Five of the brightest literary traitors. What is betrayal? (1 option, essay-reasoning) Literary arguments on the topic of betrayal of a loved one

The essay contains references to the story by M. Khudyakov and others.

Option 1

Betrayal is the abuse of someone's trust for your own benefit. It is not necessary to break some kind of oath to be a traitor; it is enough to let a person down by simply sharing his secret with someone.

This is exactly what Seryozhka Leontyev did from the story by M. Khudyakov. Because of his talkativeness, the narrator became the laughing stock of the entire school. Did Sergei have the right to reveal someone else’s secret, even as a joke? I think not.

And in A. Likhanov’s story “The Broken Doll” the heroine Masya is betrayed by her closest people - her mother and grandmother, and the girl leaves Life, in which, as it seems to her, no one needs her.

Betrayal is the murder of trust, the most terrible offense that cannot be forgiven.

Option 2

Betrayal is vile behavior, no matter what is behind it - stupidity or truly evil intent. Betrayal is a blow that you don’t expect and that is difficult to forgive.

The narrator in the text by M. Khudyakov also suffered from the betrayal of a friend. It doesn’t matter for what reason Seryozhka betrayed his secret, in any case, he acted vilely.

I understand the feelings of the narrator, because betrayal hurts greatly, even when it is small.

So, one day, for his birthday, I gave my friend Victor my binoculars. Vitya, it seemed to me, gladly accepted it, and the next day I heard him speak contemptuously about my gift. I was very unpleasant and hurt, because I considered Victor my friend and besides, the binoculars were very good.

I don’t wish anyone to face betrayal. This is one of the most unpleasant experiences in a person's life.

Option 3

I understand betrayal as an offense that destroys trust, friendship, sense of duty, and all warm relationships. Betrayal has only destructive power.

Let's look at the text by M. Khudyakov for an example. Seryozhka Leontyev betrays his friend, telling everyone about his feelings for Galka Korshunova. He had no right to reveal someone else's secret!

Andriy from N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” was also a traitor. His father killed him, not forgiving his betrayal of his homeland and comrades.

Indeed, betrayal is worthy of condemnation and severe punishment.

Option 4

Betrayal is a behavior of a person, after which there is a complete loss of trust in him. As a rule, a traitor brings pain and devastation.

In the text by M. Khudyakov, the boy recalls how once, having got into trouble and thinking that he would die, he confidentially told his friend Sergei about his love for the girl. But the next day the narrator became the laughing stock of the whole school, because everyone knew about it: Sergei shamelessly shared someone else’s secret with those around him.

This betrayal of a friend changed the boy, and the scar from it remained in his soul for the rest of his life.

Anyone who has thought about such a phenomenon as betrayal will definitely conclude that it burns both relationships and feelings. Material from the site

Option 5

Betrayal is a violation of loyalty to those who trust you. The betrayer is cowardly, deceives the hopes and expectations of the person who has trusted him, that is, he commits meanness.

This is exactly what Seryozhka does in M. Khudyakov’s story. At first he carries his wounded friend on his back for seven kilometers, but then he tells everyone what no one should know. This was betrayal. It brought suffering to Seryozhkin’s friend, which changed him forever. Even time could not smooth out the consequences of this offense.

To avoid this, you need to be honest with other people and not betray them.

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The problem of heroism and betrayal in modern literature arises primarily in connection with military themes. Unfortunately, especially in the first years after the end of the Great Patriotic War, certain patterns were outlined in the literature in depicting the feat of the people. In the works one could see a clear division into “us” and “strangers”; the pattern of people’s actions was determined by the orders of the commanders. Only later, in the 60s, a number of wonderful works were created in which writers raised the issue of self-determination of the hero and described the situation of choice. It is the choice of one’s own destiny, the choice between heroism and betrayal that becomes one of the main themes of the war stories of the remarkable Belarusian writer V. Bykov.

Bykov is far from being simplistic and schematic, and therefore at the center of his narrative are situations “at the extreme limit of strength,” in which the character of a person in inhuman conditions is most fully revealed. Time in V. Bykov's stories is compressed to the limit, thereby the writer manages to achieve maximum psychological tension. The motives of human behavior, the moral origins of heroism and betrayal - this is what interests the writer.

It should be noted that in modern criticism, disputes periodically arise about what can be called true heroism. Moreover, there is a clear desire of many reviewers to belittle the significance of the feat of some Bykov characters, such as Sotnikov (“Sotnikov”), Moroz (“Obelisk”). The opinion was expressed that a person who, by his action or his death, does not change anything in the course of events, acts not like a hero, but like a thoughtless moralist. V. Bykov rejects this point of view. “...For me Sotnikov is a hero,” writes the author. - Yes, he did not defeat the enemy, but he remained a man in the most inhumane situation. His resilience looks like a feat in the eyes of those several dozen people who witnessed his last minutes...” The way people perceive the hero’s act largely determines the author’s attitude towards him.

The writer also considers the act of Lieutenant Ivanovsky (“To Live Until Dawn”) to be a feat. To fight to the end is what a hero needs. The author comprehends the feat of this man from a philosophical position, giving an answer in advance to those who were inclined to see signs of recklessness in the actions of his characters: “... who knows whether the great fate of all people does not depend on how the twenty-two-year-old platoon commander dies on this road Lieutenant Ivanovsky.”

Heroism is not synonymous with sacrifice. Sotnikov’s persistence cannot be explained by fanaticism. It is no coincidence that Bykov strives to create a non-heroic image. The action of the hero of the story is explained by his spiritual fortitude, which does not allow him to do otherwise. Together with Sotnikov, Demchikha, the elder Peter, and the girl Basya go to their death. Each of them could save their lives, but the awareness of their duty to the Motherland is higher than selfishness. And therefore, according to the author, they all accomplish a feat.

Using the technique of antithesis, Bykov puts traitors in the same situation with the heroes. In the story “Sotnikov” this is the Fisherman who saves his life, but, in fact, it is after this that he dies for people. In “To Go and Never Return,” Anton Golubin appears next to Zosya, whose life story allows the author to answer the question of how and why a person becomes a traitor. Even before the war, Golubin learned to justify any of his actions: “There will be dozens of others who will be concerned about the common cause, but no one will take care of it personally except himself.” And this person ends up in the partisan detachment by accident. Bykov shows readers how the hero, initially deprived of a clear idea of ​​moral principles, is gradually sliding into the abyss. Starting with desertion, Golubin comes to betrayal. Moreover, he even tries to hand over Zosya and other partisans to the punitive forces in order to make it easier to “infiltrate a new, German-style, life.”

Zosya Noreiko acts differently. The young heroine of the story believes in the ideals of goodness and justice that she learned in childhood, “which were boorishly and immediately trampled upon by the Nazis,” and considers the war to be her personal test. She cannot live on the same land with those whom she considers animals, and therefore, in response to Golubin’s words that they have no choice but to leave the partisans to serve the Germans, Zosya replies: “There is a choice: either we or they " Anton managed to become a close person to her, but their moral foundations are different. Zosya cannot become a traitor, no matter how much she loves life. Apostasy is worse than death for her. But in relation to Golubin, Zoya’s behavior is ambiguous. Realizing that he has become an enemy, the girl rushes at him with an ax, but defends Anton when the partisans want to shoot him. The point is probably that for a long time she cannot believe that “there are worse enemies.”

I would like to note that Bykov is generally far from schematically depicting the actions of traitors. It is no coincidence that the story “Sotnikov” does not end with the death of the main character. It is important for the writer to show the path of moral torment that awaits a person who, in fact, died already when he allowed himself to betray. It is he, the living one, who will have to pay for his action all his life, and this, perhaps, is worse than death - this is the conclusion Bykov leads readers to.

Of course, Bykov is not the only one who raises the problem of heroism and betrayal in his work. It is enough to recall, for example, A. Fadeev’s novel “The Young Guard” or V. Rasputin’s story “Live and Remember.” Moreover, this problem always arises when it comes to the need to remain faithful to one’s moral principles in a situation where it is easier to renounce them. And therefore it is eternal.

A. S. Pushkin. Historical novel "The Captain's Daughter". Shvabrin is a dishonest person. He went over to Pugachev’s side to save his life. Wanting to marry Masha at any cost, Shvabrin imprisoned the girl in a closet and did not give her food or water until she agreed to his conditions.

Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov". The fisherman, one of the heroes of the work, acted meanly towards his comrade Sotnikov. He not only betrayed his friend, going over to the side of the police, but also killed Sotnikov, taking out a chair from under him at the gallows. For him, “the opportunity to live has appeared - this is the main thing. Everything else comes later.”

Victor Hugo "Les Miserables". The Thénardier couple of innkeepers are a real example of meanness and dishonor. Cruel, inhumane treatment of the little Cosette entrusted to them, who from the age of 4 was forced to do all the menial work on the farm, and if the child was disobedient or slow, they were simply beaten.

The poor child, as soon as she left the cradle, already got up early to carry out the housewife’s instructions, barefoot and half-naked even in winter, the baby went into the dark forest with a huge bucket for water and just try not to return on time! The poor child had no right to play, and even if she had a free minute, all the toys the little girl had were a pair of old tin spoons. With inhuman deception, Thenardier extracted money from Cosette's poor mother, supposedly for the treatment of the girl, pushing the poor woman into the very abyss.

Shameless begging and deceiving good people with the help of false letters, where Thenardier pretended to be different people, just to beg for at least a couple of francs. And how much evil and meanness Thénardier caused Jean Valjean - what is it worth just to be ambushed in his home with a gang of bandits when he brought him the promised money

V. Zheleznikov. The story "Scarecrow". Dima Somov is one of the best students in the class, an activist, a leader and enjoys authority among his classmates. The boy strives to be the best in everything, to always be the first and the bravest. When a new student, Lenochka Bessoltseva, a clumsy and timid, funny girl, comes to class, Dima stands up for her in front of the mocking guys and becomes her friend. But when the real moment came to show courage, decency and fortitude, Dima not only chickened out, but also committed real meanness and behaved like the last coward and traitor. Being himself to blame, he not only allowed the cruel persecution of his friend Lena, who, out of kindness and sincere friendship towards him, took the blame upon herself, but he himself took part in them, being afraid of the boys’ boycott. Dima committed a cruel and vile act, like the last coward and scoundrel. Also a good example of meanness is another student, Shmakova, who from the very beginning knew who was to blame for everything and that Lena was being wronged undeservedly. She and the guys chased Lenka, but did not give Dima away, because she was interested in seeing what would happen next, and also because she believed that this way she could make Dima “her slave.”

The resilience and courage of people, especially during war, have always been the main qualities, those qualities for which such people were especially valued. But can a person remain steadfast forever? Maybe he will break down and end up betraying someone? It is the problem of betrayal that Avdeev reveals in this text.

Stubbornly standing his ground, the figure of the French Resistance showed incredible endurance, not succumbing to persuasion, not losing heart under the physical pressure of the executioners, never betrayed the secrets of the underground, “neither hellish pain, nor soul-tearing fear of the inevitability, nor generous promises - nothing could break his will." It would seem that such a persistent person cannot have weaknesses, strings that can be pulled and unwound a whole and strong ball. But what happened? Something went wrong? One of the most active figures of the French Resistance was broken by the realization of the beauty of life, the realization that no one would think about his death, no one would know, it would be in vain.

“And he asked himself the same question: why am I dying?.. So am I really obliged to suffer for the sake of those who do not need my sacrifice?” His courage cracked, came apart at the seams, fell apart, which was recently resistant, he weakened. He gave up. He betrayed his comrades. And the coffee in the cafe remained bitter, no matter how much sugar was added to it. And people no longer enjoyed life so much. The world has become gray and gloomy.

The theme of betrayal in war is explored by Vasil Bykov in the story “Sotnikov”. When captured by the Germans, Sotnikov and Rybak think completely differently. They both don’t give away their secrets, they don’t give up. But on the way to the scaffold, Rybak suddenly agrees to work for the German police, agrees to betray his Motherland, betray the Red Army, betray Sotnikov. After all, it is the Fisherman who knocks the support out from under his comrade’s feet. He hopes to fix something in the future, to be saved, but realizing that there is no way out, that there is no need to live anymore, Rybak will no longer be the same. He has no opportunity to correct his mistake.

Another example of betrayal is considered by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in the novel War and Peace. Natasha Rostova is interested in Anatoly Kuragin. She forgot, it seemed like it was a wonderful dream, in which there was no one and nothing except her and Anatole, no one bothered them, no one disturbed them. Courageously awaiting the return of her lover, Natasha broke down under the influence of a new figure in her life. Rostova, ready to live with Kuragin, without thinking about the correctness of her action, betrays Andrei Bolkonsky, betrays her family. It seems to her that she is on the right path, but soon after realizing the whole situation, Natasha falls ill. She cannot understand how anyone could choose Kuragin over Bolkonsky, which is why her soul is restless. The deep wound may heal over time, but Natasha herself will change forever.

So, devotion to the Motherland, family, one person is the key to success in life. And it is not so important how much they try to break a person, to unsettle him. He should not give up, doubt the correctness of his actions, should not betray, no matter how sweet life may seem.

THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel L.N. Tostogo's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and not one that has a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and restraint and showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. An example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of Charlotte Brontë's novel of the same name. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often too demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev the most important life principle was honor. Even facing the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of the impostor.

2. The problem of maintaining honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the main character are completely different. Ostap is an honest and brave person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you always need to remain honest first of all with yourself.

THE PROBLEM OF DEVOTED LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the Empress. Thus, the basis of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A.’s novel. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites the finished chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. A woman sees her destiny in this.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows the long path to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of “permitting blood according to conscience,” the main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story by I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life was to accumulate wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character abandons social life and devotes herself entirely to her family. Natasha Rostova found her purpose in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person and shape his inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach one to think and make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in his novel Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply unspiritual, since there is no literature that can force people to analyze, think, and make decisions.

THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF CHILDREN

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov’s apathy and weak-willedness in adulthood.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty, and love reigns in the Rostov family. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson works tirelessly. The main character rushes to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to gain the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. was tragic. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers developed differently. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A PERSON IN LOVE

1. In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the enemy's camp, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to take up arms against his yesterday’s comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character of P. Suskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer." Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, creating a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to achieve his goal.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to begin collecting information proving Nikolai Antonovich’s guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition. All of Chamomile’s actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fates of other people.

2. The action of the hero of the story by V.G. entails even deeper consequences. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but is also the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEITIVE APPEARANCE

1. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not distinguished by a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the main character is completely unattractive, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went on reconnaissance missions, and never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after some time, Guskov began to think about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya. The hero was tormented by pangs of conscience, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve “great Germany.” His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experienced during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story “Woke by Nightingales” writes about a difficult boy Seluzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night the main character heard the trill of a nightingale. The wonderful sounds amazed the child and awakened his interest in creativity. Seluzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul and helps to reveal creative potential.

2. Love for his native land is the main motive of the work of the painter A.G. Venetsianova. He painted a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. “The Reapers”, “Zakharka”, “Sleeping Shepherd” - these are my favorite paintings by the artist. The life of ordinary people and the beauty of Russia’s nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov’s apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to awaken Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of life of his native Oblomovka forever left its mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life path of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem “My Way” by S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood played an important role in his work. Once upon a time, at the age of nine, a boy inspired by the nature of his native village wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined S.A.’s life path. Yesenina.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PATH IN LIFE

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer especially emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.

2. From the book by M. Mirsky “Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko” I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” states that “you need to live your life with dignity so that you are not ashamed to remember.” With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and caring person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY

1. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky's "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog is killed. Bima can confidently be called a true friend, devoted to his owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give up their collie to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her far from her home. The collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with its former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF MASTERY IN ART

1. In the story by V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the main character is interested in poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. Thus, life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of a writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries and saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. Thus, life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MIND OF A PERSON

1. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has experienced. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance and find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken in his soul feelings that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that it has been a long time since Oblomov felt “such vigor, such strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat.”

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for work for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because nothing could be harder for her than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna’s love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON PEOPLE

1. In Lev Kassil’s story “The Great Confrontation,” Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. One day a girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to perform a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF Pseudoscience

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. He vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and resorts to the most dishonorable acts in order to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists and the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story “Candidate of Sciences” speaks out against those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and, consequently, of society as a whole. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky focuses on the need to combat false scientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Station Warden" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died from melancholy and hopelessness. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father’s grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story by K.G. Paustovsky's "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment of her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at Katerina Petrovna’s grave. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin, in his essay “The Eternal Field,” writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their combat comrade Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina’s son Albert returned to the site of the death of the anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE COURSE OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of selflessness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor rushed to help the sick every day, in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor earned the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite Mozart's death, his works live on and excite people's hearts.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to a loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy and became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of a Man” shows the life path of soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE HUMAN INNER WORLD

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, hard work, and determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who give in to feelings, but is convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova “Oblomov” Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life; it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov’s character.

THE PROBLEM OF TREATING PEOPLE FAIRLY

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old money-lender. The investigator is a keen expert on human psychology. He understands the motives for Rodion Raskolnikov’s crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in Raskolnikov’s case.

2. A.P. Chekhov, in his story “Chameleon,” introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide whether she deserves punishment. Ochumelov’s verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The warden is not looking for justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN AND NATURE

1. In the story by V.P. Astafieva “Tsar Fish” Ignatyich was engaged in poaching for many years. One day, a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on his hook. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself found himself overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in one trap.” So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her and knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin especially emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria “Casta Diva” awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength, which seemed to all rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, and at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, their love for the Don and the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENT OF BOOKS BY TELEVISION

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society that relies on mass culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was replaced by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because TV distracts people from worries and forces them to watch some program without rushing. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to people, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch” and makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous and soulless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which is about to be flooded. It’s hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions are disappearing, which over the centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in his poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls the “stupid rabble” that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the interests of society. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the poet’s main goal is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “At the top of his voice” sees the poet’s purpose in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon that can inspire people and motivate them to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be given up for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF TEACHER'S INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a village boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. While additionally studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and empathy.

2. In Antoine de Saint-Exupery's fairy tale “The Little Prince,” the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, talking about love, friendship, responsibility, and fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: “you can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only your heart is vigilant.” So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORPHANS

1. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all his remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life’s difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story “The Republic of ShKID” by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev depicts the life of students at a social and labor education school for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and followed the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans and create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN WWII

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, just like men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story by V.A. Zakrutkin’s “Mother of Man” shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria took care of seven Leningrad orphans and replaced their mother. Tale by V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” writes with irony about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings is polluting the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story “Lyudochka” connects changes in language with the decline in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the dysfunction of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right path in life and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In the story “Darwin” by E. Grishkovets, the main character, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do for the rest of his life. He realizes the “uselessness of what is happening” and refuses to study at the cultural institute when he watches a play performed by students. The young man has a firm belief that a profession should be useful and bring pleasure.