Siberian legends. Legends about the underground cities of Siberia. Fairy tales and legends of the peoples of Russia
Russian history: myths and facts [From the birth of the Slavs to the conquest of Siberia] Reznikov Kirill Yurievich
8.6. Mythology of the conquest of Siberia
Myths of Siberian peoples about Ermak. Ermak is the main figure of Siberian mythology and one of the main heroes of Russian mythology. Legends and songs about Ermak began to take shape immediately after his death. The first legends appeared not among the Russian Siberians, but among the Tatars. Two of them are in Remezov’s “History of Siberia”. The first of them is the story of the battle of a white and black beast on an island at the confluence of the Tobol and Irtysh, which foreshadowed the victory of the Russians over the Tatars. The second is a legend about the miracles that happened after the death of Ermak.
Ermak drowned on August 5, and on August 13 he surfaced and brought him to a place on the Irtysh where the Tatar Yakish was fishing. Yakysh saw two human legs, threw a rope and pulled the body ashore. When he saw that the dead man was wearing shells, he realized that he was not an ordinary person, and ran to the yurts to convene the people. Judging by the two shells, everyone understood that it was Ermak. When Kaidaul-Murza began to remove the shells from him, blood flowed from his mouth and nose, like a living person. Kaidaul laid him naked in a storehouse, and sent envoys to the surrounding towns, let them come to see the incorruptible Ermak, and gave his body, cursing, in vengeance for his family. And everyone who came shot an arrow into the body, and each time blood began to flow. The birds flew around, not daring to touch him. And the body lay there for 6 weeks, until November 1, until Kuchum with the Murzas and Ostyak princes came and stabbed arrows into it and blood flowed again. Then he began to appear to many, including King Seydyak himself, in visions - “let them be buried.”
Then many went crazy and to this day they swear and swear by the name of Ermak. And he was so wonderful and terrible that when they talk about him, they cannot do without tears. And they named him God, and buried him according to Tatar law in the Baishevsky cemetery under a curly pine tree. And they divided the shells: Prince Alach took one as a gift to the Belogorsk idol; the second was given to Kaidaul-Murza. Tsar Seydyak took the caftan, and the belt with the saber was given to Karacha. And they gathered 30 bulls and 10 rams for the funeral and made sacrifices, while commemorating them they said: “If you were alive, they would have chosen you as their king, otherwise we see you dead, a forgotten Russian prince.” And Ermakov’s body and clothes were miraculous: they healed the sick, drove away illnesses from women in labor and babies, and brought good luck in war and hunting. Seeing this, the Abyz and Murza forbade commemorating his name. His grave will remain hidden.
Remezov exaggerated, claiming that the mention of Ermak’s name was prohibited by the Abyz (spiritual mentors) and Murzas. There are many Tatar legends about Ermak, which clearly do not fit into the practice of prohibitions. In addition, in other Tatar legends, Ermak does not have miraculous powers. But he is always an extraordinary person. It must be said that until recently, the Siberian Tatars had a respectful attitude towards Ermak and no bitterness against him. Now there are ill-wishers, egged on by nationalists from Kazan.
The legends about Ermak were also known to the Kalmyks. Savva Remezov says that his father, Streltsy centurion Ulyan Moiseevich Remezov, went to the Kalmyk taisha Ablai to hand over one of Ermak’s shells, which the taisha had begged from the Russians. Ablai was extremely happy when he received the shell, kissed it, praised the king, and then told Ulyan that Ermak was buried under a pine tree at the Baishevsky cemetery. At Ulyan’s request, he wrote in his own language a detailed story about Ermak, how he lived and how he died, “according to our stories,” how he was found and worked miracles. Taisha assured that the soil from Ermak’s grave has healing properties and brings good luck, and he needs the shell as a talisman to go to war against the Kazakhs. He also said that on some days there is a pillar of fire over Ermak’s grave and it appears to the Tatars, but not to the Russians.
They remember Ermak and the Mansi (Voguls). Vogul songs about Ermak were recorded at the end of the 19th century. Despite the fact that many Vogul princes fought against Ermak, in the songs he is a positive hero, kind and handsome:
Ermak went to distant Siberia,
His warriors are good.
Ermak himself is very good,
Wears a good caftan
And he’s good himself, he doesn’t scold anyone.
Oh, Ermak, oh, Ermak,
Don't go far, Ermak -
There is a karachun,
The Tatars there are evil.
We've been waiting for you, Ermak, for a long time,
Ermak did not arrive.
Oh, Ermak, oh, Ermak.
In another song, Ermak is sung as a defender of the Voguls from the evil Tatars:
Oh-oh, you are a wide river,
You save Ermak from his enemies.
Let him disperse the Tatars,
We have no life from them.
Don't go too far, Ermak.
There are Tatars, Tatars all around.
Don't blow your head off.
Cossack songs about Ermak. Ermak’s Siberian campaign is most fully reflected in the song story “Ermak took Siberia” from the collection of Kirsha Danilov, compiled in the 18th century. from the voice of “Siberian people”, commissioned by the Ural breeder P. A. Demidov. The song was formed shortly after the death of Ermak, but there were layers that made changes to its content and vocabulary. Thus, in the song Ermak repents of the murder of Ambassador Karamyshev, who was drowned by the Don in 1630. Unusual 17th-century characters appear. words - “battle”, “sailors”, “vaters”. At the same time, the song describes with amazing accuracy the path of the Ermakovites to Siberia and such a military trick as increasing the appearance of strength with effigies:
Made straw people
And they sewed a colored dress on them
Ermak had a squad of three hundred people,
And there are already a hundred more,
Thousands swam down the Tobol River.
The song begins with a circle in Astrakhan, where the Cossacks decide where to go after the murder of "Ambassador Persitskov". Ermak lists possible places of departure (Volga, Yaik, Kazan, Moscow) and suggests going to “Usolya to the Stroganovs”. From the Stroganovs, the Cossacks “took grain supplies, a lot of lead and gunpowder and went up the Chusovaya River.” The details of the route with two winterings, close to Remezov’s “History,” follow. From the “Tobolsk Mountain” the Cossacks were divided: “Ermak went with the upper canyon, Sambur Andreevich - with the middle canal, Anofrey Stepanovich - with the lower canal.” The “great battle” between Ermak’s atamans and the “Kotov Tatars” is described. Meanwhile, Ermak and his squad passed through the “Souksan bow” and captured Kuchum, the “Tsar of the Tatars”. Then the Tatars “humbled”: “And they went to Ermak with gifts.” Ermak accepted the tribute, and in Kuchum’s place he approved “Sabanak Tatar”. All winter Ermak sewed fur coats and sable hats, and then went with the Cossacks to “stone Moscow.”
In Moscow, Ermak bribed the “big boyar” Nikita Romanovich so that he would report about him to the terrible Tsar on the feast of Christ, when the Tsar would leave Matins. “At that time” Nikita Romanovich reported to the Tsar that Ermak Timofeev “from his comrades” had come to do their duty and were standing on Red Square. They were immediately presented to the king in “those sable fur coats.” The king was surprised and did not ask any more, but ordered it to be sent out “to the fathers, until the time when the question is asked.” There was a holiday for the king and a feast that filled Ermak Kuchum, the king of the Tatars, and all his power submitted to the terrible king, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich. After the holiday, the king ordered Ermak to be brought before him. They were immediately presented to the king. The king began to ask where the ataman was walking, how many souls he had killed, how he captured Kuchum. Ermak fell on his knees before the king and gave him written news. And he said these words:
Hey art thou, king of the wave,
Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, I bring you my duty, sir
We Cossacks walked along the blue sea
And they stood on the channel on Akhtuba.
And at that time it was time for the Persian ambassador to walk past,
Koromyshev Semyon Kostyantinovich,
With his soldiers and sailors.
And they attacked us of their own free will
And they wanted to profit from us.
Our Cossacks were drunk, and our soldiers were stubborn.
And then the Persitskov ambassador was informed
With those soldiers and sailors.
The sovereign was not angry at this, but was even more compassionate. He ordered Ermak to welcome him and sent him towards the Siberian side to collect tribute from the Tatars to the sovereign’s treasury. A year or two passed from that time, the Tatars rebelled “on the Great Yenisei River.” But at Ermak, all the Cossacks were sent away and there were only Cossacks on two Kolomenka boats. They began to fight with the Tatars, and Ermak wanted to help his comrades on another Kolomenka. Having stepped “on the deceiving passage,” he slipped with his right foot:
In other songs they sing about the Cossack circle and the decision to go to the Stroganovs, one of them is retold in the Stroganov Chronicle. There are songs where Ermak’s atamans are remembered - Vanyukha Kolchushka (Ivan the Ring) and captain Astashka Lavrentyev, but the description of the “Siberian Capture” is only in the song “Ermak took Siberia”. Ermak himself is a central character in Cossack folklore; Only Stepan Razin is comparable to him. In most Cossack songs, Ermak’s exploits take place not in Siberia, but in Cossack lands: Ermak helps Ivan the Terrible take Kazan, robs ships on the Volga, near Azov and the Caspian Sea, and fights the Turks. Ermak is introduced into the circle of heroes, called the nephew of Ilya Muromets, and fights with Tsar Kalin and “Baba Mamashina.” Songs about the capture of Kazan by Ermak were especially popular. In these songs, Ivan the Terrible rewards the Cossacks with “Quiet Don” for their service. Grozny and Ermak have a special relationship, and Ermak is far from a supplicant - he is a giver. Ermak is not afraid to punish the evil boyar right in front of the king. In this song, Ermak comes to the king to confess, and the “dumb” boyar says that it is not enough to execute Ermak and hang him. Ataman unwinded:
His heroic strength rose,
And his heroic blood flared up,
Ermak took a sharp saber out of its sheath:
The wild head fell off the mighty shoulders
And it rolled through the royal chambers.
It is no coincidence that Ermak is also known as Stepan Razin’s brother:
Ermak Timofeevich will be the chieftain,
Esaul will be his dear brother Stepanushka.
People's love for Ermak turned out to be long-lived. Ermak was especially loved in Siberia. A.P. Suvorin, who knew Russian Siberia in the mid-19th century, wrote: “In Siberia, every peasant, even the poorest, has a portrait of Ataman-Prince Ermak hanging in his hut.”
Siberian explorers: historical folklore and records of contemporaries. Surprisingly few songs and legends remain about Siberian explorers. Completely undeserved of their greatness. The reason for this is the extremely sparse population of the north of Eastern Siberia, where the most outstanding feats were accomplished. The small Russian population could not leave stable legends there. But the simple words of the pioneers themselves will remain in our memory. Few Russians cannot be touched by Semyon Dezhnev’s “unfollow”:
“And I, the Family, was carried along the sea, after the first Intercession of the Mother of God, everywhere unwillingly and thrown ashore at the front end of the Onandyr River. And there were all 25 of us on the camp, and we all went up the mountain, we didn’t know our own way, we were cold and hungry, naked and barefoot. And I, poor Family, and my comrades walked to the Onandyr River for exactly 10 weeks, and fell on the Onandyr River down near the sea, and could not get any fish, there was no forest. And out of hunger, we poor people scattered apart. And 12 people went up the Anandyr. And we walked for 20 days, we didn’t see people and... foreign roads.”
Dezhnev says that the people he sent to Kolyma for help were exhausted from inhuman difficulties, turned back, but were unable to reach the camp: “Before reaching the camp, they spent the night, trying to dig holes in the snow.” From hunger they could not go further. Only Fomka Semenov and Sidorko Emelyanov reached the camp and said that people needed to be saved: “And I, Family, sent my last bedding and blanket with him, Fomka, to them on the Stone. And those pre-steel people were not found in that place... There are only 12 of us left from 25 people.”
What remains from those times are the “skasks” and “questioning speeches” of Mikhail Stadukhin, the discoverer of Chukotka, Vasily Poyarkov, Erofey Khabarov, Vladimir Atlasov.
In Western Siberia, the main characters in the tales of pioneers are Ermak and his comrades. Among other stories, the “Tale of the Cities of Tara and Tyumen” is noteworthy, telling about the Kalmyk raids on Tara in 1634-1636. In Eastern Siberia, historical songs and legends were recorded in the Baikal region and Transbaikalia. Kirsha Danilov has a song “Campaign to the Selenga Cossacks” about the unsuccessful Cossack raid on the Mongol uluses. Legends have been preserved about the Streltsy and Cossack head Pyotr Beketov - the founder of Yakutsk, Olekminsk, Chita, Bratsk and Nerchinsk, the Yenisei governor Afanasy Pashkov, who became the first governor of Transbaikalia, and the okolnik Fyodor Golovin, who fought off the Mongol invasion of Transbaikalia in 1887 -1888. It is characteristic that the nobles Pashkov and Beketov in legends become Cossacks. Pashkov, that in “his youth Afanasy, was a simple Cossack,” and “the Cossack Beketov, a man with a kind soul,” was an extremely successful hunter: “Previously, it was somehow customary in hunting families: the first son will be born, which means it must be Peter will be named Let him, they say, be as lucky as that Cossack Beketov.”
Archpriest Avvakum, exiled from Siberia, writes about Pashkov and Beketov in his “Life”. Pashkov is depicted there as the main Siberian tormentor of the sufferer for the faith, and Beketov as the unwitting victim of Avvakum. Pashkov's cruelties, perhaps exaggerated, are believable - here the scythe struck a stone. Avvakum himself writes: “For ten years he tormented me or I did not know; God will sort it out in the day of the century.” The description of Beketov’s death in Yeniseisk on March 4, 1655 contradicts the facts. There is a petition from Beketov dated April 1655 with the message that in March 1655 he, together with Onufriy Stepanov, defended the Kumarsky fort on the Amur from the Manchus. Evidence that Beketov was still alive in 1660-1661 is doubtful. Most likely, he died during the “Bogdoy pogrom” in 1656, when Stepanov’s detachment was defeated by the Manchus.
This text is an introductory fragment.
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According to legend, there is a country hidden from human eyes. Everyone is equal in it, everyone is happy. The lands are fertile and the air is healing. And good and righteous people live there, with pure hearts and thoughts.
Many have tried to find this country. And those who claim to have been there say that Belovodye is located in Siberia, among the Altai Mountains.
The land of great wisdom. The origins of the legend of Belovodye
The first mention of Belovodye dates back to the 10th century, when a sage came to Prince Vladimir the Red Sun. He said that in the east there is a country where no one needs anything, the wheat grows on its own, the cattle graze without danger in the endless meadows. And water flows from a huge white mountain, forming rivers in which fish live in abundance. And the wisest of the wisest live there, knowing the answer to any question. And this country is hidden from evil people. And it opens only to pure hearts. And this country is called Belovodye.
The Prince admired the sage's story, gathered a squad, put the monk Sergius at its head and sent them on a search.
According to legend, after many years of campaigning the country was found. The warriors, having fallen in love with these places, decided to stay there. And Father Sergius set off on the way back to tell about the good place. He returned home already a very old man. Since then, the legend of Belovodye has lived on.
Belovodye – the land of freedom
New mentions of Belovodye appeared after the split of the Orthodox Church. Adherents of the old faith, the “Old Believers,” went to Siberia, where they allegedly found a country where there is no human power and everyone is equal.
One of the Old Believers, Mark, wrote the book “Travelers,” which describes the path to Belovodye from Moscow: through Yekaterinburg, then to Siberia to Altai, to the village of Uimon, where the elders will suggest the further path.
Bird's eye view of the village of Verkhniy Uimon The book was a kind of propaganda for serfs: to throw off the shackles of slavery and flee to the land of freedom, where a righteous and hardworking person is always welcome.
And indeed, in the 18th-19th centuries, thousands of serfs fled to Siberia in search of Belovodye. Many, not having found the treasured country, remained in Siberia: some joined the settlements of the Old Believers, others organized their own settlements with their families, again and again repeating attempts to find the blessed land of Belovodye.
Belovodye - Shambhala in Siberia
At the beginning of the 20th century, traveler and member of the geographical society Nicholas Roerich began searching for Belovodye. Together with his family, he came to Altai, to one of the oldest villages in these places - Verkhniy Uimon. From there he went in search of the sacred country. And judging by his diaries, he found Belovodye.
Painting by Roerich N.K. "Wanderer of the Bright City" Roerich also drew a parallel between the Tibetan legend about the wonderful country of Shambhala and Belovodye. Allegedly, this is the same place, and it is located in the Altai Mountains.
Legends written by Roerich are still alive in the Uimon Valley. To this day, pilgrimages are made to these places by followers of the famous traveler and philosopher.
The nature of the Ural and Siberian regions is extremely rich and diverse. There are spacious steppes, high mountains, and endless forests with swamps. Where did they come from? – the legends of local peoples can tell about this.
Most historical and natural places are shrouded in legends and myths. Especially if these places have an unusual appearance or are closely connected with people's lives. We inherited beautiful legends from the indigenous population of the Ural Mountains and Siberian forests, telling about the emergence of the natural beauties of these lands.
Ural Mountains
The Russian name "Ural" comes from the obsolete Bashkir word "urau", which meant either "belt" or "hill". Local peoples called these mountains differently: Nyor, Iz, Ngarka Pe. In Slavic chronicles the Ural Mountains are referred to as the Belt Mountains or Bolshoi Kamen.
These are very young mountains - they began to form in the Paleozoic era, and have been decorating the face of the Earth for only 200 million years. The Ural Mountains appeared during the process of folding of the earth's crust. But the local population - Mansi and Khanty - have their own legends telling about how the famous Ural appeared.
According to one version of the legend, there lived in the taiga a mighty and greedy giant who, from century to century, put various jewelry in his huge belt. And so he accumulated so much good that his belt fell from him to the ground. This is how the Ural Mountains, rich in metals and gems, appeared.
Another version speaks of the wise supreme god - he deliberately threw his heavy belt into the very center of the lands so that it would crush the spinning earth and leave its restless running.
Man-Pupu-Ner
These stone remains are also called Weathering Pillars or simply Blockheads. They are located in the Northern Urals. An ancient Mansi legend is associated with this interesting geological object of nature.
In ancient times, one prosperous tribe lived on these lands, and they were ruled by a wise leader who had a beautiful daughter and a son, a daring warrior. One day, when the chief's son was hunting, a cruel giant from a neighboring tribe wooed his daughter. The beauty refused him, and then the giant called his six brothers, and all of them went to war against the leader’s tribe. They fought for many days until the leader's son returned from the hunt. He directed a beam of sunlight at them, which was reflected from his magic shield, and the seven brothers turned into stones. They still stand on the mountain where they wanted to destroy the leader’s prosperous people.
Rocks Three Brothers
In the mountains of the Middle Urals there are three rocks, nicknamed Elder, Middle and Younger Brother. A Bashkir legend is associated with them. One day, invaders came from the east to the Urals, robbed, killed and captured people. They were so strong that no one dared to resist them. And only three brave brothers, daring warriors and hunters, were not afraid to meet the enemy in the mountains. For many days and nights they bravely fought with the enemies, but did not allow them to return to their native lands. The invaders were forced to go home, and the three brothers turned into blocks of stone, which even today stand in the mountains, as if guarding their native land.
Lake Turgoyak
On the territory of the Southern Urals there is a lake of amazing beauty - Turgoyak. It is famous not only for its beautiful views. This lake is considered the second most transparent and clean water after Lake Baikal. An ancient Bashkir legend tells about the appearance of Turgoyak.
One day the young man Tur went hunting. Chasing the beast, he went far into the mountains, and there he met a beautiful girl named Koyak. The young man wanted to take her as his wife, but the girl was sick - the black shaman deprived her of her sight, and only water from the cleanest lake in the world could bring healing. Then Tour went to distant lands. He walked through many lands before he found this clear lake. He collected water in his palms and brought it to Koyak. The girl washed herself with water and regained her sight. After this, the lovers got married, and in the place where Koyak dropped a few drops of clean water, a transparent lake appeared. And people, in memory of their love, named the lake Turgoyak, which means Tur and Koyak.
Mount Belukha
This snow-white mountain in the Altai Mountains rises high above the surrounding lands and from a distance resembles a huge triangle. One legend of the local peoples tells that she appeared from the ear of a snow giant named White Ear, who was killed by hunters. But there is an older legend. It says that this mountain stood in the way of a glacier advancing from the north into warm and fertile valleys where human settlements were located. By blocking the way to the cold and snow, she saved the lives of many people. In gratitude for this, the local peoples presented her with gifts, considered her their protector and respectfully called her Snow White.
Angara River and Shaman Stone
The Angara is a major tributary of the Siberian Yenisei River, and it is also the only river flowing from Lake Baikal. At its source in the middle of the water there is a block of stone, which in ancient times the Buryats considered the refuge of the spirit of the river. Now this rock is called the Shaman Stone. An ancient legend can tell how it appeared in the middle of the Angara riverbed.
An old hunter named Baikal had his only daughter, Angara. He loved her with all his heart so passionately that he didn’t even want to marry her. And so that his daughter would not see the young hunters, he kept her in the tent away from prying eyes. But Angara learned from the forest birds that a beautiful young man, the Yenisei, lived in the west, and at night she ran away to him. When the old father woke up, he got angry with his daughter and threw a huge rock at her, but missed. And Angara ran to the Yenisei, and they began to live together. Since then, the Angara River has flowed from Lake Baikal, and in its bed lies a huge rock.
Lake Baikal
Many Buryat legends tell about the emergence of this unique lake. One of them says that in ancient times, the earth cracked at the site of the lake, and from there a column of flame shot out to the skies. The fire destroyed everything: forests, steppes, swamps and, in the end, reached human settlements. People in fear began to pray to the gods and ask the fire to stop, they shouted: “Bai khal!” The gods heard the prayers and put out the terrible fire. Gradually, in the crack from which the fire escaped, clean rainwater collected, and thus Lake Baikal appeared.
The lands of Siberia keep many secrets and unsolved mysteries that still attract people to this day. For many centuries, the land was inhabited by peoples little known to the state, who left their mark on history. Each region of Siberia has its own legend.
The Omsk region keeps the legend of " Five Lakes", one of which is the famous Lake Okunevo in the Omsk region. The village is the “navel of the Earth” Okunevo, which is considered the energy center of the earth. The village itself is a place where paranormal phenomena periodically occur. Someone saw a headless horseman here, others talk about a round dance of girls on the river bank that came from nowhere. The legend says that behind the girls’ backs translucent figures of enormous height appeared and disappeared. There are five lakes around the village, which appeared when five meteorites fell. The water in each of the lakes is considered healing; the location of the fifth lake is still a mystery.
The legend of Khan Kuchum is kept in the Novosibirsk region. It is believed that he hid his treasure in the region.
The Tomsk region can boast of its legend about the elder Fyodor Kuzmich. They say that Emperor Alexander I faked his death and became the wanderer Fyodor.
The Kemerovo region is considered the first and only place in the Siberian region where Bigfoot was seen. Also, they say that the treasure of Admiral Kolchak is kept on the territory of Gornaya Shoria.
There are legends in the Altai region about the lost Demidov mines, the treasure of which has not yet been found.
The Altai Republic also has its own legends. There are stories about Admiral Kolchak’s “gold reserves” here.
The Krasnoyarsk region also preserves legends about Kolchak’s treasure; it is believed that when he passed along the Ob-Yenisei Canal, it was there that he chose the place to bury his gold. There is also a legend about the lost palace of Emperor Gavril Masharov.
Due to the large number of mounds in the Republic of Khakassia, there are many unsolved secrets related to their origin. Menhirs stand mysteriously next to the mounds - these are simple megaliths placed vertically by humans.
The Irkutsk region also appropriates Kolchak’s treasure, which is hidden in the Deminsky Garden.
The Republic of Buryatia differs in its legends from other regions of the Siberian region. Most of the legends are associated with shamanism and Buddhism. Residents of the republic believe that the tomb of Genghis Khan with his treasures is kept in the depths of their lands.
Basically, all the legends of the Siberian region are associated with the names of great people who contributed to the history of the development of the regions. Each region, thanks to its legends, emphasizes its individuality, thereby attracting the attention of tourists.
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