A collection of ideal social studies essays. We crossed the river on an unsteady raft (1) made of three tied logs (2) and went to the right (3) keeping (4) closer to the shore. We will give examples of the definition of means of communication in a short text

Among sentences 22–26, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a coordinating conjunction and lexical repetitions.

Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

(1) Let's, dear reader, think about whether a fairy tale is something far from us and how much we need it. (2) We make a kind of pilgrimage to magical, desired and beautiful lands, reading or listening to fairy tales. (3) What do people bring from these regions? (4) What draws them there? (5) What does a person ask a fairy tale about and what exactly does it answer him? (6) Man always asked a fairy tale about what all people, from century to century, will always ask about, about what is important and necessary for all of us. (7) First of all, about happiness. (8) Does it come on its own in life or does it have to be obtained? (9) Are labors, trials, dangers and exploits really necessary? (10) What is a person’s happiness? (11) Are you rich? (12) Or, perhaps, in kindness and righteousness?

(13) What is fate? (14) Is it really impossible to overcome it and a person can only sit obediently and wait for the weather by the sea? (15) And the fairy tale generously suggests how a person should be at the crossroads of life and in the depths of life’s forest, in trouble and misfortune.

(16) What is more important - the outer shell or invisible beauty? (17) How to recognize, how to smell the beautiful soul of a monster and the ugly soul of a beauty?

(18) And finally, is it true that only the possible is possible, and the impossible is really impossible? (19) Aren’t there possibilities hidden in the things and souls around us that not everyone dares to talk about?

(20) This is what a person, and especially a Russian person, asks about in his fairy tale. (21) And the fairy tale answers not about what is not and does not happen, but about what now exists and will always be. (22) After all, a fairy tale is the answer of an antiquity that has experienced everything to the questions of a child’s soul entering the world. (23) Here, wise antiquity blesses Russian infancy for the difficult life it has not yet experienced, contemplating from the depths of its national experience the difficulties of life’s path.

(24) All people are divided into people living with a fairy tale and people living without a fairy tale. (25) And people living with a fairy tale have the gift and happiness... to ask their people about the first and last wisdom of life and with an open soul to listen to the answers of its original, prehistoric philosophy. (26) Such people live as if in harmony with their national fairy tale. (27) And it is good for us if we preserve an eternal child in our souls, that is, we know how to both ask and listen to the voice of our fairy tale.

(according to I.A. Ilyin*)

*Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin(1883–1954) – Russian philosopher, writer and publicist.

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) A fairy tale tells a person what to do in difficult life circumstances. Confirmed #15

2) In fairy tales, behind an ugly appearance there is certainly a beautiful soul hidden, and behind external beauty there is inner ugliness. There is no such thought

3) Modern people who believe in fairy tales evoke a sense of surprise among those around them. There is no such thought

4) A fairy tale can provide answers to a variety of questions that a person faces on his life’s path. Partially confirmed #22

5) All people, both adults and children, have encountered a fairy tale in life, but in the process of growing up, the ability to listen and hear a fairy tale disappears. There is no such thought

Answer: 14

Answer: 14

Which of the following statements are faithful? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

1) Sentences 1–2 present the narrative. - Incorrect, in these sentences the reasoning

2) Sentence 7 explains and clarifies the content of sentence 6. Right

3) Sentences 13–14 present the reasoning. Right

4) Proposition 20 indicates the reason for what is said in sentences 18–19. No cause and effect relationship

5) Proposition 27 contains a conclusion, a consequence of what is said in sentences 25–26. Right.

Answer: 235.

Answer: 235

Relevance: Current academic year

From sentences 13–15, write down synonyms (synonymous pair).

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Synonymous are the nouns “trouble” and misfortune

The developer provided only the initial form of the words. The form from the proposal has been added to the response.

Answer: trouble misfortune | trouble misfortune

Answer: misfortune|misfortune|misfortune|misfortune

Relevance: Current academic year

1.Epithet

adjectives:

sad orphaned land(F.I. Tyutchev), (I.A. Bunin).

-nouns (M. Gorky);

-adverbs alone tensely

-participles: waves rush thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns

which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-: Nightingales with words rumbling not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison

The villages are burning, they have no protection.

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Nightingale vagrant Youth flew by,

Wave

greener sea ​​and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Like a predatory beast, to the humble abode

On the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

Golden leaves swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond,

Like a light flock of butterflies

3.Metaphor and etc.

1) general language(“erased”):

2) artistic

And the stars fade diamond thrill

IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

AND blue, bottomless eyes

Metaphor happens not just single

4. Personification

. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy

He doomed to swords and fires(A.S. Pushkin);

(A. S. Griboyedov);

The city was noisy

6. Synecdoche a type of metonymy

From part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Periphrase, or periphrasis

8.Hyperbole (N.V. Gogol)

thirty five thousands

9. Litota less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

and from the nails myself!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony (I. A. Krylov)

find in task 22!

11. Synonyms eyes(neutral) - eyes

12. Antonyms

Lies happen good or evil,

Lies happen dexterous and awkward,

Prudent and reckless,

Intoxicating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms

);

).

dismissive: upstart, hustler; contemptuous: dunce, crammer, scribbling; abusive/

); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

);

);

party, frills, cool; computer: ; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; criminal jargon: bro, raspberry);

boyar, oprichnina, horse-drawn horse forehead - forehead, sail - sail blog, slogan, teenager).

16.Rhetorical question

.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17.Rhetorical exclamation

That was on the morning of our years -

Alas!

18.Rhetorical appeal

My friends!

Mute! (K. D. Balmont)

anaphora, epiphora and pickup.

Anaphora

Lazy the hazy noon breathes,

Lazy the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

Epiphora

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanely.

What is a day or an age?

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanely(A. A. Fet);

joy!

joy!

joy!(A.I. Solzhenitsyn)

Pickup

He fell down on the cold snow,

I was a ringing string for you,

I was your blooming spring,

But you didn't want flowers

21. Inversion

dungeon dank great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Hours of monotonous battle(monotonous clock strike);

22.Parcellation (R. Rozhdestvensky); And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union when omitting conjunctions

When multi-union

But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson

24.Period

(A.S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes,

Yesterday I was sitting before the birds,

All larks these days are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive, but I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

26.Gradation Increasing gradation

(A. A. Blok);

Glowed, burned, shone

Descending gradation

He brought mortal resin

27.Oxymoron sweet torment

Eat joyful melancholy

But their ugly beauty

28. Allegory Foxes and wolves must win(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default

-exclamation sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences

Among sentences 18–23, find one that is connected to the previous one using a coordinating conjunction and word forms.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Let's consider the connection between sentences.

(20) This is what a person, and especially a Russian person, asks his fairy tale.

(21)AND fairy tale answers not about what is not and does not happen, but about what now is and always will be.

Answer: 21

Answer: 21

Relevance: Current academic year

Rule: Task 25.

MEANS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT

Or:

Example words:

Water was clean and transparent. Waves

2. Generic words.

Example words: and so on.

Example sentences: It was still growing under the window birch tree...

Field daisies flower.

3 Lexical repetition

forest and science shore has different forms.

sea.

Whole sea!

It was scary it was scary.

values life. (16) 0 values

note:

4 Similar words

Example words:

Example sentences: I'm lucky be born birth unremarkable.

break gap

5 Synonyms

Example words:

Example sentences: In parting she said that will miss you. I knew that too I'll be sad

Joy Jubilation

Same

6 Contextual synonyms

Example words:

Example sentences: Kitty poor guy

I guessed that she student. Young woman

7 Antonyms

Example words:

Example sentences: laughter. But tears

Her words were hot and burned. Eyes chilled

8 Contextual antonyms

Example words:

Example sentences: On work this man was gray with the mouse. At home woke up in it a lion.

Ripe green

1. Pronoun

What you need to know:

2) returnable (self);

also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work),their (merit).

5) definitive

Do not forget that

I And her. Which one is the one paperclip I, what it is replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun? her? Word " school her.

they are somehow mine. They They.

2. Adverb

Time and space: and the like.

Example sentences: We got to work. At the beginning After note parallel connection.

Around Near The clouds floated with us.

Demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs): and the like.

Example sentences: Last summer I was on vacation. From there

So

It is possible to use other categories of adverbs school and university nowhere

3. Union

:

Example sentences: But

It's always been like this... Or that's how it seemed to me..

because, so

Example sentences: I was in complete despair... For

So

4. Particles

Particle Communication

Particles

Example sentences: After all .

Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only

Even Here

5. Word forms

Communication using word form

• if this
• If
• if depending on the category
• If

Example sentences: Noise noise I felt uneasy.

I knew my son captain. With myself captain

note

Information for teachers.

personal pronoun "He"(Yartsev).

word forms "forester"

word forms ().

personal pronoun "he"(Berg).

23.3 Syntactic means.

Introductory words

He was hired. Unfortunately On the one side

her, which replaces the name Masha in sentence 1.

she her

Same, introductory word it seemed didn't insist on getting to know each other And didn't try to get closer.

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20–23.

This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the numbers of the terms from the list. Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.

Write down the sequence of numbers without spaces, commas or other additional characters.

“In the proposed text I.A. Ilyin talks to the reader about a fairy tale - about that very fairy tale where miracles, magic, goodness and justice live. The author gives his own assessment of this genre and invites us to pleasant, but at the same time serious reflection. The subject matter of the text determines the form: Ilyin’s reasoning is very simple and pathetic at the same time, a high degree of emotionality is maintained throughout the entire fragment. A number of means of expression contribute to the embodiment of the author’s plan. In syntax, these are, for example, (A)________ (sentences 7, 11, 12) and (B) __________(sentences 2, 25). The vocabulary repeatedly uses (B) ________ (“wait by the sea for weather”, “with an open soul”), successfully connecting with bright paths, among which we note, in particular, (D) ___________ (sentence 15). All together this gives the feeling of a living text that makes you think about a lot.”

List of terms:

1) phraseological units

2) antithesis

3) incomplete sentences

4) metaphor

5) series of homogeneous members of the sentence

6) exclamatory sentences

7) lexical repetition

8) hyperbole

9) anaphora

Explanation (see also Rule below).

“In the proposed text I.A. Ilyin talks to the reader about a fairy tale - about that very fairy tale where miracles, magic, goodness and justice live. The author gives his own assessment of this genre and invites us to pleasant, but at the same time serious reflection. The subject matter of the text determines the form: Ilyin’s reasoning is very simple and pathetic at the same time, a high degree of emotionality is maintained throughout the entire fragment. A number of means of expression contribute to the embodiment of the author’s plan. In syntax this is, for example, (A) incomplete sentences(sentences 7, 11, 12) and (B) rows of homogeneous members(sentences 2, 25). Used repeatedly in vocabulary (B) phraseological units(“wait by the sea for weather”, “with an open soul”), safely connecting with bright paths, among which we note, in particular, (D) metaphor(sentence 15). All together this gives the feeling of a living text that makes you think about a lot.”

List of terms:

1) phraseological units B

3) incomplete sentences A

4) metaphor G

5) series of homogeneous members of sentence B

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Answer: 3514.

Answer: 3514

Relevance: Current academic year

Difficulty: hard

Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression

ANALYSIS OF MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing correspondence between the gaps indicated by letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write matches only in the order in which the letters appear in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put “0” in place of this number. You can get from 1 to 4 points for the task.

When completing task 26, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with the omissions, etc. It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; secondly, figures of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 TROPIC WORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A FIGUREABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSIVENESS. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.

Note: The assignment usually states that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks an essential feature for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. The epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

Epithets include all “colorful” definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphaned land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I.A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative characteristic of the subject: winter sorceress; mother is the damp earth; The poet is a lyre, and not just the nanny of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs, acting as circumstances: In the wild north stands alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tensely stretched in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-participles: waves rush thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns, expressing the superlative degree of a particular state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, still which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participial phrases: Nightingales in vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of... greyhound writers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in their language except the words not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binary: it names both compared objects (phenomena, characteristics, actions).

The villages are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

Instrumental case form of nouns:

Nightingale vagrant Youth flew by,

Wave in bad weather Joy fades away (A.V. Koltsov)

Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea ​​and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative phrases with conjunctions like, as if, as if, etc.:

Like a predatory beast, to the humble abode

The winner breaks in with bayonets... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using the words similar, similar, this is:

On the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

Using comparative clauses:

Golden leaves swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond,

Like a light flock of butterflies

Flies breathlessly towards a star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason. Unlike a comparison, which contains both what is being compared and what is being compared with, a metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness in the use of the word. A metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups:

1) general language(“erased”): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, moving mountains, strings of the soul, love has faded;

2) artistic(individual author’s, poetic):

And the stars fade diamond thrill

IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

AND blue, bottomless eyes

They bloom on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not just single: it can develop in the text, forming entire chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, a complete artistic image.

4. Personification- this is a type of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through the sleepy valleys, the sleepy mists lay down, And only the sound of a horse's tramp is lost in the distance. The autumn day has faded, turning pale, with the fragrant leaves curled up, and the half-withered flowers are enjoying dreamless sleep.. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(translated from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of connection:

Between action and the instrument of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed to swords and fires(A.S. Pushkin);

Between an object and the material from which the object is made: ... or on silver, I ate on gold(A. S. Griboyedov);

Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) - this a type of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. Most often, transfer occurs:

From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not come... (A.S. Pushkin);

From part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Periphrase, or periphrasis(translated from Greek - a descriptive expression) is a phrase that is used instead of any word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - “Peter’s Creation”, “Beauty and Wonder of the Full Countries”, “The City of Petrov”; A. A. Blok in the poems of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.

8.Hyperbole(translated from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N.V. Gogol)

And at that very moment there were couriers, couriers, couriers on the streets... can you imagine, thirty five thousands only couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

And walking importantly, in decorous calm, the horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in large boots, in a short sheepskin coat, in large mittens... and from the nails myself!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Why, smart one, are you delirious, head?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 “NON-SPECIAL” LEXICAL VISUATIVE AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF LANGUAGE

Note: In assignments it is sometimes indicated that this is a lexical device. Typically, in a review of task 24, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as a single word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these are the products most often needed find in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but identical or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lie, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive capabilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Lies happen good or evil,

Compassionate or merciless,

Lies happen dexterous and awkward,

Prudent and reckless,

Intoxicating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseologisms (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in ready-made form, in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their constituent components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, bone of contention), have great expressive capabilities. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, sword of Damocles, Achilles heel);

2) the classification of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of linguistic means with a positive emotional-expressive connotation ( to store like the apple of your eye - trade.) or with a negative emotional-expressive coloring (without the king in the head - disapproved, small fry - disdained, worthless - despised.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotional-expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional-expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Slavonicisms): inspiration, future, fatherland, aspirations, hidden, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, enchantment, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, brave; endearments: sunshine, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: speculation, bickering, nonsense; dismissive: upstart, hustler; contemptuous: dunce, crammer, scribbling; abusive/

2) functionally and stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

b) colloquial (everyday): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Vocabulary of limited use

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:

Dialectal vocabulary (words that are used by residents of a particular area: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic connotation: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: beggar, drunkard, cracker, trash talker);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);

Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of youth slang: party, frills, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; criminal jargon: bro, raspberry);

The vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they denote: boyar, oprichnina, horse-drawn horse; archaisms are outdated words naming objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: forehead - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).

26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC DEVICES based on special combinations of words that go beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and figurativeness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format indicating these means: they are called syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expressiveness, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

16.Rhetorical question is a figure that contains a statement in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer; it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, and to attract the reader’s attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He who comprehended people from a young age?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17.Rhetorical exclamation is a figure that contains a statement in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings in a message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:

That was on the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! oh sunshine! O fresh spirit of birch. (A.K. Tolstoy);

Alas! The proud country bowed to the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18.Rhetorical appeal- this is a stylistic figure consisting of an emphasized appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathosity of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like the soul, is uncontrollable and eternal (A.S. Pushkin);

Oh, deep night! Oh, cold autumn! Mute! (K. D. Balmont)

19.Repetition (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to attract special attention to them.

Types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and pickup.

Anaphora(translated from Greek - ascent, rise), or unity of beginning, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Lazy the hazy noon breathes,

Lazy the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

Clouds are melting lazily (F.I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(translated from Greek - addition, final sentence of a period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanely.

What is a day or an age?

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the film is good in the club - joy!

A two-volume edition of Paustovsky was brought to the bookstore. joy!(A.I. Solzhenitsyn)

Pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:

He fell down on the cold snow,

On the cold snow, like a pine tree,

Like a pine tree in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking next to) - identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, poetic lines, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look at the future with fear,

I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was a ringing string for you,

I was your blooming spring,

But you didn't want flowers

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country is for business, but business is for the country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(translated from Greek - rearrangement, inversion) is a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), giving the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition comes after the word being defined: I’m sitting behind bars in dungeon dank(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there were no swells running through this sea; the stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns come before the word to which they relate: Hours of monotonous battle(monotonous clock strike);

22.Parcellation(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonational and semantic units - phrases. At the point where the sentence is divided, a period, exclamation and question marks, and an ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Scary. Long. Ratnym. The rifle regiment was defeated. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why isn't anyone outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important areas of society! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); The state needs to remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on deliberate omission, or, conversely, deliberate repetition of conjunctions. In the first case, when omitting conjunctions, speech becomes condensed, compact, and dynamic. The actions and events depicted here quickly, instantly unfold, replacing each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts.

Drumming, clicks, grinding.

The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When multi-union speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and repeated conjunctions highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:

But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I grow... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of topic and intonational division into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) occurs with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a significant pause separating it, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:

If I wanted to limit my life to the home circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a husband, / If I were captivated by the family picture for even a single moment, then it’s true that I wouldn’t look for another bride besides you. (A.S. Pushkin)

25.Antithesis or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) is a turn in which opposing concepts, positions, images are sharply contrasted. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general linguistic and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet(A.S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes,

And now everything is looking sideways,

Yesterday I was sitting before the birds,

All larks these days are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive, but I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

“My dear, what have I done to you?” (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26.Gradation(in translation from Latin - gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a characteristic. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and impact of the text:

I called you, but you didn’t look back, I shed tears, but you didn’t condescend(A. A. Blok);

Glowed, burned, shone huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Descending gradation is used less frequently and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought mortal resin

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A.S. Pushkin)

27.Oxymoron(translated from Greek - witty-stupid) is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, usually contradicting each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence and so on.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and the speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);

Eat joyful melancholy in the red of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory– allegory, transmission of an abstract concept through a concrete image: Foxes and wolves must win(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the emotion of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was unspoken: But I wanted... Perhaps you...

In addition to the above syntactic means of expressiveness, the tests also contain the following:

-exclamation sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-and-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences– sentences in which any member is missing that is necessary for completeness of structure and meaning. Missing sentence members can be restored and contextualized.

Including ellipsis, that is, omission of the predicate.

These concepts are covered in the school syntax course. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.

Anastasia Yarmolinskaya 05.10.2017 20:28

“The fairy tale suggests” is a personification, not a metaphor.

Tatiana Statsenko

Personification is a type of metaphor. The answer is correct.

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them.

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any comments, then such work is graded 0 points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

(1)One day, starlings flew to my watch during an October, autumn, stormy day.(2) We rushed in the night from the shores of Iceland to Norway. (3) On a ship illuminated by powerful lights. (4) And in this foggy world tired constellations arose...

(5) I walked out of the wheelhouse onto the wing of the bridge. (6) The wind, rain and night immediately became loud. (7) I raised the binoculars to my eyes. (8) The white superstructures of the ship, rescue whaleboats, covers dark from the rain and birds - wet lumps fluffed up by the wind - swayed in the glass. (9) They rushed between the antennas and tried to hide from the wind behind the pipe.

(10) These small, fearless birds chose the deck of our ship as a temporary shelter on their long journey to the south. (eleven) Of course, I remembered Savrasov: rooks, spring, there is still snow, and the trees have woken up. (12) And in general I remembered everything that happens around us and what happens inside our souls when the Russian spring comes and the rooks and starlings fly in. (13) You can’t describe it. (14) This brings me back to childhood. (15) And this is connected not only with the joy of the awakening of nature, but also with a deep feeling of the homeland, Russia.

(16) And let them scold our Russian artists for their old-fashioned and literary subjects. (17) Behind the names of Savrasov, Levitan, Serov, Korovin, Kustodiev lies not only the eternal joy of life in art. (18) It is Russian joy that is hidden, with all its tenderness, modesty and depth. (19) And just as the Russian song is simple, so is the painting.

(20) And in our complex age, when the art of the world painfully searches for general truths, when the complexity of life necessitates the most complex analysis of the psyche of an individual person and the most complex analysis of the life of society - in our age, artists are even more One should not forget about one simple function of art - to awaken and illuminate a sense of homeland in a fellow tribesman.

(21) Let our landscape painters not be known abroad. (22) In order not to pass by Serov, you have to be Russian. (23) Art is art when it evokes in a person a feeling of happiness, albeit fleeting.(24) And we are designed in such a way that the most piercing happiness arises in us when we feel love for Russia. (25) I don’t know if other nations have such an indissoluble connection between aesthetic sensation and the feeling of homeland...

(According to V. Konetsky)

Composition

Who among us does not remember Shishkin’s landscape “Rye”, was not amazed at the tenderness of the colors of Levitan’s “Golden Autumn”, did not stop in admiration for the majestic and at the same time touching columns of birch trunks of “Kuindzhi’s Birch Grove”? Russian landscape artists sang the beauty of discreet Russian nature, the simplicity of rural landscapes, and the vast expanses of Russia. V. Konetsky is trying to resolve the question: what is the purpose of art, or more precisely, why are the landscapes of Savrasov, Levitan, Serov, Korovin, Kustodiev, and the great Russian landscape painters so close and understandable to us, Russian people.

The reason for serious reflection by the author was an episode when one day, while on watch at sea, starlings flew onto a ship. Small fearless birds immediately reminded me of Savrasov’s landscape: “...rooks, spring, there is still snow, and the trees have woken up.” V. Konetsky realizes that this meeting and the memories inspired by it are associated not only with the joy of the awakening of nature, but also with a deep feeling of the homeland, Russia. He emphasizes how important it is in our difficult age to “awaken and illuminate a sense of homeland in a fellow tribesman.”

V. Konetsky clearly defines his vision of the problem of the purpose of art for the Russian people: “Art is then art when it evokes in a person a feeling of happiness, albeit fleeting. And we are designed in such a way that the most piercing happiness arises in us when we feel love for Russia.” F The function of art is to awaken and illuminate a sense of homeland in a fellow tribesman.

Of course, it is impossible to disagree with the author’s point of view. Our small homeland is dearest to each of us; I was probably struck by the landscapes of the Honored Artist of Russia P. M. Grechishkin, our Stavropol landscape painter. I am happy that I was able to visit the Grechishkin Art Gallery, see the landscapes of my native Caucasus, Stavropol, our entire vast Motherland...

Confirmation of V. Konetsky’s conclusions can also be found in fiction. Thus, in one of the episodes of A.P. Chekhov’s story “Three Years” it is said that for a woman who was accustomed to seeing the purpose of art as objects and people looking like real things, something else suddenly opened up. She saw a landscape with a river, a log bridge, a path, a forest and a fire; there was nothing unusual in it, but for a moment the true purpose of art was revealed to her: to awaken in us special feelings, thoughts, experiences, the opportunity to come into contact with our homeland.

And in B. Ekimov’s story “Music of the Old House” there are also reflections on the role of art in human life. The author recalls how first classical music, and then Russian landscape painting, entered his life. Music helped him hear the unknown music of life, the paintings of Serov, Polenov, Savrasov allowed him to see beauty in the ordinary: “Every day I see the beauty of the earth, people, life.”

So, V. Konetsky helped me understand what the true influence of native art is on the Russian people. It helps you become at least a little happier, and realize how dear your native land is to you.

According to I. Gontsov. For some reason, many modern pop stars say with particular pleasure... The problem of the influence of pop stars on teenagers

(1) For some reason, many modern pop stars talk with particular pleasure about how poorly they did at school. (2) Some were reprimanded for hooliganism, others were left behind

the second year, someone made teachers faint with their breathtaking hairstyles... (3) One can have different attitudes towards such revelations of our “stars”: some are moved by these stories about mischievous childhood, others begin to grumpily complain that today the path to the stage is open only to the mediocre and ignorant.

(4) But what worries me most is the reaction of teenagers. (5) They have a strong belief that the shortest path to fame runs through the police nursery. (6) They take everything at face value. (7) They do not always understand that stories about a “crazy” childhood, when the future “star” amazed everyone around him with his exotic uniqueness, are just a stage legend, something like a concert costume that distinguishes an artist from an ordinary person. (8) A teenager not only perceives information, he actively transforms it. (9) This information becomes the basis for his life program, for developing ways and means of achieving the goal. (10) That’s why a person who broadcasts something to an audience of millions must have a high sense of responsibility.

(11) Does he really express his thoughts or does he unconsciously continue his stage acting and say what his fans expect from him? (12) Look: I’m “one of my own,” just like everyone else. (13) Hence

an ironic and condescending attitude towards education, and flirtatious mockery: “Learning is light, and ignorance is a pleasant twilight,” and arrogant narcissism. (14) But the transmission ended. (15) What remained in the souls of those who listened to the artist? (16) What seeds did he sow in gullible hearts? (17)Who did he make better? (18) Whom did he direct on the path of creative creation? (19) When a young journalist asked these questions to one famous DJ, he simply snorted: fuck you, I’m not for this at all... (20) And in this bewildered indignation of the “pop star” her civic immaturity, her human “ lack of education." (21) And a person who has not yet built himself as an individual, has not realized his mission in society, becomes a humble servant of the crowd, its tastes and needs. (22) He may be able to sing, but he doesn’t know why he sings.

(23) If art does not call to the light, if it, giggling and winking slyly, drags a person into a “pleasant twilight”, if it destroys unshakable values ​​with the poisonous acid of irony, then a reasonable question arises: is such “art” necessary for society? whether

1) Once upon a time, starlings flew to my watch, in October, autumn, inclement weather. (2) We rushed in the night from the shores of Iceland to Norway. (3) On a ship illuminated by powerful lights. (4) And in this foggy world tired constellations arose...

(5) I walked out of the wheelhouse onto the wing of the bridge. (6) The wind, rain and night immediately became loud. (7) I raised the binoculars to my eyes. (8) The white superstructures of the ship, rescue whaleboats, covers dark from the rain and birds - wet lumps fluffed up by the wind - swayed in the glass. (9) They rushed between the antennas and tried to hide from the wind behind the pipe.

(10) These small, fearless birds chose the deck of our ship as a temporary shelter on their long journey to the south. (11) Of course, I remembered Savrasov: rooks, spring, there is still snow, and the trees have woken up. (12) And in general I remembered everything that happens around us and what happens inside our souls when the Russian spring comes and the rooks and starlings fly in. (13) You can’t describe it. (14) This brings me back to childhood. (15) And this is connected not only with the joy of the awakening of nature, but also with a deep feeling of the homeland, Russia.

(16) And let them scold our Russian artists for their old-fashioned and literary subjects. (17)3and the names of Savrasov, Levitan, Serov, Korovin, Kustodiev hide not only the eternal joy of life in art. (18) It is Russian joy that is hidden, with all its tenderness, modesty and depth. (19) And just as the Russian song is simple, so is the painting.

(20) And in our complex age, when the art of the world painfully searches for general truths, when the complexity of life calls for the most complex analysis of the psyche of an individual person and the most complex analysis of the life of society - in our age, artists should not forget about one simple function of art - to awaken and illuminate a sense of homeland in a fellow tribesman.

(21) Let our landscape painters not be known abroad. (22) In order not to pass by Serov, you have to be Russian. (23) Art is art when it evokes in a person a feeling of happiness, albeit fleeting. (24) And we are designed in such a way that the most piercing happiness arises in us when we feel love for Russia. (25) I don’t know if other nations have such an indissoluble connection between aesthetic sensation and the feeling of homeland?

V. Konetsky

Show full text

To draw the attention of readers to this issue, Konetsky gives an example from life, in which he talks about how “little fearless birds” made the author remember Savrasov’s painting. And this filled him with joy and a deep sense of homeland. The author admires the works of Russian artists, who exude the “eternal joy of life in art” and allow one to be proud of the beauty of their homeland.

Konetsky believes that it is art, in particular Russian painting, that awakens love for the homeland. To appreciate the beauty of our landscapes, you need to be Russian. Other nations do not have such a strong connection between aesthetic sensation and love of homeland. Therefore, the author calls on Russian artists not to “forget about one simple function of art - to awaken and illuminate a sense of homeland in a fellow tribesman.” The feeling of homeland for a Russian person is a feeling of happiness.

Practice. We edit and evaluate the essay.

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).

Formulate author's position. Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Justify your answer based on knowledge, life or reading experience (the first two arguments are taken into account). The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Text.

(1) One day, starlings flew to my watch during an October, autumn, stormy day. (2) We rushed in the night from the shores of Iceland to Norway. (3) On a ship illuminated by powerful lights. (4) And in this foggy world tired constellations arose...

(5) I walked out of the wheelhouse onto the wing of the bridge. (6) The wind, rain and night immediately became loud. (7) I raised the binoculars to my eyes. (8) The white superstructures of the ship, rescue whaleboats, covers dark from the rain and birds - wet lumps fluffed up by the wind - swayed in the glass. (9) They rushed between the antennas and tried to hide from the wind behind the pipe.

(10) These small, fearless birds chose the deck of our ship as a temporary shelter on their long journey to the south. (11) Of course, I remembered Savrasov: rooks, spring, there is still snow, and the trees have woken up. (12) And in general I remembered everything that happens around us and what happens inside our souls when the Russian spring comes and the rooks and starlings fly in. (13) You can’t describe it. (14) This brings me back to childhood. (15) And this is connected not only with the joy of the awakening of nature, but also with the deep feeling of homeland, Russia.

(16) And let them scold our Russian artists for their old-fashioned and literary subjects. (17)3and the names of Savrasov, Levitan, Serov, Korovin, Kustodiev hide not only the eternal joy of life in art. (18) It is Russian joy that is hidden, with all its tenderness, modesty and depth. (19) And just as the Russian song is simple, so is the painting.

(20) And in our difficult age, when art the world painfully searches for general truths, when the complexity of life necessitates the most complex analysis of the psyche of an individual person and the most complex analysis of the life of society - in our age, artists should not forget all the more about one simple function of art - to awaken and illuminate in a fellow tribesman the feeling of homeland.

(21) Let our landscape painters not be known abroad. (22) In order not to pass by Serov, you have to be Russian. (23) Art then art when it evokes in a person a feeling of happiness, albeit fleeting. (24) And we are designed in such a way that the most piercing happiness arises in us when we feel love for Russia. (25) I do not know whether other nations have such an indissoluble connection between aesthetic feeling And feeling of homeland?

Essay 1.

This article is devoted to the consideration of a number of topical issues, the main one of which is the question of what is the happiness that arises in us when we feel love for Russia.

In my opinion, the theme of the article is the idea that in the works of many authors “hidden is not only the eternal joy of life in art, but specifically Russian joy.” The focus is on the author's thoughts and feelings on this issue. The author essentially sets one task - to explain that the most piercing happiness arises in us when we feel love for our homeland. The author's position is very convincing and correct. She inspires confidence. (?) This article is very interesting. I completely agree with the author, since love for the homeland is the most important feeling that arises in a person. But I especially want to highlight Konetsky’s thought that “Russians have such (?) an indissoluble connection between aesthetic feeling And feeling of homeland".

An excerpt from Konetsky's article is a text of journalistic style. The main function of the text is to influence the reader. This passage is a text - a reasoning. The beginning of the text is a thesis that is convincingly proven. At the end, the author draws a conclusion that seems to unite the beginning and the end. Sentences in the text are connected sequentially. The undoubted advantage of the article is the use of personification (“the trees woke up”), which makes the argument more figurative and emotional. In order to make the argument more vivid, the author uses an epithet (“piercing happiness”). In order to attract the greatest attention to the issues raised, the author uses a rhetorical question (“I don’t know if other nations have such an indissoluble connection between aesthetic feeling And feeling of homeland?").

I would like to conclude the work with Konetsky’s statement that “in our century, artists should not forget about the simple function of art - to awaken and illuminate a sense of homeland in their fellow tribesmen.”

Essay 2.

What is art for? What does it wake a person up? What are its functions? The author of this text, V. Konetsky, poses such questions to readers.

To answer all the exciting questions on this topic, the author reflects, shares his impressions, and gives examples. For example, he says that behind the names of Savrasov, Levitan, Serov, Korovin, Kustodiev lies not only the eternal joy in art, but also Russian joy, with all its tenderness, modesty and depth. And also that one of the functions of art is to awaken and illuminate a sense of homeland in a fellow tribesman.

I absolutely agree with Konetsky that art inspires a person, brings him happiness, when you see paintings by our Russian artists, especially landscape painters, you admire their talent to convey the beauty of our nature: Russian forests, fields, quiet lakes, and it seems that there are no more beautiful places in the world than in Russia, you involuntarily begin to be proud of it.

Every Russian person should love Russia, admire its nature, art, language, and then his heart will become brighter. And most importantly, he will be happy with everything that surrounds him.

Essay 3.

Art...What is its purpose? Is there a connection between aesthetic feeling and feeling for the Motherland?

V. Konetsky reflects on these eternal questions in his article. Based on personal experience, he gives an example of the perception of national art far from both the art itself and the Motherland. The association with Savrasov’s painting “The Rooks Have Arrived” was caused by “small fearless birds.” With the memory of the picture came nostalgia for home, Motherland, Russia. The feeling of home for the author is synonymous with a feeling of joy and happiness. Therefore, Konetsky considers one of the functions of art to be a “simple” formula: “to awaken and illuminate ... a feeling of homeland,” which means to evoke “in a person feeling... happiness". The connection between “aesthetic sensation and the feeling of the homeland,” according to V. Konetsky, is inextricable and eternal.

One cannot but agree with the author. Art, as a source of goodness and light, should not only promote spiritual growth, but also develop a person aesthetically. Far from home, feelings become more intense, and the need for loved ones grows. Art can give, albeit fleetingly, a feeling of happiness from being close to home.

"Art is a mediator of what cannot be expressed", wrote Goethe. It is always difficult for a person to express his feelings, for this you can use this or that art. For example, love for the Motherland.

It can be expressed through a canvas, as Savrasov or Levitan did, or through a piece of music, as Tchaikovsky and Rimsky-Korsakov expressed it. But is the "indissoluble bond between aesthetic feeling And feeling of homeland"maybe only Russian? Remember the Dutch painters. When you look at their canvases, the seaside coast of the Netherlands appears before your eyes. And when the Scottish bagpipes sound, don’t the fields of England appear before you?

Any art, if it is created with soul and deep feeling, has no nationalities and borders. Penetrating into a person’s consciousness, it becomes one with him, inseparable and dear. And thanks to such an eternal connection, art and people become one goodness and light.

What is the true purpose of art? V. Konetsky makes us think about such an aesthetic question.
The problem raised by the author is really interesting. Konetsky reveals it using the example of a real-life incident, where his hero finds himself on the deck of a ship, watching the migration of birds. These birds turned out to be rooks, who became the characters in Sovrasov’s well-known painting “The Rooks Have Arrived,” which is imbued with patriotism and a “sense of homeland.”
The author's position is clear to me. Konetsky believes that the true purpose of art is to evoke in a person “a feeling of happiness, albeit fleeting.” He also urges us not to forget about another important function - “to awaken and illuminate a sense of homeland in a fellow tribesman.”
I agree with the author’s position and also believe that art should awaken patriotic feelings in a person and evoke a feeling of happiness.
Thinking about the problem, the employees of MASSOLIT from Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” immediately come to mind, whose work does not fit Konetsky’s definition of art. They write frankly bad works, significantly reducing the general level of culture.
Let us turn to the work of the scientist-publicist D.S. Likhacheva. In one of his letters, he wrote: “Art illuminates and at the same time sanctifies a person’s life. And I repeat again: it makes him kinder, and therefore happier.”
Thus, the true purpose of art is to evoke a feeling of happiness in a person and awaken patriotic feelings.

Original text on which the essay is written:

(1) One day, starlings flew to my watch during an October, autumn, stormy day. (2) We rushed in the night from the shores of Iceland to Norway. (3) On a ship illuminated by powerful lights. (4) And in this foggy world tired constellations arose...

(5) I walked out of the wheelhouse onto the wing of the bridge. (6) The wind, rain and night immediately became loud. (7) I raised the binoculars to my eyes. (8) The white superstructures of the ship, rescue whaleboats, covers dark from the rain and birds - wet lumps fluffed up by the wind - swayed in the glass. (9) They rushed between the antennas and tried to hide from the wind behind the pipe.

(10) These small, fearless birds chose the deck of our ship as a temporary shelter on their long journey to the south. (11) Of course, I remembered Savrasov: rooks, spring, there is still snow, and the trees have woken up. (12) And in general I remembered everything that happens around us and what happens inside our souls when the Russian spring comes and the rooks and starlings fly in. (13) You can’t describe it. (14) This brings me back to childhood. (15) And this is connected not only with the joy of the awakening of nature, but also with a deep feeling of the homeland, Russia.

(16) And let them scold our Russian artists for their old-fashioned and literary subjects. (17)3and the names of Savrasov, Levitan, Serov, Korovin, Kustodiev hide not only the eternal joy of life in art. (18) It is Russian joy that is hidden, with all its tenderness, modesty and depth. (19) And just as the Russian song is simple, so is the painting.

(20) And in our complex age, when the art of the world painfully searches for general truths, when the complexity of life calls for the most complex analysis of the psyche of an individual person and the most complex analysis of the life of society - in our age, artists should not forget about one simple function of art - to awaken and illuminate a sense of homeland in a fellow tribesman.

(21) Let our landscape painters not be known abroad. (22) In order not to pass by Serov, you have to be Russian. (23) Art is art when it evokes in a person a feeling of happiness, albeit fleeting. (24) And we are designed in such a way that the most piercing happiness arises in us when we feel love for Russia. (25) I don’t know if other nations have such an indissoluble connection between aesthetic sensation and the feeling of homeland?