§ 12. Large-panel houses with an internal frame and load-bearing external walls of the 1-335 and 1-335a series

Design features, solutions for houses of series 1-335 and 1-335a

The design of the houses of the 1-335 series is based on a two-span design with columns running along the middle longitudinal axis of the building at intervals of 2.6 and 3.2 m, and with transverse girders supported by columns and load-bearing panels of the longitudinal external walls. The spatial rigidity of the building is ensured by the walls of the staircases, end load-bearing walls and transverse walls of ventilation blocks, which are also supports for the floors (Fig. 3-15).

The external walls of the building are designed in two versions: in the form of two-layer ribbed reinforced concrete panels made of concrete grade 200, insulated with non-autoclaved cellular concrete grade 10 (the main option), and in the form of single-layer panels made of lightweight concrete (expanded clay concrete, thermosite concrete, aerated concrete, etc.). The thickness of single-layer panels, depending on the climatic conditions of the construction area, is taken from 35 to 50 cm. Double-layer panels for all climatic regions have a thickness of 30 cm. The insulation made of cellular concrete is protected on the inside by a cement layer, and the front surface of the outer panels either has a textured layer of white or colored concrete, or painted with perchlorovinyl or stable silicate paints.

The panels of the external walls are connected to each other by welding metal plates, which are support sheets for the transverse girders of the interfloor floors; the ends of the purlins are insulated with slag wool. The vertical seams between the wall panels are caulked with tarred tow ropes and filled with expanding cement mortar. The nests in the wall panels necessary for welding are sealed with foam concrete chips and a small amount of cement mortar. Installation of wall panels is carried out over a layer of cement mortar 10 mm thick, while on the side of the facade edge on the panel before spreading the mortar, a rope of tarred tow or poroisol is laid.

Rice. 3-15. Large-panel houses series 1-335 and 1-335a

a - section of series 1-335;
b - the same, 1-335A;
c—conjugation of columns, purlins and interfloor panels: 1—colony; 2—run; 3 - floor panel; 4 - weld;
d - coupling of external wall panels with the purlin and floor slab; 1 — mastic isol: 2 — poroizol; 3 - cement mortar;
d - interface of panels on the end wall: 1 - wall panels, 2 - floor panels

The internal frame of the building consists of one-story high reinforced concrete columns made of grade 200 concrete and transverse reinforced concrete girders of rectangular cross-section made of grade 300-400 concrete. For the installation of floors, reinforced concrete flat hollow-core panels made of concrete grade 300, room size, 10 cm thick are used. The connection of the frame elements to each other and to the floor panels is carried out using welded metal parts embedded in reinforced concrete products. After installation, all metal surfaces are coated with an anti-corrosion compound, and the seams between reinforced concrete elements are sealed with a mortar of expanding cement.

The foundations for load-bearing walls are designed in two versions: a strip structure made of concrete blocks or a columnar structure made of enlarged prefabricated reinforced concrete elements in the form of separate supports mounted on pads. The foundations for the columns are made of glass-type reinforced concrete shoes. With columnar foundations, the lower part of the walls is assembled from plinth panels, and with concrete block foundations, the plinth part is assembled from large hollow blocks with a length equal to the pitch of the transverse load-bearing structures.

Interior partitions are made of gypsum concrete panels 8 cm thick, inter-apartment partitions are made of the same panels, but in two layers with an air gap of 4 cm between them. Sanitary units are designed in the form of prefabricated thin-walled reinforced concrete cabins of factory production. Staircase structures are made in cassette forms from grade 300 concrete and consist of flights with half-platforms.

The combined roof has two solutions: in the form of a ventilated and non-ventilated structure. The basis for the roof is reinforced concrete slabs 4 cm thick, laid on reinforced concrete linings (joists); roof insulation - from autoclaved foam concrete; the roof is made of three layers of roofing felt over glassine and bitumen mastic.

Residential buildings of the 1-335 series have significant planning disadvantages: apartments with walk-through rooms, with entrances to the kitchens directly from common living rooms, with combined bathrooms, with narrowed front rooms; The facades of the houses are designed in a monotonous manner with reduced heights of window openings. There are also shortcomings in design solutions: anti-corrosion protection of embedded parts is not provided; at the points where the purlins are supported on the external walls, there is no necessary sealing of the joints of the external panels; the thermal insulation qualities of external walls are insufficient for areas with low design temperatures; in a number of nodes, individual areas froze; the channels in the smoke ventilation units have insufficient cross-section; water flows from balconies and cornices into the joints of external wall panels.

Improved series 1-335a

In 1962, the Leningrad Gorstroyproekt released working drawings and then developed the improved 1-335A series.

• the houses of this series have a more convenient layout of apartments;
• the series includes 9-story tower and hotel-type buildings;
• buildings for cultural and social purposes (children's institutions, schools and a shopping center) are included;
• Various solutions for house facades have been developed.

Changes have been made to the design of houses: for areas with low design temperatures, the thickness of external walls has been increased; anti-corrosion protection of embedded parts (anchors and welds) is provided. The designs for connecting the external wall panels with the purlins and supporting the floor panels on the end walls are presented in diagrams d, e. Fig. 3-15. Currently, in the houses of the 1-335A series, the design scheme has been changed, which is based on a full frame.

Series 1-335 is one of the first all-Union panel series. Houses in this series were built in many cities of the country: Moscow, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk Volgograd, Cherepovets, Ulyanovsk.

This series was built from 1958 to 1966. Despite the fact that the total number of these buildings is small (about 500), it is considered one of the most common among Khrushchev buildings. The overwhelming majority of houses of the 1-335 series were built in St. Petersburg - 289 buildings.

About 70 houses were built in Moscow, mainly in the areas: Perovo, Sokolinaya Gora, Babushkinsky, Degunino, Kuntsevo, as well as 1-2 buildings in a number of other areas.

In the cities of the Moscow region, houses of this series were built in single quantities, most of them in the cities of Shcherbinka and Podolsk.

This type of Khrushchev apartment building can be recognized by its large, almost full-panel square windows and high elongated windows on the landings. And also at the ends of four panels with two rows of windows. There are options lined with small square tiles.

The cost of construction of 1 m² of living space for houses of the 1-335 series was a record low and amounted to 95 rubles. in 1961 prices. This is the lowest figure in the entire history of industrial housing construction in the USSR.

"" series I-335 are almost everywhere in a pre-emergency condition. The reliability of the design scheme is almost exhausted.

Demolition of houses of the 1-335 series has been carried out in Moscow since the late 1990s. selectively (formally, the series is not included in the list of demolitions due to the fact that it is not among the most widespread series of Khrushchev buildings in Moscow). According to experts, the demolition of all houses of the 1-335 series in Moscow will be completed in 2015-2017.
In St. Petersburg, houses of this series are mainly undergoing major repairs (rehabilitation), some blocks are planned for demolition

According to a number of experts, the five-story buildings of project 1-335 are recognized as the most unsuccessful series of buildings from the time of Khrushchev.

Detailed characteristics of the series

The text is mine. So, the further evolution of the design of residential buildings led to the emergence of a “half-frame” scheme, and the Leningrad branch of Gorstroyproekt developed the 1-335 series on this principle, which was destined to become a “hit”. It is not difficult to distinguish the series; just 1) look at the end of the house and note the location of the windows. 2) look at the house from the stairs. Continuous glazing of staircases (4 rows of frames per panel or glass blocks) is also sign 1-335. These houses were built everywhere from Kaliningrad to the Pacific Ocean. For each climatic and seismic zone, its own modification of the project was developed. Oddly enough, 1-335 is a very rare guest in Moscow. Total 20 photos.

Photo 1 house of series 1-335 at the construction stage

In the capitals, the house was built in slightly different forms (moreover, reinforced concrete products were brought to Moscow from other regions). Externally - differences in the structure of the roof.
Photo 2. St. Petersburg. The roof is flat, its structure is identical to the OD series. Most houses are decorated with gray ceramics.

Photo 3. 1-335 in Moscow. The roof is gable. The panels are always painted.

The cost of construction of 1 sq.m of living space for frame-panel houses of the 1-335 series was 95 rubles. in 1961 prices - the lowest figure in the entire history of industrial housing construction in the USSR. What a “half-frame” is can be seen from the drawing. The longitudinal load-bearing wall was replaced by columns with load-bearing beams. Internal partitions (except for those between apartments) are lightweight, made of gypsum concrete. Moreover, the cross-section of the columns during the evolution of the series was reduced (1-335 k)
Photo 4. “half-frame” scheme of series 1-335

The layout of the apartments is a “step back” in relation to K-7(od). 2-room and part of 3-room apartments with walk-through rooms, combined bathrooms. The ceiling height is the required hygienic minimum of 250 cm. However, all apartments have balconies. Starting from 1-335, the definition of “mother-in-law’s room” appeared in the lexicon of the Soviet people - this is a storage room in “kopecks” and “three rubles” - it is quite large in size.
Photo 5. Layout 1-335.

Photo 6. “mother-in-law’s room” - as much as 2.4 m2

Photo 7. Furniture option 1-335 from the designers. I note that the common (passage room) is intended to be non-residential.

They tried to diversify the houses of the 1-335 series and “revive” the quarter with artistic coloring of the houses and simple decor (along the “red” line of the streets)
Photo 8.

Or the use of mosaic panels in houses with ceramic finishing of facade panels
Photo 9.

Or the use of glass blocks in the glazing of stairs
Photo 10.

In the process of evolution of the series, the end windows moved closer to the center of the building (there are no such houses in either Moscow or St. Petersburg).
Photo 11 “transitional” version 1-335 in Tomsk

Photo 12. Project 1-335A-2. The end windows are “fixed” in their new location.

Trouble 1-335 - destruction of balcony slabs was also overcome
Photo 13. Brick consoles for balconies

Back in Soviet times, the operation of houses of the 1-335 series of some DSK revealed serious problems with the quality of reinforced concrete products
Photo 14. Lamination of facade panels

What needed serious repairs?
Photo 15.

A plan for the overhaul of series houses with wall insulation was developed
http://greb.ru/new/texnologija-strotel-stv...ix-sten-kr.html
photo 16.

Due to the high cost of land, in Moscow they do not stand on ceremony with 1-335 (at least in Luzhkov’s time it was so)
Photo 17. Demolition of 1-335 in Moscow. Let me remind you that very few of them were built there (the series cannot be reliably determined from the photo, but it was included in the list of “demolished” and was actually demolished)

In other regions, 1-335 was subjected to overhaul and refurbishment
Photo 18. 1-335 after refurbishment in St. Petersburg. Etc. Sciences 14-2.

Photo 19. 1-335 after major repairs in Yurga, Kemerovo region.

Photo 20. Reconstruction project 1-335 with the addition of an attic residential floor (Sochi). Whether it's implemented or not, I don't know.
In order not to overload the topic with later projects 1-335, which bear little resemblance to these “Khrushchevs,” I will stop here. Thanks to all!

1-335-1 and 1-335-2 Classic Khrushchev building of 5 floors with an incomplete frame and longitudinal load-bearing walls. The structures were manufactured at the Mochishchensky prefabricated reinforced concrete plant of the USSR Ministry of Transport. Since 1964, modified versions of the 1-335 series have been introduced: 1-335A, 1-335K, 1-335AK, 1-335D with improved apartment layouts, improved design (full frame, better thermal insulation of external walls) and with 9-story versions. No houses of modified versions were built in Moscow.

Series: 1-335

House type: panel

Manufacturer: Manufacturer - local reinforced concrete products, Polyustrovsky DSK

Years of construction: 1958-1966

Number of floors: 5, less often – 3, 4. The first floor is residential

Number of rooms in apartments: 1,2,3

Height of living quarters: 2.54 m

Number of apartments per floor: 4

Number of sections (entrances): from 3

Type of sections (entrances): row (ordinary, set of apartments on the floor: 3-2-1-3, 2-2-3-2), end (set of apartments on the floor: 1-2-2-3). All apartments, except the corner ones, face one side.

Elevators: No

Stairs: without a shared fire balcony

Garbage removal: No

Balconies: There is

Bathrooms: combined in all apartments

Exterior walls: two-layer reinforced concrete 30 cm thick or single-layer expanded clay concrete 40 cm thick

Load-bearing walls: columns and external walls (partial frame)

Partitions: interior ones made of gypsum concrete panels 8 cm thick, interroom ones - from the same panels in 2 layers with an air gap between them equal to 4 cm

Floors: solid reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick

Most of the houses of the 1-335 series were built in Leningrad (primarily the northeast of the city: Grazhdanka, Okhta, Polustrovo), etc. Dachnoe. Several blocks were built in the years. Cherepovets, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc. (including in several cities of Belarus). The series was built in less significant volumes in Moscow: 3-5 houses in the districts of Perovo, Sokolinaya Gora, Babushkin, Degunino, Kuntsevo, 1-2 buildings in a number of other districts. In the cities of the Moscow region, houses of the 1-335 series were built in single quantities, most of them in the cities. Shcherbinka and Podolsk.

Five-story panel houses series 1-464

Large-panel 4-5-story residential buildings of the series of standard projects 1-464 are the most common fully prefabricated buildings of the first generation. The design of the houses in the series under consideration is based on a cross-wall structural system.

The main load-bearing skeleton of the buildings are transverse reinforced concrete walls located at intervals of 3.2 and 2.6 m, due to which houses of this type are called houses with “narrow” spacing of transverse load-bearing walls. Reinforced concrete floor slabs the size of a room rest on them. They also rest on the outer and inner longitudinal walls, which absorb part of the vertical load, while simultaneously providing the longitudinal rigidity of the building.

The floor slabs, laid in 3.2 m increments, are designed and work as supported along the contour. Since all the internal walls separating the rooms bear the load from the floors and the floors above, it is impossible to move these walls and thereby change the width of the rooms. For the same reason, removing external walls in steps of 3.2 m is excluded, without ensuring that the floor slab is supported on a short external wall.
The external walls are made of panels - three-layer, consisting of two reinforced concrete shells and a layer of insulation between them, or single-layer panels (made of lightweight concrete). Internal load-bearing walls with a thickness of 12 cm and floor slabs with a thickness of 10 cm are reinforced concrete flooring of a continuous section. The roof is combined with a rolled soft roof or an attic rafter with a roof made of corrugated asbestos cement.

When redeveloping houses of the 1-464 series, the need arises to construct new or expand existing openings in the transverse walls. This is possible to a limited extent, but requires confirmation by calculations.

When modernizing a building, interfloor slabs cannot be dismantled. However, when adding to the building, the floor slabs above the existing fifth floor can be partially dismantled. It is possible to construct new openings in them, but large sizes of such openings may require reinforcement of the ceiling.

In the series under consideration, balconies are placed at intervals of 3.2 m. Balcony reinforced concrete slabs 10cm thick and 90cm wide are mounted according to two schemes. During the initial period of construction, they rested on the outer wall and were held in the designed position by two metal rods, which, passing through the joint between the outer walls, were attached to the end of the inner wall panel. In later projects, this solution was abandoned and, calculating the balcony slab as a console supported on the outer wall, it was connected to the floor slab using welded embedded elements.

Five-story panel houses series 1-468

Standard designs of residential buildings of the 1-468 series were initially developed at the Gostroyproekt Institute, and since 1961 - at the TsNIIEPZhilishcha.

The load-bearing skeleton of the houses of this series are transverse load-bearing walls, located in plan with a pitch of 3 and 6 m, due to which, unlike the houses of the 1-464 series, the houses of this structural system are called houses with a “mixed” pitch of transverse load-bearing walls.
The most common representative of houses in this series is a five-story, four-section residential building. In it, the external wall panels are made of autoclaved cellular concrete or lightweight concrete, and hollow-core reinforced concrete floors are supported by transverse load-bearing reinforced concrete walls. The longitudinal walls of the building are self-supporting. The roofs of such houses were erected in two versions: combined with roll roofing and attic rafters with a roof made of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets.

The main advantage of the houses in this series is that the floor panels do not rest on the longitudinal walls of the building. Therefore, these walls, except for individual sections of the internal wall adjacent to the staircases and ensuring the longitudinal stability of the building, can be dismantled in some places. It is this circumstance that, when modernizing such buildings, opens up wide opportunities for eliminating the deficiencies in the layout of existing apartments by adding additional volumes to the building. The construction of new and expansion of existing openings in load-bearing transverse walls is possible only if the “contours” of the openings are confirmed by calculations and strengthened.

Five-story panel houses series 1-335

Five-story residential buildings of the series of standard projects 1-335 are representatives of the frame-panel structural system. Typical projects of this series were initially developed by the team of authors of the Leningrad design bureau, and then were continued at the LenZNIIEP Institute.

The structural design of the house is a so-called “incomplete” frame, which consists of one row of reinforced concrete columns located on the middle longitudinal axis of the building with a pitch of 3.2 and 2.6 m and reinforced concrete crossbars located across the building and resting on one side on reinforced concrete columns , and on the other, onto metal support tables embedded in the body of load-bearing external wall panels. Reinforced concrete floor slabs the size of a room are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides. The columns are connected to each other by purlins that provide the longitudinal rigidity of the building.

In the houses of the system under consideration, load-bearing external walls were mainly used in layers. They have an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed “shell” and an inner (insulating) layer of foam concrete 26 cm thick, the surface of which is plastered on the room side. There are no internal load-bearing walls in these houses, with the exception of rigidity diaphragms, which serve as the intersection walls of the staircases.

With the same dimensions and steps of houses of different series, the principle of “free planning” can be fully implemented in houses of the frame-panel system. The presence of crossbars under the floor slabs can be considered as a certain disadvantage that prevents the traditional formation of the interior of living rooms.

A modification of this structural system was the introduction of two more rows of columns - at the outer walls of the building to support the crossbars on them. Such houses are called “full frame houses”. Their external walls are self-supporting and can be dismantled during reconstruction.

Five-story brick houses series 1-447

Series 1-447 includes standard designs of 4-5 storey brick residential buildings with three longitudinal load-bearing walls. The load-bearing skeleton of the houses in the series under consideration are three longitudinal load-bearing walls and transverse brick walls - external end and internal, between which the staircases are located. Transverse brick walls act as rigidity diaphragms. All other walls (intra-apartment and inter-apartment) are non-load-bearing.

The floors are made in the form of reinforced concrete hollow-core slabs supported with their short sides on longitudinal brick walls. The most loaded is the middle wall, on which the floor panels rest on both sides. In external longitudinal walls, openings can be increased only by eliminating the window sill while maintaining the existing partitions. The lintels above the windows must also be preserved. It is possible to install openings in the end walls of the building during reconstruction.

Possible dismantling of partitions in series 1-447