's machines

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Difference engine (1822) Analytical engine (1834) “mill” (automatic calculations) “warehouse” (data storage) “office” (management) data entry and programs from punched cards entry of programs “on the fly” operation from a steam engine Ada Lovelace ( 1815-1852) first program – calculation of Bernoulli numbers (cycles, conditional jumps) 1979 – Charles Babbage’s Ada Machine programming language

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Babbage's Analytical Engine (the prototype of modern computers) was built by enthusiasts from the London Science Museum in 1991 based on surviving descriptions and drawings. The analytical machine consists of four thousand steel parts and weighs three tons. Charles Babbage's machines

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Babbage's Analytical Engine was a single complex of specialized units. According to the project, it included the following devices. The first is a device for storing initial data and intermediate results. Babbage called it a "warehouse"; In modern computing, a device of this type is called a memory or storage device. Babbage proposed using a set of decimal counting wheels to store numbers. Each of the wheels could stop in one of ten positions and thus remember one decimal place. The wheels were assembled into registers for storing multi-digit decimal numbers. According to the author's plan, the storage device should have a capacity of 1000 numbers of 50 decimal places "in order to have some margin in relation to the largest number that may be required." For comparison, let's say that the storage device of one of the first computers had a capacity of 250 ten-bit numbers. To create a memory where information was stored, Babbage used not only wheel registers, but also large metal disks with holes. Tables of values ​​of special functions that were used in the calculation process were stored in disk memory. The second device of the machine is a device in which the necessary operations were carried out on numbers taken from the “warehouse”. Babbage called it a “factory,” and now such a device is called an arithmetic device. The time for performing arithmetic operations was estimated by the author: addition and subtraction - 1s; multiplication of 50-bit numbers - 1 min; dividing a 100-bit number by a 50-bit number - 1 min.

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And finally, the third device of the machine is a device that controls the sequence of operations performed on numbers. Babbage called it an "office"; now it is a control device. The computing process was to be controlled using punched cards - a set of cardboard cards with different locations of punched (perforated) holes. The cards passed under the probes, and they, in turn, falling into the holes, set in motion the mechanisms with the help of which the numbers were transmitted from the “warehouse” to the “factory”. The machine sent the result back to the “warehouse”. With the help of punched cards it was also supposed to carry out operations of entering numerical information and outputting the results obtained. In essence, this solved the problem of creating an automatic computer with program control.

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Adding machine made in 1932. Desktop or portable: Most often, adding machines were desktop or “knee-mounted” (like modern laptops); occasionally there were pocket models (Curta). This distinguished them from large floor-standing computers such as tabulators (T-5M) or mechanical computers (Z-1, Charles Babbage's Difference Engine). Mechanical: Numbers are entered into the adding machine, converted and transmitted to the user (displayed in counter windows or printed on tape) using only mechanical devices. In this case, the adding machine can use exclusively a mechanical drive (that is, to work on them you need to constantly turn the handle. This primitive option is used, for example, in “Felix”) or perform part of the operations using an electric motor (The most advanced adding machines are computers, for example “Facit CA1-13", almost any operation uses an electric motor).

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Felix adding machine, Kursk calculating machine plant "Felix" is the most common adding machine in the USSR. Produced from 1929 to 1978. at the calculating machine factories in Kursk, Penza and Moscow. This calculating machine belongs to the Odhner lever adding machines. It allows you to work with operands up to 9 characters long and receive an answer up to 13 characters long (up to 8 for the quotient). Adding machine Facit CA 1-13 Adding machine Mercedes R38SM

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A adding machine is a mechanical machine that automatically adds numbers entered into it by the operator. Classification There are two types of adding machines - non-recording (displaying the result of a calculation by turning digital wheels) and recording (printing the answer on a tape or sheet of paper). Resulta BS 7 Non-Writer Writer Precisa 164 1

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Fundamentals of Mathematical Logic: George Boole (1815 - 1864). Cathode ray tube (J. Thomson, 1897) Vacuum tubes - diode, triode (1906) Trigger - a device for storing a bit (M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, 1918). The Use of Mathematical Logic in Computers (K. Shannon, 1936) Progress in Science

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Binary coding principle: All information is encoded in binary form. The principle of program control: a program consists of a set of commands that are executed by the processor automatically one after another in a certain sequence. Memory Homogeneity Principle: Programs and data are stored in the same memory. Addressability principle: memory consists of numbered cells; Any cell is available to the processor at any time. ("Preliminary report on the EDVAC machine", 1945) Von Neumann's principles

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1937-1941. Konrad Zuse: Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4. electromechanical relays (two-state devices) binary system use of Boolean algebra data entry from films 1939-1942. The first prototype of an electronic tube computer, J. Atanasoff binary system solution of systems 29 linear equations The first electronic computers

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Developer - Howard Aiken (1900-1973) First computer in the USA: length 17 m, weight 5 tons 75,000 vacuum tubes 3,000 mechanical relays addition - 3 seconds, division - 12 seconds Mark-I (1944)

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I. 1945 – 1955 electron vacuum tubes II. 1955 – 1965 transistors III. 1965 – 1980 integrated circuits IV. from 1980 to ... large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits (LSI and VLSI) Generations of computers

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on electron tubes An electron tube is an electric vacuum device that works by controlling the intensity of the flow of electrons moving in a vacuum or rarefied gas between the electrodes. Electron tubes were widely used in the 20th century as active elements of electronic equipment (amplifiers, generators, detectors, switches, etc.). performance 10-20 thousand operations per second each machine has its own language no operating systems input and output: punched tapes, punched cards I generation (1945-1955)

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Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer J. Mauchly and P. Eckert The first general purpose computer using vacuum tubes: length 26 m, weight 35 tons addition - 1/5000 sec, division - 1/300 sec decimal number system 10-digit numbers ENIAC (1946 )

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1951. MESM - small electronic calculating machine 6,000 vacuum tubes 3,000 operations per second binary system 1952. BESM - large electronic calculating machine 5,000 vacuum tubes 10,000 operations per second Computers S.A. Lebedeva

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on semiconductor transistors (1948, J. Bardeen, W. Brattain and W. Shockley) Transistor (English transistor), semiconductor triode - a radio-electronic component made of semiconductor material, usually with three terminals, allowing input signals to control current in an electrical circuit. 10-200 thousand operations per second first operating systems first programming languages: Fortran (1957), Algol (1959) information storage media: magnetic drums, magnetic disks II generation (1955-1965)

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1953-1955. IBM 604, IBM 608, IBM 702 1965-1966. BESM-6 60,000 transistors 200,000 diodes 1 million operations per second memory - magnetic tape, magnetic drum worked until the 90s. II generation (1955-1965)

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on integrated circuits (1958, J. Kilby) speed up to 1 million operations per second RAM - hundreds of KB operating systems - memory management, devices, processor time programming languages ​​BASIC (1965), Pascal (1970, N. Wirth), C (1972, D. Ritchie) program compatibility III generation (1965-1980)

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large universal computers 1964. IBM/360 from IBM. cache memory pipeline command processing operating system OS/360 1 byte = 8 bits (not 4 or 6!) time sharing 1970. IBM/370 1990. IBM/390 disk drive printer IBM mainframes

Pre-electronic era

The need to count objects in humans arose in prehistoric times. The needs of counting forced people to use counting standards. The first computing device is the abacus. As economic activities and social relations became more complex, and as centuries passed, abacus began to be used.

Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662)

French religious philosopher, writer, mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal in 1642 he designed the first mechanical calculator that allowed him to add and subtract numbers.

G. Leibniz

In 1673, a German scientist G. Leibniz developed a calculating device in which he used a mechanism known as “Leibniz wheels”. His adding machine not only performed addition and subtraction, but also multiplication and division.

Carl Thomas

In the 19th century, Karl Thomas invented the first calculating machines - adding machines. Functions: addition, calculation, multiplication, division, memorizing intermediate results, printing results and much more.

Babbage's Analytical Engine (mid-19th century)

The analytical machine consists of 4,000 steel parts and weighs 3 tons. The calculations were carried out in accordance with the instructions (programs) developed by Lady Ada Lovelace (daughter of the English poet Byron). Countess Lovelace is considered the first programmer and the ADA programming language is named after her.

The first computer in the world

In 1945, American electronics engineer J.P. Eckert and physicist J.W. Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania designed, by order of the US military department, the first electronic computer - “Eniak” (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

The first Soviet computers

The first Soviet electronic computer (later called MESM - small electronic calculating machine) was created in 1949 in Kyiv, and three years later, in 1952, the BESM (high-speed electronic calculating machine) went into operation in Moscow. Both machines were created under the leadership of the outstanding Soviet scientist Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev (1902-1974), the founder of Soviet electronic computing technology.

MESM performed arithmetic operations on 5-6-digit numbers at a speed of 50 operations per second, had a memory on vacuum tubes with a capacity of 100 cells, and occupied 50 square meters. m., consumed 25 kW/h.

BESM - executed programs at a speed of approximately 10,000 commands per second. BESM memory consisted of 1024 cells (39 bits each). This memory was built on magnetic cores. The computer's external memory was located on two magnetic drums and one magnetic tape and could hold 100,000 39-bit words.

First generation computers (1945 – 1957)

All first-generation computers were made on the basis of vacuum tubes, which made them unreliable - the tubes had to be changed frequently. These computers were huge, clunky, and overly expensive machines that could only be purchased by large corporations and governments. The lamps consumed huge amounts of electricity and generated a lot of heat.

Second generation computers (1958 – 1964)

In the 60s of the 20th century, second-generation computers were created, in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Such computers were produced in small series and used in large research centers and leading higher educational institutions.

In the USSR in 1967, the most powerful second-generation computer in Europe was released

BESM-6 (High Speed ​​Electronic Calculating Machine 6) which could perform 1 million operations per second.

Third generation computer

Since the 70s of the last century, third-generation computers began to be used as the elemental base integrated circuits . Computers based on integrated circuits have become more compact, faster and cheaper. Such mini-computers were produced in large series and became available to most scientific institutes and higher educational institutions.

Personal computers

The development of high technologies has led to the creation of large integrated circuits - LSIs, including tens of thousands of transistors. This made it possible to begin producing compact personal computers available for mass use.

First personal computer

The first personal computer was created in 1977 Apple II , and in 1982, IBM began manufacturing IBM PC personal computers.

Personal computers

Over thirty years of development, personal computers have turned into powerful, high-performance devices for processing a wide variety of types of information, which have qualitatively expanded the scope of computing machines. Personal computers are produced in stationary (desktop) and portable versions.

Every year, almost 200 million computers are produced around the world, affordable for the mass consumer.

Computer generations

Characteristic

Years of use

40 - 50s XX century

Main element

generation

generation

60s XX century

Electric lamp

Speed, operations per second

Tens of thousands

Personal computers

70s XX century

Number of computers in the world, pcs.

Transistor

generation

Hundreds of thousands

Integrated circuit

80s XX century – present tense

Large integrated circuit

Millions

Billions

Hundreds of thousands

Counting on fingers Finger counting goes back to ancient times, being found in one form or another among all peoples even today. Famous medieval mathematicians recommended finger counting as an auxiliary tool, allowing for fairly effective counting systems.

Counting with objects For example, the peoples of pre-Columbian America had highly developed knot counting. Moreover, the system of nodules also served as a kind of chronicles and annals, having a rather complex structure. However, using it required good memory training. To make the counting process more convenient, primitive man began to use other devices instead of fingers. The counting results were recorded in various ways: notching, counting sticks, knots, etc.

Abacus and abacus Counting with the help of grouping and rearranging objects was the predecessor of counting on the abacus - the most developed counting device of antiquity, which has survived to this day in the form of various types of abacus. The abacus was the first developed calculating device in the history of mankind, the main difference of which from previous methods of calculation was the performance of calculations by digits. Well adapted to perform addition and subtraction operations, the abacus turned out to be an insufficiently efficient device for performing multiplication and division operations.

The logarithms introduced in 1614 by J. Napier had a revolutionary impact on the entire subsequent development of calculation, which was greatly facilitated by the appearance of a number of logarithmic tables calculated both by Napier himself and by a number of other calculators known at that time. Subsequently, a number of modifications of logarithmic tables appeared. However, in practical work, the use of logarithmic tables has a number of inconveniences, so J. Napier, as an alternative method, proposed special counting sticks (later called Napier sticks), which made it possible to perform multiplication and division operations directly on the original numbers. Napier based this method on the lattice multiplication method. Along with sticks, Napier proposed a counting board for performing the operations of multiplication, division, squaring and square root in binary s.s., thereby anticipating the advantages of such a number system for automating calculations. Logarithms served as the basis for the creation of a wonderful computing tool - the slide rule, which has served engineers and technicians around the world for more than 360 years. Napier sticks and slide rule

In 1623, the German scientist Wilhelm Schickard proposed his solution based on a six-digit decimal calculator, which also consisted of gears, designed to perform addition, subtraction, as well as table multiplication and division. The first actually implemented and well-known mechanical digital computing device was " Pascal", created by the French scientist Blaise Pascal. It was a six- or eight-digit geared device capable of adding and subtracting decimal numbers. Chiccard and Pascal machine

1673 Thirty years after Pascalina, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's "arithmetic instrument" appeared - a twelve-digit decimal device for performing arithmetic operations, including multiplication and division. End of the 18th century. Joseph Jacquard creates a program-controlled weaving loom using punched cards. Gaspard de Prony develops a new computing technology in three stages: developing a numerical method, drawing up a program for a sequence of arithmetic operations, carrying out calculations by arithmetic operations on numbers in accordance with the left program.

Babbage's brilliant idea was realized by Howard Aiken, an American scientist who created the first relay-mechanical computer in the United States in 1944. Its main blocks - arithmetic and memory - were executed on gear wheels. Charles Babbage develops a project for the Analytical Engine, a mechanical universal digital computer with program control. Separate machine components were created. It was not possible to create the entire machine due to its bulkiness. Babbage's Analytical Engine

At the end of the 19th century. More complex mechanical devices were created. The most important of these was a device developed by the American Herman Hollerith. Its uniqueness lay in the fact that it was the first to use the idea of ​​punched cards and calculations were carried out using electric current. In 1897, Hollerith organized a company that later became known as IBM. Herman Hollerith's machine The largest projects at the same time were carried out in Germany (K. Zuse) and the USA (D. Atanasov, G. Aiken and D. Stieblitz). These projects can be considered as direct predecessors of mainframe computers.

Gg. In England, with the participation of Alan Turing, the Colossus computer was created. It already had 2000 vacuum tubes. The machine was intended to decipher radiograms of the German Wehrmacht. Under the leadership of the American Howard Aiken, by order and with the support of IBM, Mark-1 was created - the first program-controlled computer. It was built on electromechanical relays, and the data processing program was entered from punched tape. Colossus and Mark-1

First generation computers 1946 – 1958 The main element is an electron tube. Due to the fact that the height of the glass lamp is 7 cm, the machines were huge. Every 7-8 min. one of the lamps was failing, and since there were thousands of them in the computer, it took a lot of time to find and replace a damaged lamp. Entering numbers into the machines was done using punched cards, and software control was carried out, for example in ENIAC, using plugs and typed fields. Once all the lamps were working, the engineering staff could configure the ENIAC to do something by manually changing the wiring connections.

Machines of the first generation Machines of this generation: “BESM”, “ENIAC”, “MESM”, “IBM-701”, “Strela”, “M-2”, “M-3”, “Ural”, “Ural-2” , “Minsk-1”, “Minsk-12”, “M-20”. These machines took up a large area and used a lot of electricity. Their performance did not exceed 23 thousand operations per second, and their RAM did not exceed 2 KB.

Second generation computers 1959 – 1967 The main element is semiconductor transistors. The first transistor was able to replace ~40 vacuum tubes and operates at high speed. Magnetic tapes and magnetic cores were used as information storage media; high-performance devices for working with magnetic tapes, magnetic drums and the first magnetic disks appeared. Much attention began to be paid to the creation of system software, compilers and input-output tools.

Second-generation machines In the USSR, in 1967, the most powerful second-generation computer in Europe, BESM-6 (High-Speed ​​Electronic Calculating Machine 6), came into operation. Also at the same time, the Minsk-2 and Ural-14 computers were created. The appearance of semiconductor elements in electronic circuits significantly increased the capacity of RAM, the reliability and speed of computers. Dimensions, weight and power consumption have decreased. The machines were intended to solve various labor-intensive scientific and technical problems, as well as to control technological processes in production.

Third generation computers 1968–1974 The main element is an integrated circuit. In 1958, Robert Noyce invented the small silicon integrated circuit, which could house dozens of transistors in a small area. One IC can replace tens of thousands of transistors. One crystal does the same work as a 30-ton Eniak. And a computer using IC achieves performance in operations per second. At the end of the 60s, semiconductor memory appeared, which is still used in personal computers as operational memory. In 1964, IBM announced the creation of six models of the IBM 360 (System360) family, which became the first third-generation computers.

Third generation cars. Third generation machines have advanced operating systems. They have multi-programming capabilities, i.e. simultaneous execution of several programs. Many tasks of managing memory, devices and resources began to be taken over by the operating system or the machine itself. Examples of third-generation machines are the IBM-360, IBM-370 families, ES EVM (Unified Computer System), SM EVM (Family of Small Computers), etc. The speed of machines within the family varies from several tens of thousands to millions of operations per second. The capacity of RAM reaches several hundred thousand words.

Fourth generation computer 1975 – present The main element is a large integrated circuit. Since the early 80s, thanks to the advent of personal computers, computing technology has become widespread and accessible to the public. From a structural point of view, machines of this generation are multiprocessor and multi-machine complexes operating on a common memory and a common field of external devices. RAM capacity is about 1 – 64 MB. "Elbrus" "Mac"

Personal computers Modern personal computers are compact and have thousands of times greater speed compared to the first personal computers (they can perform several billion operations per second). Every year, almost 200 million computers are produced around the world, affordable for the mass consumer. Large computers and supercomputers continue to develop. But now they are no longer dominant as they were before.

Prospects for the development of computer technology. Molecular computers, quantum computers, biocomputers and optical computers should appear in about a year. The computer of the future will make human life easier and more tenfold. According to scientists and researchers, personal computers will change dramatically in the near future, as new technologies are being developed that have never been used before.

Von Neumann principles 1. Arithmetic-logical unit (performs all arithmetic and logical operations); 2. Control device (which organizes the process of executing programs); 3. Storage device (memory for storing information); 4.Input and output devices (allows you to input and output information).

1.A device for entering information by pressing buttons. 2.A device with which you can connect to the Internet. 3.A device that outputs information from a computer onto paper. 4.Device for entering information. 5. Device for displaying information on the screen. 6.A device that copies any information to a computer from paper. CROSSWORD

Information sources. 1.N.D. Ugrinovich Informatics and ICT: textbook for 11th grade. – M.: BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, Virtual Museum of Computer Science Virtual Museum of Informatics Wikipedia - virtual encyclopedia

Slide 1

History of the development of computer technology

Slide 2

OBJECTS OF ANCIENT PEOPLE

Before the invention of simple abacus, people learned to count on their fingers.

They also used foreign objects: knots, stones, sticks, and made notches on wood and bones

Slide 3

Since ancient times, people have tried to create tools to make counting easier.

PROMOTION OF OUR SEVEN-POINT ACCOUNTS

Slide 4

OUR OFFICE ACCOUNTS ARE A VARIETY OF THE FAMOUS ABACUS

office abacus

Slide 5

The simplest abacus is a board with grooves cut into it. How to find the sum of two numbers 134+223=357

1. Place 4 pebbles in the bottom groove

2 Next 3 pebbles

3. In the third groove 1 pebble

4. Then we add the numbers of the second term in the same way

5. This is how the result turned out

The abacus was used in the 5th -4th centuries BC. They were made of bronze, ivory stone, and colored glass. Translation from the Greek word abacus means DUST, because. initially the pebbles were laid out on a flat board covered with dust so that the pebbles would not roll down. Abaci were used in Ancient Greece and Rome, and a little later in Western Europe

Slide 6

Different peoples had abacuses and therefore had their own characteristics in the arrangement of the stones. So in Japan And so in China

suan-pan

Slide 7

J. Napier invented logarithms

Edmund Gunther invented the slide rule with fixed scales

Logarithmic ruler

Slide 8

In 1623, W. Schickard invented a machine capable of adding, subtracting, dividing and multiplying numbers. This was the first mechanical car.

The first mechanical counting devices

The famous physicist and mathematician Blaise Pascal invented a mechanical device, the adding machine, in 1642.

Slide 9

In 1671, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz created his calculating machine, known as the “Leibniz counting wheel”. He wrote about the machines of the future that they would be suitable for working with symbols and formulas. At the time, this idea seemed absurd.

G. LEIBNITZ

Slide 10

In 1830, Babbage's design for the Analytical Engine was presented, which was the first automatic programmable computing device.

CHARLES Babbage

Slide 11

J. JACQARD – THE FIRST INVENTOR OF PUNCH CARDS

Punched card preparation machine

General view of punched cards

Slide 12

Countess Ada Augusta Lovelace was the programmer of the first Analytical Engine.

FIRST PROGRAMMER

The algorithmic language ADA, developed in 1979, is named after her.

Slide 13

At the beginning of the 19th century, mechanical adding machines were used for calculations

Slide 14

1925 - at Sushchevsky named after. F.E. Dzerzhinsky mechanical plant in Moscow launched the production of adding machines under the brand name "Original-Odner", later (since 1931) they became known as “Felix” adding machines

The adding machine has nine slots in the upper part (box) in which the levers move. There are numbers on the sides of the slots; By moving the lever along each slot, you can “put on the levers” any nine-digit number. Below, under the levers, there are two rows of windows (movable carriage): one, larger, numbering 13 on the right. others, smaller ones, on the left, numbering 8. The row of windows on the right forms the resulting counter, and the row on the left forms the revolution counter. The number of the window on the counter indicates the location of the units of any digit of the number on this counter. On the right and left of the carriage there are little lambs (swallows) that serve to reset the numbers that appear on these counters. By turning the knobs until they click, we remove all the numbers on the counters, leaving zeros. On the box of the machine to the right of the slots there are two arrows, at the ends of which there are plus (+) and minus (-). On the right side of the machine there is a handle that can be turned in the plus direction (clockwise) and in the minus direction (counterclockwise). Let the resulting counter and the revolution counter have zeros. Let's put some number on the levers, for example 231 705 896, and turn the knob in the plus direction. After one revolution, the same number 231705 896 will appear on the resulting counter. Addition and subtraction. To add several numbers, you need to place these numbers one after another on the levers and after each installation, turn the handle once in the plus direction. The sum of all numbers will appear on the resulting counter. When the handle is rotated in the opposite direction, the difference between the number that was in it before the start of rotation and the number placed on the levers will appear on the resulting counter. Multiplication. The adding machine carriage can move along the machine to the right and left, and various windows of the resulting counter can be placed under the slot for units.

Slide 15

In 1935, the KSM-1 keyboard semi-automatic adding machine (keyboard calculating machine) was released in the USSR. This machine had two drives: electric (at a speed of 300 rpm) and manual (in case of power failure).

The machine's keyboard consists of 8 vertical rows of 10 keys each, i.e. you can type 8-digit numbers. For ease of typing, the keyboard digit groups are painted in different colors. There are blanking keys. If a number is entered incorrectly, then to replace it, just click on the desired number in the same row and then the incorrectly typed number will be canceled automatically. The movable carriage contains a 16-bit result counter and an 8-bit revolution counter, which have devices for transferring tens from one digit to another. A pen is used to cancel these counters. There are movable commas (for ease of reading). The bell signals that the results counter has overflowed. In the post-war years, semi-automatic devices KSM-2 were produced (with minor differences in design from KSM-1, but with a more convenient arrangement of working parts)

Slide 16

In the 40s of the 19th century, a radical revolution took place in the development of computer technology. From 1943 to 1946, the first fully electronic digital machine was built in the United States.

COUP

Slide 17

During the time of Dr. The first calculating instrument was invented in Rome - the Abacus in the 16th century. Abacus was invented in Russia. 1642 – Blaise Pascal invented the Pascal Wheel, which mechanically performs the addition and subtraction of numbers. 1694 – Gottfried Leibniz designed an adding machine that performed four operations. 1888 – Herman Hollerith designed the first calculating machine.