Rating of countries by standard of living, the richest and poorest countries in the world: where is a good place for a migrant to live? GDP per capita

Gross National Income (GNI) is the total value of all goods and services produced during the year on the territory of the state (that is, gross domestic product, GDP), plus income received by citizens of the country from abroad, minus income taken out of the country by foreigners. One of the key indicators of economic development.

A country's GNI can be significantly less than its GDP if a significant portion of the income generated in the country is exported from it by foreign companies or citizens. On the contrary, if citizens of a given country own a large number of securities of foreign companies or governments and receive income from them, then GNI will be greater than GDP. However, for most countries in the world, GDP and GNI differ only slightly and are often considered interchangeable. The term “gross” means that the value of capital consumed in the production process has not been excluded from the total market value of goods and services produced. If this were done, then not a “gross” but a “net national product” would be obtained, practically equal to national income. In practice, however, the words “product” and “income” are often used as equivalents, so the indicator “gross national product” is also called “gross national income”.

Gross national income per capita is GNI divided by the average annual population of a country. This indicator gives an idea of ​​the amount of goods and services produced on average per resident of the state, or, in other words, how much each resident of the country would receive if the entire annual national income were distributed equally among all citizens of the country. GNI per capita is also called "per capita income" or "per capita income".

The GNI per capita index is one of the basic ones in international statistics. This indicator is often understood as an index of the standard of living or well-being in a state or region, but it is only an approximate measure of the well-being of the population of a particular country, since it does not take into account a number of important factors, in particular:

Does not show how evenly or unevenly income is distributed among the citizens of a country (for example, in countries with the same GNI per capita there may be a significant difference, for example, in the share of the middle class or in the share of the poor, since in reality most of the national income may be concentrated in the hands of a narrow group of the population).
Does not take into account the damage caused by production to natural resources and the environment.
It does not take into account unpaid work performed in the household or on a voluntary basis, as well as all production in the shadow economy, which can reach very significant volumes.
Attaches equal importance to both useful and harmful products for society (for example, some drugs, cigarettes, weapons, etc.), while at the same time ignoring the value that free time or freedom has for a person.
In the methodology of the World Bank, which annually calculates national income per capita in countries around the world, all states and territories are classified into three categories:

Countries with high per capita income ($12,616 and above).
Countries with middle income per capita ($1,036 to $12,615).
Countries with low per capita income ($1,035 and below).
This is the official analytical classification of the World Bank. The source of information is the World Bank World Development Indicators database. Fixed during the financial year (ends June 30) and updated annually (updated statistics are usually published in October-November).

Data are presented as of 2012 (published in July 2013, updated in December 2013).

RANKING OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES BY SIZE OF GROSS NATIONAL INCOME PER CAPITA

The World Bank: World Development Indicators, 2013. Gross National Income per Capita 2012.

Gross domestic product is a special macroeconomic indicator, which is often called synonymous with economy. It shows the sum of all goods and services produced in a country and available for consumption at market prices. The activities of absolutely all organizations, commercial, budgetary, non-financial institutions, branches of foreign companies, etc. are taken into account. Thus, GDP shows how efficiently a country's economy operates. In addition, analysis of this indicator over past years allows us to talk about positive or negative dynamics.

Also calculated. This calculation is carried out in all countries, including Russia. General level GDP is divided by the total number of citizens of the state, and based on the results, one can tell about their well-being. In 2015, Luxembourg ranks first in the ranking by a large margin from the rest. It is worth noting that Qatar was previously in first place; The main income for this country comes from liquefied gas, and along with the collapse in prices for this natural resource, the Middle Eastern monarchy has moved to third place.

In 2016, the IMF predicted a decrease in GDP by 0.6%. It was predicted that GDP in Russia would increase by 1.1% in 2017, and by 1.2% in 2018.

Main industries of Russia

• 19% of GDP comes from trade (wholesale and retail), as well as repairs of vehicles, motorcycles, household items and personal items;
• 16% - taxes;
• 16% - financial activities, real estate transactions, rent, provision of utilities and social services;
• 14% - manufacturing industry;
• 9% - mining;
• 8% - transport and communications;
• 6% - education, healthcare;
• 5% - construction;
• 4% - agriculture, forestry, fishing and fish farming;
• 3% - production and distribution of gas, electricity and water.

The development of those industries that are “sagging” will lead to an increase in , and, consequently, an increase in the per capita indicator. The growth of such industries can seriously improve the situation. In addition, the development of one direction or another, as a rule, always requires additional human resources. Accordingly, the unemployment rate may decrease.

GDP dynamics over 25 years

Since the proclamation of the Russian Federation there have been quite a lot of changes and significant events. The graph shows how the per capita volume of GDP has increased over the past 25 years, and that in recent years there has been a slight decline.

In addition to dry data, it is also necessary to remember that Russia is a large country that has experienced rather difficult and unstable times in the past, so it is not easy to bring the economy to a qualitatively new level. GDP per capita in 2017 in Russia according to the IMF, it amounted to 27,893 US dollars, which corresponds to 47th place in the ranking. Analysts and economic experts predict three more years of crisis for Russia. According to optimistic forecasts, the peak of the crisis has already passed, and some even talk about GDP growth in 2017 due to rising oil prices. The IMF predicts an economic decline of 1.1%, and claims that even an increase in the cost of a barrel will not be able to save the situation. The crisis may drag on for several years due to sanctions and their consequences. Internal imbalance does not allow the economy to work effectively, so growth is possible only if it is resolved.

Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Products produced during the year under review. The value is expressed in the national unit of the state. GDP statistics of countries around the world allow us to evaluate economic indicators in a particular state and make forecasts for future development.

Real and nominal GDP

The nominal indicator is the final price calculated according to the market, depending on changes in income and price index. Real indicator - to determine the cost of a product, the growth indicator is used, not the price change:

The term “GDP deflator” hides the ratio of the nominal to the real indicator:

The indicator implies the total volume of all state income for the year, divided by the number of residents. It is used to simplify the comparison of the productivity of countries, since GDP per capita serves as a characteristic of economic activity. This is also a kind of “indicator” of the level of a country with a high gross domestic product, we can say that it is favorable and comfortable for living:

Structure of the world's GDP

The development of society affects three stages: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. Each of them is characterized by a certain type of economic structure. The table clearly shows the characteristics of each stage:

Until the 18th–19th centuries, income was also provided by related hunting, fishing and forestry. The agrarian structure at that time covered all existing states (today it is found in the least developed countries). Later, this way of life was replaced by the industrial era. Its main feature is dominance. The second half of the 20th century was marked by scientific and technological revolution with the formation of a post-industrial system - the service sector now prevails over production. Employment structure by industry:

The predominance of agriculture is observed today in Afghanistan, Somalia, Cambodia, Laos, Tanzania and Nepal (over 50%).

The share of the service sector in the GDP of countries around the world is gaining momentum, which means that they are characterized by an interest in knowledge workers. Obviously, the share of expenses on an even greater percentage of predominance is in small states that live by providing financial services and. World GDP statistics for 2000 (share of industries, %):

Data for Russia

During 1990–2016, the direction of economic development in Russia changed significantly. There is a simultaneous increase in mining production and an increase in transactions with and finance. But the volumes of agriculture, forestry, manufacturing and transport enterprises are declining.

Share of military expenditures in countries' GDP

Wikipedia has information on the share of the world's GDP going to military spending in 2016:

Every year, studies are conducted on the basis of which a ranking of the GDP of developed and lagging countries is compiled. The place of countries in the world in terms of GDP is determined by the World Bank, which has undergone many structural changes since its founding. Over the past 20 years it has become a specialized agency of the UN. The GDP of the world's countries is calculated in dollars. Today the undoubted leaders are:

1. USA– the national unit of the state is considered one of the stable currencies of the world and is used as an international one. Thanks to this fact, the figure in question in the United States is so large: 18.12 trillion. dollars. If we consider it in percentage terms, the annual increase in the country's gross domestic product averages 2.2%, or 55 thousand dollars per capita. The main “earning” corporations in the country are Microsoft and Google.
2. China– the second country in the world in terms of economic growth. Today the country's gross product is 11.2 trillion. dollars, increases by 10% annually.
3. Japan– 4.2 trillion. dollars. Today the figure increases annually by 1.5%. Per capita it is 39 thousand dollars.
4. Germany– the gross product of the state is 3.4 trillion. dollars or 46 thousand per capita. The increase for 2016 is 0.4%.
5. Great Britain– 2.8 trillion. dollars.

GDP statistics of the world's leading countries :

GDP statistics in European countries in 2016

Among the EU countries there are also leaders and laggards. According to statistics, the most developed in the EU are:

1. Liechtenstein - GDP per capita is just over 85 thousand.
2. The Netherlands - for each resident there are 42.4 thousand euros.
3. Ireland – 40 thousand euros according to a similar indicator.
4. Austria – 39.7 thousand euros.
5. Sweden - the gross product is 38.9 thousand euros.

Additionally, the following states can be noted:

World GDP forecasts

Market economists regularly make forecasts of the expected change in gross product for the next year. According to Bloomberg, GDP growth in the countries of the world is possible for the following countries:

The GDP of the leading EU countries is assessed by Forex specialists ambiguously: it is possible that it will increase by 1.7%, but there is a possibility of a decrease of 15%. In addition to the increase, there may also be a decrease in the level of GDP of countries around the world. This phenomenon may affect:

1. Venezuela– the estimated projected decrease in gross domestic product by 3.5% is due to the lack of oil, pharmaceuticals and other basic products in the country.
2. Brazil– the prices set for extracted iron ore contribute to a decrease in the gross product by 3%.
3. Greece– the estimated decrease will be 1.8%.
4. Russia– the indicator is expected to decrease by 0.5%, which is due to the imposed sanctions by the EU and the USA. In addition, a decrease in the value under consideration in Russia may be a consequence of a decrease in oil prices. Experts do not rule out an economic recession in the country. A crisis is possible with a probability of up to 65%.
– high importance of forestry and agriculture.
5. New Guinea– the state has established itself as a reliable exporter of agricultural products, gold and copper.
6. Ivory Coast– supplies coffee, palm oil, cocoa beans and other agricultural products to the world’s shelves.
7. Uzbekistan– lives off the supply of gold, cotton and natural gas.
8. – the state lives off export products (agriculture, electricity and the textile industry).

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GDP (gross domestic product, English GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT)- an indicator of the level of national income. Expresses the total market value of all final goods and services produced during the year in all sectors of the economy in the territory of the state for consumption, export and accumulation. Unlike the so-called... ... Large current political encyclopedia

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Books

• Russia is not Singapore. What kind of GDP do we need, Mukhin Yuri Ignatievich. In his new book, the famous publicist and writer Yuri Mukhin dwells on an amazing phenomenon in world politics and economics of the 20th century - the “Singapore economic miracle”. He…
• Russia is not Singapore. What kind of GDP do we need, Mukhin, Yuri Ignatievich. In his new book, the famous publicist and writer Yuri Mukhin dwells on an amazing phenomenon in world politics and economics of the 20th century - the “Singapore economic miracle.” He…

Instructions

Necessity of calculation GDP on soul population has a clear . After all, it’s one thing when GDP, equal to 2 billion dollars, is produced in a state with a population of population 200 million, and it’s completely different when the same volume GDP formed in a country with a population ten times smaller.

In order to determine GDP on soul population, you need to make a simple calculation: divide the total volume of gross domestic product by the total number population. This way you will find out how many goods and services, in value terms, produced by a country are per capita. Russia by GDP on soul population ranks 34th in the world rankings.

GDP on soul population you can also calculate using purchasing power parity. Purchasing power parity is between two different currencies, which is calculated based on their purchasing power relative to a certain volume of goods and services. For example, the same set of goods and services costs 500 hryvnia in Ukraine, and 100 dollars in the USA. In this case, purchasing power parity is 5 hryvnia per dollar, i.e. for 5 hryvnia in Ukraine you can get the same set as for 1 dollar in the USA. At the same time, the exchange rates of these countries may deviate significantly from parity. Therefore, you must understand that purchasing power parity is an indicator used by statistical organizations in calculations, and the exchange rate is a real economic tool. Our GDP on soul population in terms of purchasing power parity it ranks 36th.

But at the same time you must consider that GDP on soul population is not the only indicator of the country’s economic efficiency and quality population. It is not considered an ideal indicator of a country's development, although it can be used in analysis.

GDP- Gross domestic product is the market value of all goods and services intended for direct consumption that were produced during the year in all industries in the country for consumption, export or accumulation. This is one of the main indicators of the state's economy. This indicator is calculated both nominal and real – adjusted for inflation. Usually GDP calculated quarterly and annually.

You will need

• Statistics data on economic sectors for the required period; it is advisable to use specialized programs to facilitate calculations. Directly for the calculation you should choose one of three methods.

Instructions

For GDP According to the value added method, only final goods and services should be counted, without taking into account intermediate goods, which would entail double counting. In this case, added value is the market price of the product, minus raw materials, therefore in the calculation GDP Only amounts based on the market price of all goods issued and services provided are used.

For calculation GDP All expenses of economic entities for the acquisition of final products should be summed up. This method sums up consumer spending, private investment in the national economy, government purchases of goods and services, and the country's net exports.

For calculation GDP by income, all owners of factors operating within the geographical boundaries of the country, both residents and non-residents, should be summed up. This method sums up wages, social security contributions, gross income, gross mixed income, taxes on and less subsidies.

Video on the topic

note

Many business entities - individuals and enterprises deliberately distort the amount of their income, hiding them from taxation, therefore the resulting GDP indicator is not a complete reflection of the economic results of work for the period

Helpful advice

In theory, all methods should give the same figure, but in practice this is not the case, in particular due to methodological discrepancies in the time of recording different indicators.

Sources:

• Detailed article on methods for calculating GDP
• calculate gdp by income in 2019

Gross domestic product ( GDP) may be nominal or real. The second is more suitable for comparison between countries and over different periods of time, since it shows the real level of economic development adjusted for inflation (changes in the price level). Both nominal and real GDP are calculated in banknotes (rubles, dollars).

You will need

• Rosstat
• http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat/rosstatsite/main/
• http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm
• CIA Fact Book
• https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html

Instructions

Roughly speaking, to calculate the real GDP, it is necessary to “cleanse” the nominal from inflation. When calculating real GDP The base year can be any year, even if it is located chronologically earlier than the current one. For example, for historical comparison, you can calculate the real GDP 2000 in 2010 prices, in this case the base year will be 2010.

To calculate, you need a nominal GDP base year. To do this, you can use Rosstat research (if you require data only for the Russian Federation), as well as information from the IMF, the World Fact Book or the CIA World Fact Book. To get the real figure GDP, need nominal GDP divided by the general price level (calculated as a price index).

Most often as price indices for calculating real GDP The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used, which is calculated based on the cost of goods included in the market consumer basket (the average number of goods consumed by the average family per year). In developed countries, the consumer basket consists of 300-400 items of goods and services. Data on the CPI can also be found on the Rosstat website and on the statistical websites of the countries that interest you.

Also in some when calculating real GDP The Producer Price Index (PPI) can be used, which is calculated based on the cost of intermediate products (basket of industrial goods) - raw materials and supplies. Its main difference from the CPI is that this index covers only goods (without services) and only at the wholesale level of sales.

So, to calculate the real GDP, nominal GDP need to be divided into a price index, among which the most commonly used are PPI and CPI.

Sources:

• Based on materials from the book by Matveeva T.Yu. "Introduction to Macroeconomics"

Many people periodically face the need to convert their savings into dollars. Some people need this for a trip abroad, others need it for more convenient storage of funds, and some even receive wages in dollars. Everyone who has something to do with this currency is interested in the same question: how to calculate well dollar?

You will need

• calculator, currency converter

Instructions

You can calculate how many dollars your ruble savings will correspond to on your own. To do this, we will find out on TV or from the information stands of any bank what well. For example, on 07/05/2011 well dollar is equal to 27.8037, and you want to convert to 1000 Russian rubles. To do this, armed with ohm, we divide 1000 by 27.8037, in the end we get 35.9, which is exactly how much you will get by exchanging your thousand. If you need to carry out the reverse procedure, that is, transfer, you need to multiply the number of money you have by a number equal to well at the dollar. For example, $50 will equal 1,390 rubles. (50 needs to be multiplied by 27.8037).

If you do not want to make payments yourself, contact the bank employees. Before making an exchange for you, they are required to tell you what the total amount will be. If today well you are not satisfied with the dollar, you have the right to refuse the operation. Many modern cell phones have built-in converters. Using them is as easy as online converters on the Internet, but there is one caveat - the program needs to be updated, if it does not have access to the Internet, then the data in it will be outdated, and well The dollar is very fickle and can change every day, or even more often.

You can use another, perhaps the most convenient way: a converter program. A similar program can easily be found on the Internet by searching for “currency converter”. Just choose the one you need, for example, from rubles, enter the amount in a special window, click the “Transfer” button and get the result.

Rating- a word so familiar that people no longer think about its meaning and the system of calculations from which it is born. This concept entered everyday life, breaking out of the field of sociology. And it denotes the position or place of the process or object being studied in the totality of other objects of this class. Traditionally expressed as a numerical equivalent or as a percentage.

Instructions

Absolutely any phenomenon, object or even personality can get into the rating table. Most often these are media characters, famous people with “star” status. But the most common thing now is their content in the search engine. This is an increasing number of people.
If you are interested in the space and you already have your own website on which you can earn money, then it’s time for you to think about your business brainchild in the ranking. The scheme is simple: the higher your site is in the ranking table, the more likely it is that the user will visit your site. And money flows from attendance for further advancement in the rankings. In addition, the rating is much more convenient than, for example, registering in some directory.

Therefore, just register your site in the ranking and you will immediately be included in the protocols. The calculation of the rating in this case is based on the number of visitors to your site. Therefore, first you need to follow a simple rule: until your site becomes popular and its traffic reaches 500 - 1000 people per day, it is better to register in a little-known rating. But when attendance increases, already popular and large ratings will bring income and leading positions.

Here are several of the largest rating systems: Rambler Top100, TopList, 1000 Stars, One.Ru. These are Russian-language ratings. In such systems, you do not have to calculate anything yourself; the entire process is automated. You can find out your data and positions for the day, week and any other statistics provided by the rating.

Well, if you are only interested in the statistics that such ratings provide, then it will be easier for you to install a counter without a rating, but it will record all the statistical data you need: from the number of views of a particular article to the number of visitors per hour, day, etc.

Video on the topic

Sources:

• Basic media indicators, or how to correctly count stars

Abbreviation GDP means gross domestic product. This term refers to the market value of goods intended for consumption, as well as services that were produced in the territory countries in all economic sectors throughout the year, both for consumption and for accumulation or export.

The concept of Gross Domestic Product, GDP is used. The American Belarusian economist Simon Kuznets used this term in 1934. The following types of gross external product are distinguished: – nominal: expressed in prices of the current year; – real: expressed in prices of the previous year or another, taken as a basis; – actual: reflects the economic opportunities that were realized; – potential: reflects those economic opportunities that are potential. GDP can be expressed in two ways. The first is in national currency; also, if there is a corresponding need, for reference it can be converted into the currency of a foreign country according to the exchange rate. The second way is presentation GDP according to PPP, i.e. purchasing power. This option provides greater accuracy when making international comparisons. There are three main methods by which the calculation can be made GDP: – by income; – on expenses; – according to the added value. When calculating using the income method GDP is defined as the sum of national income, depreciation, indirect taxes minus subsidies and net factor income from abroad. At the same time, national income is understood as the sum of wages, rents, interest payments and corporate profits. When calculated using the expenditure method GDP is determined by the sum of such values ​​as final, gross capital formation, government expenditure, exports and minus. The value added method is also called the production method. Wherein GDP is calculated as the sum of added values, which refers to the total value of the product.

A country's gross domestic product is an economic concept, one of the most important elements of the System of National Accounts, which represents the total value of all goods and services produced in the country over an annual period.