Presentation on the topic of art of ancient China. Chinese art. Chinese painting styles

The Birth of Chinese Painting

• tradition attributes the creation of Chinese painting to four founding fathers:
• Gu Kaizhi (344 - 406)
• Lu Tanwei (mid 5th century)
• Zhang Sengyao (ca. 500 - ca. 550)
• Wu Daozi (680 - 740)
• However, as a result of archaeological research, today's scientists push back the birth of Chinese painting 1000 years earlier, to the era of the warring states of Zhang Guo

Main genres of Chinese painting

• A genre of plant painting, in particular bamboo painting. The founder of bamboo painting was Wen Tong.
• Painting of Flowers and Birds.
• Mountain Scenery (山水， shan shui, i.e. "mountains and waters").
• Animalistic genre (翎毛. ling mao. those. "feathered and furry").
• Portrait genre

Gu Kaizhi: six laws - "loofah"

• Shen - spirituality,
• Tianqu - naturalness,
• Goutu - composition of a painting,
• Gusyan is the constant basis, that is, the structure of the work,
• Mose - following tradition, ancient monuments,
• Yunbi - high technique of writing with ink and brush

Emperor-artist

• Zhu Zhanji(1398-1435) - Emperor of China of the Ming Dynasty. He succeeded his father Zhu Gaochi to the throne. His motto was "Proclamation of Virtue"

A pagoda is a type of monumental Buddhist place of worship that originated in India

• Buddhism penetrated into China during the reign of the Han Emperor Mindi (58 - 75), in 68 the first Buddhist temple was built - Baimasy (in Luoyang), and in the era of the Three Kingdoms (220 - 265) - the first pagoda

Pagoda shapes

• Pagodas in China come in a wide variety of shapes - square, hexagonal, octagonal, usually with an even number of corners and multi-tiered. Their building materials are wood, brick, stone, glazed tiles, and iron. By their design, they look like towers or pavilions with numerous cornices

Bamboo books

• From the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. The Chinese began to use bamboo slats for writing. Each such tablet contained approximately forty hieroglyphs (words). The planks were strung on a rope and connected into bundles

• In the 3rd century. BC e. The Chinese began to use silk for writing
• They painted on silk with natural paints using a special brush, the invention of which is credited Myn Tianyu

Invention of paper

• The great invention was paper making, whose production began in 105 AD. It was cooked from tree bark, rags, and hemp. The author of this largest discovery in the history of mankind was an official Tsai Lun. Around the same time, mascara was created

Hieroglyphs

• IN Chinese number in dictionaries hieroglyphs sometimes reaches 70 thousand

Symbol of happiness

• The symbol of happiness in ancient China was the bat.
• Five bats meant many lucky blessings, most notably longevity, wealth, health, good behavior and natural death

Great Chinese wall

• Construction of the first wall began in the 3rd century BC. e. during the reign of the emperor Qin Shi Huangdi to protect the state from attacks by the nomadic Xiongnu people. A fifth of the then population of the country, that is, about a million people, took part in the construction
• The length of the wall with all branches is 8 thousand 851 kilometers and 800 meters
• The length of the wall itself from edge to edge is two thousand five hundred kilometers
• The width of the Great Wall is 5-8 meters and the height is 6.6 meters (in some areas the height reaches 10 meters)

Poetry of Tao Yuan Ming

“In the world, human life has no deep roots.

It will flutter away like light dust over the road...

I want one thing - not to know old age,

So that my relatives gather under one roof,

Each of my sons and grandsons are all in a hurry to help each other...”

Chinese paintingChinese painting -
an important part
traditional
Chinese culture and
priceless treasure
of the Chinese nation, she
has a long history and
glorious traditions in
areas of the world
arts
Chinese
painting is also called
traditional chinese
painting. Traditional
Chinese art
dates back to the Neolithic period,
about eight thousand years
back. Found on
excavated colored ceramics
with drawn
animals, fish,
deer and frogs
shows that during
Neolithic Chinese already
started using brushes
for drawing.

During the Qin Dynasty and
Han is developing
fresco painting. Her
used for burials, and
also in temples and palaces. WITH
development of Buddhism in the period from 3
until the 6th century the temple developed
painting, for example,
Buddha images in the mountains
caves.
Ancient Chinese
painting was very different from
European painting. In Europe
widely used
possibilities of color, shadows, and
In China, painters created
amazing pictures of the game
lines. The main thing that distinguishes
Chinese painting from
European is the desire
convey the “spirit of the picture”, or how
the Chinese say “with the help
forms to express mood.”

Ancient Chinese
painting, as in other things
modern, knew two
main style: "gong bi"
(diligent brush) and “se and”
(expression of an idea).
Chinese principles
paintings are
admiring nature as
a perfect creation.

The genres of Chinese painting are quite diverse: - animalistic genres, - everyday genres, - ceremonial portrait, - miniature on fans and others

household items,
- Chinese landscape painting.
Didn't exist in China
still life in the usual
for us it means
stationary objects with
Chinese point of view
dead without dynamics
movements of life and
time.

Chinese painting gravitates towards certain stable images: one of the most favorite objects of aesthetic embodiment in painting is

Chinese art
gravitates towards certain
sustainable images:
one of the most
favorite objects
aesthetic
embodiments in painting
is bamboo
In Chinese
in pictures bamboo is
not just a plant, but
human symbol
character.

Chinese painting and calligraphy

In China use
one tool and
for painting, and for
calligraphy - brushes
- connected these two species
art.
Calligraphy (from the Greek words
κάλλος kallos "beauty" + γραφή
graphẽ "to write") - view
visual arts,
aesthetic design
handwritten font.

The total number of Chinese characters reaches 80,000. But in reality, no more than 10 thousand characters are used in all types of texts. Chinese

hieroglyphs are difficult for
spellings: each of them
consists of several
devil (from 1 to 52).
Calligraphy is like
painting and process
creating a hieroglyph
brush and ink akin to
creation process
paintings.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

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Chinese Painting Chinese painting is also called traditional Chinese painting. Traditional Chinese painting dates back to the Neolithic period, about eight thousand years ago. Colored pottery with painted animals, fish, deer, and frogs found in excavations shows that the Chinese had already begun to use brushes for painting during the Neolithic period. China's painting is an important part of traditional Chinese culture and a priceless treasure of the Chinese nation, it has a long history and glorious tradition in the field of world arts.

3 slide

Slide description:

Features of Chinese Painting Chinese painting and Chinese calligraphy are closely related because both art forms use lines. The Chinese developed simple lines into highly developed art forms. Lines are used not only to draw contours, but also to express the artist’s concept and feelings. Different lines are used for different objects and purposes. They can be straight or curved, hard or soft, thick or thin, pale or dark, and the paint can be dry or flowing. The use of lines and strokes is one of the elements that gives Chinese painting its unique qualities.

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Traditional Chinese Painting Traditional Chinese painting is a combination of several arts - poetry, calligraphy, painting, engraving and printing - in one painting. In ancient times, most artists were poets and masters of calligraphy. For the Chinese, “Painting in poetry and poetry in painting” was one of the criteria for beautiful works of art. Inscriptions and seal impressions helped explain the artist's ideas and moods, and also added decorative beauty to Chinese painting.

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In ancient Chinese paintings, artists often depicted pine trees, bamboo and plum trees. When inscriptions were made on such drawings - “exemplary behavior and nobility of character,” then the qualities of people were attributed to these plants and they were called upon to embody them. All Chinese arts - poetry, calligraphy, painting, engraving and printing - complement and enrich each other.

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Styles of Chinese Painting Based on the means of artistic expression, traditional Chinese painting can be divided into complex painting style, liberal painting style, and complex liberal painting style. Complex style - the painting is drawn and painted in a neat and orderly manner, the complex painting style uses an extremely refined brushwork to paint objects.

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The liberal style of painting uses loose brushwork and brief strokes to describe the appearance and spirit of objects, and to express the artist's feelings. When painting in the liberal style of painting, the artist must place the brush exactly on the paper, and each stroke must be skillful in order to be able to express the spirit of the painting. The complex liberal painting style is a combination of the two previous styles.

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Masters of Chinese Painting Qi Baishi (1863–1957) is one of the most famous Chinese artists of our time. He was a versatile artist, he wrote poetry, was a stone carver, was a calligrapher, and also dabbled in painting. Through many years of practice, Qi found his own special, personal style. He was able to depict the same theme in any style. His works are distinguished by the fact that in one picture he could combine several styles and methods of painting.

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Thanks to Qi Baishi, Chinese and world painting took another step forward: he was able to create his own individual artistic language, unusually bright and expressive. He left a profound mark in the history of Guohua.

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ABOUT QI BAISHI THEY SAY: “HE SAW GREAT THINGS IN SMALL THINGS, FROM NOTHING HE GAVE MUCH THINGS OUT OF NOTHING.” His works are filled with light that penetrates flower petals and insect wings: it seems that it illuminates us too, giving rise to a feeling of joy and peace in the soul.

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Chinese art. What is necessary? Chinese painting differs from Western painting in the necessary materials for painting. Chinese painters use a brush, an ink stick, rice paper and an ink stone to paint a picture - all this is necessary in Chinese painting. Rice paper (Xuan paper) is a necessary material for Chinese painting because it has a beautiful texture so that the brush with ink can move freely on it, causing the strokes to fluctuate from shadow to light.

Slide 13

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Combination of Poetry, Calligraphy and Printing in Chinese Painting Chinese painting shows the perfect union of poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing. Typically, many Chinese artists are also poets and calligraphers. They often add a poem to their painting and stamps of various seals after it is completed. The combination of these four arts in Chinese painting makes the paintings more perfect and beautiful, and a true connoisseur will receive aesthetic pleasure from contemplating Chinese painting.

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Genres of Chinese Painting The following genres are distinguished in Chinese painting: landscape (“mountain-water”), portrait genre (there are several categories), images of birds, insects and plants (“flower-birds”) and animalistic genre. It should also be added that in traditional Chinese painting such symbols as the phoenix bird and the dragon are very popular.

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Chinese Painting - Guohua Painting Guohua is a traditional painting of China. Guohua painting uses ink and water paints; the painting is done on paper or silk. Guohua is close in spirit to calligraphy. To apply paints, brushes made from bamboo and the hair of domestic or wild animals (rabbit, goat, squirrel, deer, etc.) are used.

16 slide

参观中国画展览 Chinese language teacher MBOU Secondary School No. Sevostyanenko A。G。 To paint traditional Chinese paintings, the so-called “four treasures” of the artist are used: a Chinese brush, paint, an ink pot for rubbing ink and mineral paints, paper. Before the invention of paper, people painted on silk, but even after the advent of paper, silk often continued to serve as a canvas for the artist right up to the present day. The painter's tool was a brush made from animal hair. The main pictorial element was the line applied in ink with a brush. Lines are the most common pictorial element in a painting, especially in paintings of the early period. Chinese artists were distinguished by their virtuoso skill with the brush. The lines appearing from under their brush varied in thickness, the density of ink coloring, they could amaze with their power, or they could look like a barely noticeable hair. With the help of lines and their diversity, the artist created images full of life, highly artistic, embodying all the diversity of the objective world. 水墨画 In China, they always use tiles of first-class ink, with a black varnish sheen. By rubbing the tiles with water to a thick or liquid consistency, ink is obtained and, with the help of the artist’s skillful brush, acquires a variety of shades. Its erosions convey either the thinnest haze of fog or the shaggy paws of pine trees hanging over a dizzying abyss. Chinese painters never painted directly from nature; they reproduced landscapes from memory. They constantly trained their visual memory, peering intently at nature and studying it. The blow of their brush is always precise, because on porous thin paper or silk no corrections are possible. Zhao Bo-su. Returning from hunting. Album leaf. Painting on silk12th century. 水墨画只有两种颜色: 白色和黑色. Mischievous village schoolchildren. Painting on silk. 12th century Ai Di. A man leading a buffalo across a snowy plain. Painting on silk. 12th century Bamboo in Chinese paintings is a symbol of inflexibility and perseverance, a person of high moral qualities. Bamboo represents summer and symbolizes strength and flexibility. It is so strong and flexible that it bends but does not break under strong wind pressure. Chinese artist Xu Xinqi is famous for his cat drawings。 The works presented are made using the Guohua technique, a traditional Chinese painting that uses ink and water paints on silk or paper. “It’s as if nature had gathered her art to divide north and south here into dusk and dawn.” Li Bo. A new technique called “ink lifting” (揭墨), when ink applied to paper with the help of a special effect spreads in the desired direction, forming soft shimmers. This achieves an effect that cannot be achieved using a brush. Such a picture cannot be copied or faked, because a unique pattern is formed. This technique was recognized as an invention and patented in 1997. Chinese painting is based on a subtle ratio of delicate mineral paints that are in harmony with each other. The foreground was usually separated from the background by a group of rocks or trees, with which all parts of the landscape were related. 水彩画是用各种各样的颜色画的. The compositional structure of the painting and the features of the perspective were designed to make a person feel not like the center of the universe, but a small part of it. The compositional structure of the picture and the features of perspective were designed to make a person feel not like the center of the universe, but a small part of it. Thank you for your attention! 再见!

There are discrepancies regarding the origin of this art. Tradition itself attributes the creation of Chinese painting to four founding fathers: Gu Kaizhi (Chinese: 顧愷之) (344 - 406), Lu Tanwei (Chinese: 陆探微, mid-5th century), Zhang Sengyao (ca. 500 - ca. 550). ) and Wu Daozi (Chinese: 吴道子, 680 - 740), who lived from the 5th to the 8th centuries AD. The second famous representative of “painting of intellectuals,” the famous landscape painter Guo Xi, in his treatise “On Painting,” considers the painting to be a kind of psychological portrait of the author, emphasizing the high meaning of the artist’s personality and nobility. The artist especially emphasizes the need for perfection of the master’s personality. He considers poetry to be another important aspect of a work of painting, citing a phrase belonging to an unknown author: “Poetry is painting without form; painting is poetry taken form.” Since the time of the artist Wang Wei (8th century), many “intellectual artists” have given preference to monochrome ink painting over flowers, believing that: “Among the ways of a painter, simple ink is superior to all. He will reveal the essence of nature, he will complete the work of the creator.” It was during this period that the main genres of Chinese painting emerged: The genre of plant painting, in particular bamboo painting. The founder of bamboo painting was Wen Tong. Since the birth of Chinese painting on silk and paper in the 5th century AD. e. Many authors have attempted to theorize painting. The first among all, perhaps, was Gu Kaizhi, at whose suggestion six laws were formulated - “loofa”: Shenqi - spirituality, Tianqu - naturalness, Goutu - the composition of a painting, Guxiang - a constant basis, that is, the structure of the work, Mose - following tradition , ancient monuments, Yunbi - high technique of writing with ink and brush. Chinese painting after the Song era The periods of the Tang and Song dynasties are considered the time of the highest flowering of Chinese culture. The same can be said about Chinese painting. Throughout the subsequent Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, artists were guided by samples from the Song period. Unlike the Tang and Song artists, painters of subsequent eras did not strive to create new styles, but, on the contrary, imitated in every possible way the styles of bygone eras. And they often did it at a very good level, like the artists of the Mongol Yuan dynasty that followed the Song era. Chinese painting of the 18th – 20th centuries. The era of change. The 16th - 17th centuries turned out to be an era of great changes for China, and not only because of the Manchu conquest. With the beginning of the colonial era, China began to become increasingly exposed to the cultural influence of Europeans. A reflection of this fact was the transformation of Chinese painting. One of the most interesting Chinese artists of the Qing era is Giuseppe Castiglione (1688 - 1766), an Italian Jesuit monk, missionary and court artist and architect in China. It was this man who became the first artist to combine Chinese and European traditions in his drawing. The 19th and 20th centuries became a great test of strength for China. China has entered an era of change on a scale never before seen. During the 19th century, China lost 2 opium wars to European colonialists and suffered significant devastation from the Europeans. In 1894 - 1895, China lost the war to Japan and was divided into zones of influence between the European colonial empires (including Russia), the USA and Japan. However, the most striking personality in Chinese painting of the 20th century was undoubtedly Qi Baishi (1864 - 1957), who combined two previously incompatible biographical features for a Chinese artist; he was an adherent of “painting of intellectuals” and at the same time came from a poor peasant family. Qi Baishi also received wide recognition in the West, and in 1955 he was awarded the International Peace Prize.

Symbolism in Chinese painting Chinese painting is also characterized by an extremely elegant language of images. Often depicting something, a Chinese artist puts a certain subtext into the drawing. Some images are particularly common, for example, four noble plants: orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum, meihua plum. In addition, each of these plants correlates with a certain character quality. The orchid is delicate and sophisticated, associated with the tenderness of early spring. Bamboo is a symbol of unyielding character, a true man of high moral qualities (Xun Tzu). Chrysanthemum is beautiful, chaste and modest, the embodiment of the triumph of autumn. The blooming wild plum meihua is associated with purity of thoughts and resistance to the adversities of fate. In plant subjects, other symbolism is also found: for example, by drawing a lotus flower, the artist talks about a person who has retained purity of thoughts and wisdom, living in a stream of everyday problems.

"Chinese art"

Presentation for class

in fine arts

for 3 years of education for children aged 12 to 15 years.

in the system of additional education.

Presentation for a lesson in fine arts for the 3rd year of education for children aged 12 to 15 years.

Developed by: Baukina O. V.,

teacher of additional education.

Chinese painting

Chinese painting An important part of traditional Chinese culture and a priceless treasure of the Chinese nation, it has a long history and glorious tradition in the field of world arts.

dates back to the Neolithic period, about eight thousand years ago.

Colored pottery with painted animals, fish, deer, and frogs found in excavations shows that the Chinese had already begun to use brushes for painting during this period.

Chinese art

Features of Chinese Painting

Chinese art And chinese calligraphy

are closely related because both art forms use lines. The Chinese developed simple lines into highly developed art forms. Lines are not only used to draw contours, but are also used to express the artist’s feelings.

A wide variety of lines are used.

They can be straight or curved, hard or soft, thick or thin, pale or dark, and the paint can be dry or flowing.

The use of lines and strokes is one of the elements that gives Chinese painting its unique qualities.

Traditional Chinese painting

is a combination in one picture of several arts - poetry, calligraphy, painting, engraving and printing. In ancient times, most artists were poets and masters of calligraphy.

For Chinese “Painting in poetry and poetry in painting” was one of the criteria for beautiful works of art.

Inscriptions and seal impressions helped explain the artist's ideas and moods, as well as add decorative beauty to the painting. China .

In the painting of ancient China

artists often depicted pine trees, bamboo and plum trees.

When inscriptions were made on such drawings - “exemplary behavior and nobility of character,” then the qualities of people were attributed to these plants and they were called upon to embody them.

All Chinese arts - poetry, calligraphy, painting, engraving and printing - complement and enrich each other.

Chinese painting styles

According to the means of artistic expression, traditional Chinese painting can be divided into

complex painting style, liberal painting style,

and complex-liberal.

Complex style- the painting is drawn and painted in a neat and orderly manner, the complex painting style uses an extremely refined brushwork to paint objects

A combination of poetry, calligraphy and printing

in Chinese painting

Chinese painting shows the perfect union of poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing. Typically, many Chinese artists are also poets and calligraphers. They often add a poem to their painting and stamps of various seals after it is completed.

The combination of these four arts in Chinese painting makes the paintings more perfect and beautiful, and a true connoisseur will receive true pleasure from contemplating Chinese painting.

Masters of Chinese Painting

Qi Baishi (1864 - 1957)

is one of the most famous Chinese artists of our time. He was a versatile artist, he wrote poetry, was a stone carver, was a calligrapher, and also dabbled in painting.

Through many years of practice, Qi found his own special, personal style. He was able to depict the same theme in any style. His works are distinguished by the fact that in one picture he could combine several styles and methods of painting.

Through many years of practice, Qi Baishi I found my own special, personal style.

He was able to depict the same theme in any style. His works are distinguished by the fact that in one picture he could combine several styles and methods of painting.

Chinese art. What is necessary?

Chinese painting is different from Western painting .

Chinese painters use a brush, an ink stick, rice paper and an ink stone to paint a picture - all this is necessary in Chinese painting.

Rice paper (Xuan paper) It has a beautiful texture so that the brush with ink moves freely over it, due to which the strokes fluctuate from shadow to light.

Genres of Chinese Painting

The following genres and styles are distinguished in Chinese painting:

genre landscape (“mountains-water”)

portrait genre(there are several categories),

image of birds, insects and plants (“bird flowers”)

animalistic genre .

It should also be added that in traditional Chinese painting such symbols as the phoenix bird and the dragon are very popular.

Chinese painting styles: Wu Xing and Guohua.

Wu Xing Painting

One of the most effective techniques for learning to draw.

A person who begins to engage in this art truly enjoys the awareness of his inner capabilities.

This is a system of 5 primary elements:

wood, fire, earth, water and metal.

Each element corresponds to 5 strokes; with their help, the artist paints his paintings, conveying the essence of the object, and not the form.

This feature gives everyone the opportunity to learn how to draw from scratch. as there is liberation from the stereotyped perception of the world, a creative vision appears.

Guohua painting .

In Guohua painting Ink and water paints are used, the painting is done on paper or silk. Guohua is close in spirit to calligraphy. To apply paints, brushes made from bamboo and the hair of domestic or wild animals (rabbit, goat, squirrel, deer, etc.) are used.

Practical part step-by-step work

Exercise: Try drawing these funny chickens.

Literature

Chinese Painting - China Painting http://azialand.ru/kitajskaya-zhivopis/

Wikipedia https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0 %B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C

Chinese painting, pictures https://www.google.ru/webhp?tab=Xw&ei=VLOhV8a2B-Tp6AS-zrCYAw&ved=0EKkuCAQoAQ#newwindow=1&q=%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1 %81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C

Chinese paintingChinese painting -
an important part
traditional
Chinese culture and
priceless treasure
of the Chinese nation, she
has a long history and
glorious traditions in
areas of the world
arts
Chinese
painting is also called
traditional chinese
painting. Traditional
Chinese art
dates back to the Neolithic period,
about eight thousand years
back. Found on
excavated colored ceramics
with drawn
animals, fish,
deer and frogs
shows that during
Neolithic Chinese already
started using brushes
for drawing.

During the Qin Dynasty and
Han is developing
fresco painting. Her
used for burials, and
also in temples and palaces. WITH
development of Buddhism in the period from 3
until the 6th century the temple developed
painting, for example,
Buddha images in the mountains
caves.
Ancient Chinese
painting was very different from
European painting. In Europe
widely used
possibilities of color, shadows, and
In China, painters created
amazing pictures of the game
lines. The main thing that distinguishes
Chinese painting from
European is the desire
convey the “spirit of the picture”, or how
the Chinese say “with the help
forms to express mood.”

Ancient Chinese
painting, as in other things
modern, knew two
main style: "gong bi"
(diligent brush) and “se and”
(expression of an idea).
Chinese principles
paintings are
admiring nature as
a perfect creation.

The genres of Chinese painting are quite diverse: - animalistic genres, - everyday genres, - ceremonial portrait, - miniature on fans and others

household items,
- Chinese landscape painting.
Didn't exist in China
still life in the usual
for us it means
stationary objects with
Chinese point of view
dead without dynamics
movements of life and
time.

Chinese painting gravitates towards certain stable images: one of the most favorite objects of aesthetic embodiment in painting is

Chinese art
gravitates towards certain
sustainable images:
one of the most
favorite objects
aesthetic
embodiments in painting
is bamboo
In Chinese
in pictures bamboo is
not just a plant, but
human symbol
character.

Chinese painting and calligraphy

In China use
one tool and
for painting, and for
calligraphy - brushes
- connected these two species
art.
Calligraphy (from the Greek words
κάλλος kallos "beauty" + γραφή
graphẽ "to write") - view
visual arts,
aesthetic design
handwritten font.

The total number of Chinese characters reaches 80,000. But in reality, no more than 10 thousand characters are used in all types of texts. Chinese

hieroglyphs are difficult for
spellings: each of them
consists of several
devil (from 1 to 52).
Calligraphy is like
painting and process
creating a hieroglyph
brush and ink akin to
creation process
paintings.

Music of Ancient ChinaIn Chinese music
was accepted
Lü-Lü system
(literally "build"
"measure"), based
which they lay
twelve sounds.
Everyone had
magical meaning:
odd sounds
embodied the bright ones,
active forces of Heaven,
even - dark,
passive forces
Earth.

Around the 7th century. BC e. from this
five scales were identified
the most important sounds that received
titles:
the first one is a “palace”,
the second is “conversation”,
third - "horn"
fourth - "meeting",
the fifth is “wings”.
These five sounds were identified with
five primary elements (fire, water,
earth, air, tree) and five
primary colors (white, black,
red, blue, yellow). They had and
social meaning (“ruler”,
"officials", "people", "deeds",
"things").

Musical Instruments of Ancient China

In ancient times they stood out
separate classes
musical instruments:
ringing (bells and
stone plates),
strings, winds and percussion
(drums).
Eight species
“sound sources” stone, metal, silk,
bamboo, wood, leather,
clay and pumpkin.

One of the most
original
musical
Ancient tools
China - stone
plates (lithophones),
which are called "qing".
Mu-yu (translated
"wooden fish")
– exotic
percussion instrument
in the shape of a fish.

Chinese art

Ancient Chinese
painting, as in other things
modern, knew two
main style: "gong bi"
(diligent brush) and “se and”
(expression of an idea).
Chinese principles
paintings are
admiring nature as
a perfect creation.

Genres of Chinese painting
quite varied:
- animalistic genres,
- everyday genres,
- ceremonial portrait,
- miniature on fans and others
household items,
- Chinese landscape painting.
There was no still life in China
in our usual sense,
stationary objects from the point of view
Chinese are dead without dynamics
movements of life and time.

Chinese art
gravitates towards certain
sustainable images: one
one of my favorites
aesthetic objects
embodiments in painting
is bamboo.
In Chinese paintings
bamboo is not easy
plant, and symbol
human
character.

Chinese painting and calligraphy

In China use
one tool and
for painting, and for
calligraphy - brushes
- connected these two species
art.
Calligraphy (from the Greek words
κάλλος kallos "beauty" + γραφή
graphẽ "to write") - view
visual arts,
aesthetic design
handwritten font.

Total
Chinese characters
reaches 80,000. But
really in all forms
no texts are used
more than 10 thousand hieroglyphs.
Chinese characters
difficult to write:
each of them consists of
several traits (from 1 to 52).
Calligraphy is like
painting and process
creating a hieroglyph
brush and ink akin to
creation process
paintings.

Traditions of Chinese tea drinking

In ancient China, a teahouse
the ceremony began with
what a person should have
internally psychologically
prepare: free yourself
from everything unpleasant,
annoying, painful
and secondary.
Once upon a time tea, as already
as stated above, they drank only in
imperial palaces and
houses of aristocrats, then
The poor also loved him.

A little later especially for
holding tea ceremonies
began to build teahouses
pavilions: extraordinary
beautiful, light, full of light
and air refined
structures.
External splendor and
emphasized beauty
simplicity of internal
decorations - in pavilions
stood small
sofas, chairs,
tables, separately
there were tea shops
accessories.

In the evenings, colorful lights were lit here
paper lanterns, invited musicians
- everything should have been set up to be enthusiastic
perception of the surrounding world.

Chinese way of making tea

First of all it was necessary
choose the right tea,
corresponding to desire and
mood. It could be
black, green, red or
very rare and expensive
"Imperial" yellow tea
Second, no less important, -
water that is used
for making tea. She
must be fresh, taken
from a spring, stream or river.

Third - dishes for
preparation and consumption
tea drink. In ancient times
emperors used
dishes made of gold and silver.
Later the Chinese abandoned
metal utensils and
switched to porcelain and
ceramic.
Gaiwan - special
bowl type cups
200-250 ml with cap,
whose diameter is smaller
top edge diameter
cups.

Chinese artistic culture has absorbed
basic spiritual values ​​that
developed in the teachings of Taoism and
Confucianism.. The idea of ​​harmonious
connections between man and nature permeate
Chinese art, starting from calligraphy
before painting. Even writing in
traditional chinese culture
is considered as a special area of ​​ethics and
aesthetics. All genres of ancient Chinese
the arts carried a deep moral
the meaning and idea of ​​human improvement,
tuned to a special perception:
admiration for nature, its beauty and work
masters

From ancient times until the invasion of colonialists in the middle of the 19th century. In the Far East, one of the brightest and most distinctive civilizations, Chinese, developed consistently, continuously and almost exclusively on its own basis. The development of this civilization, closed from external influences and impacts, is due to the enormous size of the territory and long-term isolation from other ancient societies. The ancient Chinese civilization developed in such isolation as if it were on another planet. Only in the 2nd century. BC. the first contact with another high culture occurred through Zhang Qian's travels to Central Asia. And another 300 years had to pass before the Chinese became seriously interested in the cultural phenomenon of Buddhism that came from abroad.

The stability of ancient Chinese civilization was also given by an ethnically homogeneous population that called itself the Han people. The vitality and development potential of Han society was supported by a strong centralized state, the tendency towards the creation and strengthening of which was leading throughout ancient Chinese civilization. A real eastern despotism was created with exceptionally high centralization of power in the hands of the ruler, with a clear administrative-territorial division and a huge staff of learned officials. This model of statehood, cemented by the ideology of Confucianism, existed in China until the fall of the Manchu dynasty at the beginning of the 20th century. The example of the establishment in China since ancient times of the advantages of state property and its dominant role in the development of civilization is also unique. The private owner was under strict control of the authorities to maintain conservative stability in society.

Ancient China is a unique example of class hierarchy. In Chinese society, there were farmers, artisans, merchants, officials, priests, warriors and slaves. They constituted, as a rule, closed hereditary corporations in which each person knew his place. Vertical corporate connections prevailed over horizontal ones. The basis of Chinese statehood is a large family, consisting of several generations of relatives. Society from top to bottom was bound by mutual responsibility. The experience of total control, suspicion and denunciation is also one of the achievements of the civilization of Ancient China.

Ancient Chinese civilization is comparable to antiquity in its breakthrough in the development of man, society and the state, in its achievements and influence on the surrounding world. China's closest neighbors, the countries of East Asia (Korea, Vietnam, Japan) used Chinese hieroglyphic writing, adapting it to the needs of their languages, the ancient Chinese language became the language of diplomats, the government structure and legal system were built on Chinese models, Confucianism had a significant influence on the formation of the official ideology or Buddhism in a sinicized form.

The most ancient tribes that settled the fertile valleys of the large rivers of China in the Neolithic era (8th millennium BC) created settlements from small adobe huts sunk into the ground. They cultivated fields, raised domestic animals, and knew many crafts. Currently, a large number of Neolithic sites have been discovered in China. The ceramics of that time discovered at these sites belong to several cultures, the oldest of which is the Yangshao culture, which received its name from the site of the first excavations carried out in the 20s. XX century in Henan province. Yangshao vessels were made from pale yellow or reddish-brown fired clay, first by hand, then using a potter's wheel.

Those made on a potter's wheel were distinguished by their extraordinary regularity of shape. The ceramics were fired at a temperature of about one and a half thousand degrees Celsius, and then polished with a boar's tooth, making it smooth and shiny. The upper part of the vessels was covered with complex geometric patterns of triangles, spirals, rhombuses and circles, as well as images of birds and animals. Fish stylized as geometric painting were especially popular. The ornament had a magical meaning and, apparently, was associated with the ancient Chinese ideas about the forces of nature. Thus, zigzag lines and sickle-shaped signs were probably conventional images of lightning and the moon, which later turned into Chinese characters.

The next period in the history of China was called Shang-Yin (XVIXI centuries BC) after the name of the tribe that settled the Yellow River valley in the 2nd millennium BC. It was then that the first Chinese state was formed, headed by the ruler Wang, who was also the high priest. At that time, significant changes took place in all spheres of life of the inhabitants of China: silk spinning, bronze casting, hieroglyphic writing were invented, and the foundations of urban planning were born. The capital of the state, the great city of Shan, located near the modern city of Anyang, unlike the most ancient settlements, had a distinct plan.

When the state was formed in China, the idea of ​​Heaven as the powerful supreme deity of the Universe arose. The ancient Chinese believed that their country was located in the center of the Earth, while the latter was square and flat. The sky over China is shaped like a circle. That's why they called their country Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom) or Tianxia (Celestial Empire). At different times of the year, abundant sacrifices were made to Heaven and Earth. For this purpose, special altars were erected outside the city: round for Heaven, square for Earth.

Many artistic crafts have survived to this day, which were intended for ritual ceremonies in honor of the spirits of ancestors and deities who control the forces of nature. Ritual bronze vessels used for sacrifices are distinguished by their craftsmanship. These heavy monolithic products combined all the prevailing ideas about the world at that time. The outer surfaces of the vessels are covered with relief. The main place in it was given to images of birds and dragons, embodying the elements of sky and water, cicadas, foreshadowing a good harvest, bulls and rams, promising people satiety and prosperity. ritual bronze vessels

A tall, slender cup (“gu”), widening at the top and bottom, was intended for sacrificial wine. Typically, a thin spiral “thunder pattern” (“lei wen”) was depicted on the surface of these vessels, against which the main images were made. The voluminous animal faces seem to grow from bronze. The vessels themselves often had the shape of animals and birds (Ritual bronze vessel), for they were supposed to protect people and protect crops from evil forces. The surface of such vessels was completely filled with protrusions and engravings. The bizarre and fantastic shape of ancient Chinese bronze vessels with dragons was arranged by four vertical convex ribs located on the sides. These ribs oriented the vessels to the cardinal points, emphasizing their ritual character. Ritual bronze vessel

The underground burials of the nobility in the Shang-Yin era consisted of two deep underground chambers of a cruciform or rectangular shape located one above the other. Their area sometimes reached four hundred square meters, the walls and ceiling were painted with red, black and white paints or inlaid with pieces of stone, metal, etc. The entrances to the burials were guarded by stone figures of fantastic beasts. So that the souls of the ancestors did not need anything, various handicrafts, weapons, bronze vessels, carved stones, jewelry, as well as magical objects (a bronze figure on a pedestal) were placed in the graves. All the objects that were placed in the burials, as well as the patterns that decorated the statues and bronze utensils, had a magical meaning and were connected by a single symbolism: a bronze figure on a pedestal

In the 11th century BC. The state of Shang-Yin was conquered by the Zhou tribe. The winners, who founded the Zhou Dynasty (13th centuries BC), quickly adopted many of the technical and cultural achievements of the vanquished. The Zhou state existed for many centuries, but its prosperity was short-lived. Many new states appeared on the political arena, and China already by the 8th century. BC. entered into a period of internecine wars. Period from V to III centuries. BC. was called Zhanguo (“warring kingdoms”).

The new kingdoms that emerged brought vast areas into the orbit of Chinese civilization. Trade between remote regions of China began to actively develop, which was facilitated by the construction of canals. Iron deposits were discovered, which made it possible to switch to iron tools and improve farming techniques. Round coins of the same shape came into circulation, replacing money made in the shape of a spade (tapered shovel), sword or shell. The range of crafts that came into use expanded significantly. Science developed in cities. Thus, in the capital of the kingdom of Qi, the first higher educational institution in China, the Jixia Academy, was created. A huge role in the entire subsequent artistic life of China was played by those that arose in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. two teachings: Confucianism and Taoism.

Confucianism, which sought to maintain order and balance in the state, turned to the traditions of the past. The founder of the teaching, Confucius (circa BC), considered the eternal order of relations established by Heaven in family and society, between the sovereign and his subjects, between father and son. Believing himself to be the custodian and interpreter of the wisdom of the ancients, who served as role models, he developed a whole system of rules and norms of human behavior - Ritual. According to the Ritual, it is necessary to honor ancestors, respect elders, and strive for internal improvement. He also created rules for all spiritual manifestations of life, and established strict laws in music, literature and painting. Unlike Confucianism, Taoism focused on the fundamental laws of the universe. The main place in this teaching was occupied by the theory of the Tao of the Way of the Universe, or the eternal variability of the world, subordinate to the natural necessity of nature itself, the balance of which is possible due to the interaction of the feminine and masculine principles of yin and yang. The founder of the teachings, Laozi, believed that human behavior should be guided by the natural laws of the Universe, which cannot be violated, otherwise harmony in the world will be disrupted, chaos and death will ensue. The contemplative, poetic approach to the world inherent in the teachings of Laozi manifested itself in all areas of the artistic life of ancient China.

During the Zhou and Zhanguo periods, many objects of decorative and applied art appeared that served ritual purposes: bronze mirrors, bells, and various objects made from the sacred stone jade. Translucent, always cold jade symbolized purity and was always considered a guardian against poison and damage (Jade figurine). bellsJade figurine

Painted lacquer utensils, tables, trays, boxes, musical instruments, richly decorated with ornaments, discovered in the burials, also served ritual purposes. The production of varnish, like silk weaving, was then known only in China. The natural sap of the lacquer tree, painted in different colors, was repeatedly applied to the surface of the product, which gave it shine, strength and protected it from moisture. In the burials of Hunan Province in Central China, archaeologists discovered many objects of lacquerware (Wooden figurine of a guardian).Wooden figurine of a guardian

In the 3rd century. BC. after long wars and civil strife, the small kingdoms united into a single, powerful empire, headed by the Qin dynasty (BC) and then the Han (206 BC - 220 AD) . The ruler and unlimited ruler of the Qin Empire, Qin Shi-Huangdi (BC) was the Chinese emperor for a short time, but managed to strengthen the central power. He destroyed the borders of independent kingdoms and divided the country into thirty-six provinces, to each of which he appointed a capital official. Under Shi Huangdi, new well-maintained roads were laid and canals were dug to connect provincial centers with the capital Xianyang (Shaanxi Province). A unified written language was created, which allowed residents of different regions to communicate with each other, despite the difference in local dialects.

Its length was seven hundred and fifty kilometers. The thickness of the wall ranged from five to eight meters, the height of the wall reached ten meters. The upper edge was crowned with teeth. Along the entire length of the wall there were numerous signal towers, on which lights were lit in case of the slightest danger. A road was built from the Great Wall of China to the capital itself.

The tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi was also built on an equally large scale. It was erected (fifty kilometers from Xianyang) within ten years after the emperor’s accession to the throne. More than seven hundred thousand people took part in the construction. The tomb was surrounded by two rows of high walls, forming a square in plan (symbol of the Earth). In the center there was a high cone-shaped burial mound. Round in plan, it symbolized Heaven. The walls of the underground tomb are lined with polished marble slabs and jade, the floor is covered with huge polished stones with a map of the nine regions of the Chinese Empire drawn on them. On the floor there were sculptures of five sacred mountains, and the ceiling looked like a firmament with shining luminaries. After the sarcophagus with the body of Emperor Qin Shi Huang was transferred to the underground palace, a huge number of precious objects that accompanied him during his life were placed around it: vessels, jewelry, musical instruments.

But the underground kingdom was not limited to the burial itself. In 1974, at a distance of one and a half kilometers from it, archaeologists discovered eleven deep underground tunnels lined with ceramic tiles. Located parallel to each other, the tunnels served as a shelter for a giant clay army, guarding the peace of their master. Clay army

The army, divided into several ranks, is lined up in battle formation. There are also horses and chariots, also sculpted from clay. All figures are life-size and painted; each of the warriors has individual features (Terracotta figure of an archer from the tomb of Qin Shi Huang).Terracotta figure of an archer from the tomb of Qin Shi Huang

Traces of change in the country were noticeable everywhere, but it should be noted that the power of Qin Shi Huang was based on total control, denunciation and terror. Order and prosperity were achieved through too drastic measures, causing despair among the Qin people. Traditions, morality and virtues were neglected, which forced the bulk of the population to experience spiritual discomfort. In 213 BC. The emperor ordered the expulsion of Songs and Traditions and the burning of all private bamboo books, except for fortune-telling texts, books on medicine, pharmacology, agriculture and mathematics. The monuments located in the archives survived, but most of the ancient sources on the history and literature of China perished in the fire of this madness. A decree was issued banning private teaching, criticism of the government, and the once flourishing philosophies. After the death of Qin Shi Huang in 210 BC. Against the backdrop of general political instability and discontent, uprisings began, which led to the death of the empire.

In 207 BC. Power was seized by the rebel leader Liu Bang, the future founder of the Han dynasty, which ruled for four centuries. In the II century. BC. The Han Empire recognized Confucianism and in its person acquired an official ideology with a distinctly religious overtone. Violation of Confucian precepts was punishable by death as the most serious crime. Based on Confucianism, a comprehensive system of lifestyle and management organization was developed. The emperor in his reign had to rely on the principles of philanthropy and justice, and learned officials had to help him pursue the right policy.

Relations in society were regulated on the basis of Ritual, which determined the responsibilities and rights of each group of the population. All people were to build family relationships based on the principles of filial piety and brotherly love. This meant that each person had to unquestioningly carry out the will of his father, obey his older brothers, and take care of his parents in old age. Thus, Chinese society became class-based not only in the state, but also in the moral sense of this concept. The obedience of the younger to the elder, the lower to the higher, and all together to the emperor is the basis for the development of Chinese civilization with its universal strict regulation of life down to the smallest detail.

The Han era in Chinese history was marked by a new flowering of culture and art, and the development of science. Historical science is born. Its founder, Sima Qian, created a five-volume treatise in which he outlined in detail the history of China since ancient times. Chinese scholars put a lot of effort into copying ancient writings from old bamboo slips that served as books onto silk scrolls. The most important discovery was the invention in the 1st century. AD paper Caravan routes connected China with other countries. For example, along the Great Silk Road, the Chinese brought silk and the finest hand embroidery to the west, which were famous throughout the world. Written sources preserve information about the brisk trade of the Han Empire with India and distant Rome, in which China has long been called the Land of Silk.

The main centers of the Han Empire, Luoyang and Chang'an, were built according to the rules set out in ancient treatises according to a plan with a clear division into quarters. The palaces of the rulers were located on the main thoroughfare of the city and consisted of residential and state rooms, gardens and parks. Noble people were buried in spacious tombs, the walls of which were lined with ceramic or stone slabs, and the ceilings were supported by stone columns, which usually ended with a pair of dragons. Outside, the Alley of Spirits of the Guardians of the Grave, framed by statues of animals, led to the funeral hill.

Objects were found in the burials that give an idea of ​​the daily life of the Han era: ceramic painted models of houses, painted clay jugs, bronze mirrors, painted figurines of dancers, musicians, domestic animals. bronze mirrors of musicians

Reliefs played a major role in the design of the burial. The richest in content are the reliefs in the burials of the provinces of Shandong and Sichuan. The reliefs depict scenes of the harvest, wild duck hunting, and racing light chariots harnessed to thin-legged hot horses (“Procession with Chariot and Riders”). All images are very realistic. Procession with chariot and horsemen

The presentation was created based on materials from the electronic editions of the Schoolchild's Encyclopedia - “Riddles and secrets of architecture”, “Wonders of the world. Ancient World”, and the Collections of World Artistic Culture of the Russian General Education Portal (www. school. edu. ru). And also: N.A. Dmitrieva, N.A. Vinogradova “The Art of the Ancient World”, M.; "Children's Literature", 1986 Encyclopedia for Children. (Vol. 7) Art. Part 1, "The World of Avanta+ Encyclopedias", Astrel, 2007; “Large Illustrated Encyclopedia of Art History”, Moscow, “Swallowtail”, 2008 Bronze lamp in the shape of a tapir, 4th century. BC.