The problem of true authority arguments from literature. Literary arguments. The influence of art and culture on humans

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Issues and literary arguments

Material for students.

A bank of literary arguments for writing an Unified State Exam essay.

1. The problem of man's moral relationship to nature.

The problem of the relationship between man and nature. What do we lose and what do we gain in communication with nature? V.G. is trying to answer this question. Rasputin with the work “Farewell to Matera”. Man is destroying nature, the island from where “the mother land is and came from.” Nature shapes the entire mental make-up of a person.

2. The problem of preserving the Russian language.

The problem of caring for language. The problem of language ecology. I.S. Turgenev seemed to have foreseen our time, when the issue of preserving the language is becoming large-scale and called for careful treatment of the language in the prose poem “Russian Language”. The native language is the spiritual support of a person.

3. The problem of human responsiveness, mutual assistance, selflessness.

A. Platonov’s hero Yushka from the story of the same name has spiritual generosity, a big heart that radiates kindness and love. He unselfishly shares money with a completely stranger and helps her get an education.

4. The problem of a person's responsibility for his actions.

(Should a person be aware of responsibility for his actions?) In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Live and Remember" husband-deserter appears in the vicinity of his native village. He is cowardly and selfish. He is not responsible to his family, he thinks only about himself.

5. The problem of historical memory, preservation of spiritual heritage.

“He who has no memory has no life,” says Rasputin’s heroine Daria from the story “Farewell to Matera.” The island on which the old women, their children and grandchildren lived, will be flooded. The cemetery was destroyed and burned. Why don't people think about the consequences of their actions? What memory will he leave of himself?

6. The problem of the transformative power of goodness and love.

The image of Margarita from M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”, Princess Marya Bolkonskaya from the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The image of Yeshua carries the idea of ​​true kindness and forgiveness.

Woland is the embodiment of evil, Yeshua is the bearer of the idea of ​​good, but evil and good separately do not make sense: Woland the devil says that he is part of evil, which, unwillingly, brings good.

7. The problem of true patriotism.

What is true and false patriotism? Natasha Rostova from Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” gives carts to the wounded near Borodino.

8. The problem of selfless love for people.

In the story “Old Woman Izergil” M. Gorky affirms moral principles: love for people, kindness, mercy, tolerance. Danko sacrifices his life to save people.

9. The problem of the place of achievement in life.

Danko, the hero of the story “The Old Woman Izergil” by M. Gorky, accomplishes a feat in the name of people. For the sake of their salvation, he rips his heart out of his chest and lights the path to freedom.

10. The problem of relationships between children and adults.

Is it possible to avoid generational conflict? This is one of the most pressing problems of our century.

1. I. Bunin’s story “Numbers” tells about a quarrel between an uncle and a boy, about their difficult relationship. 2. The novel “Fathers and Sons” shows the misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov is callous towards old people, which brings them grief. A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

11. The problem of the meaning of life and the purpose of man.

“Man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight,” says the hero of the story “Paradox” V. Korolenko. Crippled from birth, he found the meaning of life, his purpose. And Tolstoy’s heroes Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov are in search of the meaning of life and come to a high goal: serving the people. Evgeny Onegin and Pechorin are in search of the meaning of life. Ilya Oblomov, the hero of Goncharov’s novel of the same name, was unable to overcome himself and did not reveal his best qualities. The absence of a high goal in life leads to moral death.

12. The problem of true human beauty.

Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya are L.N.’s favorite heroines. Tolstoy - have spiritual beauty. Heroines live for the sake of their loved ones.

13. The problem of human spiritual degradation.

A.P. Chekhov masterfully shows the process of destruction of the human personality in the story “Ionych”. Startsev turns into Ionych, leading a vulgar, useless life. “Take care of the person in you,” Chekhov urges the reader.

14. The problem of a person’s responsibility to other people.

Mr. N, the hero of Turgenev’s story “Asya,” can be called frivolous and irresponsible, because he did not want to take care of another person. Asya's love "embarrassed" him. He was afraid of his feelings and broke off his relationship with the girl who loved him.

15. The problem of tragic love. A. Kuprin told us the tragic love story of poor Zheltkov in his story “The Garnet Bracelet.” Love for a rich woman became the highest value in life for him.

16. The problem of injustice in the social structure of society.

The hero of the story L.N. Tolstoy's After the Ball sees the father of his beloved Varenka presiding over the beating of a soldier. Why can one person humiliate another? Let us remember the powerless Gerasim from the story of Turgenev I.S. “Mumu”, the talented Lefty from Leskov’s tale of the same name, “little man” Bashmachkin from N.V. Gogol’s work “The Overcoat”.

17. The problem of education (training).

What is the true purpose of learning? In the autobiographical story “The Horse with a Pink Mane” V.P. Astafiev shows the formation of the protagonist’s personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents.

V.G. Rasputin in the story “French Lessons” showed the role of the teacher and her spiritual generosity in the life of a boy.

18. The problem of callous attitude towards old people.

K. Paustovsky's story "Telegram" is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter... How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to be carried away by work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another thing to remember your loved ones, your mother - the most sacred being in the world, not limiting yourself only to money transfers and short notes. Nastya cannot stand this test of true humanity. “She thought about crowded trains, about the viscous, unadorned boredom of rural days - and put the letter in her desk drawer.” Nastya failed to achieve harmony between worries about those “distant” and love for the person closest to her. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, the unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

19. The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries.

M. Bulgakov (the fate of the Master and his novel);

Vysotsky’s songs, not officially recognized (with the exception of only a few), distributed in the form of amateur recordings, performed by the author at semi-legal concerts and just at parties, “went to the people”, became known throughout the country, were disassembled into quotes, individual phrases turned into proverbs and sayings.

20. The problem of the heroic everyday life of war

The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoronic metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze you with its suddenness. There is such an episode from V. Nekrasov (“In the Trenches of Stalingrad”): a killed soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a still smoking cigarette butt is stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now there was death. And it’s simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this...

21. The role of books in human life.

There are many examples in Russian literature of the positive influence of reading on the formation of a person’s personality. Thus, from the first part of M. Gorky’s trilogy “Childhood” we learn that books helped the hero of the work overcome the “lead abominations of life” and become human.

The influence of art, true art

22. The influence of art and culture on humans.

In L.N. Tolstoy’s story “Lucerne,” a scene is depicted when all its noble inhabitants, concerned about global issues, came out onto the balcony of a hotel for very rich people to listen to the violin playing of a poor wandering musician. While listening to beautiful music, people experienced the same emotions, thought about the same things, and even seemed to breathe in unison.

23. Self-realization of a person. Life is like a struggle for happiness.

The image of Oblomov is the image of a man who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

24. The problem of moral choice in difficult life situations

Let us remember the main character of M. Sholokhov’s work “The Fate of Man”. Despite the difficulties and trials that befell him, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength or eradicated his sense of duty.

25. Scientific progress and moral qualities of man.

In M. Bulgakov's story “The Heart of a Dog,” Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a human. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.

26. Negative processes associated with the use of language / the problem of maintaining the purity of language.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". In the house of Anna Pavlovna Scherer, famous for its evenings, you will not hear Russian speech. High society at that time spoke a mixture of Russian and French, their speech was full of cliches that only impoverished the Russian language.

Positive processes associated with language change.

1) I. Abeleva in the book “Speech about Speech”. In life there is an endless series of generations. Each new generation carried with it its own temporary experience, consolidating it in the language. If language did not develop, but reproduced only previous patterns, humanity would have no history. Language moves through space and time, preserving in the memory of mankind everything that was known by its predecessors.

2) American philosopher Ralph Emerson once said: “language is a city, to build which every person who lived on earth brought his stone.”

27. Spiritual improvement of man.

1) L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Many stories about Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova are based on spiritual quests, attempts to determine one’s place in life, which leads directly to self-improvement, moral maturation (Bolkonsky and Bezukhov - trials in war, Rostova - love for Bolkonsky, his death ).

2) Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”. Raskolnikov goes through a long journey from a person who is confident in his rightness, a solitary person, to a socially developed personality, in which he is especially helped by the Bible, which he reads while in prison.

28. The problem of spirituality in the modern world.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Dostoevsky's Petersburg is a giant city in which people gradually lose all their best spiritual qualities. Pictures of poverty, violation of personality, social and material dead ends await a person, giving rise to tragedies. The absence of such a category as spirituality leads to hopelessness.

29. The problem of human moral strength, conscience.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". At the center of the novel is a crime, an ideological murder. An attempt to answer the question - does a person have the moral right to break the law, is he superior to other people? Raskolnikov violated the law, his conscience, and moral principles. But mental anguish and suffering are aggravated at the moment of murder and increase many times after it.

30. The problem of the purpose of art, the concept of a masterpiece, its role in human life.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". The novel presents two directions - the MASSOLIT writers, who “created” to order, and the Master, who created a real masterpiece. It’s not for nothing that at the end of the novel Woland says: “Manuscripts don’t burn!”

31. The problem of feeling the homeland, memory of it, home. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The atmosphere in the Rostovs’ house is cordiality and hospitality, the warmth of relationships and tact. And this is so often necessary for a person - to feel that there is a place where you are loved and waited, where you can rest with your heart and soul.

V.G. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera” - the old people living on Matera understand what the homeland is. They associate this concept with memory, conscience, and faith. By flooding the island, people deprive these old people of their roots, their connection with the past, with their home.

32. Human and nature

A.S. Pushkin “Winter Morning”, “Autumn”. Pushkin sought to convey to the consciousness of readers that new human relationship with nature. Nature helps you overcome everyday life. Discovering elements of beauty and poetry in the landscape, we begin to experience bright feelings: joy, tenderness, love, calmness, peace.

M.Yu. Lermontov "Motherland". Having fought in the Caucasus, Lermontov realized how much he loved his homeland. He paints the Russian village as sad, but highlights its main feature - hospitality. Any traveler will find an overnight stay there. Lermontov accepts Russia as it is.

33. The moral problem of people’s responsibility for preserving nature (ecology).

V. Astafiev in the story “The King Fish” talks about the need to return to nature. Environmental issues are directly related to the biological and spiritual survival of man (using the example of a poacher). Since Ignatyich commits evil, it means that he allows the existence of evil everywhere.

V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera" - an environmental problem. It raises the question: can a person control nature, for example, turn the course of a river and flood an island, without causing damage to the environment. The answer is no, nothing passes without a trace. They are destroying the lives of the inhabitants of Matera, destroying its flora and fauna, changing the climate, and this is immoral.

34 . Friendship problem.

1) Many heroes of Russian literature pass the test of friendship. Thus, the apathetic, melancholic Oblomov constantly feels supported by Stolz in the novel “Oblomov” by Goncharov.

2) Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov (“Fathers and Sons”), so different at first glance, became friends.

3) A.S. Pushkin (“October 19,” “October 19, 1827,” “To Friends”). This is Pushkin's favorite theme. He understood friendship not only as relationships that arise between people. Friendship is a whole circle of people close in fate, it is a brotherhood, an alliance:

My friends, our union is wonderful!

With these words, he emphasizes the harmony, beauty, freedom that underlie the union, its strength. Friendly participation and support for Pushkin are the highest manifestations of humanity, requiring courage, will, and readiness to fulfill duty.

35. The problem of love.

F.I. Tyutchev, lyricist. His love is twofold. On the one hand, this is “charm,” “wonderful captivity,” “the union of the soul with the dear soul,” and on the other, the struggle of two unequal hearts, violent blindness.

Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". In the epilogue of the novel, a revival occurs, Raskolnikov's epiphany through faith and love for Sonya.

A.A. Akhmatova, the poem “Requiem”, in which she describes the horrors of the 17 months when she stood near the prison, I expect at least some news about her son. The theme of parental love comes up here.

Pushkin's lyrics “I loved you”, “I remember a wonderful moment”. Pushkin views love as a transitory feeling. He did not seek eternal love; only the need to love was eternal for him. Love makes it possible to experience the fullness of life, a feeling of a surge of creative strength.

36. The problem of jealousy.

William Shakespeare "Othello". Jealousy is a destructive force that can destroy even the strongest ties and bright feelings between people. It can drive a person to the extreme. No wonder Othello is under the influence of groundless

Out of jealousy, he killed Desdemona, the love of his life.

37. The problem of choosing a life path.

1. I.A. Goncharov, novel “Oblomov”. The main theme is the fate of the younger generation, looking for their place in life, but unable to find the right path. The author shows how the lack of will and inability to work of the Russian landowner Ilya Oblomov turns him into a slacker and an idle couch potato.

2. A.S. Pushkin, novel in verse “Eugene Onegin”. The life of a nobleman is not burdened with worries, but Eugene Onegin is trying to find his way in life. He was able to abandon the stereotypes of secular behavior. He is considered strange, but this trait is a protest against social and spiritual dogmas. Onegin is looking for new spiritual values, a new path.

38. The problem of heroism, betrayal.

V. Kondratiev, story “Sashka”. Sashka grabbed the German with his bare hands - the theme of a feat in war, when a person does not think about his own life.

V. Astafiev, story “The Shepherd and the Shepherdess”. Boris accomplishes a feat, but the author tries to penetrate the soul of the hero at this moment, and we see that Boris is afraid, but nevertheless throws himself under a tank with a grenade.

39. Culture of life and everyday life, the problem of personality formation depending on life conditions.

DI. Fonvizin, comedy "The Minor". Education depends on the environment, life, and conditions of formation of the younger generation. In those days, the idea of ​​raising an enlightened nobleman reigned. Mitrofanushka, the main character of the comedy “The Minor,” studied science, but despite everything, he did not become educated or intelligent. Why? Probably because first you need to cultivate virtue, take care of the soul, and then the mind.

40. The problem of intelligence. B. Pasternak, novel “Doctor Zhivago”. The inability of an intelligent person to express himself in this world. The contradiction of a rich inner world and an impersonal external world, where it is more profitable to be like everyone else.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” - Bolkonsky, Bezukhov are intellectuals, but it is difficult for them to live in this world, because... they are thinking, reflective people.

A.S. Griboyedov, comedy "Woe from Wit". It raises the problem of misunderstanding of the new generation of intelligentsia. Chatsky was considered crazy in the company. The Famus society associates this with enlightenment. The books that Chatsky read shaped the mind, developed thought, but carried free-thinking. This kind of mind is scary for a generation of conservatives. Fear gives rise to gossip, since this society is unable to fight by other means.

41. Man and war. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The author shows that the war was senseless and useless, it was fought outside of Russia, its meanings and goals were incomprehensible to the Russian people. The strength of spirit and fortitude of a Russian soldier can save an army in an almost hopeless situation.

42. The problem of human loneliness in the modern world. M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". Those who for some reason do not accept society, the laws of life, etc. usually become lonely. Pechorin is extraordinary, so he is always lonely. They can’t understand him, which is why he tries to isolate himself from the whole world. Pechorin tries to realize himself, but these attempts turn into suffering and loss.

43. The problem of human internal culture. Inner beauty, the beauty of the soul, does not depend on the external beauty of a person. In V. Hugo’s work “Notre-Dame de Paris,” the main character Quasimodo has a terrifying appearance, but how beautiful is his inner world!

44. Problem of conscience. The main character of A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter,” Petrusha Grinev, was a man of honor, duty, and conscience. “I am a natural nobleman, I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you,” he says to Pugachev, being on the verge of death. But nothing prevented Shvabrin from going over to the side of the enemy. But he is the same officer.

45. The problem of superpersonality (egocentrism). The main character of M.Yu. Lermontov's poem “The Demon” does not belong to the world of people, he is expelled from paradise, forced to exist between heaven and earth. He is confident in his exclusivity and considers people only a means to interrupt boredom.

46. ​​The problem of subordination of the individual to the state (totalitarian society). A.I. Solzhenitsyn in his work “The Gulag Archipelago” openly and boldly tells the world about how a totalitarian state grinds with its millstones what it does not want to obey.

47. The problem of family traditions. In the autobiographical story “The Summer of the Lord,” I.S. Shmelev turned to the past of Russia and showed how Russian holidays, a symbol of the eternal movement of life, are woven into patriarchal life. The hero of the book is the keeper and continuer of traditions, the bearer of the ideals of holiness, goodness and beauty. Forgetting traditions will not bring peace to Russia - this is the main idea of ​​the author.

48. The problem of media space. Television can be a means of education, but at the same time it appears to be a dangerous tool. Sitting in front of the TV screen, we never cease to be amazed at the “great Russian language.” This is not the language of Pushkin, Turgenev, Kuprin... So many grammatical and stylistic errors! It's a shame for the Russian language. As E.A. Yevtushenko said: “While Pushkin sounds like a motto, our tongue writhes in anguish.”

49. The problem of honor and dishonor.

After reading the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter", you understand that one of the themes of this work is the theme of honor and dishonor. The story contrasts two heroes: Grinev and Shvabrin - and their ideas about honor. Two officers of the Russian army behave completely differently: the first follows the laws of officer honor and remains faithful to the military oath, the second easily becomes a traitor. Grinev and Shvabrin are bearers of two fundamentally different worldviews.

50. Love for the homeland.

We feel ardent love for the Motherland and pride in its beauty in the works of the classics.

The theme of heroic feat in the fight against the enemies of the Motherland is also heard in M. Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Borodino”, dedicated to one of the glorious pages of the historical past of our country.

The theme of the Motherland is raised in the works of S. Yesenin. Whatever Yesenin wrote about: about experiences, about historical turning points, about the fate of Russia in the “harsh, formidable years” - every Yesenin image and line is warmed by a feeling of boundless love for the homeland: But most of all. Love for the native land

51. Moral qualities of a person.

Russian literature has always been closely connected with the moral quest of our people. One of the writers who sincerely cares about the morality of our society is Valentin Rasputin. The story “Fire” occupies a special place in his work. These are reflections on civil courage and the moral positions of man. When a fire broke out in Sosnovka, there were few who risked their lives to defend the people's good. Many came to “warm their hands.” A fire is the result of general ill-being. People are corrupted by the discomfort of everyday life, the poverty of spiritual life, and a soulless attitude towards nature.

Many problems of our time, including moral ones, are raised by Anatoly Pristavkin in the story “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night.” He sharply raises the issue of national relations, talks about the connection between generations, raises the topic of good and evil, talks about many other issues, the solution of which depends not only on politics and economics, but also on the level of general culture.

52. Gratitude to parents.

One of the most important facets of the “fathers and sons” problem is gratitude. Are children grateful to their parents who love them, raised them and raised them? The topic of gratitude is raised in A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Station Warden.” The tragedy of a father who dearly loved his only daughter appears before us in this story. Of course, Dunya has not forgotten her father, she loves him and feels guilty before him, but still, the fact that she left, leaving her father alone, turned out to be a big blow for him, so strong that he could not withstand it.

53. Works that teach courage

The topic of the Great Patriotic War occupies an important place in literature. The writer often turns to this period of history. The story “Sotnikov”, written by Vasil Bykov, is one of the best works about the war. After going through difficult trials, the main characters fall into the clutches of the Germans. Sotnikov is a modest, inconspicuous person, a simple teacher. But, being sick and weak, he went on an important task. Exhausted by torture, he remains unbroken. The source of Sotnikov’s courage and heroism was the conviction in the justice of the struggle waged by the people.

This work teaches us courage and courage, helps our moral development.

54 . Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.

1) M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

55. Man and power.

Pushkin in the tragedy “Boris Godunov” very accurately defined and showed the people’s character. Eternally dissatisfied with the existing government, people are ready to rise up to destroy it and rebel, instilling terror in the rulers - and that’s all. And as a result, they themselves remain offended, since the fruits of their victory are enjoyed by the boyars and high-born nobles standing at the throne of the sovereign.

The people have only one thing left to do - “keep silent.”

56. The problem of self-formation.

In Russian literature and in life, we so reverence the image of Lefty in Leskov’s work. Without learning the craft anywhere, he managed to shoe a flea without a microscope. There is no doubt that he developed his talent himself. Nobody told Lefty that his genotype contained or, on the contrary, did not contain such talent.

I would also like to remember the Paralympic Games. Disabled people, seemingly limited by nature in mobility, find the strength to play sports and set records. This is the clearest proof that everyone is capable of self-formation and self-development, that not everything in human life is determined by heredity.

57. The problem of understanding inner beauty.

Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin's Dvor". The concept of inner beauty. It is not for nothing that the work ends with the words: “A village is not worthwhile without a righteous man.” His spiritual wealth, generosity, selflessness spoke of her spiritual wealth.

58. Theme of parental love.

A.A. Akhmatova, the poem “Requiem”, in which she describes the horrors of the 17 months when she stood near the prison, I expect at least some news about her son.

59. Man and war.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The author shows that the war was senseless and useless, it was fought outside Russia, its meaning and goals were incomprehensible to the Russian people. The strength of spirit and fortitude of a Russian soldier can save an army in an almost hopeless situation.

Any of: Kondratyev “Sashka”, Astafiev “Shepherd and Shepherdess”, Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”. The senselessness and cruelty of war is shown. Human life is devalued.

“Of all that is eternal, love has the shortest term” - this is the leitmotif of the European bestseller by Ya. Vishnevsky. The heroes of “Loneliness on the Internet” meet in Internet chats and tell stories from their lives. They will meet in Paris, having gone through more than one test, but the main test for love will be the meeting itself... In my opinion, the book is not about love, but about loneliness. “Virtual” love is not love. Which, however, is proven at the end of the book by the main character.

Time...Everyone feels it in their own way, especially since all people have a different worldview, which affects the perception of time flows. Someone does not value Time at all, spends it unwisely, ruins it, and someone simply lives in its lack. Is a person capable of existing in harmony with Time? Can he manage it rationally? It is these questions that the author of the text, D. A. Granin, asks, posing to readers the problem of the reasonable use of Time and its influence on a person.

The problem raised by the author is a pressing one; nowadays people are in a hurry to live, trying to keep up with elusive moments of happiness and at the same time missing out on more. D. A. Granin is convinced that it is “from childhood that one must cultivate a love for nature and a love for time,” then a person will be able to live in harmony with it and will take care of it.

The writer is firmly convinced that it is necessary to value Time, otherwise it is easy to waste it on the stupidities of human life. Only wise people who know the meaning of their activities are able to exist in harmony with the flow of time.

This problem is reflected in the work of I.

A. Bunin's "Dark Alleys", where the main character accidentally meets his old acquaintance, with whom he once had strong feelings. But now he has his own family, a different life. Succumbing to a certain attack of melancholy, the hero reflects on how quickly time has flown by, how his life would have turned out if he had not left for another. He feels that Time is fleeting; in fact, years have passed. His perception is connected with the richness of life: family, wife, own business.

This problem is also revealed in the image of Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of L. N. Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace.” At the beginning of the work, he appears to the reader as a naive, somewhat timid person. However, after many years, Pierre changes, becoming wiser and braver. And all these changes were made by Time, which contributed to the spiritual growth of the hero.

Thus, we come to the conclusion: Time is the most valuable thing a person has, because it is what gives him life. And he will get a bright and rich existence if he learns to appreciate Time and get along with it.

Updated: 2017-12-04

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The main character of the story “Yushka” is the blacksmith’s poor assistant, Efim. People simply call him Yushka. This young man, due to consumption, early turned into an old man. He was very thin, weak in arms, almost blind, but he worked with all his might. Early in the morning, Yushka was already in the forge, fanning the furnace with fur, carrying water and sand. And so on all day, until the evening. For his work, he was fed cabbage soup, porridge and bread, and instead of tea, Yushka drank water. He was always dressed in old
pants and blouse, burned through with sparks. Parents often told careless students about him: “You will be just like Yushka. You will grow up and walk barefoot in the summer and in thin felt boots in the winter.” Children often offended Yushka on the street, throwing branches and stones at him. The old man was not offended, he calmly walked by. The children didn’t understand why they couldn’t get Yushka mad. They pushed the old man, laughed at him, and were glad that he could not do anything about the offenders. Yushka was also happy. He thought that the children pestered him because they loved him. They cannot express their love in any other way, and that is why they torment the unfortunate old man.
Adults were not much different from children. They called Yushka “blessed”, “animal”. Because of Yushka’s meekness, they became even more bitter and often beat him. One day, after another beating, the blacksmith’s daughter Dasha angrily asked why Yushka even lived in the world. To which he replied that the people love him, the people need him. Dasha objected that people beat Yushka until she bleeds, what kind of love is this. And the old man replied that the people loved him “without a clue”, that “people’s hearts can be blind.” And then one evening a passerby clung to Yushka on the street and pushed the old man so that he fell backward. Yushka never got up again: blood started running down his throat and he died.
And after a while a young girl appeared, she was looking for the old man. It turned out that Yushka placed her, an orphan, with a family in Moscow, and then taught her at school. He collected his meager salary, denying himself even tea, just to raise the orphan to his feet. And so the girl trained to be a doctor and came to cure Yushka of his illness. But I didn’t have time. A lot of time has passed. The girl stayed in the city where Yushka lived, worked as a doctor in a hospital, always helped everyone and never took money for treatment. And everyone called her the daughter of the good Yushka.

So at one time people could not appreciate the beauty of this man’s soul; their hearts were blind. They considered Yushka a useless person who had no place on earth. They were able to understand that the old man had not lived his life in vain only after learning about his pupil. Yushka helped a stranger, an orphan. How many are capable of such a noble, selfless act? And Yushka saved his pennies so that the girl could grow up, learn, and take advantage of her chance in life. The scales fell from people's eyes only after his death. And now they are already talking about him as “kind” Yushka.
The author urges us not to become callous, not to harden our hearts. Let our heart “see” the need of every person on earth. After all, all people have the right to life, and Yushka also proved that he did not live it in vain.

• True and false patriotism is one of the central problems of the novel. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes do not speak high words about love for their homeland, they commit actions in its name. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded at Borodino; Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded on the Borodino field. True patriotism, according to Tolstoy, lies in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
• In the novel L.N. In Tolstoy's War and Peace, some heroes consider themselves patriots and shout loudly about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives in the name of common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldiers' overcoats, soldiers from Tushin's battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their own benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have in their souls a genuine, holy feeling of love for their homeland.

N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

According to N.S.’s definition, a Russian person belongs. Leskova, “racial”, patriotic, consciousness. All the actions of the hero of the story “The Enchanted Wanderer,” Ivan Flyagin, are imbued with it. While being captured by the Tatars, he does not forget for a minute that he is Russian, and with all his soul strives to return to his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan voluntarily joins the recruits. The hero's soul is inexhaustible, indestructible. He comes out of all life's trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his journalistic articles, writer V.P. Astafiev spoke about how he vacationed in a southern sanatorium. Plants collected from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birch trees that miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and remembered his village street. Love for your small homeland is a manifestation of true patriotism.

The legend of Pandora's box.
A woman discovered a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this item was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all of humanity: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed through the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who carry out their duty without lofty phrases.

A. Kuprin. "Wonderful doctor."
A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment the life of the hero and his family changes in the most happy way. This story eloquently shows that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, "Youth".
Striving to understand the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually gets to know the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, faces misunderstandings from her elders, and sometimes offends them (chapters “Classes”, “Natalya Savishna”)

K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”.
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but matters that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, comes to the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is no longer there...

V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons.”
The teacher Lydia Mikhailovna from the story by V. G. Rasputin taught the hero not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness, empathy, and compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else’s pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The teacher of the great Emperor Alexander II was the famous poet V. Zhukovsky. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, a desire to benefit his people, and a desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V. P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents.

V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons”

• The formation of the personality of the main character during the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her spiritual generosity is limitless. She instilled in him moral fortitude and self-esteem.

L.N. Tolstoy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”
In the autobiographical trilogy, the main character, Nikolenka Irtenyev, comprehends the world of adults and tries to analyze her own and others’ actions.

Fazil Iskander “The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules”

An intelligent and competent teacher has a huge influence on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov “Oblomov”
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to learn, to think disfigures the soul of little Ilya. In adulthood, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working have formed a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.”

The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working have formed a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.” Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Wrong upbringing disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and learning are fundamental aspects of human life. Chatsky, the main character of the comedy A.S., expressed his attitude towards them in monologues. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized nobles who recruited “teachers of the regiment” for their children, but as a result of literacy, no one “knew or studied.” Chatsky himself had a mind “hungry for knowledge,” and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of improper upbringing.

B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying”
Dr. Jansen died saving children who had fallen into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint during his lifetime, was buried by the entire city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Margarita's self-sacrifice for her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with the dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka felt sorry for him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Miserables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole silverware from him. But an hour later the police detained the criminal and took him to a house where he was given lodging for the night. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the owner’s permission. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of fair power: “But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. “If I order my general to turn into a sea gull,” he used to say, “and if the general does not carry out the order, it will not be his fault, but mine.” .

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes away. Only music and love affirm true values ​​on earth.

Fonvizin "Nedorosl"
They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• What is the greatness of a person? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly how L.N. created it. Tolstoy's image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". The writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy takes his favorite heroes away from “Napoleonic” principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. “Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” the writer asserted. This famous phrase has a modern ring to it.
• One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.

Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of the individual in history, we can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw and heard things that an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art and its high purpose in the poems “Prophet”, “Poet”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”. Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civic behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Weird"
“Crank” is an absent-minded person who may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, selfish motives. The weirdo reflects on problems that concern humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who is “right, who is smarter” in this life? And with all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who think

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a person who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths”.
Showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

From the history

• Ancient historians say that one day a stranger came to the Roman emperor and brought him a gift of metal as shiny as silver, but extremely soft. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay soil. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor’s head to be cut off.
• Archimedes, knowing that people were suffering from drought and hunger, proposed new methods of irrigating land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
• The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
• One English engineer in the mid-19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: “We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons.”
• The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to make observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
• The early Middle Ages are usually called the “dark ages.” The raids of barbarians and the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among common people, but also among people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the French state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherently human. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he carefully wrote letters.
• For thousands of years, ripe apples fell from the trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at a familiar fact with new, more penetrating eyes and discover the universal law of motion.
• It is impossible to calculate how many disasters their ignorance has brought to people. In the Middle Ages, every misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of something - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began and fires started burning. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, and helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a meaningless fight against the mythical “servants of Satan,” not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance they were serving the Devil.
• It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. An interesting legend is about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once, having talked with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered smartly: “To the market.” Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. “Follow me, I’ll show you!” - Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
• The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it forces him to change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The brilliant Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer on fortifications and devoted only his free time to physics. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
• New ideas make their way through a difficult struggle with old views and established opinions. Thus, one of the professors, lecturing students on physics, called Einstein’s theory of relativity “an annoying scientific misunderstanding” -
• At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery charge soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be supplanted by the electric motor, since feeding a horse was much cheaper than changing the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the opportunities that will open up for a person.
• In the mid-17th century, Captain de Clieu carried a coffee cutting in a pot of soil from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the rigging was broken. Fresh water supplies gradually began to dry up. It was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely able to stand on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco.”
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem “Black Man” is the cry of Yesenin’s dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
Internal conviction in the correctness of his moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual flow of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is a cry from the poet’s soul.

Zamyatin "Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values ​​are dying. He violates the commandment “Thou shalt not steal.”

V. Astafiev “The Tsar is a Fish.”

• In V. Astafiev’s story “The Fish Tsar,” the main character, fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to release her. A meeting with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature forces this poacher to reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with the fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
• Nature is alive and spiritual, endowed with moral and punitive power, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also taking retribution. An illustration of punitive power is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev’s story “The Tsar is a Fish.” This hero is not punished for his arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. An imbalance poses a threat to all of humanity if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons."

• People forget that nature is their native and only home, which requires careful treatment, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons.” The main character, Evgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” This is exactly how the Author sees a “new” person in him: he is indifferent to the values ​​accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
• I. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” raises the current topic of the relationship between nature and man. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic pleasure in nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, Bazarov's friend, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each hero is tested by nature. For Arkady, communication with the outside world helps to heal mental wounds; for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov was feeling bad, he “went into the forest and broke branches.” She does not give him the desired peace of mind or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of a human brain into the dog Sharik, turning a completely cute dog into the disgusting Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. You cannot mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Blok
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person towards the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, we need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help with this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Immense distances, endless roads, deep rivers, blizzards and gray huts. This is Blok’s Russia in the poems “Rus” and “Autumn Day”. The poet's true, filial love for his native nature is transmitted to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”

• Now, when nuclear power plants are exploding, when oil is flowing through rivers and seas, and entire forests are disappearing, people must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? In B. Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans” the author’s idea about human responsibility for nature is also heard. The main character of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, is concerned about the behavior of visiting “tourists” and the lake that has become empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to everyone to take care of our land and each other.
• The main character Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him; they considered him unsuited to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquering it. But my son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and take care of his native land.

V. Astafiev “Belogrudka”
In the story "Belogrudka" the children destroyed the brood of a white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on the entire world around her, exterminating poultry in two neighboring villages until she herself dies from a gunshot

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Man, with his own hands, destroys the colorful and populous world of nature. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the “king” in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the “Russian blues”, also because he was indifferent to nature. And the “sweet ideal” of the author, Tatyana, felt like a part of nature (“She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony ...”) and therefore showed herself to be a spiritually strong person in a difficult life situation.

A.T. Tvardovsky “Forest in Autumn”
Reading Tvardovsky’s poem “Forest in Autumn”, you are imbued with the pristine beauty of the surrounding world and nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crack of a broken branch. You see the light jump of a squirrel. I would like not just to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty for as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the wonderful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly sense the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the hero’s soul are associated with the beauty and grandeur of the mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V. I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
The writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories, talks about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story “Ivan’s Memory” is so touching. In this short work, Yurovskikh raises an important issue: the human impact on the environment. Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in a swamp that scared people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, a magpie began to build a nest every year and hatch magpies. No one wandered through the forest anymore, because the trail became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bush you can hide from the heat, drink some water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

M.Yu Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
The close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov’s story “A Hero of Our Time.” The events in the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by changes in the state of nature in accordance with changes in his mood. Thus, considering the duel scene, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and Pechorin’s feelings is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue” and the sun “brightly shining,” then after the duel, looking at Grushnitsky’s corpse, the heavenly body seemed “dim” to Grigory, and its rays “did not warm.” Nature is not only the experiences of the heroes, but is also one of the characters. The thunderstorm becomes the reason for a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that “the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love.” With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the internal state of the heroes, but also denotes his own, the author’s presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina “We”
Turning to classical literature, I would like to cite as an example E. Zamyatin’s dystopian novel “We.” Refusing the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the United State become numbers, whose lives are determined by the framework of the Tablet of Hours. The beauty of native nature is replaced by perfectly proportional glass structures, and love is only possible with a pink card. The main character, D-503, is doomed to mathematically verified happiness, which is found, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory Zamyatin was trying to express the inextricability of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin “Go away, my dear Rus'”
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the 20th century S. Yesenin is the nature of his native land. In the poem “Go you, Rus', my dear,” the poet abandons paradise for the sake of his homeland, its flock is higher than eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very awareness of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real peace that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin “Ginseng”
This topic is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets turned to her. In M. Prishvin’s story “Ginseng” the characters know how to remain silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, his rock cries, his stone has a heart. It is man who must do everything to ensure that nature exists and does not fall silent. Nowadays this is very important.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
I. S. Turgenev expressed his deep and tender love for nature in “Notes of a Hunter.” He did this with penetrating observation. The hero of the story “Kasyan” traveled halfway across the country from the Beautiful Mosque, happily learning and exploring new places. This man felt his inextricable connection with Mother Nature and dreamed that “every person” would live in contentment and justice. It wouldn't hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles instead of large chickens that threaten civilization. Thoughtless interference in the life of nature can lead to such consequences.

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Ch. Aitmatov in his novel “The Scaffold” showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to dangerous human deformation. And this happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savannah is a global problem, not a local one.

The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the United State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) “The resistance of human nature.” In dystopias, based on the same premises, the world is presented through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force of any dystopia, allowing one to recognize dystopian features in the most diverse works at first glance... The society depicted in the novel has achieved material perfection and stopped in its development, plunging into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "The Death of an Official"

B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
The works make us think about the questions that everyone strives to answer for themselves: what is behind a high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, destiny, what helps a person resist, show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die “like a human being”?

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
Despite the difficulties and trials that befell the protagonist Andrei Sokolov, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength or eradicated his sense of duty.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as his honor tells him. Even his ideological enemy, Pugachev, could appreciate the nobility of the hero. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrei always put the laws of honor first and followed them, even if it required incredible effort, suffering, and pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Wilderness"
The events of Boris Vasiliev’s story “Glukhoman” allow us to see how in today’s life the so-called “new Russians” strive to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​have been lost because culture has disappeared from our lives. Society split, and the bank account became the measure of a person’s merit. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; During a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as the Belogorsk fortress falls to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

Helen Kuragina deceives Pierre into marrying herself, then lies to him all the time, being his wife, disgraces him, makes him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich and take a good position in society.

N.V. Gogol “The Inspector General”.

Khlestakov deceives officials, posing as an auditor. Trying to impress, he makes up many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so delightfully that he himself begins to believe his stories, he feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the good and the beautiful”
D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” tells how indignant he felt when he learned that on the Borodino field in 1932 the cast-iron monument on Bagration’s grave was blown up. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “It’s enough to preserve the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve and not destroy. Likhachev believes that “the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: they are always individual.”

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became truly good people. They are responsive to other people’s pain, able to understand the experiences and suffering others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to release the carts loaded with their family valuables in order to give them to the wounded soldiers.
• And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story “The Captain's Daughter,” his father’s instructions helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest person, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero evokes respect by his behavior.

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father’s behest to “save a penny,” Chichikov devoted his entire life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. Since his school years, he valued only money, so in his life he never had true friends, the family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”
Bukhara, the heroine of L. Ulitskaya’s story “Bukhara’s Daughter,” accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself entirely to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being terminally ill, the mother thought through the entire future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that allowed herself to leave this life.

Zakrutkin V. A. “Mother of Man”
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man,” during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people’s children, saved them, and became their Mother. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burnt farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the war-dispossessed children of the world. That's why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky “Alive as Life”
K.I. Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves are distorting and mutilating our great and powerful language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this heritage passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin again shines! Treat this powerful instrument with respect: in the hands of skilled people it is capable of performing miracles... Take care of the purity of the language as if it were a shrine!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed in Russian words... There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov “Death of an Official”
The official Chervyakov in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Death of an Official” is infected to an incredible degree by the spirit of veneration: having sneezed and splashed the bald head of General Bryzzhalov, who was sitting in front of him (and he did not pay attention to it), the hero was so frightened that that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov “Thick and Thin”
The hero of Chekhov's story "Fat and Thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the Nikolaevskaya railway station and learned that he was a privy councilor, i.e. moved up significantly higher in his career. In an instant, the “subtle” one turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate himself and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only “all people without exception,” but even “the janitor’s dog, so that it is affectionate.” The need to tirelessly please also gave birth to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the “character” of the historical anecdote that Famusov tells for the edification of Chatsky, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with absurd falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the mute serf Gerasim and Tatiana is decided by the lady. A person has no rights. What could be more terrible?

I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
In the story “Biryuk,” the main character, a forester nicknamed Biryuk, lives a miserable life, despite conscientiously fulfilling his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov “Railway”
The poem talks about who built the railroad. These are workers who were subjected to merciless exploitation. The structure of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the Poem “Reflections at the Front Entrance”: peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted and driven away. The authorities do not take into account the position of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy “After the Ball”
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. The social world is unfair to the weak.

N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
There can be nothing holy or right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and insane.

V.V. Mayakovsky

• In the play “The Bedbug,” Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be “full.” Another hero, a former worker, states: “Whoever fought has the right to rest by a quiet river.” This position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”
Everyone’s personality is important for the development of the state, but talented people are not always able to develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev there are people whose talents the country does not need. Yakov (“The Singers”) gets drunk in a tavern. Truth-seeker Mitya (“Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov”) stands up for the serfs. Forester Biryuk carries out his service responsibly, but lives in poverty. Such people turned out to be unnecessary. They even laugh at them. It's not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the terrible details of camp life and the unjust structure of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to preserve a person within oneself.

A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
A person who is not accustomed to working does not find a worthy place in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply it to. Society is such that there is no worthy place for an extraordinary person in it.

And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, was unable to overcome himself and reveal his best traits. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people worked. The heroes of the story “On the Salt” found themselves in the same dead end. There are wheelbarrows around them, salt dust that eats away their eyes. However, no one became embittered. Good feelings arise in the souls of even such oppressed people. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is work. Everyone will start working conscientiously - you'll see, and together we will become richer and better. After all, “the wisdom of life is always deeper and more extensive than the wisdom of people.”

M. I. Weller “The Novel of Education”
The meaning of life is for those who themselves devote their activities for the sake of a cause that they consider necessary. The “Novel of Education” by M. I. Weller, one of the most published modern Russian writers, makes you think about this. Indeed, there have always been many purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• The best heroes of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted “to be quite good, to bring good to people.”
• All of L.N. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes were engaged in an intense spiritual search. Reading the novel “War and Peace,” it is difficult not to sympathize with Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, searching man. He read a lot and had an idea about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of love for the homeland.
• In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his own direction. In L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a complex path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, while walking along this thorny road, he retained true human dignity. It is no coincidence that M.I. Kutuzov will tell the hero: “Your road is the road of honor.” I also like extraordinary people who try to live not in vain.

I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
Even the failures and disappointments of an exceptionally talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel “Fathers and Sons,” Yevgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself an unnecessary person for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov “Sotnikov”
The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov’s heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he dies while maintaining his human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin “Pantry of the Sun”
During the Great Patriotic War, Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

A. P. Platonov “In a beautiful and furious world”
Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend’s devotion and love for his chosen profession performed a miracle: he, having boarded his favorite locomotive, regained his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin’s Dvor”
The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not acquired any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous woman.

Ch. Aitmatov Novel “Mother Field”
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, no matter what happens, has been working since dawn on the farm, in the melon patch, in the greenhouse. She feeds the country, the people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. The story "Ionych"

• Dmitry Ionych Startsev chose an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of perseverance and perseverance turned the once good doctor into a simple man in the street, for whom the main thing in life was money-grubbing and his own well-being. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you need to preserve yourself morally and morally in it.
• The time comes when each of us is faced with choosing a profession. The hero of the story, A.P., dreamed of honestly serving people. Chekhov “Ionych”, Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small-minded and narrow-minded, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor turned into a simple man in the street, thinking little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living a boring life is honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland and people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who carry out their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his theory: the world is divided into those “who have the right” and “trembling creatures.” According to his theory, a person is capable of creating history, like Mohammed and Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of “great goals.” Raskolnikov's theory fails. In fact, true freedom lies in subordinating one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov “Obelisk”
The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk”. Teacher Frost had a choice to stay alive or die along with his students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free person.

A.M. Gorky "At the Bottom"
Is there a way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer this question in his play “At the Lower Depths.” In addition, the writer posed another pressing question: can one who has humbled himself be considered a free person? Thus, the contradiction between the slave's truth and individual freedom is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
Opposition to evil and tyranny attracted special attention of Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in the play “The Thunderstorm” by A. N. Ostrovsky. A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to challenge tyranny. The conflict between the environment of the “dark kingdom” and the bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Gulag Archipelago”
Pictures of abuse, cruel treatment of political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova's Poem "Requiem"
This work is about the repeated arrests of her husband and son; the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers and relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad”
In Nekrasov’s story there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people who in a totalitarian state were always considered “cogs” in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to their deaths, who shot people for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people in fear.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty scattered in the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that you need to stop in front of her, “without thinking about time,” only then will she “invite you as an interlocutor.”

K. Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of rain-wet leaves and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest strength.”

Yu. Gribov
The modern publicist and writer Yu. Gribov argued that “beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to awaken it, not to let it die without waking up.”

V. Rasputin “Deadline”
Children who had come from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before her death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are separated, they have forgotten about the moral lessons they received in childhood. Anna passes away from life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still have time to live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some of their business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”
K. G. Paustovsky's story “Telegram” is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to be passionate about work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another thing to remember about your loved ones, about your mother - the most sacred being in the world, not limiting yourself only to money transfers and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between worries about those “distant” and love for the person closest to her. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, the unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The main character of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who takes other people’s pain hard and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect a drunken girl from men pestering her, worries about his sister Dunya, tries to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and pities his mother, tries not to bother her with his problems. But Raskolnikov’s trouble is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to achieve such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya does truly beautiful things. She sacrifices herself for the sake of her loved ones because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money honestly, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
Sonya's most beautiful act is saving Raskolnikov...
Sonya Marmeladova's whole life is self-sacrifice. With the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and resurrect. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of human action.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer’s favorite heroes. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted by the life in the world that they lead, worrying after his duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What is bad? What well? Why live, and what am I?” And when one of the smartest Masonic figures calls on him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed “in the possibility of the brotherhood of people united with the goal of supporting each other on the path of virtue.” And Pierre does everything to achieve this goal. what he considers necessary: ​​donates money to the brotherhood, establishes schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make the life of peasant women with small children easier. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of rightness gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent the innocent Yeshua to execution. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience; he could not forgive himself for his cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshua himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.”

Raskolnikov killed the old pawnbroker to prove to himself that he was a “superior” being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, and the hero distances himself from his loved ones. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder and takes the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of Man”
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all my relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act shows that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, vile people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral acts. So, for example, Helen tricks Pierre into marrying her and takes advantage of his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”.

Plyushkin subordinated his entire life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by frugality, then his desire to save crossed all boundaries, he saved on the essentials, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she would lay claim to his “riches.”

The role of flowers

I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”.

Oblomov in love gave Olga Ilyinskaya a branch of lilac. Lilac became a symbol of the hero’s spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, and cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”.

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in Margarita’s hands, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feeling through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to receive an education, so it was in books that he gained knowledge, an understanding of the world, and knowledge about the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”.

Tatyana Larina grew up reading romance novels. Books made her dreamy and romantic. She created for herself an ideal lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

Time is an important category for a person. It moves unstoppably, shortening our stay on earth. It seems that there is still a lot of time ahead, but a person cannot predict what awaits him tomorrow. The mortal and self-confident Berlioz talks arrogantly about time. In a conversation with Woland, he declares his plans for the evening, at which the devil laughs, denying the possibility of realizing these plans. And only the survivor, Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev (Bezdomny), realizes the full truth of Woland’s statements. Everything that happens in the park on the Patriarch’s Ponds is almost instantaneous, but what role did these events play in everyone’s life?

2. A.S. Pushkin "Shot"

In Belkin's Tales, a special place is occupied by the story of Silvio, a desperately brave, daring man who devoted his life to the idea of ​​vengeance. One day, having experienced humiliation from a person more successful and even more daring, he decides that it is necessary to take revenge on the offender at all costs. Having retired, he settles in a remote corner, waiting for the moment when he can strike a retaliatory and necessarily fatal blow. Years pass before he learns that his opponent has married the woman he loves. He returns for his once missed shot. The moment that passes during a repeated duel lasts seconds, but for the count at whom the pistol is pointed, a whole life passes. Subsequently, he tells the landowner Belkin how he realized in a few minutes his whole life and all the bad things he did to his opponents.

3. I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco"

The main character of this story by Bunin is deprived of a name, because this man thought very well of himself. In his opinion, he had the right to superiority over all other ordinary people, so the author calls him master. He “worked” throughout his life, as Bunin writes, and this was very clear to all workers brought from China, working for pennies, in fact, for food and shelter. My whole life was devoted to accumulation in order to one day taste the joy and sweetness of being on vacation in Europe. However, life cannot be planned. Upon arrival in Cyprus, the gentleman suddenly becomes ill. Within a few minutes he dies without ever tasting the joy of life. But the hero living on this sun-drenched island is “Lorenzo, a tall old boatman, a carefree reveler and a handsome man, famous throughout Italy,” who never thinks about profit and life for the future, enjoys the sun and the joy of existence given to him by God.