Works of Ayn Rand. American writer Ayn Rand: biography, creativity, best works and interesting facts from life. Romantic manifesto. Philosophy of literature

Ayn Rand is an American writer originally from Russia. Her real name is Alisa Zinovievna Rosenbaum. The reader is familiar with the novels “Atlas Shrugged,” “The Source,” and “We Are the Living.” A woman is the creator of the philosophical doctrine of objectivism. Once she came to America with fifty dollars in her pocket and a typewriter in her suitcase, and today more than 500 thousand copies of her books are published annually in the world, and their total circulation has long exceeded 30 million.

Childhood and youth

Alice was born into a Jewish family in St. Petersburg. Her father Zalman-Wolf (Zinovy ​​Zakharovich) Rosenbaum worked as a pharmacist. Mother Hana Berkovna (Anna Borisovna) Kaplan was a dental technician. Alice had two sisters - Natalya and Nora. My maternal grandparents were extremely wealthy people in the city. Berka Itskovich Kaplan owned a large clothing company for the military, and Rosalia Pavlovna worked in the pharmaceutical industry.

At first, the girl’s father was the administrator of the pharmacy, but in 1914 he became its co-owner. The family lived in a spacious apartment directly above this pharmacy.

Alisa was brought up in prosperity and studied at the prestigious girls’ gymnasium named after Stoyunina. At the age of 4 she learned to read, and during her school years the girl began writing her first stories. At the age of 9, she realized that in the future she dreams of becoming a writer. The girl saw the enthusiasm of her family during the February Revolution and felt the scale of the problem during the October Revolution.

In 1917, her father’s pharmacy was taken away, and the family had no choice but to move to Crimea for the time being. Alisa graduated from high school in Yevpatoria. But soon the Bolsheviks reached there too.

When the girl was 16, the family returned to St. Petersburg. Alisa entered Petrograd University at the Faculty of Social Pedagogy. The training was designed for 3 years, the faculty united three sciences at once - history, law and philology. It was then that she became acquainted with the works that had a great influence on the young lady. In 1924 she graduated from the university. Although there is a version that the girl was expelled due to her bourgeois origin.

It is not surprising that the theme of politics runs through the works of Ayn Rand. Many of her heroes fought against the despotism of the tsar or against communist power.

Literature

In 1925, Alice Rosenbaum’s first work, “Pola Negri,” the story of the film actress’s creative path, was published. That same year, the girl received an American study visa and left for the United States. At first she lived with relatives in Chicago. But after six months she moved to Los Angeles.

The girl hardly spoke English; her possessions included a small suitcase with personal belongings and a typewriter. As soon as she set foot on American soil, she decided to take a pseudonym. She chose a simple name - Ain, and did not think about the surname for a long time, borrowing the name of the brand of her typewriter, Remington Rand.

Her parents remained in Russia, in Leningrad. They died during the siege of the city during World War II. Her sister Natalya died in 1945, but Nora, at the invitation of Ain, immigrated to the United States. True, the woman soon returned to the Soviet Union and lived in Leningrad until her death - until 1999.

Alice did not come to the USA empty-handed; while still in Russia, she wrote four full-fledged film scripts. Therefore, her goal was to get into Hollywood. However, she soon began working in Hollywood as an extra. But her scripts were rejected. In 1927, the film studio where Ayn Rand worked closed. The woman worked part-time as a waitress, saleswoman, and costume designer.

In 1932, she managed to sell the script to the film company Universal Studios. Her work, entitled “Red Pawn,” was purchased for $1,500. And at that time it was a good amount. The money received allowed Ayn Rand to concentrate on writing books.

In 1933, she completed her first play, Attic Legends. It was even staged on Broadway, but it was not successful with the audience, so it was soon removed from the repertoire.

In 1934, Ain completed work on the novel “We Are the Living,” in which she talked about Soviet Russia. This was nothing more than a public statement by the writer against communism. The book was published in 1936, Rand was paid $100 for it. The year it was published, the novel was not a commercial success. In 1937, the book was published in Great Britain.

Rand then plunged into writing her novel The Fountainhead. She created this work for 4 whole years. Sometimes the writer was so devoted to the process that she sat at the typewriter for 30 hours, without stopping for sleep or a snack.

But the result was worth it; critics praised The Source; the book was on the national bestseller list 26 times. Although initially everyone refused to print the manuscript. Some said the plot was too controversial, too intellectual and not intended for the general public. And only the only publishing house, Bobbs Merrill Company, agreed to publish Rand’s book.

In 1949, Hollywood made a film based on The Fountainhead; the main character, the ideal man Howard Roark, was played by Gary Cooper. Of course, the success of this work spurred Ayn Rand to work even harder. And in 1957 she published her main novel, Atlas Shrugged. She worked on the work for 12 years.

In the book she talks about freedom, selfishness and hypocrisy of modern society, about moral values. According to polls, Atlas Shrugged is in second place after the Bible on the list of books that have the greatest influence on Americans.

When the book became a bestseller, the writer's early works were republished. For example, the novel “We are the Living.” True, the writer made some adjustments to the text. According to her, minimal. Today, the first edition of a book is very rare and valuable.

After the publication of Atlanta, Ayn Rand wrote only books of journalistic content. She devoted the rest of her life to her philosophical teaching.

Personal life

For the first time, Alisa Rosenbaum fell in love in St. Petersburg. The object of her attention was Lev Borisovich Bekkerman, a graduate of the Leningrad Technological Institute. It was he who became the prototype of Leo Kovalensky in her work “We are the Living.” Beckerman was shot on May 6, 1937.

One day on the set a woman saw actor Frank O'Connor. Afterwards she said that this was her ideal. In 1929 they got married. And in 1931, Ayn Rand received American citizenship. She and her husband lived in marriage until his death. The man died in 1979.

According to her, her husband became her faithful friend, editor and life companion. True, this did not stop her from having a young lover, Nathaniel Brandon; he shared her philosophy and was a follower of the writer. The young man was 24 years younger than Rand. It is noteworthy that Frank knew about this relationship, because it lasted 13 years.

Death

Ayn Rand died on March 6, 1982 in her own home in New York. The cause of her death was heart failure. The woman was buried in the Kensico Cemetery.

Since she had no children, she bequeathed her estate to Leonard Peikoff. 3 years after the writer’s death, the man founded the “Ayn Rand Institute: Center for the Development of Objectivism.”

Bibliography

• 1934 – “Ideal”
• 1936 – “We are the living”
• 1938 – “Anthem”
• 1943 – “The Source”
• 1957 – “Atlas Shrugged”
• 1958 – “The Art of Fiction. A Guide for Writers and Readers"
• 1964 – “The Virtue of Selfishness”
• 1969 – “Romantic Manifesto”
• 1979 – “Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology”

Alisa Zinovievna Rosenbaum was born in St. Petersburg, in the family of pharmacist Zalman-Wolf (Zinovy ​​Zakharovich) Rosenbaum (1869, Brest-Litovsk - between 1941-1943, Leningrad) and his wife, dental technician Hana Berkovna (Anna Borisovna) Kaplan (1880, St. Petersburg - November 1941, Leningrad), the eldest among three daughters (Alice, Natalya and Nora). Zinovy ​​Zakharovich served as the manager of pharmacies owned by Anna Borisovna's sister Dobrula Kaplan and her husband Ezekiel Konheim, where in 1904 he met his future wife - the daughter of a tailor, owner of a large enterprise for sewing military uniforms Boris (Berka Itskovich) Kaplan and pharmacist Rosalia Pavlovna Kaplan.

Soon after the birth of his youngest daughter Nora in 1910, Zinovy ​​Zakharovich became the manager of the large pharmacy of Alexander Klinge on Nevsky Prospect and Znamenskaya Square, and the family moved to a spacious apartment on the second floor of the mansion above the pharmacy. The third floor was occupied by the family of another sister, Anna Borisovna, and her husband, the famous St. Petersburg gynecologist and medical scientist Isaac Moiseevich Guzarchik (1864-?). Already in 1912, Zinovy ​​Zakharovich became a co-owner and in 1914 the sole owner of this pharmacy, the staff of which now included 6 pharmacist assistants, 3 trainees and several assistants.

In 1917, after the revolution in Russia, Zinovy ​​Rosenbaum's property was confiscated and the family moved to Crimea, where Alice graduated from school in Yevpatoria.

On October 2, 1921, Alice entered Petrograd University with a degree in social pedagogy for a three-year course combining history, philology and law. During her studies, she became acquainted with the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche, which had a great influence on her. She graduated from the university in the spring of 1924. Some sources erroneously claim that she was expelled from the university due to her "bourgeois background". In 1925, in the “Popular Film Library” series, Alice Rosenbaum’s first printed work, “Pola Negri,” an essay on the work of a popular film actress, was published as a separate book.

In 1925, she received a visa to study in the United States and settled in Chicago with her mother's cousins ​​who lived there. Her parents remained in Leningrad and died during the siege during the Great Patriotic War. Both sisters also remained in the USSR. Natalya Zinovievna Rosenbaum (1907-1945) graduated from the Leningrad Conservatory. Eleanor Zinovievna Rosenbaum (married Drobysheva, 1910-1999) emigrated to the United States in 1973 at the invitation of Ayn Rand, but soon returned to the Soviet Union and lived in Leningrad/St. Petersburg until her death. Alice's first love, a graduate of the Leningrad Technological Institute Lev Borisovich Bekkerman (1901-1937, Leo Kovalensky in her novel “We are the Living”), was shot on May 6, 1937.

Alice remained in the USA and began working as an extra in Hollywood. The four finished film scripts that she brought from Russia did not interest American film producers. In 1929, she married film artist Frank O'Connor (eng. Frank O'Connor, 1897-1979). On March 13, 1931, she received American citizenship.

In 1927, the studio where Ayn Rand worked closed, and until 1932 she worked various temporary jobs: as a waitress, as a newspaper subscription saleswoman, and then as a costume designer at the RKO Radio Pictures studio. In 1932, she managed to sell the script for “Red Pawn” to the film company Universal Studios for $1,500, which was a very large sum at that time. This money allowed her to leave her job and focus on literary activities.

Ayn Rand died of lung cancer on March 6, 1982. She is buried in Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York.

Literary creativity

Rand wrote her first story in English, “The Husband I Bought,” in 1926, the first year of her life in the United States. The story was not published until 1984.

In 1936 in America, and in 1937 in Great Britain, Ayn Rand’s first novel “We the Living” was published about the life of disenfranchised people in the USSR. Rand put a lot of effort into the novel; she wrote it for 6 years. But critics considered “We the Living” a weak work, and American readers also did not show much interest in this book. However, in 1942, the novel was filmed in Italy, and the total circulation was 2 million copies.

In 1937, she wrote a short story, “Anthem,” which was published in Great Britain in 1938. The second major novel, The Fountainhead, was published in 1943, and the third, Atlas Shrugged, in 1957. After Atlas, Rand began writing philosophical books: Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (1966), For the New Intellectual (1961). ), “Introduction to the Philosophy of Knowledge of Objectivism” (1979), “New Left: Anti-Industrial Revolution” (1971), “Philosophy: Who Needs It” (1982), “The Virtue of Selfishness” (1964) and many others, as well as give lectures at American universities.

Political Views

In her political beliefs, Rand defended unlimited (laissez-faire) capitalism and minarchism, and considered the only legitimate function of the state to be the protection of human rights (including property rights).

On October 20, 1947, Rand testified as a witness before the House Un-American Activities Committee in connection with the film Song of Russia. In her testimony, Rand regarded the film as communist propaganda. In general, she believed that persecution for expressing communist views was contrary to freedom of speech, but she believed that the state had the right to know who was a member of a party that advocated violence to achieve political goals. At the same time, she supported private measures to reduce the penetration of communist ideology into cinema. She said about this:

Perception of heritage in the West and in Russia

In the West, the name Rand is widely known as the creator of the philosophy of objectivism, based on the principles of reason, individualism, rational egoism and which is the intellectual justification of capitalist values ​​as opposed to socialism, which was popular during the years of her active writing (1936-1982).

Her story "Anthem" became a source of inspiration for Neil Perth, drummer of the Canadian rock band Rush, who wrote the lyrics to the song of the same name.

A number of organizations in the United States and other countries are engaged in the study and promotion of the literary and philosophical heritage of Ayn Rand. First of all, this is the Ayn Rand Institute () in Irvine (California).

In Russia, despite several translations of her novels, Rand still remains a little-known writer and philosopher. Well-known fans of Ayn Rand in Russia are economist Andrei Illarionov, businessman Evgeny Chichvarkin, writer and journalist Yulia Latynina.

Books

• Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged (3 volumes) = Atlas Shrugged. - M.: "Alpina Publisher", 2011. - P. 1364. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1430-1
• Ayn Rand The Source (in 2 volumes) = The Fountainhead. - M.: "Alpina Publisher", 2011. - P. 808. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1671-8
• Ayn Rand We are the living = We the Living. - M.: "Alpina Publisher", 2012. - P. 473. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1752-4
• Ayn Rand The Virtue of Selfishness = The Virtue of Selfishness: A New Concept of Egoism. - M.: "Alpina Publisher", 2011. - P. 186. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1462-2
• Ayn Rand Return of the Primitive. Anti-Industrial Revolution = Return of the Primitive: The Anti-Industrial Revolution. - M.: "Alpina Publisher", 2011. - P. 352. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1480-6
• Ayn Rand Capitalism. The Unknown Ideal = Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal. - M.: "Alpina Publisher", 2011. - P. 424. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1471-4
• Ayn Rand Romantic Manifesto. Philosophy of Literature = The Romantic Manifesto: A Philosophy of Literature. - M.: "Alpina Publisher", 2011. - P. 200. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1556-8
• Ayn Rand The art of fiction = The art of fiction. - M.: "AST", "Astrel-SPb", 2011. - P. 319. - ISBN 978-5-17-076672-7
• Ayn Rand The husband I bought = The husband I bought. - M.: "AST", "Astrel-SPb", 2011. - P. 319. - ISBN 978-5-271-38484-4
• Ayn Rand Think twice = Think twice. - M.: “AST”, “Astrel-SPb”, 2012. - P. 319. - ISBN 978-5-271-38691-6
• Ayn Rand's Concept of Selfishness. - Association of Businessmen of St. Petersburg, 1995. - 128 p. - (Monuments of common sense). - ISBN 5-85186-038-3
• Ayn Rand Anthem = Anthem. - M.: "Alpina Publisher", 2011. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1696-1
• Ayn Rand's Apology for Capitalism. - M.: “New Literary Review”, 2003. - ISBN 5-86793-229-X
• Ayn Rand Atlas Shrugged (in 3 volumes) translation by Kostygin D.V. = Atlas Shrugged. - St. Petersburg: Kult-inform-press, 1997. - 1000 copies.

Articles

Film adaptations

The novel "The Fountainhead" was filmed in 1949, starring Gary Cooper. The novel “We the Living” was filmed in 1942 and in 1986, and the film adaptation of the novel “Atlas Shrugged” was released in 2011. Three of the writer’s novels and several plays were filmed; Ayn Rand was also the screenwriter of the films “Love Letters”, which received four Oscar nominations and “You Are Alone.” In total, there were 11 film adaptations based on the works and scripts of Ayn Rand.

The script for the computer game BioShock was created based on the critical attitude of the game creators to the philosophy of Ayn Rand. According to the game's scenario, the founder of the city, Andrew Ryan (an anagram of the name of the writer Ayn Rand - And Ryan), embodies the ideas of the free market without external interference, which leads to the destruction of the city.

Ayn Rand must be given her due. (Preferably in tangible form; her most sacred object was the American dollar.) Despite her humble beginnings, she managed to found her own philosophical movement and become one of the most read and revered authors of the 20th century. In the ranks of her followers you can meet many celebrities, from the famous tennis player Billie Jean King to the economist Alan Greenspan. And Ayn Rand herself was faithful to the same strange hairstyle for more than half a century - which can also be classified as an achievement.

Ayn Rand, born Alisa Zinovievna Rosenbaum, was born in Russia and emigrated to the United States in 1926. She arrived in New York, but then headed to Hollywood, where she appeared in a cameo role in Cecil B. deMille's biblical epic "King of Kings" and later rose to the position of chief costume designer at Radio-Kate-Orpheum Studios. An ardent anti-communist, she began writing screenplays and then novels that reflected her radical individualist philosophy (first me, then everyone else). The Fountainhead, published in 1943, featured the power-hungry architect Howard Roark (a poorly hidden reference to Frank Lloyd Wright). This work marked the beginning of a new philosophical movement, now known as objectivism, which gradually began to attract more and more new fans.

In 1947, Rand spoke before a committee of the US House of Representatives criticizing Hollywood, which, in her opinion, created too positive a picture of life in the USSR. She enjoyed the roles of accuser and founder of her own philosophical movement (some even say cult), which was actively promoted by her student and lover Nathaniel Branden in the 1950s and 1960s. Rand's main work, Atlas Shrugged, published in 1957, only strengthened her reputation as the main preacher of “rational egoism.” She repeatedly appeared on television in various talk shows, where she willingly debated with opponents.

Rand was never a favorite of the literary public and regularly received unflattering reviews from both publishers and critics. One publisher rejected The Source, adding the following note to the manuscript: “It’s poorly written and the hero is unsympathetic.” Another lamented: “I wish there was a readership for books like this. But she's not there. The book won't sell." The novel Atlas Shrugged was called "unsuitable for publication and sale." In his review of the thousand-page Talmud, published in National Review, writer and editor Whittaker Chambers decried the author's “dictatorial tone,” noting that “in all my reading life I cannot remember another book in which a sense of arrogance has been so persistently maintained. This is harshness, devoid of any condescension. This is dogmatism, devoid of any attractiveness." But, putting aside dogmatism, let's say that Ayn Rand had another, softer and more humane side, which she rarely turned to the public. She collected stamps and pieces of agate. She was a Scrabble fan. Left alone at home, Rand loved to turn on the gramophone, put on a record with songs from the early 20th century, and sing along. Sometimes she even took the conductor's baton, danced around the room and waved the baton to the beat of the music. She was not interested in nature (she even stated that she hated looking at the stars), but she was interested in the creations of human hands, for example, skyscrapers. “If you look at the skyline in New York in the evening, you will see the most magnificent sunset in the world,” she said. “It seems to me that if all this beauty is threatened by war, I will rush through the entire city and throw myself into space to obscure these buildings with my body.”

I wonder if she felt the same way about TV mogul Aaron Spelling's home.

In a 1980 interview with television journalist Phil Donahue, Rand admitted that she was a big fan of the television series Charlie's Angels. She called the 1970s hit “the only romance series on television. It's about three beautiful girls who do all sorts of impossible things. The impossibility is what makes them interesting. These three girls are better than so-called real life.”

Ayn Rand's own so-called real life ended on March 6, 1982. The writer died of cardiac arrest. She is buried in New York's Kensico Cemetery one grave away from jazz conductor Tommy Dorsey.

WHAT'S IN A NAME?

How did Alisa Zinovievna Rosenbaum turn into Ayn ​​Rand? Contrary to popular legend, she could not take a pseudonym in honor of her favorite typewriter. The Remington-Rand brand did not yet exist in 1926, when the writer changed her last name. Some claim that her nickname is related to the South African currency, but there is no conclusive evidence for this. English-speaking literary scholars even have a theory that the English word “rand”, written in Cyrillic, is similar to her real surname Rosenbaum - well, here you can judge for yourself that this is not so. In general, the secret of the surname remains a secret. But “Ain” is the name of a Finnish writer whose work Rand was passionate about.

AT HIGH SPEEDS

From the age of twenty-eight until she was seventy-something, Ayn Rand, let's say, was in a long-term relationship with Dexedrine, a drug that promotes weight loss. These weight-loss pills, containing the powerful stimulant drug dextroamphetamine, were often shown on American television in commercials warning teenagers against drug use and describing the negative side effects of “speed” (another name for amphetamines). According to some accounts, Rand took two small green pills daily for more than forty years, until finally her doctor advised her to stop taking them. Thus, the sudden mood swings and outbursts of rage that Rand was prone to may well be explained by drug use.

VINTAGE HOBBY

In addition to taking green pills, Rand had another hobby - philately. She collected stamps as a child, and then remembered this activity when she was already over sixty. She even, with her characteristic tediousness, provided a philosophical basis for her hobby, publishing an essay in 1971, which, of course, was called “Why I Love Collecting Stamps.”

LIVING TOY

Rand had many followers around her, but none of them were as devoted to the writer as Nathan Blumenthal, a student from Canada who first became her protégé, then her intellectual heir, and then her personal sexual toy. They met in 1950, when nineteen-year-old Blumenthal sent Rand an enthusiastic fan letter. To his surprise, the famous writer invited him to her home so that he could participate in one of the endless philosophical discussion meetings that she called “Collectives.” Blumenthal (he would soon change his name to Nathaniel Branden) managed to quickly penetrate the writer’s inner circle. Rand even became a bridesmaid at his wedding. By 1955, their relationship became physical. Rand was fifty by then, and Branden twenty-five. In conversations with friends, she mentioned that she should have sex with him at least twice a week - in order to “relieve writer’s block.”

How did their spouses react to such a non-trivial relationship? Rand's husband, Frank O'Connor, didn't seem to mind. Branden's wife put up with the situation for several years (Rand was kind enough to inform the poor woman in advance about her plans to enter into a relationship with her husband), but then she finally filed for divorce. Branden used his access to the body of the founder of Objectivism to establish the Nathaniel Branden Institute, a center dedicated to spreading Rand's egotistical "good news" throughout the world. However, in 1968, this idyll came to an end: Branden began secretly dating another Rand follower, a young and beautiful model. Having caught her partner in infidelity, Rand flew into a rage and vowed to destroy him. She gave a speech to the public in which she officially expelled Branden from the Objectivist movement. Branden now lives in Beverly Hills, California, and works as a psychotherapist specializing in self-esteem issues. In 1999, he published a controversial memoir, My Years with Ayn Rand.

LA-LA-LA, lu-lu-lu, I DON’T LOVE THIS CRAP!

Rand hated all classical romantic music, especially Beethoven and Brahms. She even happened to completely break off relations with friends if she found out that they loved Beethoven!

GOLDWATER FAN

The name Rand is usually associated with political conservatism, but in reality it is not so easy to sort her views into categories. Although she often supported Republican presidential candidates, she voted for Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932 (a decision she later regretted) and refused to support Ronald Reagan in 1960 (she criticized him for "a mixture of capitalism and religion" and called Reagan "representative of the worst type of conservative"). The candidate who practically embodied her philosophy was Senator Barry Goldwater, a Republican from Arizona. Endorsing him in her Objectivist Bulletin in 1964, Rand wrote: “In times of moral decline, such as these, men seeking power for power's sake seek leadership everywhere and destroy one country after another. Barry Goldwater is the only one who lacks the lust for power... Living in a world gripped by dictatorship, can we afford to miss such a candidate? As practice has shown, we can. Despite Rand's support, Goldwater lost the presidential election to Lyndon Johnson by more than fifteen million votes.

AYN RAND WAS AMONG THE MANY FANS OF THE POPULAR SERIES CHARLIE'S ANGELS IN THE 1970s. SHE CALLED IT “THE MOST ROMANTIC SERIES OF OUR DAYS.”

SO IT TURNS OUT WHAT IS THE SECRET OF “2112”!

The Grammy in the category “Most Unusual Follower of Ayn Rand” goes to... Neil Peart from the Canadian rock band “Rush”! The drummer and lyricist behind such classic rock hits as "Tom Sawyer" and "New World Man" fell in love with Rand's Objectivist philosophy in the early 1970s while living in London. Attentive listeners will likely find references to Rand's works generously scattered throughout the lyrics of "Rush."

TENNIS PHILOSOPHY

Such diverse and dissimilar personalities as rocker Neil Peart, former head of the US Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan and former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher flocked to the ranks of the followers of Objectivism. In addition, this teaching has affected an unusually large number of women's tennis legends. Billie Jean King, Chris Evert, and Martina Navratilova have all spoken frequently about the influence of Rand's novels on their lives. When Martina Navratilova was asked to name her favorite book, she chose The Fountainhead, which taught her the importance of “striving for excellence and staying true to your dreams and ideals, even if it means going against public opinion.” And Billie Jean King said that Atlas Shrugged helped her make a new breakthrough in her career in the early 1970s. by Weiss Gary

Gary Weiss The Universe of Ayn Rand Dedicated to Seymour Zucker and the memory of Bill Wallman, as well as to publishers and economists who are unfailingly true to their strong moral principles If money could atone for sins, Only the richest in the world would be saved. My tests (folk

your love for your neighbor is your bad love for yourself.

Friedrich Nietzsche

selfish motivation. And what are the results!

Ayn Rand, about the USA