The problem of memory of the Great Patriotic War. Unified State Examination Russian language. Bank of arguments. Problems (Civil War, Great Patriotic War) Problem of attitude to history

Text from the Unified State Examination

(1) I remember those April days of 1961. (2) Stunning joy, delight... (3) People pouring out onto the streets of Moscow, music, happy and confused faces... (4) Incredible... unthinkable... can't believe it... (b) Man in space! (6) Ours! (7) Major Gagarin! (8) Vostok rocket! (9) Manned spacecraft! (Yu) Fantastic! (I) Great! (12) Great! (13) Wow! (14) Hurray!
(15) The capital, which abandoned schools and institutions, factory workshops and university auditoriums, which canceled theatrical performances and film screenings, went wild in a paroxysm of spontaneous emotions. (16) Perhaps for the first time in all her eight centuries, truly sincere and pure. (17) Even the schoolboy’s joy over unexpectedly canceled lessons paled in comparison with this holiday, which burst into millions of hearts.
(18) And then, a few days later, he flew to Moscow. (19) Live report from Vnukovo. (20) A brand new TV “Start”, bought as if especially for such an occasion. (21) A tight circle of neighbors around a screen flickering with black and white pictures. (22) Here he is walking along the carpet... (23) Smiling... (24) “But he’s a nice guy!” - the neighbors agree unanimously... (25) Here the lace comes untied... (26) Everyone gasps and freezes - he will fall, he will not fall... (27) Here he reports to the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Khrushchev...
(28) Of course, you can’t understand a lot at eleven years old. (29) But we’ve already read “Aelita”, and “The Andromeda Nebula”, and “War of the Worlds”, and therefore we are aware of the emotional shock of a real human flight into outer space. (30) And the memory stores not so much visual images as sensations: joy, delight, celebration.
(31) Now we’re already used to it. (32) However, we got used to it a long time ago, since the names of the cosmonauts began to fade from memory, and the next flight into orbit or to a space station ceased to be an information event. (33) And no wonder - more than 500 people visited there, according to statistics. (34) Is it possible to remember everyone! (35) But the first ones are remembered. (36) And the dead are also remembered.
(37) Did Yuri Gagarin experience fear before flying, in the cockpit, when returning to Earth? (38) Of course, then, in 1961, such questions could not have occurred to me. (39) In the most natural way for a boy growing up in the USSR, I believed that Yuri Gagarin was happy before, during, and after. (40) And, of course, proud. (41) And not in any special way, but exclusively with legitimate pride. (42) Well, adolescence has its privileges, including the opportunity to be stupid with impunity.
(43) Now, from the height of the years I have lived, I understand: he was scared. (44) Very. (45) After all, he was flying into the unknown, into a black hole, and his chances of disappearing were almost greater than the chances of returning. (46) This hardly consoled or inspired confidence: “the support of millions”, “faith in the power of Soviet science”, “the leading role of the party”... (47) Of course, there was support, and faith in science, and the leadership of the party. (48) But death, like birth, is an intimate act, performed alone, even if relatives overwhelmed by grief are standing around. (49) The decision to risk life with minimal chances of not dying is made by a person without regard to the “support of millions.”
(50) It is in making such a decision that the greatness of this smiling and now forever young Russian guy lies. (51) He took a step towards death, opening up a new era for us. (52) And now we carelessly skip information about the next flight into space, forget the names of other cosmonauts, considering all this as ordinary and ordinary events. (53) This is probably how it should be.

(According to M. Belyash)

Introduction

Every year the history of mankind is filled with more and more new events glorifying civilization. The world does not stand still, the world moves forward. Developing and improving, finding new ways to exalt.

Who is responsible for progress? Of course, people. Some of them heroically rushed into the arms of the unknown, risking life and health for the sake of universal development. But over time, their exploits are forgotten, becoming commonplace, nothing more than a historical fact.

Problem

The problem of historical memory is raised in his text by M. Belyash, talking about the change in the attitude of Russian people towards Yuri Gagarin’s first flight into space.

A comment

The author recalls the distant year 1961, when the public was excited by the news of the first manned flight into space. Crowds of jubilant people in the squares of large cities, canceled classes in schools and abandoned workplaces, postponed performances and film screenings.

It was difficult for an eleven-year-old boy to understand the internal state of the hero at that time, during his flights. It seemed that Gagarin was driven by the desire to glorify his country, pride in his Motherland and fellow citizens, that he was simply happy during the most difficult moments of his flights and after them.

Decades later, it became clear that Yuri Gagarin experienced incredible fear as he set off on a journey that was more likely to end in his death than in his return.

Despite the support of his compatriots, the state, and his family, it was impossible for Yuri Gagarin not to feel lonely, since the process of birth and death is so intimate that it is carried out in complete unity with himself. And the decision to take a mortal risk is made by a person independently, without regard to the opinions of millions.

In those distant times, when the first flight took place, the awareness of a truly accomplished historical fact cemented in the memory not so much the significance of the event as delight, joy and celebration. But gradually people got used to the flights, and the names of the astronauts are not only forgotten, but are no longer reported to the public with the same enthusiasm.

Author's position

According to the author, Gagarin’s greatness lies precisely in the fact that he consciously took risks, understanding the possible consequences of his actions. He went to his death to open up a new era of space exploration for humanity.

And now we perceive information about the next flight so easily, we perceive it as a meaningless, everyday event. The author assumes that this is how it should be. This is a kind of law of life, although a very sad one.

Your position

I cannot but agree with the author that life moves forward, and what was new and unusual ten or five years ago is now too familiar and ordinary. It can't be any other way. But what happened once, made us great and more developed, must still remain in our memory to serve as an example for future generations.

Argument 1

Reflecting on the problem of memory, I remember V. Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera.” Daria, a spiritually strong woman, protects the past by preserving abandoned houses and graves. These are unique symbols of memory. Wanting to save them during acts of vandalism, knowing that soon the entire island will go under water, she says goodbye to past generations, to those who lived here before her. As long as at least someone remembers the past, the thread connecting generations cannot be broken.

Argument 2

In the play by A.P. Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard" one of the main characters, Yasha, an uneducated lackey who imagines himself to be the best representative of modern thinking, admiring everything foreign, does not see the point of communicating with his own mother. He is a vivid example of memory loss, so his life seems meaningless, useless to anyone, and completely lacks at least something spiritual and moral.

Conclusion

Memory is what keeps the usual course of time uninterrupted and eras smoothly replace each other. Without the memory of the past, we will not be able to build a worthy future, we will not be able to help the generations that replace us in building their new world.

Good day, dear friends. In this article we offer an essay on the topic "".

The following arguments will be used:
– B. L. Vasiliev, “Exhibit No.”
– V.S. Vysotsky, “Buried in our memory for centuries...”

Our life consists of present moments, plans for the future and memories of the past, of what we have already experienced. We are accustomed to preserving pictures of the past, to feel those emotions and feelings, this is how our consciousness works. Usually we remember the brightest memories, those that caused us a storm of positive experiences, in addition, we remember the information we need. But there are also unpleasant moments when memory fails us, or in the most vivid images we remember something that we would like to forget. One way or another, memory is our value; plunging into the past years, we relive events dear to us, and also think about the mistakes we have made in order to prevent similar things in the future.

In the story by B. L. Vasiliev “Exhibit No.,” the thread connecting Anna Fedorovna with her son is the memory of him. The woman’s only relative goes to war, promising to return, which is not destined to come true. Having received a single letter from Igor’s son, the next thing the woman reads is the news of his death. For three days the inconsolable mother cannot calm down and stop crying. The young guy is also mourned by the entire communal apartment in which he lived with his mother, everyone who saw him off on his last journey. A week later, the funeral came, after which Anna Feodorovna “stopped screaming and crying forever.”

Having changed jobs, a single woman shares food cards and money with five families in an apartment orphaned by a terrible war. Every evening Anna Fedorovna follows her established ritual: she rereads the letters she has received. Over time, the paper wears out, and the woman makes copies, and carefully stores the originals in a box with her son’s things. For the anniversary of the Victory, they show a military chronicle; Anna Fedorovna has never watched it, but that evening her gaze still falls on the screen. Deciding that the boy’s back that flashed on the screen belongs to her Igor, she has not looked away from the TV since then. The hope of seeing her son takes away the sight of an aged woman. She begins to go blind and reading her cherished letters becomes impossible.

On her eightieth birthday, Anna Fedorovna is happy, surrounded by people who remembered Igor. Soon the next anniversary of the Victory will pass and pioneers come to the old woman, they ask to show her dear letters. One of the girls demands that they be given to the school museum, which causes hostility from the orphaned mother. But after she drove away the assertive pioneers, the letters were not found on the spot: taking advantage of the old woman’s venerable age and blindness, the children stole them. They took her from the box and from her soul. Tears continuously flowed down the cheeks of the desperate mother - this time her Igor died forever, she could no longer hear his voice. Anna Feodorovna could not survive this blow, tears still slowly flowed down her wrinkled cheeks, although her body became lifeless. And the place for the letters was a desk drawer in the storeroom of the school museum.

In Vladimir Vysotsky’s poem “Buried in our memory for centuries...” the poet compares a person’s memory to a fragile clay vessel and calls for a careful relationship with the past. Events, dates, and faces that are so important to us are buried in our memory for centuries, and attempts to remember are not always crowned with success.

Vladimir Semenovich cites as an example memories of the war, the fact that a sapper can only make a mistake once. After such a disastrous mistake, some people are reluctant to remember the person, while others don’t even want to remember at all. The same thing happens in our lives in general: some people constantly delve into the past, while others prefer not to return to it. The past years become an old warehouse of our experiences, thoughts, emotions and scraps of past life that we do not want to dig up. It is very easy to get lost in all this, and even easier to make a mistake. Our past time is like a labyrinth: to understand it, we need pointers, because the “flow of years” mixes up our memories and erases them.

Just like in war, there are “mines” in our memories – the most unpleasant memories and misdeeds, everything that we want to put in the “shadow” and forget. The solution to this is to prevent errors so that they cannot cause “harm” over time.

To summarize, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of memory in our lives, its enormous importance. We must cherish what is preserved in our memories: our experiences, happy moments and moments of despair, everything we have experienced. We should not consign the past to oblivion, because by losing it, a person loses a part of himself.

Today we talked about the topic “ The problem of memory: arguments from literature“. You can use this option to prepare for the Unified State Exam.

THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel L.N. Tostogo's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and not one that has a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and restraint and showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. An example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of Charlotte Brontë's novel of the same name. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often too demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev the most important life principle was honor. Even facing the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of the impostor.

2. The problem of maintaining honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the main character are completely different. Ostap is an honest and brave person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you always need to remain honest first of all with yourself.

THE PROBLEM OF DEVOTED LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the Empress. Thus, the basis of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A.’s novel. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites the finished chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. A woman sees her destiny in this.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows the long path to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of “permitting blood according to conscience,” the main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story by I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life was to accumulate wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character abandons social life and devotes herself entirely to her family. Natasha Rostova found her purpose in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person and shape his inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach one to think and make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in his novel Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply unspiritual, since there is no literature that can force people to analyze, think, and make decisions.

THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF CHILDREN

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov’s apathy and weak-willedness in adulthood.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty, and love reigns in the Rostov family. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson works tirelessly. The main character rushes to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to gain the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. was tragic. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers developed differently. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A PERSON IN LOVE

1. In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the enemy's camp, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to take up arms against his yesterday’s comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character of P. Suskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer." Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, creating a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to achieve his goal.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to begin collecting information proving Nikolai Antonovich’s guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition. All of Chamomile’s actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fates of other people.

2. The action of the hero of the story by V.G. entails even deeper consequences. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but is also the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEITIVE APPEARANCE

1. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not distinguished by a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the main character is completely unattractive, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went on reconnaissance missions, and never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after some time, Guskov began to think about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya. The hero was tormented by pangs of conscience, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve “great Germany.” His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experienced during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story “Woke by Nightingales” writes about a difficult boy Seluzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night the main character heard the trill of a nightingale. The wonderful sounds amazed the child and awakened his interest in creativity. Seluzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul and helps to reveal creative potential.

2. Love for his native land is the main motive of the work of the painter A.G. Venetsianova. He painted a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. “The Reapers”, “Zakharka”, “Sleeping Shepherd” - these are my favorite paintings by the artist. The life of ordinary people and the beauty of Russia’s nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov’s apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to awaken Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of life of his native Oblomovka forever left its mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life path of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem “My Way” by S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood played an important role in his work. Once upon a time, at the age of nine, a boy inspired by the nature of his native village wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined S.A.’s life path. Yesenina.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PATH IN LIFE

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer especially emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.

2. From the book by M. Mirsky “Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko” I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” states that “you need to live your life with dignity so that you are not ashamed to remember.” With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and caring person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY

1. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky's "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog is killed. Bima can confidently be called a true friend, devoted to his owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give up their collie to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her far from her home. The collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with its former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF MASTERY IN ART

1. In the story by V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the main character is interested in poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. Thus, life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of a writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries and saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. Thus, life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MIND OF A PERSON

1. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has experienced. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance and find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken in his soul feelings that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that it has been a long time since Oblomov felt “such vigor, such strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat.”

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for work for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because nothing could be harder for her than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna’s love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON PEOPLE

1. In Lev Kassil’s story “The Great Confrontation,” Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. One day a girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to perform a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF Pseudoscience

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. He vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and resorts to the most dishonorable acts in order to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists and the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story “Candidate of Sciences” speaks out against those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and, consequently, of society as a whole. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky focuses on the need to combat false scientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Station Warden" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died from melancholy and hopelessness. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father’s grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story by K.G. Paustovsky's "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment of her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at Katerina Petrovna’s grave. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin, in his essay “The Eternal Field,” writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their combat comrade Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina’s son Albert returned to the site of the death of the anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE COURSE OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of selflessness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor rushed to help the sick every day, in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor earned the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite Mozart's death, his works live on and excite people's hearts.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to a loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy and became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of a Man” shows the life path of soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE HUMAN INNER WORLD

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, hard work, and determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who give in to feelings, but is convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova “Oblomov” Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life; it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov’s character.

THE PROBLEM OF TREATING PEOPLE FAIRLY

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old money-lender. The investigator is a keen expert on human psychology. He understands the motives for Rodion Raskolnikov’s crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in Raskolnikov’s case.

2. A.P. Chekhov, in his story “Chameleon,” introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide whether she deserves punishment. Ochumelov’s verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The warden is not looking for justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN AND NATURE

1. In the story by V.P. Astafieva “Tsar Fish” Ignatyich was engaged in poaching for many years. One day, a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on his hook. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself found himself overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in one trap.” So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her and knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin especially emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria “Casta Diva” awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength, which seemed to all rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, and at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, their love for the Don and the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENT OF BOOKS BY TELEVISION

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society that relies on mass culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was replaced by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because TV distracts people from worries and forces them to watch some program without rushing. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to people, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch” and makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous and soulless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which is about to be flooded. It’s hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions are disappearing, which over the centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in his poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls the “stupid rabble” that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the interests of society. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the poet’s main goal is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “At the top of his voice” sees the poet’s purpose in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon that can inspire people and motivate them to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be given up for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF TEACHER'S INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a village boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. While additionally studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and empathy.

2. In Antoine de Saint-Exupery's fairy tale “The Little Prince,” the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, talking about love, friendship, responsibility, and fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: “you can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only your heart is vigilant.” So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORPHANS

1. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all his remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life’s difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story “The Republic of ShKID” by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev depicts the life of students at a social and labor education school for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and followed the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans and create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN WWII

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, just like men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story by V.A. Zakrutkin’s “Mother of Man” shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria took care of seven Leningrad orphans and replaced their mother. Tale by V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” writes with irony about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings is polluting the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story “Lyudochka” connects changes in language with the decline in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the dysfunction of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right path in life and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In the story “Darwin” by E. Grishkovets, the main character, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do for the rest of his life. He realizes the “uselessness of what is happening” and refuses to study at the cultural institute when he watches a play performed by students. The young man has a firm belief that a profession should be useful and bring pleasure.

Reading the text made me think about such a problem as the importance of preserving historical memory. Why is it so important to preserve and pass it on from generation to generation? Why doesn’t a person have the right to simply erase unpleasant events from his memory? Vasily Bykov thinks about these questions.

Discussing the problem of preserving historical memory, Vasily Bykov draws our attention to the fact that despite the fact that the war is receding further into the past, “the scars from its terrible claws will no longer be visible...

in today's life." Indeed, we can often notice that the past influences our present day, and it is not surprising - after all, the present is a continuation of events that have already happened. It is no coincidence that the author notes that this "war taught history and humanity a number of lessons for the future, which would be unforgivable indifference to ignore." By this, V. Bykov shows that humanity can avoid repeating mistakes if it learns from the mistakes of the past.

According to the author, people should preserve and preserve the memory of important events in our history. I cannot but agree with the writer on this, I also believe that it is important not to forget history and learn from the mistakes of the past in order to avoid their repetition.

Many people at different times thought about the meaning of memory in human life. Likhachev also reflects on this issue in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful.” He notes that nothing in this world passes without a trace, and even a simple piece of paper has memory: once crumpled, it will crumple along almost the same lines again if you compress it a second time. A person who does not want to remember his past is an ungrateful and irresponsible person, not realizing that nothing passes without a trace, that his actions will be preserved in the memory of other people. Memories are an integral part of our character and worldview; they help us understand and rethink various events.

Another work that addresses the issue of the importance of historical memory is the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Student". The main character of this story, who is in upset feelings, meets on his way home a mother and daughter sitting by the fire. He approaches them to warm himself and tells the story of the apostle, which greatly touched the women. This event helps the protagonist of the story realize that everything in the world is inextricably connected: the past, the present, and the future. Understanding the relationship between events of the long past and the present gives the main character hope for a bright future and helps to overcome sad thoughts.

To sum it up, it is very important to preserve our memories. They play a huge role in shaping a person’s personality and worldview and help avoid repeating the mistakes of the past. That is why it is necessary to preserve the memory of various events and not let the memories disappear.

Updated: 2018-02-27

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In his autobiographical poem, the author recalls the past, in which during collectivization his father, a peasant who worked from dawn to dusk, was repressed like a fist, with hands that he could not help but straighten and clench into a fist “... there were no individual calluses - solid . Truly a fist!” The pain of injustice is stored in the heart of the author of the decade. He was branded as the son of an “enemy of the people,” and everything stemmed from the desire of the “father of nations” to bring to their knees, to subjugate the entire population of his multinational country to his will. The author writes about Stalin’s amazing ability to transfer “a heap of any of his miscalculations” to someone else’s account, to someone else’s “enemy distortion,” to someone else’s “dizziness from the victories he predicted.” Here the poet refers to an article by the head of the party, which was called “Dizziness from Success.”

Memory stores these events in the life of both an individual and the entire country. A. Tvardovsky speaks about this by right of memory, by the right of a person who experienced all the horror of repression along with his people.

2. V.F. Tendryakov “Bread for the Dog”

The main character is a high school student. But he is not an ordinary Soviet citizen, his father is a responsible worker, the family has everything, even during the period of general famine, when people really had nothing to eat, when millions of people were dying from exhaustion, in their house there was borscht, even with meat, pies with delicious fillings, real kvass, bread kvass, butter, milk - everything that the people were deprived of. The boy, seeing the hunger of the people around him, and especially the “elephants” and “schoolchildren” dying in the station park, felt remorse. He looks for a way to share with those in need, trying to carry bread and leftover food to the chosen beggar. But people, having learned about the compassionate boy, overpowered him with their begging. As a result, he chooses a wounded dog, frightened by people who apparently wanted to eat it at one time. And his conscience slowly subsides. No, not really, but not life-threatening. The head of the station, in the park where these destitute people lived, could not stand it and shot himself. Years later, V. Tendryakov talks about something that still haunts him.

3. A. Akhmatova “Requiem”

The whole poem is a memory of the terrible years of repression, when millions of people stood in lines with parcels for those millions of people who were in the dungeons of the NKVD. A.A. Akhmatova literally demands to remember this terrible episode in the history of the country, no one should ever forget it, even “... if they shut my exhausted mouth,” writes the poet, “at which a hundred million people are screaming,” the memory will remain.

4. V. Bykov “Sotnikov”

Childhood memories play a very important role in the fates of the main characters of the story. A fisherman once saved a horse, his sister, her friend, and hay. As a boy, he showed courage, courage and was able to get out of the situation with honor. This fact played a cruel joke on him. Having been captured by the Nazis, he hopes that he will be able to get out of a terrible situation, and, saving his life, he gives up the detachment, its location and weapons. The next day, after Sotnikov’s execution, he realizes that there is no turning back. Sotnikov experienced a completely opposite situation in his childhood. He lied to his father. The lie was not that serious, but the cowardice with which he said it all left a deep imprint on the boy’s memory. For the rest of his life he remembered the pangs of conscience, the suffering that tore his soul apart. He does not hide behind his comrades, he takes the blow on himself to save others. Withstands torture, ascends to the scaffold and dies with dignity. Thus, childhood memories led the heroes to their life ending: one to a feat, the other to betrayal.

5. V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons"

Decades later, the author recalls the teacher who played a decisive role in his difficult fate. Lidia Mikhailovna, a young teacher who wants to help a smart student in her class. She sees how the child’s desire to learn is broken by the callousness of the people among whom he is forced to live. She tries different options for help, but only one succeeds: playing for money. He needs these pennies to buy milk. The director catches the teacher committing a crime and she is fired. But the boy remains in school, finishes it and, having become a writer, writes a book dedicating it to his teacher.