Download the presentation Day of Slavic Literature in the library. Presentation on the theme "Day of Slavic Literature and Culture". The wise brothers are praised in Bulgaria

Primary school teacher

MAOU "Koshelikhinskaya Osh"

Sundukova Galina Vladimirovna

Day of Slavic Culture and Literature

Day of Remembrance of the First Teachers of the Slavic Peoples - the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Brothers Cyril and Methodius

• The word “alphabet” comes from the names of the first two letters of the Slavic alphabet: A (az) and B (buki):
• ABC: AZ + BUKI and the word “alphabet” comes from the name of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet:
• ALPHABET: ALPHA + VITA
• The alphabet is much older than the alphabet. In the 9th century there was no alphabet, and the Slavs did not have their own letters. And therefore there was no writing. The Slavs could not write books or even letters to each other in their language.

The origins of Russian writing

ABC: AZ + BUKI

ALPHABET: ALPHA + VITA

greek letters:

Slavic letters:

Aa Bb Gg Dd Ee Kk Ll Mm

Aa Vv Gy Dd Her Kk Ll Mm

In the 9th century in Byzantium, in the city of Thessaloniki (now the city of Thessaloniki in Greece), two brothers lived - Constantine and Methodius.

City of Thessaloniki

(now called Thessaloniki).

Greece

• - a high-ranking warrior who ruled for about 10 years one of the Slavic principalities subordinate to Byzantium, which gave him the opportunity to learn the Slavic language

• From an early age he was distinguished by his mental abilities. While studying at the Thessaloniki school and not yet reaching the age of fifteen, he was already reading books

• compiled the Slavic alphabet,
• translated liturgical books from Greek into Slavic,
• contributed to the introduction and spread of Slavic worship.

Across broad Rus' - our mother

The bells ring out.

Now the brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius

They are glorified for their efforts.

They remember Cyril and Methodius,

Glorious brothers equal to the apostles,

In Belarus, in Macedonia,

In Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia,

The wise brothers are praised in Bulgaria,

In Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia.

All the peoples who write in Cyrillic,

What have been called Slavic since ancient times,

They glorify the feat of the first teachers,

Christian enlighteners.

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Annually May 24 celebrated in all Slavic countries Day of Slavic Literature and Culture

and solemnly glorify the creators

Slavic writing

Saints Cyril and Methodius - Slovenian teachers.

For the first time the Day of Slavic Literature

in modern Russia was celebrated in 1986. The address of the holiday changed every year:

in 1986 it was Murmansk, in 1987 - Vologda, in 1988 - Novgorod, in 1989 - Kyiv, in 1990 - Minsk...

The holiday has many faces and is varied.

He converts people

not only to the origins of writing,

but it also awakens creativity, increases civic activity, and awakens national self-awareness.

Holiday May 24 far exceeds the cultural framework of related Slavic peoples, has a wide public resonance, demonstrates our spiritual closeness to ancient Russian culture and expresses a huge creative need

in the awareness of love for one’s people, for one’s Motherland.

In 2013 the world

celebrated 1150 years

since the emergence of Slavic writing -

In the city of Pliska, the then capital of Bulgaria, the Thessalonica brothers Cyril and Methodius announced the invention of the Slavic alphabet.

Today Russians celebrate a special holiday -

a holiday of the native word, Slavic culture and Christian enlightenment.

who became the first enlighteners of Rus'.

This day began to be celebrated in Russia

from the second half of the 19th century, but according to some

reasons was forgotten.

Only since 1991, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation

and it was given the status of a public holiday, which indicates its enormous significance.

History of the creation of the alphabet

The new alphabet was named "Cyrillic"

named after one of the brothers, Constantine, who, having accepted monasticism, became Cyril.

And his elder brother Methodius helped him in the godly task of educating the Slavic peoples.

Cyril, who from an early age showed great abilities and perfectly comprehended all the sciences of his time, and also studied many languages, created the Slavic alphabet based on Greek. He significantly modified the Greek alphabet to more accurately represent the Slavic sound system.

Two alphabets were created - Glagolitic and Cyrillic.

In addition, the Greek brothers translated the Gospel, the Apostle and the Psalter into Slavic. The Day of Remembrance of these saints as the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture began to be celebrated in Bulgaria back in the 19th century, and then this tradition spread to other countries: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova. Currently, scientific forums are dedicated to this holiday, festivals, exhibitions, book fairs, poetry readings, amateur art shows, concerts and other various cultural events are held.

By the way, for the contribution of Saints Cyril and Methodius

into the culture of Europe, Pope John Paul II in 1980 declared them patrons of the Old Continent.

Day of Remembrance of the First Teachers of the Slavic Peoples - the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Brothers Cyril and Methodius

history of the holiday

• 1986- revival of the holiday
• 1991– approved as a public holiday
• Every year some city in Russia becomes the host of the holiday
• In all cities festivals and concerts are held

Slavic alphabet: Cyrillic and Glagolitic

Glagolitic

Cyrillic

In 893, the Cyrillic alphabet appeared, which eventually replaced the Glagolitic alphabet in all Slavic countries

Cyril and Methodius "transposed" the sounds of the Slavic language

on parchment

by using

that Glagolitic alphabet.

Letter styles

not preserved

Church Slavonic alphabet

Russian alphabet

The oldest book in Rus', written in Cyrillic, is

Ostromir Gospel - 1057

Changes were made during the time of Peter the Great

in the styles of some letters, and 11 letters were excluded

from the alphabet. The new alphabet has become poorer in content,

but simpler and more adapted to printing various civil business papers. This is how it got the name “civilian”. In 1918 it was held

new alphabet reform, and the Cyrillic alphabet has lost

four more letters: yat, i(I), izhitsu, fitu.

"A Primer in Faces"

Karion Istomina

Karion Istomin – famous publisher, teacher, translator, public figure of the 17th century. He received his education at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. At the Moscow Printing House he worked as a scribe, reader (proofreader), reference worker (editor) and, finally, publisher. He taught Greek and Latin at a printing school. He was a court poet and teacher of the children of the royal family, like Simeon of Polotsk. To teach the royal children (including young Peter I), he created several educational books preserved in manuscripts, including “Small Grammar.” But his main merit lies in the creation "A Primer in Faces" those. front (illustrated) primer, work on which continued for several years.

First, a handwritten copy was prepared, painted in gold and paints, which the compiler presented in 1692 to the mother of Peter I, Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna, for her grandson, Tsarevich Alexei. Another copy of the handwritten primer was received by the Tsarevich’s cousins, the young daughters of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich.

At the same time, work was underway to prepare for the publication of the Primer for wider distribution. But the Primer presented certain difficulties for publishing in a typographical manner, since it was richly illustrated. To fulfill his plan, K. Istomin attracted the famous engraver and printer Leonty Bunin, an engraving specialist

on copper plates. He owned a mill for printing engravings from copper boards. At that time there was not even such a camp

in the oldest center of Russian book printing -

at the Moscow Printing Yard.

The printed edition of the Primer was published in 1694

in the Moscow Printing Yard in circulation

106 copies.

The primer has 44 sheets and opens with a frontispiece, which contains text in a figured frame explaining the contents and purpose of the book.

In total there is more

400 drawings. Each page ends with verses,

in which objects are also called

to the desired letter.

For example, poetry

with the letter "K".

since the texts of the books are together

with illustrations, in addition to teaching reading, expanded

students' horizons.

This “Primer” is of great interest also because its compiler used the principle of visual teaching, following the Czech teacher Jan Amos Komensky,

whose works I was familiar with. In this "Primer",

Unlike the previous ones (for example, from the alphabet of I. Fedorov), there are no syllable combinations.

Such techniques can only be done through

for more than a hundred years, in the 19th century, they were used in Russian primers. Simultaneously with learning to read, the child learned to write. Students are offered a variety of print and lowercase letter styles. By copying writing samples, students learned the material better. From church texts, the Primer includes short prayers. Let us point out one more undoubted advantage

“The primer” by K. Istomin, which reflects the progressive worldview of the compiler, - the primer is intended for teaching boys and girls -

“Those who have money should learn to write, boys and girls, husbands and wives.”

The value of the Primer also lies in its typographic design. The publication was a significant step forward in the development of printing,

in the spread of Russian metal engraving.

Thus, on the threshold of the 18th century, a new textbook was created, reflecting the pedagogical ideas of the Russian enlightener, new trends in Russian art of the 17th century, Western European artistic trends and encyclopedic ideas of the Russian people of the 17th century. The publication, of course, is a monument of book culture, shows the level of development of education and pedagogical thought and is the forerunner of the development of enlightenment in the 18th century.

And our dear Rus' will glorify Holy Apostles of the Slavs, And, with the sweet sound of their names Announcing your prayers, From century to century, from generation to generation She will honor their memory!

Days of Slavic Literature and Culture Days of Slavic Literature and Culture, state and public organizations, together with the Russian Orthodox Church, began to be held since 1991 in accordance with the Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Days of Slavic Literature

The celebration does not have a once and for all approved script. Typical events of the Days in Russia were scientific symposia or conferences dedicated to the problems of culture, civilization, the Slavic world, as well as concerts, meetings with writers and poets in parks, gardens, libraries, houses of culture and thematic screenings of feature films, exhibitions, competitions and festivals. The celebration does not have a once and for all approved script. Typical events of the Days in Russia were scientific symposia or conferences dedicated to the problems of culture, civilization, the Slavic world, as well as concerts, meetings with writers and poets in parks, gardens, libraries, houses of culture and thematic screenings of feature films, exhibitions, competitions and festivals.

History ν ρχ ν Λόγος, κα Λόγος ν πρ ς τ ν Θεόν, κα Θε ς ν Λόγος. ν ρχ ν Λόγος, κα Λόγος ν πρ ς τ ν Θεόν, κα Θε ς ν Λόγος. In the beginning there was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God... The tombs, mummies and bones are silent, - Only the word is given life: From ancient darkness, in the world graveyard, Only Writings sound. And we have no other property! Know how to protect, at least to the best of your ability, in days of anger and suffering, Our immortal gift - speech. I.A. Bunin)

At first glance, it may seem that the history of the development of writing among the Slavs has a very distant connection with the history of the Slavs. In reality this is not the case. On the contrary, one can correctly approach the understanding of the history of the Slavs only by finding out the main stages of their writing. In fact: to write real history, it is necessary to use not only historical chronicles, letters, various documents, but also individual, even fragmentary records on stones, metal objects, clay vessels, etc. The very discovery of an object with a Slavic inscription often proves that that the Slavs lived in the place where it was discovered, or, at the very least, that the inhabitants of this area were in communication with the Slavs.

The Origin of Slavic Writing When we try to imagine the beginning of Russian literature, our thought necessarily turns to the history of writing. The importance of writing in the history of the development of civilization can hardly be overestimated. The possibilities of writing are not limited by time or distance. But people did not always master the art of writing. This art has been developing for a long time, over many millennia.

Types of writing First, picture writing (pictography) appeared: some event was depicted in the form of a drawing, then they began to depict not the event, but individual objects, and then in the form of conventional signs (ideography, hieroglyphs), and, finally, they learned to depict not objects , and convey their names using signs (sound writing). The Greeks created their alphabet based on the Phoenician letter, but significantly improved it by introducing special signs for vowel sounds. The Greek letter formed the basis of the Latin alphabet, and in the 9th century the Slavic letter was created by using letters of the Greek alphabet.

In the history of the development of Slavic writing, we can distinguish three stages and three different groups. These three groups are as follows: 1) runes, or “runitsa”, 2) “glagolitic” and 3) “Cyrillic” and “Latin”, based on Greek or Latin letters. Before baptism in Rus', the so-called Velesovitsa was used, which had one hundred and forty-seven letters! This name was given already in the 20th century, after the name of the god Veles. It was with this ancient Russian alphabet that the famous “Veles Book” was written. Veles' book is a unique monument of ancient Slavic writing of the 9th century. n. e. It was carved on wooden tablets by Slavic magicians. Covers the two-thousand-year history of migrations of the Slavic-Aryans from Semirechye to the Dnieper (XI century BC - 9th century AD), reflects their religious and philosophical worldview, as well as relationships with many other peoples of Europe and Asia. Veles's book was translated into Russian for the first time in rhythmic prose - line by line with ancient text, which is accompanied by the necessary explanations and comments

BIRCH BARK LITERATURES - letters and documents of the 11th-15th centuries. on birch bark, discovered by excavations of ancient Russian cities. The first birch bark documents were found in Novgorod in 1951 by an archaeological expedition led by A. V. Artsikhovsky. The letters were scratched with a sharp bone or metal stick (also found during excavations) on specially prepared birch bark. The Novgorod name for the birch bark document is birch bark. Most of the birch bark letters are private letters, which touch on everyday and economic issues, contain instructions, describe conflicts, and some letters are humorous.

The ABC The great work of creating the Slavic alphabet was accomplished by the brothers Constantine (who took the name Cyril at baptism) and Methodius. The main merit in this matter belongs to Kirill. Methodius was his faithful assistant. Compiling the Slavic alphabet, Kirill was able to catch the basic sounds of this language in the sound of the Slavic language he knew from childhood and find letter designations for each of them. When reading Old Church Slavonic, we pronounce the words as they are written. The Slavic book language (Old Church Slavonic) became widespread as a common language for many Slavic peoples. It was used by the Southern Slavs (Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats), Western Slavs (Czechs, Slovaks), Eastern Slavs (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians).

Cyril and Methodius Slavic educators, creators of the Slavic alphabet, preachers of Christianity, the first translators of liturgical books from Greek into Slavic. Cyril (about) and his older brother Methodius (about) were born in Thessalonica in the family of a military leader. Cyril was educated at the court of the Byzantine Emperor Michael III in Constantinople. Kirill knew Slavic, Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Arabic well. Refusing the admiral career offered to him by the emperor, Kirill became the patriarch's librarian, then taught philosophy.

Methodius entered military service early. For 10 years he was the manager of one of the regions inhabited by the Slavs. Then he retired to a monastery. In the 60s, having renounced the rank of archbishop, he became abbot of the Polychron monastery on the Asian shore of the Sea of ​​Marmara. Before leaving for Moravia, Cyril created the Slavic alphabet and, with the help of Methodius, translated several liturgical books from Greek into Slavic (selected readings from the Gospel, apostolic messages, psalms, etc.) In 866 (or 867), Cyril and Methodius, at the call of Pope Nicholas I, went to Rome. Pope Adrian II, in a special message, allowed them to distribute Slavic books and Slavic worship. After arriving in Rome, Kirill became seriously ill and died. Methodius was consecrated to the rank of Archbishop of Moravia and Pannonia.

With their activities, Cyril and Methodius laid the foundation for Slavic writing and literature. This activity was continued in the South Slavic countries by the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, expelled from Moravia in 866. Since 1991, our country has officially celebrated the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture on May 24 as the day of Saints Methodius and Cyril (Constantine). The creators of the Slavic alphabet were canonized by the Orthodox Church and were revered in Rus' as great civic men, depicted in monuments and historical memorials. Revival of the holiday of Slavic literature and culture

World traditions of the holiday In accordance with the Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated January 30, 1991 on the annual holding of Days of Slavic Literature and Culture, since 1991, state and public organizations, together with the Russian Orthodox Church, began to hold Days of Slavic Literature and Culture. During the celebration in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, in all churches of Russia there is a divine liturgy, religious processions, in Moscow at the monument to Saints Cyril and Methodius - a prayer service, children's pilgrimage missions to the monasteries of Russia, scientific and practical conferences, exhibitions of icons, graphics.

Glory to you, brothers, enlighteners of the Slavs, holy fathers of the Slavic Church, Glory to you, teachers of the truth of Christ, Glory to you, creators of our letters! Be a link of unity for the Slavs, Holy Brothers Methodius, Cyril, May the spirit of reconciliation overshadow it with your prayer before the Lord of hosts! Glory to you, brothers, enlighteners of the Slavs, holy fathers of the Slavic Church, Glory to you, teachers of the truth of Christ, Glory to you, creators of our letters!

Glagolitic Glagolitic existed at least 200 years before Cyril. One thing is certain: the Glagolitic alphabet is centuries older than the Cyrillic alphabet. That is why on ancient parchments (palimpsests) the Cyrillic alphabet always overlaps the Glagolitic alphabet. One thing is certain: the Glagolitic alphabet is centuries older than the Cyrillic alphabet. That is why on ancient parchments (palimpsests) the Cyrillic alphabet always overlaps the Glagolitic alphabet. According to the overwhelming majority of researchers, the Glagolitic alphabet is older than the Cyrillic alphabet. The Glagolitic alphabet apparently originated on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula, where it still exists in a dying form.

The characters of the Greek statutory alphabet served as a model for writing Cyrillic letters. The first books in Cyrillic were also written in the charter. Ustav is a letter where the letters are written straight at the same distance from each other, without slanting - they seem to be “arranged”. The letters are strictly geometric, vertical lines are usually thicker than horizontal ones, and there is no space between words. Old Russian manuscripts of the 9th - 14th centuries were written in the charter. From the middle of the 14th century, semi-ustav became widespread, which was less beautiful than the charter but allowed you to write faster. A slant has appeared in the letters, their geometry is not so noticeable; the ratio of thick and thin lines is no longer maintained; the text has already been divided into words.

Az beeches vede. The verb is good. Live well, earth, and, like people, think about our peace. Rtsy’s word is firm - uk fret dick. Tsy, worm, shta ra yus yati! The combination of the above phrases makes up the ABC Message: I know the letters: Writing is a property. Work hard, earthlings, as reasonable people should - comprehend the universe! Carry the word with conviction - Knowledge is a gift of God! Dare, delve deeply in order to comprehend the Light of Being!

Books of Ancient Rus' Books of Ancient Rus' The ancestors skillfully decorated books with stones, gilding and enamel. And like precious crowns, the ancient Gospels shone. In the monasteries, the novices-scribes diligently, with a skillful hand, diligently wrote line after line. The letters of the Slavic patterned ligature are entwined with floral ornaments. And the silhouettes of forest animals and birds curled like flowers, herbs and stems.

The Tale of Bygone Years Chronicles are historical works in which events are presented on a yearly basis, i.e. about events that occurred within one year and begin with the words “In the summer of such and such...” (“summer” in Old Russian means “year”). Old Russian chronicle created in the 1110s. The earliest copy of the Tale of Bygone Years that has reached our time dates back to the 14th century. It was called the Laurentian Chronicle after the copyist, the monk Laurentius, and was compiled into the Tale of Bygone Years - the first chronicle, the text of which has reached us almost in its original form. The title The Tale of Bygone Years is translated as The Tale of Past Years. The main events are wars, the founding of churches and monasteries, the death of princes and metropolitans - the heads of the Russian Church. The chronicler does not interpret events, does not look for their causes, but simply describes them.

Ostromir Gospel The Ostromir Gospel is the oldest ancient Russian handwritten book. It was rewritten by order of the eminent Novgorod mayor Ostromir and decorated with a binding with precious stones. Work on the manuscript began on October 21, 1056 and was completed on May 12, 1057. FROM THE FIRST SELECTION OF SVYATOSLAV 1073 FROM THE FIRST SELECTION OF SVYATOSLAV 1073 Manuscript

Of great interest is the “Apostle,” published in Lvov in 1574 by the printing house of Ivan Fedorov, whose name is associated with book printing in Ukraine. Among the scientific publications of the 16th century, the “Slovenian Lexicon and Interpretation of Names”, created by the famous student, poet, engraver, and typographer Pamva Bernida, was of great importance. A significant event in cultural life was the publication of Innocent Gisel’s “Synopsis” (1674), a collection of stories of Russian history from ancient times to the 70s of the 17th century. This book has been reprinted more than 30 times and has been a teaching tool for more than 100 years.

In Russia, a complete copy of the handwritten (in Slavic) Bible was collected for the first time in 1499 by Novgorod Archbishop Gennady, but it was almost unknown to anyone. Before that, that is, from the 10th century. until the 15th century, only separate books of the Old Slavic Bible were in use, translated from Latin in 884. THE BIBLE or THE HOLY BOOKS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT Russian translation executed by THE HOLY GOVERNING SYNODOM WITH 230 drawings by GUSTAV DORE

Language and writing are perhaps the most important culture-forming factors. If a people is deprived of the right or opportunity to speak their native language, this will be the most severe blow to their native culture. If books in their native language are taken away from a person, he will lose the most important treasures of his culture. Language and writing are perhaps the most important culture-forming factors. If a people is deprived of the right or opportunity to speak their native language, this will be the most severe blow to their native culture. If books in their native language are taken away from a person, he will lose the most important treasures of his culture. Language, our magnificent language, Whether it is river or steppe expanse, In it are the screeches of an eagle and the eternal roar, The chanting, and the ringing, and the incense of pilgrimage. It contains the cooing of a dove in the spring, The flight of a lark towards the sun - higher, higher, Birch grove. Through light, Heavenly rain, awakened by Konstantin Balmont (1925) Konstantin Balmont (1925)

Slide 2

Day of remembrance of the first teachers of the Slavic peoples - the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Cyril and Methodius.

Slide 3

history of the holiday

• 1986 – revival of the holiday
• 1991 – approved as a public holiday
• Every year some city in Russia becomes the host of the holiday
• Festivals and concerts are held in all cities