Project world of school nicknames. Start in science. Personal attitude to the nickname

Are you here: Other means

WORLD OF SCHOOL NICKNAMES

Performed:
Kurepina Daria,
student of class 9A
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 42
Head: Vasilyeva A.K., Russian language teacher
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 42

My name is Alice and I...
“That’s a pretty stupid name!” Humpty interrupted her impatiently. - What does it mean?
- Should a name mean anything? - asked the puzzled Alice.
“Without a doubt,” Humpty Dumpty snorted. - Personally, my name indicates the form that is inherent in me. Amazing shape! And with a name like yours, you can end up in whatever shape you want, even the ugliest one.
L.Carroll "Alice Through the Looking Glass"

Purpose of the study:
To study the presence of nicknames and the characteristics of their origin among schoolchildren in grades 6, 7, 9, to analyze the attitude of schoolchildren towards nicknames. Hypothesis:
There is an opinion that a nickname is an eternal category, it exists always and everywhere, nicknames are especially widespread among schoolchildren. Is it so?

Tasks:
study popular scientific literature on this topic;
conduct a survey to study the characteristics and origin of nicknames;
identify whether all schoolchildren in adolescence have nicknames;
make a file of school nicknames;
analyze the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames;
find psychological recommendations for guys who do not accept their nickname.

PROJECT STAGES

PROPER NAME - a kind of social sign
verbal talisman
given without the participation of the carrier
HISTORY OF NICKNAMES
Until the 10th century, the personal names of our ancestors were various signs of people, their actions, as well as objects of the external world: Zavyal - sluggish, Balush - spoiled, Yarukha - evil, Batura - stubborn.
After the baptism of Rus' in the 10th century, among Russians and other Eastern Slavs, the church introduced personal names in honor of Orthodox saints: Alexander, Peter (Greek), Victor, Marina, Tatiana (Latin); Svyatoslav, Love (slav.)
After the adoption of Christianity, “pre-Christian” names began to be given as nicknames for appearance, physical disabilities, certain qualities, at the place of residence, due to superstitions: nicknames for the village of Reshetikha: Karsaki, Pie, Bublik.

WHAT IS A NICKNAME? A nickname is a name given to a person based on some of his characteristic traits or properties.
(Dictionary edited by S.I. Ozhegov)

WHAT IS DIFFERENT?
NICKNAME FROM NAME?

GROUPS OF NICKNAMES

SCHOOL NICKNAMESNicknames are an extremely important part of children's world. They are invented by children for children and exist in all schools, in all classes, cities and villages. Sometimes a nickname becomes so firmly attached to a person that they stop calling him by name altogether. There are quite popular nicknames - Crybaby, Sneaky, Small, Gray.

Slide No. 10

STUDENTS COUNT...

Slide No. 11

Slide No. 12

CLASSIFICATION
SCHOOL NICKNAMES OF STUDENTSIf previously nicknames were given by the name or profession of an ancestor and passed on by inheritance, now most nicknames are given to schoolchildren from their surnames and given names, for example, Kulasha (Sergey Kulagin), Dron (Alexander Doronichev), Hottabych (Anton Khabarov), Suslik ( Anya Suleymanova), Karas (Mikhail Karimov), Simon (Evgeny Simonov), Matvey (Sergey Matveev).
In second place are the nicknames given to schoolchildren based on their appearance: 220 volts, Doggie, Long Legs, Poodle.
The next place is occupied by nicknames, given by actions, character traits and depending on the occasion: Pushkobruk, Garik, Valya, Get-fan.
Some of the guys chose nicknames for themselves - nicknames used in Internet communication: cafe,
Niki, Kenny, dj Mix

Nicknames are created by schoolchildren very actively, which is explained by the psychological properties of children of adolescence - the desire for the unusual, the new.

Slide No. 13

Slide No. 14

ADVICE FROM A PSYCHOLOGIST

Slide No. 15

LET'S SUM UP A person's nickname is more than just a means of communication. A nickname can arise either as a result of long observation of a person, or instantly, by chance, when a well-spoken word is picked up by others.

Like many other social phenomena, the nickname system is not only a form of solidarity, but also, for example, teasing and humiliation. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult.

Nicknames are invented by someone to whom the children's community is allowed to assign nicknames. Everyone else's attempts end in failure.

When studying proper names in the 5th grade Russian language textbook in the vocabulary section, we find only one thing: first names, patronymics, and last names are written with a capital letter, no more information is given.

However, learning about nicknames is necessary because nicknames are common in school environments. Especially in adolescence. Sometimes nicknames are the cause of disagreements and discord among schoolchildren and create difficulties in communication, since the student may evaluate his nickname as offensive.

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The world of school nicknames Completed by: Karina Morozova, 6th grade student of the Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution “Ukrainian Secondary School” of the Kosikhinsky district of the Altai Territory Supervisor: Starikova T.V.

The Russian people express themselves strongly! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and posterity. And where can it be accurate... - you are outlined with one line from head to toe! N.V. Gogol

The area of research is proper names as a layer of vocabulary, closely related to the life of every person. The object of the study is the system of nicknames that exists in school adolescence in a given period of time. The research base is students in grades 5-11.

The relevance of the study of schoolchildren's nicknames allows us to connect linguistic knowledge with life, increases observation and teaches us to find interesting and unexplored things around us. Nicknames are a widespread phenomenon among schoolchildren, they are present everywhere, familiarity with this phenomenon will help expand knowledge about the lexical composition of the Russian language. work on the topic will make it possible to find out the attitude of schoolchildren towards nicknames and, therefore, to identify problems that arise in the process of communication between children when using nicknames.

The purpose of the study is to study the presence of nicknames among schoolchildren in grades 5-10, to identify the characteristics of the use of nicknames and attitudes towards them.

Objectives of the study: Conduct a survey among students to study the characteristics of nicknames. Make a file of school nicknames. Find out whether all schoolchildren in adolescence have nicknames. Analyze the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames.

Stages of research January-February – study of popular science literature, selection of theoretical material. March – conducting a survey, processing the results. April-May – writing a research paper.

Method of collecting information (studying popular scientific literature, observation) analysis; comparison; Research methods: questionnaires, statistical studies (counting, calculations).

Information from dictionaries A nickname is a name given to a person based on some of his characteristic features. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. A nickname is a name given to a person based on some characteristic trait. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. A nickname is a name given to a person in addition to his name, usually indicating some noticeable feature of his character, appearance, or activity. Ushakov D.N. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.

The history of nicknames The emergence of nicknames is a phenomenon that is present everywhere. Nicknames were given according to the name or profession of an ancestor and were passed down by inheritance. Now most nicknames are given to schoolchildren from their last names and first names. Unlike a name, a nickname reflects not the desired, but the real properties and qualities of the bearer and captures the special meaning that these properties and qualities had for others. Nicknames can be given to people at different periods of their lives, and in many cases they are known to a limited circle of people.

Bibliography. N.V. Gogol wrote: “The Russian people express themselves strongly! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and posterity, he will drag it with him into the service, and into retirement, and into St. Petersburg, and to the ends of the world, and no matter how cunning or ennoble your field then, nothing will help: the nickname will croak for itself at the top of the crow’s throat and will clearly say where the bird flew from.” (“Dead Souls”, vol. 1, ch. 5)

School Nicknames Nicknames are an extremely important part of children's world. Nicknames are invented by children for children. Nicknames exist in all schools, in all classes, cities and villages. It happens that a nickname becomes so firmly attached to a person that they stop calling him by his name altogether. Crybaby

According to the guys, a nickname is a nickname a person’s second name pseudonym secret name nickname

In the work of linguist K.N. Davydova, nicknames are divided into three groups: 1) nicknames that refer to residents of some localities as a whole 2) nicknames that refer to individual families - “family nicknames” 3) nicknames that refer to individuals - “personal nicknames” Nicknames that give a specific evaluative characteristic of individuals: 1. By external characteristics 2. By various (usually negative) characteristics of character and behavior 3. By internal qualities 4. By characteristics of speech 5. By place of previous residence 6 By the nickname of one of the relatives 7. Derived from the last name, first name

Formation of school nicknames Other reasons 2 people. – 10% By name of 3 people. – 15% By appearance 7 people. 35% From the last name of 8 people. – 40% By character 1 person. - 5 %

Results of the survey I conducted a survey among schoolchildren in grades 5 - 11 of our school. 1. Are nicknames necessary? 35% of students answered “YES” to this question. 2. Nicknames are not needed - answered 55% of respondents.

Presence of nicknames The questionnaires showed that 20 people out of 36 respondents have nicknames (in fact, much more, since some guys do not know that they have nicknames or are simply embarrassed by their nicknames). Of these, 1 person considers this offensive, the rest are not offended. Sometimes they get offended – 2 people answered. Got used to it - 9 people.

Questioning students Do the kids themselves use nicknames? To this question I received the following answers: 1. I never use it, since there is a name for this -14 people. 2. I use it unless a person is against it - 21 people. 3. I use it even if the person doesn’t like it - 1 person.

Rolan Bykov’s film “Scarecrow,” based on Zheleznyakov’s story, is one of the most striking examples of the negative impact of a nickname. It became one of the important factors in the attitude towards the main character, a 12-year-old girl, which almost led to tragedy. Lena, like her grandfather, attaches much more importance to the inner content and moral health of her personality than to her appearance. Experiencing distrust, envy, ill will, misunderstanding or even cruelty on the part of the surrounding teenagers, betrayal by the boy who aroused in her the feeling of first love, Lena shows everyone an impressive example of selflessness, straightforwardness, and human dignity. But everyone teased her about the Scarecrow.

Conclusions So, we can conclude that a person’s nickname is more than just a means of communication. A nickname can arise either as a result of long observation of a person, or instantly, by chance, when a well-spoken word is picked up by others. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult.

Conclusions: Nicknames are one of the forms of communication in the school environment. 5% of children are not addressed by name, 35% of schoolchildren consider nicknames to be normal, 38% of students have a negative attitude towards nicknames.

Having analyzed school nicknames and found out the reason for their appearance, I would like to invite the children not to react painfully to them, but to treat them with a certain amount of humor.

Uzhirova Victoria

Research on the use of school nicknames at school

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All-Russian competition of student research works

“YOUTH, SCIENCE, CULTURE”

Direction – humanities (linguistics)

Educational and research project

"The World of School Nicknames"

Uzhirova Victoria Valerievna

9th grade student of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1

ZATO OZERNY, Tver region

Scientific director

Gontsova Galina Gennadievna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

Pos. ZATO Ozerny 2011-2012

Educational and research project “The World of School Nicknames”

Target:

- To study the presence of nicknames and the features of their origin among schoolchildren 6-10

classes, their parents and teachers

- Analyze the attitude towards nicknames of children and adults.

Tasks

find literature on the history of nicknames;
conduct a survey of adults and schoolchildren;
identify whether all schoolchildren in adolescence have nicknames;
determine the origin
nicknames when they appeared;
analyze the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames;
find out the opinion of a psychologist about school nicknames;
systematize the collected material.

Hypothesis: There is an opinion that a nickname is an eternal category, it exists always and everywhere, nicknames are especially widespread among schoolchildren.

Is it so?

Project stages:

Stage I November – study of popular science literature, selection of theoretical material.

Stage II December – conducting a social survey, processing the results.

Stage III January – description of the project results.

Explanatory note

Historical and linguistic analysis.The science of names deals with the analysis of the properties and qualities of proper names - onomastics. The name comes from the Greek word onomastike - “the art of giving names.” If they want to especially emphasize that only the names of people are meant, they use the following term: anthroponymy, originating from two Greek words: anthropos - “man” and onyma - “name”. He deals with nicknames - deanthroponymy.

Interested in this science:

Chichagov V.K. From the history of personal names, patronymics and surnames.
Ugryumov A.A. Russian names.
Superanskaya A.V. What is your name?
Uspensky P.V. You and your name.

We became acquainted with these studies and gave preference to the works of A.A. Ugryumov. Russian names, Superanskaya A.V. What is your name?

All proper names are derived from common nouns. How did this happen? Researchers say that for this it is necessary to look back into the depths of centuries and trace the history of the appearance of “simple Russian names” in Rus'.

Everyone knows about a major event at the end of the 10th century - the baptism of Rus', which took place during the years of the rise of the Kyiv prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. Ancient Russia's adoption of Christianity as a state religion, cemented by Vladimir's marriage to the Byzantine princess Anna, contributed to the strengthening of Rus''s international ties. At the same time, Christian names were borrowed from Byzantium, which began to be given to people by the church (at baptism). These names were called real and were written down in special books “Saints”. What were the Byzantine names? The Greeks of the Byzantine era collected the best names by common noun meaning. The list includes ancient Roman and Hebrew names. If we begin to consider Christian (canonical) names according to the meaning of the words from which they originate, we will immediately notice their own characteristics. Almost all names of ancient Greek origin emphasize moral and physical virtues in people. Andrey is “courageous”, Sofia is “wise”. The Romans also celebrate the good in people: Victor is “winner”, Valery is “healthy”. The ancient Hebrew ones are addressed to God: Michael – “equal to God”, Elijah – “the power of God”.

So, old Russian names arose on foreign soil and in the 10th century were artificially transplanted into Russia. They were difficult to pronounce. All names were changed and became similar to other words in the Russian language. Dionysius - Denis, Theodore - Feodor. Among the names borrowed from Byzantium, there were those that in the Russian language turned out to be consonant with common nouns. These include: Mardariy, Karp, Sosii, Usfazan, Urvan, Makrina. It is especially easy to come up with all sorts of teases and nicknames for such names.

After the revolution, after the separation of church and state, name-making begins. People sought to reflect revolutionary events, as well as the ideology, sentiments and attributes of the revolution: Revolution, Oktyabrina, Iskar, Barricade, Electrification, Tractor. In the 30s, names came that were associated with the reality of that time. These are complex abbreviated names: Yunarma (young army), Isolde (made of ice), Gertrude (hero of labor). By the names of chemical elements and alloys: Radium, Helium, Steel. The names were given in honor of the heroes of books and films. Now the “main backbone” is Russian names. Egors, Pavels, Nastya, Daria began to return.

What happened before, before the adoption of Christianity? Did the Russians have names? Of course there were. And the most interesting thing is that many of those old pre-Christian names that were preserved in chronicles, in various documents, are very similar to the nicknames given to each other by children: Red-haired, Lame, Lanky, Stutterer, Clever, Weird, Bully. Now these names seem funny to us. The bulk of names were given according to the physical and moral properties of people, according to various circumstances of their life.

They are expecting a child in the family, we are waiting for them, we love them.

In order of birth of children: Pervusha (first), Shestak (sixth), Bolshak (eldest son), menshak (youngest son).

To protect the child from the action of evil forces, the following names were given: Grief, Failure, Sick, Dung, Dog's Ear.

Many ancient Russian names somehow separated people, reflecting their character traits, appearance, and physical disabilities. Based on these characteristics, the largest number of names and nicknames were given. They were not shy about obscene nicknames, without thinking about the attitude of the person being called to them: Beznos, Gray-haired, Khripun, Silent. There were also those who reflected their profession and social status: Rich, Fisherman, Buffoon. Names indicating the origin of a person from a certain area: Kazanets, Wise. There were names and nicknames that reflected the peculiarity of a person’s lifestyle or speech: Dog Old Age (one old man repeated this phrase).

These Russian names begin to turn into nicknames from the 15th century.

Such is the fate of anthroponyms. There has been a transformation of proper names into common nouns. This phenomenon is called deanthroponization.

Nickname - a name given to a person based on some of his characteristic features or properties.

We, schoolchildren, are very interested in nicknames; we all have them or have had them. We collected material for the study like this: we came to the children in class and asked them to write down their nicknames, all that they had throughout their lives. In addition, it was proposed, if possible, to indicate when they arose, how long they existed or exist, indicate the environment of use, and prevalence among others.

Given name

a kind of social sign
verbal talisman
given without the participation of the carrier

HISTORY OF NICKNAMES

Until the 10th century, the personal names of our ancestors were various signs of people, their actions, as well as objects of the external world:Zavyal is sluggish, Balush is a spoiler, Yarukha is evil, Batura is stubborn.
After the baptism of Rus' in the 10th century, among Russians and other Eastern Slavs, the church introduced personal names in honor of Orthodox saints:Alexander, Peter (Greek), Victor, Marina, Tatiana (Latin); Svyatoslav, Love (slav.)
After the adoption of Christianity, “pre-Christian” names began to be given as nicknames for appearance, physical defects, certain qualities, at the place of residence, due to superstitions:nicknames of the village of Reshetikha: Karsaki, Pirozhok, Bublik.

The main problematic issues that arise when assessing and studying nicknames are the following:

When and why did nicknames appear?

What nicknames did great people have, how did they feel about it?

What is special about the origin of school nicknames?
How to deal with nicknames: fight? ignore? invent?

Relevance

Nicknames are widespread among schoolchildren, but their origin and features have been little studied and are not sufficiently represented in educational and popular science literature.
The emergence of nicknames is a phenomenon present everywhere, and familiarity with this phenomenon will help expand knowledge about the lexical composition of the language and deepen knowledge of the Russian language in general
Studying schoolchildren's nicknames allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, improves observation and teaches you to find interesting and unexplored things around you.
Work on the topic allows us to find out the attitude of schoolchildren towards nicknames, and therefore, identify problems that arise in the process of children’s communication when using nicknames.

Nicknames are an integral part of the life of schoolchildren, an important component of their communication. They define interpersonal relationships within the school community, succinctly and succinctly characterize the bearer and author of the nickname, and the features of the situation in which the naming takes place. It is these factors that determined the relevance of our work.

In 1980, American psychologist Rome Hare and his colleagues conducted a study in the United States and a number of European and Arab countries on the role of nicknames in the children's community. Having examined about a thousand children aged 5 to 15 years, they came to the conclusion that one of the main reasons for assigning nicknames is the desire to separate “us” from “strangers”. Children who do not have nicknames may be considered too insignificant by their peers.“To have a nickname means to have some quality that deserves the attention of the community, even if this attention is not entirely pleasant.”

Name-calling nicknames (Fat, Brat, etc.) can be assigned by group leaders to show what not to be. Owners of such nicknames become examples of violating the standards or norms of this group. Nicknames make it clear what is acceptable in their community and what is not. The nicknames "Dumb" or "Scarecrow" are given not necessarily to the stupidest or sloppiest children in the group, but to those who voluntarily endure humiliation, being a symbol of childish greed, sloppiness or laziness. Nicknames, understandable only to initiates, allow children to feel their isolation and convey secret information unknown even to those children to whom these nicknames refer.
Children learn to give each other nicknames from adults. Indeed, nicknames and nicknames are present in the lives of adults: from affectionate household nicknames to criminal nicknames, indicating the place occupied by the bearer of the nickname in the criminal environment. By the way, researchers note that different cultures use different nicknames, for example, in Arab countries it is common to ridicule physical disabilities, while in Japan analogies with animals or insects are more often used. And although in adult culture nicknames have a certain symbolic meaning, and their bearers can be proud of their nickname, it is equally offensive for a child to be known among his peers as “Seal” or “Fatty.” And the meaning of children's nicknames is usually somewhat different.
Here are the main reasons why children call each other names:
1. Aggression (conscious desire to offend, annoy, anger a peer).

2. The desire to attract attention (of the one you tease or others):
- game (the teaser perceives name-calling as a fun game, attracting the attention of a peer without intending to offend him);

Provocation (the teaser is aware that he is insulting a peer, but thus seeks to provoke him to active actions, for example, to force him to chase himself, to fight, to accept a challenge);

Joke (not so much wanting to offend a friend as trying to amuse others);
- self-affirmation (the teaser deliberately insults a peer in order to humiliate him and stand out in the eyes of others, to “put him in his place,” to assert a leadership position).

3. Revenge (an offended or humiliated child begins to tease the offender, especially if he cannot respond physically; he also does the same out of envy).
It also happens that a child calls names unintentionally, not out of malice - the teaser does not understand that the other is offended, he is used to noting the characteristics of those around him, identifying their characteristic features, for example, comparing them with animals. Perhaps at home it is customary to reward each other with nicknames, and this does not offend anyone.
You need to be especially sensitive and attentive with peers who have objective reasons for their worries. We are talking about children with various appearance defects, for example, a noticeable birthmark, lameness, strabismus, etc. In this case, a lot depends on us: in the family we need to help the child treat his disability correctly, and in the classroom, we need to nip all sorts of nicknames and bullying in the bud.
Theoretical aspects of the problem under consideration.

Nicknames - an extremely important part of children's world. They are invented by children for children and exist in all schools, in all classes, cities and villages. Sometimes a nickname becomes so firmly attached to a person that they stop calling him by name altogether. There are quite popular nicknames -Crybaby, Sneaky, Small, Gray.

Classification of school nicknames of students

If earlier nicknames were given by the name or profession of an ancestor and passed on by inheritance, now most nicknames are given to schoolchildren from their surnames and given names,for example, Kulasha (Sergey Kulagin), Drone (Alexander Doronichev), Hottabych (Anton Khabarov), Suslik (Anya Suleymanova), Karas (Mikhail Karimov), Simon (Evgeny Simonov), Matvey (Sergey Matveev).
In second place are nicknames given to schoolchildren based on their appearance:220 volts, Doggie, Long-legged, Poodle.
The next place is occupied by nicknames, data based on actions, character traits and depending on the case:Pushkobruk, Garik, Valya, Get-fan.
Some of the guys chose nicknames for themselves - nicknames used in Internet communication: cafe, Niki, Kenny, dj Mix

Let's turn to the literature. Proper names are often used as nicknames. In fairy tales, proper names are given mainly according to the appearance of the hero, but there are those who are named so according to the nature of their activity. For example, Cinderella is named so because she was always in ashes, Thumbelina - an inch tall, Winnie the Pooh - fluffy, small, plump, Snow White - white as snow, Aibolit and Moidodyr (by occupation), Sleeping Beauty (.according to the characteristics of a person’s character, behavior, habits)

Nicknames are created by schoolchildren very actively, which is explained by the psychological properties of children of adolescence - the desire for the unusual, the new.

Unlike the name, which represents the qualities of the child desired by the parents and the expected external data, the nickname, although not always, reflects the real properties and qualities of the person

A name is given from birth and is known to everyone, a nickname is given at a certain period of life and is known to a narrow circle of people.

From a linguistic point of view, nicknames are divided into three groups:

1. associated with a specific area;

2. family nicknames;

3. personal nicknames.

Nicknames are a specific evaluative characteristic that reflects:

external signs;
various character traits, behavior, internal qualities;
speech features;
family traits.

The main functions of nicknames are:

Nomination of micro-community leaders;

Selection from a group of rejected people;

Distinguishing children with the same names;

Emphasizing continuity along the family line;

Teasing and humiliation;

Showing sympathy.

Next question: how do nicknames change as children age? Analyzing the questionnaires, we noticed that many nicknames appear when children enter school, then their number slowly but steadily grows through the 9th grade, and sharply decreases in the 10th and 11th grades. Why is this happening? This is another question that needs to be answered.

Some other facts we noticed are also worthy of attention. For example, the fact that some schoolchildren do not have nicknames, while others have up to ten at the same time. And these nicknames are not always used in different places, sometimes in the same group. Why do some kids keep the same nickname throughout their entire school life, while others often change from one nickname to another?

Where there are more friendly relations in the class, higher academic performance, there are fewer nicknames: the general cultural background has an effect.

The main question: why do we need nicknames at all, including for schoolchildren? Some people, especially adults, think that nicknames like smoking are harmful and unnecessary. This is often true. But, for example, there are five Sashas or four Tanyas in a class, and then nicknames help in communication. And it would simply be boring without nicknames, the opportunity to fantasize and have a good laugh would disappear.

Many historical figures had nicknames associated with some merits, events, personal qualities or the name of the area.

The great ancient Greek commander Alexander the Great received his nickname because he was first king in Macedonia

In 1861, Alexander 2 published a Manifesto on the emancipation of peasants and the abolition of serfdom. For this he was nicknamed the Liberator.

Yaroslav, who ruled in Kyiv in the 11th century, built many cities and cathedrals, opened libraries, and introduced the first unified law in the history of Rus' - “Russian Truth”. For this the people called him the Wise.

But for many, even historical figures, nicknames were focused either on external characteristics, or on activities, or were of a satirical nature. Sometimes nicknames are given to shorten complex names or surnames

The influence of nicknames on schoolchildren

Psychologists warn that children's nicknames and nicknames need to be treated with the proper degree of attention: the threat of conflict due to their use is actually very serious. Nicknames affect the psyche of children and can seriously affect their future lives.

The desire to become part of a team and to win the favor of classmates can push a child to commit unseemly acts. I have already talked about the voluntarily accepted role of a jester, about the fact that a child turns into a thoughtless follower of the aggressor. Let me give you another example.
In 1981, American psychologists Achenbach and Edelbrock conducted a study, the results of which showed that “a child’s confidence in his position can contribute to the development of his skills for living in a team, and rejection by peers entails the development of isolation, but does not lead to a weakening of those traits with which it is caused." In addition, difficulties in relationships with peers that appeared in childhood are often a harbinger of emotional distress in the future.
A number of works by domestic and foreign psychologists note that unfavorable relationships in a team contribute to the emergence of persistent negative experiences in a child, the disappearance of self-confidence and a decrease in the ability and desire to learn. They are often the reason for premature departure from school. The lack of social recognition and communication is compensated by the search for an out-of-school circle of peers, which is characterized by illegal behavior. Poor relationships in the classroom lead to other negative consequences.
Poor relationships with classmates can cause poor performance. The child loses the desire to go to school, he may develop various neurotic and even mental disorders. The worst thing is that regular bullying can provoke a suicide attempt or an attempt on the life of one of the persecutors. One day, a quiet and downtrodden eighth-grader Pasha brought a penknife to school, with which he wounded Yegor, who was constantly pestering him.
Bullying causes irreparable damage not only to the psyche of the victim. The situation of bullying is no less harmful for pursuers and observers. They risk remaining weak-willed pawns in the hands of stronger and more enterprising ones. And a decision made under the influence of the majority, contrary to the voice of conscience, and the constant fear of being in the place of the victim contribute to a decrease in self-esteem and loss of self-respect. The instigators are corrupted by impunity; they learn that such methods can be used to control others.
The class in which bullying occurs cannot be spoken of as a collective. The unification occurred not due to mutual sympathy or common interests, but out of necessity - the children simply had nowhere to go. In such a group there is no dynamics, relationships do not develop, but freeze, taking on an ugly form. It is all the more likely that if the one who is being bullied leaves, a new outcast will appear in the class, since this is the only possible way of building relationships that the children have learned.
Based on the above problems, psychologists advise:

Don't give in to emotions and don't pay attention to hurtful words.
Learn to respond to the offender in such a way that he no longer has the desire to pester you.
Go to the offender and ask why he talks about you like that.

Case studies

As part of the practical study, 105 students in grades 6-10, parents and teachers were interviewed.

The following data were obtained: 79 out of 105 respondents had nicknames at one time or another in their lives, 26 did not.

By time of occurrence, of the 79 respondents, 70 indicated school age, 6 – before school, 3 could not answer this question.

When asked what the nickname was associated with, 29 answered that it was a surname, 14 – with physical features, 13 – random, 3 – with character traits.

Regarding the question: Have you given anyone nicknames? 98 people were interviewed: 68 admitted that they had given, and 30 people answered negatively.

71 people were interviewed in relation to nicknames, of which 42 people responded with humor, 6 were offended, 23 did not pay attention.

Comparing the data obtained with statistical data from other studies, we determined that about half of the schoolchildren had nicknames, and 72% were still offended by nicknames. When asked about the importance of nicknames, 39% of respondents thought that nicknames were necessary, 23% answered negatively, and 38% answered that it did not matter to them.

This comparative analysis highlighted the problem of students’ reluctance to admit the presence of nicknames and the negative meaning for them.

The study helped to find out that school nicknames contain the following information:

1) nicknames identify some unique properties and personality characteristics of the recipient of the nickname;

2) indicate the location of the addressee in the team;

3) establish hierarchical relationships between individuals in the closed environment in which they communicate;

Conclusion

Like many other social phenomena, the nickname system is likely to be not only a form of solidarity, but also a source of other forms of social activity, such as teasing and humiliation. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult. Although an insult acts as a kind of recognition, while those approximately 48% percent who are denied a nickname are not recognized at all

Nicknames can be given to people at different periods of their lives, and in many cases they are known to a fairly limited circle of people. For example, only to the class team or only to friends. Many people have several nicknames, and each of them seems to be associated with membership in a specific group.

Who comes up with nicknames? The limited data that linguists have suggests that there is someone who has been given some kind of license to assign nicknames by the children's community. Everyone else's attempts to come up with nicknames usually end in failure. Having analyzed, found out, help not to react.

conclusions

- most schoolchildren have nicknames, but not offensive ones;

Nicknames are known to a small circle of people;

Our parents had nicknames much less often;

Many children do not understand why they received nicknames;

All children give nicknames to their peers.

Let's clear our language of unnecessary and sometimes offensive words!
Let's treat each other with respect and not spoil our beautiful native Russian language!

Municipal educational institution "Secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects No. 38"

Section of linguistics

WORLD OF SCHOOL NICKNAMES

Research project on Russian language

Completed: Artyushin Danil,7 Class

Scientific adviser:

Sidorova Angela Anatolyevna, teacher of Russian language and literature.

Saransk, 2014

Content

Introduction 3

1. Selecting a topic-problem 4

1.1. Area of study, object of study 4

1.2. Relevance of topic 4

1.3. Formulation of the purpose and objectives of the study 5

1.4.. Stages of research. Research methods 5

2. Theoretical research 6

2.1. From the history of one's own name 6

2.2. The difference between a name and a nickname 6

2.3. From the history of the nickname 7

2.4. Features of nicknames as a linguistic phenomenon 9

2.5. The emergence of nicknames in the school environment 10

3. Case Studies 11

Conclusion 16

Conclusion 17

List of used literature 18

Introduction

Amazing people

They respond to the nickname -

Forgotten names!

You will say to Ryabchikov: “Vitya!”

He will decide: others are called

Well, call “Ryabchik”

Vitya is right there

Pomidorova Tatyana

You will say: “Tanya!” - silence

"Tomato!" - it will be right away

She has all the attention.

Kolya-Bantik, Katya-Chudik,

Lena Strunova-Struna.

…Amazing people:

Forgotten names!

V. Toptygin

The name of a Russian person consists of three parts: first name, patronymic, last name. But it's official. Unofficially, there are other categories, in particular nicknames. A nickname is a name given to a person as a joke, in mockery, usually containing an indication of some noticeable feature of his character, appearance, or activity. It is given with the aim of distinguishing a person from the crowd, drawing attention to him, emphasizing his individuality.

For some people, nicknames accompany them throughout their lives: from school to old age. Nicknames or nicknames sometimes distinguish those named from others, since there may be people with the same last names and first names. We must not forget that nicknames most often have a negative connotation. Nicknames often directly and directly characterize a person, and what is also distinctive is that nicknames are not announced directly, unlike first names, patronymics and surnames, which relate to the official sphere of use and are not associated with figurative emotional experiences. Nicknames are burdened with various additional meanings, so they are especially interesting and, of course, need detailed study. Recently, onomastics (the science of names) has attracted increasing interest from linguists, but some of its areas still remain insufficiently developed. Such a little-studied type in the category of anthroponyms are nicknames. Studies of modern nicknames were based primarily on dialect vocabulary, and only in recent years have linguists paid attention to the nicknames that exist in various groups of our society. And now the question arises of clarifying the boundaries of the concept. In addition, the material itself (the criteria for identifying this type of anthroponyms) is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity, so there is still no unified typology of nicknames.

As a schoolchild, I am very interested in nicknames; everyone has them and has had them. Therefore, my research is devoted to the study of nicknames. Collection and classification of nicknames based on their origin. Research was conducted in middle and high school: which students have nicknames, the reasons for their origin. What percentage of students have nicknames? It should be borne in mind that some nicknames are perceived as offensive, so the informants, as a rule, were not so much the direct bearers of the nicknames, but rather persons not related to them by close ties.

The emergence of nicknames is a phenomenon that is present everywhere, and familiarity with this phenomenon will help expand knowledge about the lexical composition of the language and deepen knowledge of the Russian language in general. Nicknames are widespread among schoolchildren. Studying schoolchildren's nicknames allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, improves observation and teaches you to find interesting and unexplored things around you.

1. Selecting a topic-problem

1.1.

Field of study – proper names as a layer of vocabulary, closely connected with the life of every person.

Object of study - a system of nicknames that exists in school adolescence in a given period of time.

Research base – students of grades 5-8 of the municipal educational institution “Secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects No. 38”

1.2. Relevance:

Nicknames are widespread among schoolchildren, but their origin and features have been little studied and are not sufficiently represented in Russian language school textbooks.

Studying schoolchildren's nicknames allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, improves observation and teaches you to find interesting and unexplored things around you.

1.3. Purpose of the study

To study the presence of nicknames and the characteristics of their origin among schoolchildren in grades 5-8, to analyze attitudes towards nicknames.

Hypothesis

There is an opinion that a nickname is an eternal category, it exists always and everywhere, nicknames are especially widespread among schoolchildren. Is it so?

Tasks:

Study popular scientific literature on this topic;

Conduct a survey to study the characteristics of nicknames;

Make a file of school nicknames;

Find out whether all schoolchildren in adolescence have nicknames;

Establish the origin of nicknames and when they appeared;

1.4. Research stages

September – Organizational stage (study of popular scientific literature, selection of theoretical material);

October – Main stage (conducting a survey, processing the results)

November – Final stage (description of project results, execution of work)

Research methods:

Method of collecting information (studying popular scientific literature, observation);

Questionnaire;

Interview;

Response processing methods:

Comparison;

- statistical research (counting, calculations);

analysis and synthesis of data;

2. Theoretical information

2.1. From the history of one's own name

People's names are part of the history of a people. Every person living on Earth has at least one name. A person’s name is a kind of social sign. They are usually treasured. History knows many examples when there was a fierce struggle for the right to bear this or that name or surname. Even in less civilized tribes, the nameless man loses many of his rights. A simple example: among the Kwakiutl Indians, a person who takes a loan must leave not just anything as collateral, but his name! And until he repays the debt, all members of the tribe consider this person nameless and do not call him by name.

When parents choose a name for a child, they want it to be kind, affectionate, memorable, so that, like a verbal talisman, it calls for happiness and wisdom.

A name is given to a person at birth, and the person himself does not determine in any way what his name will be. At a certain period of life, in addition to the name given at birth, a person is given a nickname. Why is this happening?

2.2. The difference between a name and nicknames

“My name is Alice, and I...

- Quite a stupid name! - Humpty interrupted her impatiently. - What does it mean?

- Should a name mean anything? - asked the puzzled Alice.

“Without a doubt,” Humpty Dumpty snorted. - Personally, my name indicates the form that is inherent in me. Amazing shape! And with a name like yours, you can end up in whatever shape you want, even the ugliest.”

2.3. From the history of nicknames.

Everyone knows about a major event at the end of the 10th century - the baptism of Rus', which took place during the years of the rise of the Kyiv prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. Ancient Russia's adoption of Christianity as a state religion, cemented by Vladimir's marriage to the Byzantine princess Anna, contributed to the strengthening of Rus''s international ties. At the same time, Christian names were borrowed from Byzantium, which began to be given to people by the church (at baptism). These names were called real and were written down in special books “Saints”. What were the Byzantine names? The Greeks of the Byzantine era collected the best names by common noun meaning. The list includes ancient Roman and Hebrew names. If we begin to consider Christian (canonical) names according to the meaning of the words from which they originate, we will immediately notice their own characteristics. Almost all names of ancient Greek origin emphasize moral and physical virtues in people.Andrey – “courageous”, Sofia – “wise” . The Romans also note the good in people:Victor – “winner”, Valery – “healthy” . Ancient Hebrews addressed to God:Michael – “equal to God”, Ilya – “the power of God” .

So, old Russian names arose on foreign soil and in the 10th century were artificially transplanted into Russia. They were difficult to pronounce. All names were changed and became similar to other words in the Russian language.Dionysius - Denis, Theodore - Feodor. Among the names borrowed from Byzantium, there were those that in the Russian language turned out to be consonant with common nouns. These include:Mardariy, Carp, Sosiy, Usfazan, Urvan, Makrina . It is especially easy to come up with all sorts of teases and nicknames for such names.

After the revolution, after the separation of church and state, name-making begins. People sought to reflect revolutionary events, as well as the ideology, sentiments and attributes of the revolution:Revolution, Oktyabrina, Iskar, Barricade, Electrification, Tractor. In the 30s, names came that were associated with the reality of that time. These are compound abbreviated names:Yunarma (young army), Isolde (made of ice), Gertrude (hero of labor). By names of chemical elements and alloys:Radium, Helium, Steel. The names were given in honor of the heroes of books and films. Now the “main backbone” is Russian names. They began to returnEgory, Pavel, Nastya, Daria.

What happened before, before the adoption of Christianity? Did the Russians have names? Of course there were. And the most interesting thing is that many of those old pre-Christian names that were preserved in chronicles, in various documents, are very similar to the nicknames given to each other by children:Red-haired, Lame, Lanky, Stutterer, Smart guy, Weird, Bully . Now these names seem funny to us. The bulk of names were given according to the physical and moral properties of people, according to various circumstances of their life.

Expecting a child in the family:Zhdan, Love.

By order of birth of children:Pervusha (first), Shestak (sixth), Bolshak (eldest son), menshak (younger son).

To protect the child from the action of evil forces, the following names were given:Grief, Failure, Get Sick, Dung, Dog's Ear.

Many ancient Russian names somehow separated people, reflecting their character traits, appearance, and physical disabilities. Based on these characteristics, the largest number of names and nicknames were given. They were not shy about obscene nicknames, without thinking about the attitude of the person named to them: . Many ancient Russian names somehow separated people, reflecting their character traits, appearance, and physical disabilities. Based on these characteristics, the largest number of names and nicknames were given. They were not shy about obscene nicknames, without thinking about the attitude of the person named to them:Beznos, Gray-haired, Khripun, Silent .

Here are a few Russian names with characteristics:

According to a person's appearance:Small, White, Oblique, Pockmarked, Curly, Chernysh, Milava, Nekrasa;

by character trait:Kind, Brave, Proud, Silent, Bayan, Clever, Nesmeyana, Annoyance;

by place in the family:First, Second, Drugan, Tretyak, Zhdan, Nechai, Menshak, Senior, Nezhdana;

by profession:Kozhemyaka, Furrier;

at the place of residence:Villager, Kazan, Wise

by social status:Rich, Fisherman, Buffoon

according to the characteristics of a person’s lifestyle or speech:Dog Old Age (one old man repeated this phrase).

Some people may not believe in their authenticity and will say that these are nicknames. But these are really the names of our ancestors. But in Ancient Rus' there was no difference between a name and a nickname.

These Russian names begin to turn into nicknames from the 15th century.

Such is the fate of anthroponyms. There has been a transformation of proper names into common nouns. This phenomenon is called deanthroponization.

From the nicknames of the 15th - 17th centuries you can learn a lot of interesting things: what foods were prepared (Borscht, Kisel ) what they wore (Lapot, Sackcloth, Run (rags) what household items were there(Golik is a broom without leaves, Kulema is a trap, a trap, Kopyl is part of a spinning wheel) , what were the relationships between people, that is, ancient nicknames help us get to know the life of Russia in the past, which means that modern nicknames can tell our descendants a lot.

So, the age of nicknames is quite respectable - about 9 centuries. They are very mobile. They can not only disappear, be replaced by others, completely unrelated to the first, but also give birth to new ones.

A nickname is a person's informal name. Unlike a name, a nickname reflects the real properties and qualities of a person, thus capturing the special meaning that these properties and qualities had for others.

In the dictionary of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov the following definition is given:“A nickname is a name given to a person based on some of his characteristic features or properties.” Particular interest in the problem of nicknames arose in the 50-70s. At this time, studies came out one after another, in which nicknames were no longer just described, but also analyzed. All studies can be divided into 2 groups. The first includes those works in which researchers try to define the very concept of “nickname”. The second is those in which the authors touch on the history of the origin of nicknames. And now the question arises of clarifying the boundaries of the concept. In addition, the material itself (the criteria for identifying this type of anthroponyms) is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity, so there is still no unified typology of nicknames.

2.4. Features of nicknames as a linguistic phenomenon

N.V. Gogol wrote:“The Russian people are expressing themselves strongly! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and posterity, he will drag it with him into the service, and into retirement, and into St. Petersburg, and to the ends of the world, and no matter how cunning or ennoble your field then, nothing will help: the nickname will croak for itself at the top of the crow’s throat and will clearly say where the bird flew from.” (“Dead Souls”, vol. 1, ch. 5)

2.5. The emergence of nicknames in the school environment

Children receive their first nicknames in their lives from their parents and loved ones. Each small child is given a different name, none of which is his or her official name (toddler, fidget, bib ).

There are personal nicknames and group nicknames (family, tribal, collective). For example,“Bukvari” (primary school children – collective nickname). But how do nicknames come about? Research by scientists has shown that there are four basic principles for the origin of nicknames: by appearance, by place of birth, by character, by type of activity. But there are other nominations: for physical, intellectual qualities, for events or incidents in life.

As a rule, a person develops a nickname during adolescence. Nicknames are an extremely important part of children's world. Nicknames are invented by children for children and become examples of a subtle and sophisticated system. The functions they perform in this case:

Nomination of micro-community leaders,

Separation from a group of rejected people,

Distinguishing children with the same names,

Emphasizing continuity along the family line,

Teasing and humiliation

Showing sympathy.

A person has been faced with a nickname since childhood. Now, in modern life, these names are unofficial, they are not written down in business papers, as in ancient times, and are used, as a rule, in a small team. Nicknames may be different in different teams. Most often, nicknames are used by children. This is a kind of language game, during which new words are invented, which are: 1) a person’s own names (that is, names); 2) words containing characteristics of a person.

3. Case studies

Nicknames are an integral part of the life of schoolchildren, an important component of their communication. They define interpersonal relationships within the school community, succinctly and succinctly characterize the bearer and author of the nickname, and the features of the situation in which the naming takes place. It was these factors that determined the relevance of my work.

3.1. I collected material for the study in the form of questionnaires and interviews. As part of the practical study, 120 students in grades 5-8, parents and teachers were interviewed. The following questions were proposed:

Questionnaire

1 . Surname. Name. Surname.

2. Class.

3. Do you have a nickname?

4. What is your nickname?

5. When did you get it? (at school (class), before school)

6. Who gave you your nickname?

7. Why did you get it? (according to family data, according to appearance, according to character traits, according to family tradition, an incident that happened to you, etc.)

8. Has your nickname changed?

9. Do you find it offensive?

10. Do you call anyone by their nickname?

11. Have you given anyone a nickname?

12. How do you feel about having a nickname? (get offended, don’t pay attention, treat it with humor, be proud)

13. Do you know all the nicknames of the students in your class?

14. Do you know the nicknames of children from other classes?

3.2.

have a nickname 54%;

46% do not have a nickname

7th grade students have the most nicknames - 16, which is 22.2%, and 6th grade students have the fewest - 10, which is 13.9%; in 8th grade, 14 of the respondents named their nickname, this is 19.5%.

3.3. The appearance of a nickname.

Nickname given at school - 31 people (44%) Nickname given outside of school – 7 people (10%)

3.4. Attitude to the nickname.

Offended – 7 people - 18% Used to, don’t pay attention – 13 people - 34%

Proud - 6 people – 16%

With humor – 12 people – 31%

3.5. They prefer to be called:

By name – 49 people (70%)

By nickname – 6 people (9%)

Anyway – 15 people (21%)

3.6. Finding out the presence of nicknames among schoolchildren in grades 5-8

3.7. Ways to form nicknames

The smallest number of nicknames (9.7%) were formed simply; most likely, this is a kind of nickname created for communication on social networks:Blonde, Pill, Squirrel, Ben, Andryukha, Crabe, Handsome, Button, Ponochka

The second group of nicknames (11.1%) are nicknames derived from personal names:Yusha - Yulia, Evge - Evgeny, Vantus - Ivan, Bagdik, Bo - Bogdan, Timati, Timon - Timofey, Seed - Semyon, Yana - Monkey, Gray, Earring - Sergey This group of nicknames most often rhymes with the name.

The third group of nicknames (16.7%) are nicknames given based on a person’s external characteristics, behavioral characteristics, and character:Bunny (cute, flexible), Pig (large build), Tiny, Button (small), Ears (due to protruding ears), Beauty (due to appearance), Tisha (very calm), Angry (evil) Karapuz (small , chubby), Egoza (active), Bear (large, clumsy), Wolf (lonely), Box (dense, trying to hoard everything), Stingy (greedy), Porcupine (one day came to school with disheveled hair), Sweet tooth (loves sweets ), Chupa Chups (constantly sucking candy), Dwarf Nose (short), Obriha (teeth like a beaver), Click (talks a lot), Computer, Internet (knows a lot), Pompom (wears a hat with a pompom), Nerd (obsessed with studies), Bald (short-haired), Speech therapist (has a speech impediment), Bespectacled (wears glasses). Some The nicknames of this group can also carry an extremely negative characteristic; they bring many bitter moments. A striking example is V. Zheleznikov’s story “Scarecrow”. The nickname became one of the important factors in the attitude towards the main character, a 12-year-old girl, which almost led to tragedy. Lena, like her grandfather, attaches much more importance to the inner content and moral health of her personality than to her appearance. Experiencing distrust, envy, hostility, misunderstanding and even harshness on the part of the surrounding teenagers, the betrayal of the boy who aroused in her the feeling of first love, Lena shows everyone an impressive example of selflessness, directness, and human dignity. But everyone teased her about the Scarecrow.

The largest group of nicknames (18.1%) are family nicknames. They are widespread in the speech of modern schoolchildren. Nicknames from surnames most often do not have any emotional connotation, there is nothing offensive or particularly pleasant in them: they are neutral, almost like names. And they are used most often to emphasize the friendly, close, friendly attitude of the one who addresses the bearer of the nickname. A common way of forming family nicknames is

truncation:Goncharov - Gonchar, Konkin - Horse, Korolev - King , Ulanov - Ulan, Kuznetsov - Kuznets, Lebedenko - Lebed, Simakov - Simak, Saraikina - Barn, Bondareva - Bondar, Soldatov - Soldier, Komarov - Komar, Zhuravleva - Zhuravl, Prikazchikova - Prikaz, Karpenko-Karp, Morozov - Moroz, Kalmykov - Kalmyk, Sheyanova - Neck, Volkova - Wolf, Znobishin - Znob, Most often, these nicknames do not carry additional semantic load, but are formed to save speech resources.

The next group of family nicknames are names formed using diminutive suffixes:Rybkina - Fish, Zakoryukina - Zakoryuchka, Kazakov - Cossack, Glazkov - Eye, Ilyushkina - Ilyushka, Novichkov - Novichok, Pugovkin - Button,

Nicknames formed by isolating part of the surname and created in consonance with the name:Lizunova - Liza, Vasiliev - Vasya, Gavrilova - Gavryusha, Davydov - Davyd, Nazarov - Nazar, Yashin - Yashka, Borisov - Boris, Grishin - Grishka, Fadeeva - Fadey, Magomedov - Magomed, Mishin - Mishanya, Filippova - Filippok, Makarov - Makar, Rodichkin - Rodya, Romanov - Romanych, Nikitin - Nikita, Nikolaeva - Nikola, Kondrakova - Kondrat, Europeans - Eva, Fomin, Fominov, Fomicheva - Foma, Maruseva - Marusya.

Another way to form family nicknames is to replace the surname with words by association, that is, by the similarity of concepts:Krasovsky - Krossovok, Kislov - Kisly, Zhutyaeva - Zhuchka, Lupey - Lupa, Lapshin - Noodles, Kukuruzyak - Kukuruza, Smirnov - Mirny, Kubantseva - Kuban, Kosterin - Koster, Peshekhonov - Pedestrian, Sinitsyna - Sinitsa, Vilkov - Vilka, Kositsina - Kositsa, Potapkin - Potap, Skvortsova - Starling, Sapunov - Soup, Utkina - Duck, Kiseleva - Kisel, Buyankin - Buyan, Puchkova - Bunch, Sorokina - Soroka, Belov - Belka, Gorin - Gora, Bulgakov - Writer, Znobishin - Znob, Kukovalsky - Doll, Trubnikv - Trumpet, Baybikova - BayBai, Butakova - Butka, Feloktistov - Feo, Glukhov - Capercaillie, Slesareva - Locksmith, Tsarev - Queen, Eliseev - King (since Korolevich Elisha), Grushev - Grusha, Katkov, Kadkin - Skating rink, Smolina - Resin, Bashkaikin - Bashka, Gudkova - Hooter, Tu-tu, Surkov - Marmot, Suryonok, Tyuryushkin - Tyurya, Galkina - Galka.

3.8. Why do teenagers so often resort to nicknames? Do names and nicknames not perform a special function of psychological protection in the process of human personality development? I turned to the school psychologist with these questions. According to the psychologist, the system of assigning nicknames has a huge impact on the processes of generating and maintaining social order that children create within their autonomous children's community. A nickname can be either pleasant for a person, or it can cause him terrible psychological trauma. But still, the main thing is the reaction of the person himself to the nickname. It depends on the person’s temperament - a melancholic person, for example, will cry, and a choleric person will get into a fight, as well as on the relationship with the person who gave the nickname. Mostly, nicknames appear in adolescence, from the age of 12, when communication with others is very important for a person, because a nickname has a very important communicative function, and nickname exchange becomes a kind of game. The psychologist believes that a nickname is always bad, because a person has his own name.

Conclusion

As a result of the research work, I came to the conclusion that nicknames are a very ancient and complex phenomenon in the Russian language, their sources are different, their destinies were different. The methods of forming nicknames have undergone minor changes over the millennia. But their role is constantly changing. In the old days, nicknames occupied an important place in the official language, but gradually lost it. Now they are preserved only in an informal setting, but their role in establishing interpersonal relationships has emerged.In communication between teenagers and friends, the use of nicknames is convenient and interesting.Some nicknames can encourage self-education and self-development of one’s personal qualities, so there is no need to eradicate the habit of giving harmless, humorous nicknames; a culture of communication should be instilled using their examples.

Of course, under no circumstances are rude and cruel nicknames acceptable, which are generated by a ruthless environment where there is no mutual respect, cordial closeness between people, but there is only a desire to humiliate and insult. Such nicknames are a symptom of a serious illness of lack of culture, which must be fought against.

Nicknames are especially widespread among schoolchildren, but their origin and features have been little studied and are insufficiently represented in the scientific literature, and are not represented at all in school textbooks of the Russian language.

Studying schoolchildren's nicknames allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, improves observation and teaches you to find interesting and unexplored things around you.

Work on the topic makes it possible to find out the attitude of schoolchildren towards nicknames, and, therefore, it is possible to identify problems that arise in the process of communication between children when using nicknames.

Bibliography

Bondaletov V.D. Russian onomastics. – M.: Education, 1983.

Gogol N.V. Dead souls. – M.: Softizdat, 2007.

Golanova E.I. How words arise. – M., 1989.

Gorbanevsky M.V. In the world of names and titles. – M., 1983.

Zheleznikov V.K. Scarecrow. – M.: Samovar, 2009.

Zhuravlev A.F. Ethnography in nicknames // Russian speech. 2009. No. 3.

Kartasheva I.Yu. Nicknames as phenomena of Russian oral folk art. - M., 1985

Kodukhov V.I. Stories about synonyms. – M., 1984.

Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Zepalova T.S. "Develop the gift of speech." – M., “Enlightenment”, 1998

Personal names in the past, present and future. Problems of anthroponymy. Rep. ed. Nikolaev V.A. – M.: 1970.

Ozhegov S.I.. Dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 1984.

Pavelyeva L., Maksimov V. Article “The coexistence of paganism and Christianity is reflected in names and nicknames” / Website of the Radio Liberty

Rosenthal D.E. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. – M., 1976.

Superanskaya A.V. What is your name? Where do you live? M.: Nauka, 1973

Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. Modern Russian surnames. – M., 1984.

Uspensky L. You and your name. The name of your house. - L., 1985

Formanovskaya N.I. You said: “Hello!” - M., 1987.

Chichagov V.K. From the history of Russian names, patronymics and surnames. - M., 1959.

Shansky N.M. Words born of October. – M., 1980.

http://blogs.mail.ru/ Article “Children's nicknames”

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname

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Introduction. In Russian language lessons we learned about a group of proper nouns. Proper names occupy a special place in the language. They serve to name an object or person. This is one of the most common and important functions of language. Every person uses this function throughout their life. Therefore, the need to study and scientifically understand this function is obvious.

Studying additional literature, we learned that in linguistics there is a special branch - onomastics, which studies proper names. Its section, anthroponymy, studies people's proper names. Research by scientists in these areas is quite widely presented in scientific textbooks, but in the school course of the Russian language there is not enough information about proper names. The reasons for the emergence of nicknames have not been studied at all. When studying proper names in the 6th grade Russian language textbook in the vocabulary section, we find only one thing: nicknames are written with a capital letter, no more information is given.

However, learning about nicknames is necessary because nicknames are common in school environments. Especially in adolescence. Sometimes they (nicknames) cause disagreements and discord among schoolchildren and create difficulties in communication, since the student may evaluate his nickname as offensive.

This determined the choice of the topic of our research work: “The World of School Nicknames.”

We have designated

Field of study- proper names as a layer of vocabulary, closely connected with the life of every person.

Object of study- a system of nicknames that exists in school adolescence in a given period of time.

Research base- students of grades 6-8 of MBOU secondary school No. 2 in Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region. We were interested in the problem of schoolchildren using nicknames

We consider this problem urgent:

Nicknames are the most common thing among schoolchildren;

The nature of the emergence of nicknames is interesting, and familiarity with this phenomenon can expand knowledge about the lexical composition of the language, that is, deepen knowledge of the Russian language as a whole;

Studying schoolchildren's nicknames allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, apply existing knowledge in practice, increase observation (find interesting and unexplored things around you);

Work on the research topic will help to clarify the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames and identify communication problems among students.

The hypothesis that

Tasks:

1. Study popular scientific literature on this topic;

2. Conduct a survey to study the characteristics of nicknames; 3. Make a file of school nicknames;

4. Find out whether all schoolchildren in adolescence have nicknames;

5. Establish the origin of nicknames, when they appeared;

6. Analyze the attitude of schoolchildren towards nicknames.

Stages of research. Research methods

Study of popular science literature, selection of theoretical material.

Conducting surveys, processing results.

Writing a research paper.

Research methods:

Method of collecting information (studying popular scientific literature, observation);

Questionnaire;

Comparison;

Statistical research (counting, calculations).

Theoretical informationFrom the history of one's own name

People's names are part of the history of a people. Every person living on Earth has at least one name. A person's name is a kind of social sign. They are usually treasured. History knows many examples when there was a fierce struggle for the right to bear this or that name or surname. Even in less civilized tribes, the nameless man loses many of his rights. A simple example: among the Kwakiutl Indians, a person who takes a loan must leave not just anything as collateral, but his name! And until he repays the debt, all members of the tribe consider this person nameless and do not call him by name. When parents choose a name for a child, they want it to be kind, affectionate, memorable, so that, like a verbal talisman, it calls for happiness and wisdom. A name is given to a person at birth, and the person himself does not determine in any way what his name will be. At a certain period of life, in addition to the name given at birth, a person is given a nickname. Why is this happening?

The difference between names and nicknames

A proper name has a general meaning, without indicating a distinctive feature of people bearing the same name. In addition, people with different external characteristics and different internal qualities can have the same name. The connection between a name and the person who bears this name is very vague and approximate. The speakers do not know why this person is named this way and not otherwise. As confirmation of this, an excerpt from L. Carroll’s fairy tale “Alice through the Looking Glass”: “- My name is Alice, and I... - Quite a stupid name! - Humpty interrupted her impatiently. - What does it mean? - Should a name mean anything? - asked the puzzled Alice. “Without a doubt,” Humpty Dumpty snorted. - Personally, my name indicates the form that is inherent in me. Amazing shape! And with a name like yours, you can end up in whatever shape you want, even the ugliest.” A nickname is a person's informal name. Unlike a name, a nickname reflects the real properties and qualities of a person, thus capturing the special meaning that these properties and qualities had for others. In the dictionary of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov the following definition is given: “A nickname is a name given to a person based on some of his characteristic features or properties.” Before the adoption of Christianity in Rus', such names were common that reflected the various properties and qualities of people, characteristics of character, behavior, speech, physical advantages and disadvantages, the time and order of appearance of a child in the family. For example, in ancient times (before the adoption of Christianity) Russians had personal names Bear, Wolf, Hare, Korob, Zhdan, Menshoi, etc. After the adoption of Christianity, similar names could be given as nicknames: Bear - to a large strong person, Wolf - to a lonely and to some extent predatory, the Hare - a short, cowardly person, the Box - dense, trying to hoard everything. There were also nicknames by profession: Turner, Tanner, Carpenter. Such nicknames were passed on to the descendants of the named person and turned into surnames.

Features of nicknames as a linguistic phenomenon

A nickname is an eternal phenomenon, it exists always and everywhere and can arise in any group. Even in a randomly gathered group of people (in a store, at a train station), one of those present can easily receive a nickname, standing out from the crowd with his appearance, conspicuous behavior, mobility, speech, etc. Such nicknames do not last long. People disperse, and the nickname is forgotten. But where people constantly communicate with each other, nicknames can be persistent. Some people with characteristic appearance or manners have stable nicknames. N.V. Gogol wrote: “The Russian people express themselves strongly! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and posterity, he will drag it with him into the service, and into retirement, and into St. Petersburg, and to the ends of the world, and no matter how cunning or ennoble your field then, nothing will help: the nickname will croak for itself at the top of the crow’s throat and will clearly say where the bird flew from.” (“Dead Souls”, vol. 1, ch. 5) Children receive their first nicknames in life from their parents and loved ones. Each small child is given different names, none of which is his official name (tot, fidget, bib). There are personal nicknames and group nicknames (family, tribal, collective). For example, “primary school children” (a collective nickname). But how do nicknames come about? Research by scientists has shown that there are four basic principles for the origin of nicknames: by appearance, by place of birth, by character, by type of activity. But there are other nominations: for physical, intellectual qualities, for events or incidents in life. As a rule, a person develops a nickname during adolescence. Nicknames are an extremely important part of children's world. Nicknames are invented by children for children and become examples of a subtle and sophisticated system. The functions that they perform in this case: - promoting the leaders of the micro-community, - isolating rejected people from a group, - distinguishing children with the same names, - emphasizing continuity along the family line, - teasing and humiliation, - showing sympathy.

Case studies

1.Last name. Name. Surname. 2. Class. 3. Do you have a nickname? 4. What is your nickname? 5. When did you get it? (at school (class), before school) 6. Who gave you your nickname? 7. Why did you get it? (according to family data, according to appearance, according to character traits, according to family tradition, an incident that happened to you, etc.) 8. Has your nickname changed? 9. Do you find him offensive? 10. Do you call anyone by their nickname? 11. Have you given anyone a nickname?12. How do you feel about having a nickname? (offended, don’t pay attention, have a humorous attitude, be proud) 13. Do you know all the nicknames of the students in your class? 14. Do you know the nicknames of children from other classes?

Having collected and analyzed information (254 students in grades 6-8 were surveyed) on the stated topic, we revealed the following: 32% of respondents have nicknames, of which 28% consider them offensive. 24% of survey participants stated the need for this phenomenon, the rest were divided as follows: 45% define nicknames as unnecessary, and 31% are indifferent. Among the criteria by which nicknames are given, the characteristics of the surname (50%) and first name (22%) predominate, but appearance and actions split the remaining percentages in half (14% each).

Previous studies noted an increased level of interest among students in giving and wearing nicknames, but now the survey results give us the right to declare a decrease in the popularity of this phenomenon. 23% of respondents are proud of having a nickname or consider it popular, but 54% of students note disrespect or insult to their person, and 31% agree with the existence of a similar phenomenon in children’s groups. It should be noted that relative to age and class parallels, the indicators of attitude towards nicknames as a social phenomenon differ. For example, 6th grade students (102 respondents) actively participate in determining nicknames and react especially emotionally to their presence. But by the 8th grade (65 people took part in the survey), the rates of active response to nicknames decrease and there is no need for them. But in each parallel, the majority of students believe that “a nickname is always bad, because a person has his own name.”

How do nicknames affect children? (opinion of a school psychologist)

A nickname may be pleasant for a person, but it can also cause him terrible psychological trauma. But the main thing is the reaction of the person himself to the nickname. It depends on the person’s temperament - a melancholic person, for example, will cry, and a choleric person will get into a fight, as well as on the relationship with the person who gave the nickname. Basically, nicknames appear during adolescence, when communication with others is very important for a person, and nickname exchange becomes a kind of game. But sometimes a nickname is so attached to a person that few people call him by name, and the name, which itself contains an emotional connotation, fades into the background. A nickname is not always a bad thing, because a person has his own name.

Adviсe: 1. Don’t give in to emotions, don’t pay attention to hurtful words;2. Learn to respond to the offender in such a way that he no longer has the desire to pester you; 3. Go to the offender and ask why he talks about you like that;4. Never offend another, do not give him a nickname, because you too may find yourself in his place.

Conclusion

Like many other social phenomena, the nickname system is likely to be not only a form of solidarity, but also a source of other forms of social activity, such as teasing and humiliation. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult. Although an insult acts as a kind of recognition, in this case those who are denied a nickname are not recognized at all or are embarrassed to admit to having one.

Nicknames are given at different periods of life, and are most often known to a rather limited circle of people. For example, as research has shown, only to the class team or only to friends. Some have several nicknames, each of which is associated with belonging to a particular group.

Who comes up with nicknames? There is someone who has been given a kind of right to assign nicknames by the children's group. Everyone else's attempts to come up with nicknames usually end in failure.

A nickname can either be pleasant to a person or cause terrible psychological trauma to him. But the main thing is the reaction of the person himself to the nickname. As we see, this phenomenon is ineradicable, therefore, it is necessary to learn to control your emotions.

Bibliography

Gogol “Dead Souls”. - M., 2004.

Gorbanevsky M.V. In the world of names and titles. - M., 1983.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1984.

Kodukhov V.I. Stories about synonyms. - M., 1984.

Carroll "Alice Through the Looking Glass"

Rosenthal D.E. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. - M., 1976.

Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. Modern Russian surnames. - M., 1984.

The secret power of the name. V.A. Mironov. - M., 2000.

Russian language textbook 6th grade: Razumovskaya M.M. Lvova S.I. Kapinos V.I. Lvov V.V.

Edition: M.: Bustard, 2014

Shansky N.M. Words born of October. - M., 1980.

School folklore A. F. Belousov

Linguistics. Susanina, Akulenko.

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