Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Evgrafovich. Saltykov-Shchedrin: list of fairy tales. Satire in the fairy-tale works of Saltykov-Shchedrin M e Saltykov Shchedrin his works

Saltykov-Shchedrin's fairy tales combine folklore motifs and satire, inherent in all the literary activities of the Russian writer. Most of them were created in the late period of this author’s work. What works did Saltykov-Shchedrin write? A list of fairy tales and their brief analysis are presented in the article.

Social satire

Saltykov-Shchedrin turned to this genre more than once. The list of fairy tales does not include such works as “The History of a City”, “A Modern Idyll”, “Abroad”. But they also contain fantastic motives.

It is no coincidence that the writer often resorted to the fairy tale genre in the eighties. It was during this period that the socio-political situation in Russia became so aggravated that it became increasingly difficult for the writer to use his satirical potential. Folklore stories, the heroes of which are often animals and other living creatures, have become one of the ways to circumvent censorship restrictions.

Fiction and reality

What did Saltykov-Shchedrin rely on to create his small works? The list of fairy tales is a list of works, each of which is based on folk art and satire in the spirit of Krylov's fables. In addition, the writer’s work was influenced by the traditions of Western European romanticism. But, despite the borrowing of various motifs, the short works created by Saltykov-Shchedrin are completely original in genre.

List of fairy tales

1. "Bogatyr".
2. "Hyena".
3. "Wild landowner."
4. "Conscience is gone."
5. "The wise minnow."
6. "Poor wolf."
7. "Selfless hare."
8. "Kissel".
9. "Horse".
10. "Watching Eye"
11. "Idle talk."
12. "Liberal".
13. "By the way."
14. "Christ's Night".

Heroes

In the fairy-tale works of Saltykov-Shchedrin there are two forces, depicted not without a hint of social inequality. One of them is the people. The second is, of course, the elements that exploit ordinary workers. The people, as a rule, were symbolized by birds and defenseless animals. Idle but dangerous landowners were personified by predators.

The above list includes the fairy tale “The Horse”. In this work, the main image symbolizes the Russian peasantry. Thanks to the work of the Konyagas, grain is harvested in the endless fields of the country. But he has neither rights nor freedom. His lot is endless hard labor.

A generalized image of the Russian peasant is also present in the work “The Wild Landowner”. One of the most striking images in Russian literature of the 19th century is the simple, humble worker - a character who can so often be met while reading short tales by Saltykov-Shchedrin. The list should be supplemented with the following works:

1. "Idle talk."
2. "Village Fire"
3. "The petitioner raven."
4. "Christmas tale".
5. "Eagle Patron".

Saltykov-Shchedrin (pseudonym - N. Shchedrin) Mikhail Evgrafovich- Russian satirist writer.

Born in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province, into an old noble family. His childhood years were spent on his father's family estate in "... the years... of the very height of serfdom", in one of the remote corners of "Poshekhonye". Observations of this life will subsequently be reflected in the writer’s books.

Having received a good education at home, Saltykov at the age of 10 was accepted as a boarder at the Moscow Noble Institute, where he spent two years, then in 1838 he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Here he began to write poetry, having been greatly influenced by the articles of Belinsky and Herzen, and the works of Gogol.

In 1844, after graduating from the Lyceum, he served as an official in the office of the War Ministry. “...Everywhere there is duty, everywhere there is coercion, everywhere there is boredom and lies...” - this is how he described bureaucratic Petersburg. Another life was more attractive to Saltykov: communication with writers, visiting Petrashevsky’s “Fridays,” where philosophers, scientists, writers, and military men gathered, united by anti-serfdom sentiments and the search for the ideals of a just society.

Saltykov’s first stories “Contradictions” (1847), “A Confused Affair” (1848), with their acute social problems, attracted the attention of the authorities, frightened by the French Revolution of 1848. The writer was exiled to Vyatka for “... a harmful way of thinking and a destructive desire to spread ideas that have already shaken the whole of Western Europe...". For eight years he lived in Vyatka, where in 1850 he was appointed to the position of adviser to the provincial government. This made it possible to often go on business trips and observe the bureaucratic world and peasant life. The impressions of these years will influence the satirical direction of the writer’s work.

At the end of 1855, after the death of Nicholas I, having received the right to “live wherever he wishes,” he returned to St. Petersburg and resumed his literary work. In 1856 - 1857, “Provincial Sketches” were written, published on behalf of the “court adviser N. Shchedrin,” who became known throughout reading Russia, which named him Gogol’s heir.

At this time, he married the 17-year-old daughter of the Vyatka vice-governor, E. Boltina. Saltykov sought to combine the work of a writer with public service. In 1856 - 1858 he was an official of special assignments in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where work on preparing the peasant reform was concentrated.

In 1858 - 1862 he served as vice-governor in Ryazan, then in Tver. I always tried to surround myself at my place of work with honest, young and educated people, firing bribe-takers and thieves.

During these years, stories and essays appeared (“Innocent Stories”, 1857㬻 “Satires in Prose”, 1859 - 62), as well as articles on the peasant question.

In 1862, the writer retired, moved to St. Petersburg and, at the invitation of Nekrasov, joined the editorial staff of the Sovremennik magazine, which at that time was experiencing enormous difficulties (Dobrolyubov died, Chernyshevsky was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress). Saltykov took on a huge amount of writing and editing work. But he paid most attention to the monthly review “Our Social Life,” which became a monument to Russian journalism of the 1860s.

In 1864 Saltykov left the editorial office of Sovremennik. The reason was internal disagreements on the tactics of social struggle in the new conditions. He returned to government service.

In 1865 - 1868 he headed the State Chambers in Penza, Tula, Ryazan; observations of the life of these cities formed the basis of “Letters about the Province” (1869). The frequent change of duty stations is explained by conflicts with the heads of the provinces, at whom the writer “laughed” in grotesque pamphlets. After a complaint from the Ryazan governor, Saltykov was dismissed in 1868 with the rank of full state councilor. He moved to St. Petersburg and accepted N. Nekrasov’s invitation to become co-editor of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, where he worked from 1868 to 1884. Saltykov now switched entirely to literary activity. In 1869 he wrote “The History of a City” - the pinnacle of his satirical art.

In 1875 - 1876 he was treated abroad, visiting Western European countries in different years of his life. In Paris he met with Turgenev, Flaubert, Zola.

In the 1880s, Saltykov's satire reached its climax in its anger and grotesquery: "Modern Idyll" (1877 - 83); "Messrs. Golovlevs" (1880); "Poshekhonsky stories" (1883㭐).

In 1884, the journal Otechestvennye zapiski was closed, after which Saltykov was forced to publish in the journal Vestnik Evropy.

In the last years of his life, the writer created his masterpieces: “Fairy Tales” (1882 - 86); "Little things in life" (1886 - 87); autobiographical novel "Poshekhon Antiquity" (1887 - 89).

A few days before his death, he wrote the first pages of a new work, “Forgotten Words,” where he wanted to remind the “motley people” of the 1880s about the words they had lost: “conscience, fatherland, humanity... others are still out there...”.

M. Saltykov-Shchedrin died in St. Petersburg.

Saltykov-Shchedrin (pseudonym - N. Shchedrin) Mikhail Evgrafovich (1826 - 1889), prose writer.

Born on January 15 (27 NS) in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province, into an old noble family. His childhood years were spent on his father's family estate in "... the years... of the very height of serfdom", in one of the remote corners of "Poshekhonye". Observations of this life will subsequently be reflected in the writer’s books.

Having received a good education at home, Saltykov at the age of 10 was accepted as a boarder at the Moscow Noble Institute, where he spent two years, then in 1838 he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Here he began to write poetry, having been greatly influenced by the articles of Belinsky and Herzen, and the works of Gogol.

In 1844, after graduating from the Lyceum, he served as an official in the office of the War Ministry. “...Everywhere there is duty, everywhere there is coercion, everywhere there is boredom and lies...” - this is how he described bureaucratic Petersburg. Another life was more attractive to Saltykov: communication with writers, visiting Petrashevsky’s “Fridays,” where philosophers, scientists, writers, and military men gathered, united by anti-serfdom sentiments and the search for the ideals of a just society.

Saltykov’s first stories “Contradictions” (1847), “A Confused Affair” (1848), with their acute social problems, attracted the attention of the authorities, frightened by the French Revolution of 1848. The writer was exiled to Vyatka for “... a harmful way of thinking and a destructive desire to spread ideas that have already shaken the whole of Western Europe...". For eight years he lived in Vyatka, where in 1850 he was appointed to the position of adviser to the provincial government. This made it possible to often go on business trips and observe the bureaucratic world and peasant life. The impressions of these years will influence the satirical direction of the writer’s work.

At the end of 1855, after the death of Nicholas I, having received the right to “live wherever he wishes,” he returned to St. Petersburg and resumed his literary work. In 1856 - 1857, “Provincial Sketches” were written, published on behalf of the “court adviser N. Shchedrin,” who became known throughout reading Russia, which named him Gogol’s heir.

At this time, he married the 17-year-old daughter of the Vyatka vice-governor, E. Boltina. Saltykov sought to combine the work of a writer with public service. In 1856 - 1858 he was an official of special assignments in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where work on preparing the peasant reform was concentrated.

In 1858 - 1862 he served as vice-governor in Ryazan, then in Tver. I always tried to surround myself at my place of work with honest, young and educated people, firing bribe-takers and thieves.

During these years, stories and essays appeared (“Innocent Stories”, 1857㬻 “Satires in Prose”, 1859 - 62), as well as articles on the peasant question.

In 1862, the writer retired, moved to St. Petersburg and, at the invitation of Nekrasov, joined the editorial staff of the Sovremennik magazine, which at that time was experiencing enormous difficulties (Dobrolyubov died, Chernyshevsky was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress). Saltykov took on a huge amount of writing and editing work. But he paid most attention to the monthly review “Our Social Life,” which became a monument to Russian journalism of the 1860s.

In 1864 Saltykov left the editorial office of Sovremennik. The reason was internal disagreements on the tactics of social struggle in the new conditions. He returned to government service.

In 1865 - 1868 he headed the State Chambers in Penza, Tula, Ryazan; observations of the life of these cities formed the basis of “Letters about the Province” (1869). The frequent change of duty stations is explained by conflicts with the heads of the provinces, at whom the writer “laughed” in grotesque pamphlets. After a complaint from the Ryazan governor, Saltykov was dismissed in 1868 with the rank of full state councilor. He moved to St. Petersburg and accepted N. Nekrasov’s invitation to become co-editor of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, where he worked from 1868 to 1884. Saltykov now switched entirely to literary activity. In 1869 he wrote “The History of a City” - the pinnacle of his satirical art.

In 1875 - 1876 he was treated abroad, visiting Western European countries in different years of his life. In Paris he met with Turgenev, Flaubert, Zola.

In the 1880s, Saltykov's satire reached its climax in its anger and grotesquery: "Modern Idyll" (1877 - 83); "Messrs. Golovlevs" (1880); "Poshekhonsky stories" (1883㭐).

In 1884, the journal Otechestvennye zapiski was closed, after which Saltykov was forced to publish in the journal Vestnik Evropy.

In the last years of his life, the writer created his masterpieces: “Fairy Tales” (1882 - 86); "Little things in life" (1886 - 87); autobiographical novel "Poshekhon Antiquity" (1887 - 89).

A few days before his death, he wrote the first pages of a new work, “Forgotten Words,” where he wanted to remind the “motley people” of the 1880s about the words they had lost: “conscience, fatherland, humanity... others are still out there...”.

Nikolai Shchedrin - pseudonym, real name - Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov; Russian Empire, Tver province, village of Spas-Ugol; 01/15/1826 – 04/28/1889

The books of Saltykov-Shchedrin are known far beyond the borders of our country. Mikhail Evgrafovich is rightfully considered one of the classics of Russian literature, and his contribution to world literature is difficult to overestimate. The works of Saltykov-Shchedrin have been translated into many languages ​​of the world, and in our country many of the writer’s works are included in the school curriculum.

Biography of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov was born on January 15, 1826 in the family of nobleman Evgraf Vasilyevich. He was the sixth child in the family. The family lived on the Spas-Ugol estate in Kolyazinsky district. It was here that the boy received his first education. Initially, his father's serf was his teacher, then his elder sister, then a priest, then a governess, and finally a student at a theological seminary, took care of his upbringing. Until in 1836 he entered the Moscow Noble Institute. For diligent study, after two years he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. It was here that Saltykov-Shchedrin took his first steps in literature. He wrote mostly poetry, often of a “disapproving nature.” But later he realized that poetry was not his thing. In 1844 he graduated from the Lyceum with the rank of second class. Moreover, out of 22 two students who began to study with him, only five were able to do this.

In August 1945, Mikhail Saltykov was enrolled in the office of the War Ministry. But he was able to get a full-time position as an assistant secretary only two years later. But in literature he was much better. His bibliographic notes are published by the Sovremennik magazine; in 1847, Saltykov-Shchedrin’s first story, “Contradictions,” was published, and literally six months later, “Tangled History.” Written under the influence, the story “Tangled” fell out of favor with the authorities. As a result, in 1848 the writer was exiled to Vyatka.

In Vyatka, Saltykov-Shchedrin worked in the office and even headed it several times. The exile ended only in 1855. And already in 1856 he was sent by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to check office work in the Tver and Vladimir provinces. Around the same time, he began to publish in the Russian Messenger. His “Provincial Sketches” become very popular, and were even republished several times as a complete collection of works. In 1858, the writer was appointed vice-governor of Ryazan, and two years later to Tver. At this time, he was published in almost all famous magazines. But, starting from 1860, almost all of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin’s works were published in Sovremennik. The writer himself, like the magazine, begins to experience oppression. Therefore, Mikhail Evrgafovich is transferred to serve in the treasury chamber.

With the transition of Otechestvennye Zapiski to the editorship, Saltykov-Shchedrin becomes one of the most active employees. In 1868, he completely switched to working for the magazine. At first he was one of the employees, and after Nekrasov’s death he took his place as editor. This period is rightfully considered one of the most fruitful in the writer’s work. It was during this period that Saltykov-Shchedrin’s books “The History of a City”, “Well-Intentioned Speeches”, “Lord Golovlevs”, as well as most of the writer’s fairy tales were published. Mikhail Evgrafovich devoted himself completely to his work. Partly because of this, his health began to deteriorate in the mid-70s. The ban on Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1884 was truly a huge blow for him. By inertia, he continued to write and these later works were in no way inferior to his earlier works, but without communication with the reader he faded away. Saltykov-Shchedrin died in 1889. And according to his own will, he was buried next to the grave.

Books by Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin on the Top books website

Saltykov-Shchedrin’s books have been popular to read at all times. It is not for nothing that many of them are presented in ours, and they occupy far from the last places there. At the same time, a separate element should be noted the fairy tales of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, which are still in demand and relevant to this day. It is not for nothing that many of them are presented in ours, as well. And given the presence of the writer’s works in the school curriculum, we are yet to see Saltykov-Shchedrin’s works in the ratings of our website.

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin list of books

Novels:

1. Messrs. Golovlevs
2. Poshekhonskaya antiquity
3. Monrepos Asylum

Essays:

1. Well-Intentioned Speeches
2. In a mental hospital
3. Lord Molchalin
4. Gentlemen of Tashkent
5. Provincial essays
6. Diary of a provincial in St. Petersburg
7. Abroad
8. Innocent stories
9. Letters to Auntie
10. Pompadours and pompadours
11. Satires in prose
12. Modern idyll

Fairy tales:

1. Ram-Nepomnyashchy
2. Poor wolf
3. Bogatyr
4. Faithful Trezor
5. Raven petitioner
6. Dried roach
7. Village fire
8. Virtues and Vices
9. Fool
10. Sane Hare
11. Toy business people
12. Crucian idealist
13. Kissel
14. Horse
15. Liberal
16. Bear in the province
17. Unsleeping Eye
18. The deceiving newspaperman and the gullible reader
19. Eagle Patron
20. Idle talk
21. Adventure with Kramolnikov
22. Conscience gone
23. By the way
24. Christmas tale
25. Selfless hare
26. The Tale of a Zealous Boss
27. Neighbours
28. Christ's night

Stories:

1. Anniversary
2. kind soul
3. Spoiled Children
4. Death of Pazukhin
5. Neighbours
6. Chizhikovo Mountain

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826 - 1889) - famous writer and satirist.

The famous satirist Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov (pseud. N. Shchedrin) was born on January 15 (27), 1826 in the village. Spas-Ugol, Kalyazinsky district, Tver province. He comes from an old noble family, a merchant family on his mother’s side.

Under the influence of socialist ideas, he came to a complete rejection of the landowner way of life, bourgeois relations and autocracy. The writer's first major publication was "Provincial Sketches" (1856-1857), published on behalf of the "court adviser N. Shchedrin."

After a decisive rapprochement with the Social Democrats in the early 1860s. was forced in 1868 to temporarily withdraw from large-scale activities in the editorial office of the Sovremennik magazine due to the crisis of the democratic camp; from November 1864 to June 1868 he was engaged in provincial administrative activities successively in Penza, Tula and Ryazan.

He served in Tula from December 29, 1866 to October 13, 1867 as manager of the Tula Treasury Chamber.

The peculiar features of Saltykov’s character, which he displayed during the leadership of an important government agency in Tula, the most expressive features of his personality were captured by the Tula official I. M. Mikhailov, who served under him, in an article published in the Historical Bulletin in 1902. At an administrative post in Tula, Saltykov energetically and in his own way fought against bureaucracy, bribery, embezzlement, stood for the interests of the lower Tula social strata: peasants, artisans, petty officials.

In Tula, Saltykov wrote a pamphlet on Governor Shidlovsky, “The Governor with a Stuffed Head.”

Saltykov’s activities in Tula ended with his removal from the city due to acute conflict relations with the provincial authorities.

In 1868, this “restless man” was finally dismissed by order of Emperor Alexander II as “an official imbued with ideas that do not agree with the types of state benefits.”

Continuing his writing career, Saltykov opened the 1870s with the work “The History of a City,” where, according to Tula local historians, the portrait description of the mayor Pyshch contains living features of Governor Shidlovsky.

Tula and Aleksin are mentioned by Saltykov in his works “Diary of a Provincial in St. Petersburg” and “How One Man Fed Two Generals.” Saltykov apparently relied on Tula practical experience in one of his “Letters from the Province.” However, local historians agree that it is difficult to take into account with documentary accuracy which other Shchedrin works reflected Tula impressions.

Saltykov-Shchedrin's stay in Tula is marked by a memorial plaque on the building of the former state chamber (Lenin Ave., 43). Documents about the writer’s professional activities are stored in the State Archive of the Tula Region. Tula artist Yu. Vorogushin created eight etchings and illustrations for “The History of a City” in memory of the satirist.