The meaning of the work is two captains. Two captains: the main characters of the novel by Veniamin Kaverin. The mythology of the polar discoveries of the novel

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Introduction

mythological novel image

"Two captains" - adventure novel Soviet writer Veniamina Kaverina, which was written by him in 1938-1944. The novel went through more than a hundred reprints. For him Kaverin was awarded Stalin Prize second degree (1946). The book has been translated into many foreign languages. First published: the first volume in the magazine “Koster”, No. 8-12, 1938. The first separate publication is Kaverin V. Two captains. Drawings, binding, endpaper and title by Yu. Sirnev. Frontispiece by V. Konashevich. M.-L. Central Committee of the Komsomol, children's literature publishing house 1940, 464 p.

The book tells about the amazing fate of a mute from a provincial town Enska, who goes through the trials of war and homelessness with honor in order to win the heart of his beloved girl. After the unjust arrest of his father and the death of his mother, Alexander Grigoriev is sent to an orphanage. Having escaped to Moscow, he ends up first in a distribution center for street children, and then in a commune school. He is irresistibly attracted by the apartment of the school director Nikolai Antonovich, where the latter’s cousin, Katya Tatarinova, lives.

Several years ago, Katya’s father, Captain Ivan Tatarinov, who in 1912 led the expedition that discovered the Northern Land, went missing. Sanya suspects that Nikolai Antonovich, who is in love with Katya’s mother, Maria Vasilievna, contributed to this. Maria Vasilievna believes Sanya and commits suicide. Sanya is accused of slander and expelled from the Tatarinovs' house. And then he takes an oath to find the expedition and prove that he is right. He becomes a pilot and piece by piece collects information about the expedition.

After the start Great Patriotic War Sanya serves in Air Force. During one of the flights, he discovers a ship with reports from Captain Tatarinov. The finds become the final touch and allow him to shed light on the circumstances of the death of the expedition and justify himself in the eyes of Katya, who previously becomes his wife.

The motto of the novel is the words “Fight and seek, find and not give up” - this is the final line from the textbook poem Lord Tennyson « Ulysses" (in original: To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield). This line is also engraved on the cross in memory of the deceased expeditions R. Scott to the South Pole, on Observation Hill.

The novel was filmed twice (in 1955 and 1976), and in 2001, the musical “Nord-Ost” was created based on the novel. A monument was erected to the heroes of the film, namely the two captains, in the writer’s homeland, in Psokov, which in the novel is indicated as the city of Ensk. In 2001, a museum of the novel was created in the Psokov Children’s Library.

In 2003, the main square of the city of Polyarny, Murmansk region, was named the Square of Two Captains. It was from this place that the expeditions of seafarers Vladimir Rusanov and Georgy Brusilov set sail.

Relevance of the work. The topic “Mythological basis in V. Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains”” was chosen by me because of the high degree of its relevance and significance in modern conditions. This is due to the wide public response and active interest in this issue.

To begin with, it is worth saying that the topic of this work is of great educational and practical interest to me. The problematics of the issue are very relevant in modern reality. From year to year, scientists and experts are paying more and more attention to this topic. Here it is worth noting such names as Alekseev D.A., Begak B., Borisova V., who made a significant contribution to the research and development of conceptual issues of this topic.

The amazing story of Sanya Grigoriev - one of the two captains in Kaverin's novel - begins with an equally amazing find: a bag tightly stuffed with letters. However, it turns out that these “worthless” letters from others are still quite suitable for the role of a fascinating “epistolary novel”, the content of which soon becomes common property. The letter, telling about the dramatic history of the Arctic expedition of Captain Tatarinov and addressed to his wife, acquires a fateful significance for Sanya Grigoriev: his entire further existence turns out to be subordinated to the search for the addressee, and subsequently to the search for the missing expedition. Guided by this high aspiration, Sanya literally bursts into other people's lives. Having turned into a polar pilot and a member of the Tatarinov family, Grigoriev essentially replaces and displaces the deceased hero-captain. Thus, from the appropriation of someone else's letter to the appropriation of someone else's fate, the logic of his life unfolds.

Theoretical basis of course work Monographic sources, materials from scientific and industrial periodicals directly related to the topic served as sources. Prototypes of the heroes of the work.

Object of study: plot and characters.

Subject of study: mythological motifs, plots, symbols in creativity in the novel “Two Captains”.

Purpose of the study: a comprehensive consideration of the issue of the influence of mythology on V. Kaverin’s novel.

To achieve this goal, the following were set: tasks:

To identify the attitude and frequency of Kaverin’s appeal to mythology;

Study the main features of mythological heroes in the images of the novel “Two Captains”;

Determine the forms of penetration of mythological motifs and plots into the novel “Two Captains”;

Consider the main stages of Kaverin’s appeal to mythological subjects.

To solve the problems, methods such as descriptive, historical and comparative are used.

1. Concept nro mythological themes and motifs

Myth stands at the origins of verbal art; mythological ideas and plots occupy a significant place in the oral folklore traditions of various peoples. Mythological motifs played a large role in the genesis of literary plots; mythological themes, images, characters are used and reinterpreted in literature almost throughout its history.

In the history of the epic, military strength and courage, the “fierce” heroic character completely overshadow witchcraft and magic. Historical legend is gradually pushing aside myth, the mythical early time is being transformed into the glorious era of early powerful statehood. However, certain features of myth can be preserved even in the most developed epics.

Due to the fact that in modern literary criticism there is no term “mythological elements”, at the beginning of this work it is advisable to define this concept. To do this, it is necessary to turn to works on mythology, which present opinions on the essence of myth, its properties, and functions. It would be much easier to define mythological elements as components of a particular myth (plots, heroes, images of living and inanimate nature, etc.), but when giving such a definition, one should also take into account the subconscious appeal of the authors of works to archetypal structures (as V. N. Toporov, “some features in the work of great writers could be understood as sometimes an unconscious appeal to elementary semantic oppositions, well known in mythology,” B. Groys speaks of “archaism, regarding which we can say that it is also at the beginning of time , as well as in the depths of the human psyche as its unconscious beginning.”

So, what is myth, and after it, what can be called mythological elements?

The word “myth” (mxYuipzh) - “word”, “story”, “speech” - comes from ancient Greek. Initially, it was understood as a set of absolute (sacred) value-worldview truths, opposed to everyday empirical (profane) truths expressed by an ordinary “word” (eTrpzh), notes Prof. A.V. Semushkin. Since the 5th century. BC, writes J.-P. Vernant, in philosophy and history, “myth”, opposed to “logos”, with which they initially coincided in meaning (only later logos began to mean the ability of thinking, reason), acquired a pejorative connotation, denoting a sterile, unfounded statement, devoid of support for strict evidence or reliable evidence (however, even in this case, it, disqualified from the point of view of truth, did not apply to sacred texts about gods and heroes).

The predominance of mythological consciousness relates mainly to the archaic (primitive) era and is associated primarily with its cultural life, in the system of semantic organization of which myth played a dominant role. The English ethnographer B. Malinovsky assigned to myth primarily the practical functions of maintaining

However, the main thing in a myth is its content, and not at all its compliance with historical evidence. In myths, events are considered in a temporal sequence, but often the specific time of the event is not important and only the starting point for the beginning of the story is important.

In the 17th century The English philosopher Francis Bacon, in his essay “On the Wisdom of the Ancients,” argued that myths in poetic form preserve the most ancient philosophy: moral maxims or scientific truths, the meaning of which is hidden under the cover of symbols and allegories. Free fantasy, expressed in myth, according to the German philosopher Herder, is not something absurd, but is an expression of the childhood age of humanity, “the philosophical experience of the human soul, which dreams before it wakes up.”

1.1 Features and characteristicsmyth

Mythology as the science of myths has a rich and long history. The first attempts to rethink mythological material were made in antiquity. But to date, no single generally accepted opinion about the myth has taken shape. Of course, there are points of agreement in the works of researchers. Starting from these points, it seems possible to us to identify the main properties and features of myth.

Representatives of various scientific schools focus on different aspects of the myth. So Raglan (Cambridge Ritual School) defines myths as ritual texts, Cassirer (a representative of symbolic theory) speaks of their symbolism, Losev (theory of mythopoeticism) - the coincidence of a general idea and a sensory image in a myth, Afanasyev calls myth the oldest poetry, Barth - a communicative system . Existing theories are briefly outlined in Meletinsky’s book “The Poetics of Myth.”

In the article by A.V. Gulygi lists the so-called “signs of myth”:

1. Merging of the real and the ideal (thoughts and actions).

2. Unconscious level of thinking (by mastering the meaning of the myth, we destroy the myth itself).

3. Syncretism of reflection (this includes: the inseparability of subject and object, the absence of differences between the natural and the supernatural).

Freudenberg notes the essential characteristics of myth, giving it a definition in his book “Myth and Literature of Antiquity”: “A figurative representation in the form of several metaphors, where there is no our logical, formal-logical causality and where thing, space, time are understood indivisibly and concretely, where man and the world are subject-object united, - this special constructive system of figurative ideas, when it is expressed in words, we call myth.” Based on this definition, it becomes clear that the main characteristics of myth arise from the characteristics of mythological thinking. Following the works of A.F. Loseva V.A. Markov argues that in mythological thinking there is no distinction between: object and subject, thing and its properties, name and subject, word and action, society and space, man and the universe, natural and supernatural, and the universal principle of mythological thinking is the principle of participation (“everything there is everything,” the logic of werewolf). Meletinsky is sure that mythological thinking is expressed in an indistinct separation of subject and object, object and sign, thing and word, being and its name, thing and its attributes, singular and plural, spatial and temporal relations, origin and essence.

In their works, various researchers note the following characteristics of myth: sacralization of the mythical “time of first creation,” in which lies the reason for the established world order (Eliade); indivisibility of image and meaning (Potebnya); universal animation and personalization (Losev); close connection with ritual; cyclical time model; metaphorical nature; symbolic meaning (Meletinsky).

In the article “On the interpretation of myth in the literature of Russian symbolism,” G. Shelogurova tries to draw preliminary conclusions regarding what is meant by myth in modern philological science:

1. Myth is unanimously recognized as a product of collective artistic creativity.

2. Myth is determined by the failure to distinguish between the plane of expression and the plane of content.

3. Myth is considered as a universal model for constructing symbols.

4. Myths are the most important source of plots and images at all times in the development of art.

1.2 Functions of myth inworks

Now it seems to us possible to determine the functions of myth in symbolic works:

1. Myth is used by symbolists as a means to create symbols.

2. With the help of myth, it becomes possible to express some additional ideas in a work.

3. Myth is a means of generalizing literary material.

4. In some cases, symbolists resort to myth as an artistic device.

5. Myth serves as a clear example, rich in meaning.

6. Based on the above, myth cannot but perform a structuring function (Meletinsky: “Mythologism has become a tool for structuring the narrative (with the help of mythological symbolism)”). 1

In the next chapter we will consider how valid our conclusions are for Bryusov’s lyrical works. To do this, we examine cycles from different times of writing, entirely built on mythological and historical subjects: “Favorites of the Ages” (1897-1901), “The Eternal Truth of Idols” (1904-1905), “The Eternal Truth of Idols” (1906-1908), “Powerful shadows" (1911-1912), "In the Mask" (1913-1914).

2. Mythology of the novel's images

Veniamin Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains” is one of the most striking works of Russian adventure literature of the 20th century. This story about love and fidelity, courage and determination has not left either an adult or a young reader indifferent for many years.

The book was called an “educational novel”, an “adventurous novel”, an “idyllic-sentimental novel”, but was not accused of self-deception. And the writer himself said that “this is a novel about justice and about the fact that it is more interesting (that’s what he said!) to be honest and brave than to be a coward and a liar.” And he also said that this is “a novel about the inevitability of truth.”

The motto of the heroes of “Two Captains” is “Fight and search, find and not give up!” More than one generation of those who adequately responded to all sorts of challenges of the time has grown up.

Fight and search, find and not give up. From English: That strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. The primary source is the poem “Ulysses” by the English poet Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), whose 70 years of literary activity are dedicated to valiant and happy heroes. These lines were carved on the grave of polar explorer Robert Scott (1868-1912). Trying to reach the South Pole first, he nevertheless came second, three days after the Norwegian pioneer Roald Amundsen visited it. Robert Scott and his companions died on the way back.

In Russian, these words became popular after the publication of the novel “Two Captains” by Veniamin Kaverin (1902-1989). The main character of the novel, Sanya Grigoriev, who dreams of polar expeditions, makes these words the motto of his entire life. Quoted as a phrase-symbol of loyalty to one’s goal and one’s principles. “Fight” (including one’s own weaknesses) is the first task of a person. “To seek” means to have a humane goal in front of you. “To find” is to make a dream come true. And if there are new difficulties, then “don’t give up.”

The novel is filled with symbols, which is part of mythology. Every image, every action has a symbolic meaning.

This novel can be considered a hymn to friendship. Sanya Grigoriev carried this friendship throughout his life. The episode when Sanya and his friend Petka took a “blood oath of friendship.” The words that the boys uttered were: “Fight and search, find and not give up”; they turned into a symbol of their life for the heroes of the novel and determined their character.

Sanya could have died during the war; his profession itself was dangerous. But against all odds, he survived and fulfilled his promise to find the missing expedition. What helped him in life? A high sense of duty, perseverance, perseverance, determination, honesty - all these character traits helped Sanya Grigoriev survive to find traces of the expedition and Katya’s love. “You have such love that the most terrible grief will recede before it: it will meet, look into your eyes and retreat. No one else, it seems, knows how to love like that, only you and Sanya. So strong, so stubborn, all my life. Where can you die when you are loved so much? - says Pyotr Skovorodnikov.

In our time, the time of the Internet, technology, speed, such love may seem like a myth to many. And how I want it to touch everyone, to provoke them to accomplish feats and discoveries.

Once in Moscow, Sanya meets the Tatarinov family. Why is he drawn to this house, what attracts him? The Tatarinovs' apartment becomes for the boy something like Ali Baba's cave with its treasures, mysteries and dangers. Nina Kapitonovna, who feeds Sanya lunches, is a “treasure”, Maria Vasilyevna, “neither a widow nor a husband’s wife”, who always wears black and often plunges into melancholy is a “mystery”, Nikolai Antonovich is a “danger”. In this house he found many interesting books, which he “fell ill with” and the fate of Katya’s father, Captain Tatarinov, excited and interested him.

It is difficult to imagine how Sanya Grigoriev’s life would have turned out if he had not met an amazing person, Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov, on his way. One frosty winter evening, someone knocked on the window of the house where two small children lived. When the children opened the door, an exhausted, frostbitten man stumbled into the room. This was Doctor Ivan Ivanovich, who escaped from exile. He lived with the children for several days, showed the children magic tricks, taught them to bake potatoes on sticks, and most importantly, taught the mute boy to talk. Who could have known then that these two people, a little mute boy and an adult man hiding from all people, would be bound by a strong, loyal male friendship for the rest of their lives.

Several years will pass, and they will meet again, the doctor and the boy, in Moscow, in the hospital, and the doctor will fight for many months for the boy’s life. A new meeting will take place in the Arctic, where Sanya will work. Together they, the polar pilot Grigoriev and Doctor Pavlov, will fly to save a man, get caught in a terrible snowstorm, and only thanks to the resourcefulness and skill of the young pilot they will be able to land a faulty plane and spend several days in the tundra among the Nenets. It is here, in the harsh conditions of the North, that the true qualities of both Sanya Grigoriev and Doctor Pavlov will appear.

The three meetings between Sanya and the doctor also have symbolic meaning. First of all, three is a fabulous number. This is the first number in a number of traditions (including ancient Chinese), or the first of the odd numbers. Opens a number series and qualifies as a perfect number (an image of absolute perfection). The first number to which the word “all” is assigned. One of the most positive emblem numbers in symbolism, religious thought, mythology and folklore. Sacred, lucky number 3. Carries the meaning of high quality or high degree of expressiveness of action. Shows mainly positive qualities: the sacredness of the committed act, courage and enormous strength, both physical and spiritual, the importance of something. In addition, the number 3 symbolizes the completeness and completeness of a certain sequence that has a beginning, middle and end. The number 3 symbolizes integrity, the triple nature of the world, its versatility, the trinity of creating, destroying and preserving forces of nature - reconciling and balancing their beginning, happy harmony, creative perfection and good luck.

Secondly, these meetings changed the life of the main character.

As for the image of Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov, he is very reminiscent of the mythological biblical image of Judas Iscariot, who betrayed his mentor, brother in Christ Jesus, for 30 pieces of silver. Nikolai Antonovich also betrayed his cousin, sending his expedition to certain death. Portrait and actions of N.A. Tatarinov is also very close to the image of Judas.

None of the disciples noticed when this red-haired and ugly Jew first appeared near Christ, but for a long time he had been relentlessly following their path, interfering in conversations, providing small services, bowing, smiling and ingratiating himself. And then it became completely familiar, deceiving tired vision, then suddenly it caught the eyes and ears, irritating them, like something unprecedentedly ugly, deceitful and disgusting.

A bright detail in Kaverin’s portrait is a kind of accent that helps demonstrate the essence of the person being portrayed. For example, the thick fingers of Nikolai Antonovich, reminiscent of “some kind of hairy caterpillars, it seems, cabbages” (64) - a detail that adds negative connotations to the image of this person, as well as the “golden tooth” constantly emphasized in the portrait, which previously somehow illuminated everything face” (64), and became dull in old age. The gold tooth will become a sign of the absolute falsity of the antagonist Sanya Grigoriev. The constantly “conspicuous” incurable acne on the face of Sanya’s stepfather is a sign of impurity of thoughts and dishonesty of behavior.

He was a good teacher, and the students respected him. They came to him with different proposals, and he listened to them carefully. Sanya Grigoriev also liked him at first. But when he was at their house, he noticed that everyone treated him unimportantly, although he was very attentive to everyone. With all the guests who came to them, he was kind and cheerful. He didn’t like Sanya and every time he visited them, he began to lecture him. Despite his pleasant appearance, Nikolai Antonovich was a vile, low person. His actions speak about this. Nikolai Antonovich - he made it so that most of the equipment on Tatarinov’s schooner turned out to be unusable. Almost the entire expedition died due to the fault of this man! He persuaded Romashov to eavesdrop on everything they say about him at school and report it to him. He made a whole conspiracy against Ivan Pavlovich Korablev, wanting to expel him from school, because the guys loved and respected him and because he asked for the hand of Marya Vasilievna, with whom he was deeply in love and whom he wanted to marry. It was Nikolai Antonovich who was to blame for the death of his brother Tatarinov: he was the one who equipped the expedition and did everything possible to prevent it from returning. He did his best to prevent Grigoriev from conducting an investigation into the case of the missing expedition. Moreover, he took advantage of the letters that Sanya Grigoriev found, defended himself, and became a professor. In an effort to avoid punishment and shame in case of exposure, he exposed another person, von Wyshimirsky, to attack when all the evidence proving his guilt was collected. These and other actions speak of him as a low, mean, dishonest, envious person. How much vileness he committed in his life, how many innocent people he killed, how many people he made unhappy. He is worthy only of contempt and condemnation.

What kind of person is Chamomile?

Sanya met Romashov at school 4 - a commune, where Ivan Pavlovich Korablev took him. Their beds were next to each other. The boys became friends. Sanya didn’t like the fact that Romashov always talked about money, saved it, and lent it at interest. Very soon Sanya became convinced of the meanness of this man. Sanya found out that at the request of Nikolai Antonovich, Romashka overheard everything that was said about the head of the school, wrote it down in a separate book, and then reported it to Nikolai Antonovich for a fee. He also told him that Sanya had heard the teachers’ council plot against Korablev and wanted to tell his teacher about everything. Another time, he dirty-talked to Nikolai Antonovich about Katya and Sanya, for which Katya was sent on vacation to Ensk, and Sanya was no longer allowed into the Tatarinovs’ house. The letter that Katya wrote to Sanya before her departure also did not reach Sanya, and this was also the work of Romashka. Romashka went so far as to rummage through Sanya’s suitcase, wanting to find some incriminating evidence on him. The older Romashka became, the greater his meanness became. He even went so far as to begin collecting documents for Nikolai Antonovich, his favorite teacher and patron, proving his guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition, and was ready to sell them to Sanya in exchange for Katya, with whom he was in love. Why sell important papers, he was ready to kill his childhood comrade in cold blood in order to fulfill his dirty goals. All of Romashka’s actions are low, vile, and dishonest.

*What brings Romashka and Nikolai Antonovich together, how are they similar?

These are low, mean, cowardly, envious people. To achieve their goals, they commit dishonest acts. They stop at nothing. They have neither honor nor conscience. Ivan Pavlovich Korablev calls Nikolai Antonovich a terrible person, and Romashov a person who has no morals at all. These two people deserve each other. Even love doesn't make them any more likable. In love, both are selfish. When achieving a goal, they put their interests and their feelings above all else! Disregarding the feelings and interests of the person they love, acting basely and meanly. Even the war did not change Romashka. Katya reflected: “He saw death, he became bored in this world of pretense and lies, which had previously been his world.” But she was deeply mistaken. Romashov was ready to kill Sanya, because no one would know about it and he would go unpunished. But Sanya was lucky; fate favored him again and again, giving him chance after chance.

Comparing “Two Captains” with canonical examples of the adventure genre, we easily discover that V. Kaverin masterfully uses a dynamically intense plot for a broad realistic narrative, during which the two main characters of the novel - Sanya Grigoriev and Katya Tatarinova - tell stories with great sincerity and excitement "O time and about yourself." All kinds of adventures here are by no means an end in themselves, for they do not determine the essence of the story of the two captains - these are only the circumstances of the real biography, which the author used as the basis of the novel, eloquently indicating that the life of Soviet people is full of rich events, that our heroic time is full of exciting romance.

"Two Captains" is, in essence, a novel about truth and happiness. In the fate of the main character of the novel, these concepts are inseparable. Of course, Sanya Grigoriev gains a lot in our eyes because he accomplished many feats in his life - he fought in Spain against the Nazis, flew over the Arctic, fought heroically on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, for which he was awarded several military orders. But it is curious that for all his exceptional persistence, rare diligence, composure and strong-willed determination, Captain Grigoriev does not perform exceptional feats, his chest is not adorned with the Star of the Hero, as many readers and sincere fans of Sanya would probably like. He accomplishes such feats as every Soviet person who passionately loves his socialist Motherland is capable of accomplishing. Does this make Sanya Grigoriev any loser in our eyes? Of course not!

We are captivated by the hero of the novel not only by his actions, but by his entire mental makeup, his heroic character in its very inner essence. Have you noticed that O The writer simply keeps silent about some of the exploits of his hero performed at the front. The point, of course, is not the number of feats. What we see before us is not so much a desperately brave man, a kind of captain “rip off his head”, but before us is, first of all, a principled, convinced, ideological defender of the truth, before us is the image of a Soviet youth, "shocked by the idea of justice" as the author himself points out. And this is the main thing in the appearance of Sanya Grigoriev, what captivated us from the very first meeting - even when we knew nothing about his participation in the Great Patriotic War.

We already knew that Sanya Grigoriev would grow up to be a courageous and courageous person when we heard the boy’s oath “Fight and search, find and not give up.” Of course, throughout the entire novel we are concerned with the question of whether the main character will find the traces of Captain Tatarinov, whether justice will prevail, but what really captivates us is himself process achieving the set goal. This process is difficult and complex, but that is why it is interesting and instructive for us.

For us, Sanya Grigoriev would not be a true hero if we knew only about his exploits and knew little about the development of his character. In the fate of the hero of the novel, his difficult childhood is important for us, and his bold clashes back in his school years with the scoundrel and selfish Romashka, with the cleverly disguised careerist Nikolai Antonovich, and his pure love for Katya Tatarinova, and loyalty to anything became a noble boyish oath. And how magnificently the determination and perseverance in the hero’s character is revealed when we follow step by step how he achieves his intended goal - to become a polar pilot in order to get the opportunity to fly in the skies of the Arctic! We cannot ignore his passion for aviation and polar travel, which absorbed Sanya while still in school. That is why Sanya Grigoriev becomes a courageous and brave person, because he does not lose sight of the main goal of his life for a single day.

Happiness is won by labor, truth is established in struggle - this conclusion can be drawn from all the life trials that befell Sanya Grigoriev. And, let’s face it, there were a lot of them. Homelessness had barely ended when clashes with strong and resourceful enemies began. Sometimes he suffered temporary setbacks, which he had to endure very painfully. But strong natures do not bend because of this - they are tempered in severe trials.

2.1 The mythology of the polar discoveries of the novel

Any writer has the right to fiction. But where is it, the line, the invisible line between truth and myth? Sometimes they are so closely intertwined, as, for example, in Veniamin Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains” - a work of fiction that most reliably resembles the real events of 1912 in the development of the Arctic.

Three Russian polar expeditions entered the Northern Ocean in 1912, all three ended tragically: the expedition of V.A. Rusanov. died entirely, the expedition of Brusilov G.L. - almost entirely, and in the expedition of Sedov G. I three died, including the head of the expedition. In general, the 20s and 30s of the 20th century were interesting due to the through voyages along the Northern Sea Route, the Chelyuskin epic, and the Papanin heroes.

The young but already famous writer V. Kaverin became interested in all this, became interested in people, bright personalities, whose actions and characters aroused only respect. He reads literature, memoirs, collections of documents; listens to N.V.'s stories Pinegin, friend and expedition member of the brave polar explorer Sedov; sees finds made in the mid-thirties on nameless islands in the Kara Sea. Also, during the Great Patriotic War, he himself, being a correspondent for Izvestia, visited the North.

And in 1944, the novel “Two Captains” was published. The author was literally inundated with questions about the prototypes of the main characters - Captain Tatarinov and Captain Grigoriev. He took advantage of the history of two brave conquerors of the Far North. One took from him a courageous and clear character, purity of thought, clarity of purpose - everything that distinguishes a man of great soul. It was Sedov. The other has the actual story of his journey. It was Brusilov." These heroes became the prototypes of Captain Tatarinov.

Let's try to figure out what is true and what is a myth, how the writer Kaverin managed to combine the realities of the expeditions of Sedov and Brusilov in the history of Captain Tatarinov's expedition. And although the writer himself did not mention the name of Vladimir Aleksandrovich Rusanov among the prototypes of the hero Captain Tatarinov, some facts claim that the realities of Rusanov’s expedition were also reflected in the novel “Two Captains”.

Lieutenant Georgy Lvovich Brusilov, a hereditary sailor, in 1912 led an expedition on the sailing and steam schooner “St. Anna”. He intended to travel with one winter from St. Petersburg around Scandinavia and further along the Northern Sea Route to Vladivostok. But “Saint Anna” did not come to Vladivostok either a year later or in subsequent years. Off the western coast of the Yamal Peninsula, the schooner was covered in ice and began to drift north into high latitudes. The ship failed to escape from ice captivity in the summer of 1913. During the longest drift in the history of Russian Arctic research (1,575 kilometers over a year and a half), Brusilov’s expedition carried out meteorological observations, measured depths, studied currents and ice conditions in the northern part of the Kara Sea, which until that time was completely unknown to science. Almost two years of ice captivity have passed.

On April 23 (10), 1914, when “St. Anna” was at latitude 830 north and longitude 600 east, with the consent of Brusilov, eleven crew members, led by navigator Valerian Ivanovich Albanov, left the schooner. The group hoped to reach the nearest shore, to Franz Josef Land, in order to deliver expedition materials that would allow scientists to characterize the underwater topography of the northern part of the Kara Sea and identify a meridional depression at the bottom about 500 kilometers long (the “St. Anna” trench). Only a few people reached the Franz Josef Archipelago, but only two of them, Albanov himself and the sailor A. Conrad, were lucky enough to escape. They were discovered quite by accident at Cape Flora by members of another Russian expedition under the command of G. Sedov (Sedov himself had already died by this time).

The schooner with G. Brusilov himself, sister of mercy E. Zhdanko, the first woman to participate in the high-latitude drift, and eleven crew members disappeared without a trace.

The geographical result of the campaign of the group of navigator Albanov, which cost the lives of nine sailors, was the statement that the Lands of King Oscar and Peterman, previously marked on the maps, do not actually exist.

We know in general terms the drama of the “St. Anne” and her crew thanks to Albanov’s diary, which was published in 1917 under the title “South to Franz Josef Land.” Why were only two saved? This is quite clear from the diary. The people in the group that left the schooner were very diverse: strong and weakened, reckless and weak in spirit, disciplined and dishonest. Those who had the best chances survived. Albanov received mail from the ship “St. Anna” to the mainland. Albanov arrived, but none of those to whom they were intended received the letter. Where did they go? This still remains a mystery.

Now let’s turn to Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains”. Of the members of Captain Tatarinov's expedition, only long-distance navigator I. Klimov returned. This is what he writes to Maria Vasilievna, the wife of Captain Tatarinov: “I hasten to inform you that Ivan Lvovich is alive and well. Four months ago, in accordance with his instructions, I left the schooner and thirteen members of the crew with me. I won’t talk about our difficult journey to Franz Josef Land on floating ice. I will only say that from our group I was the only one who safely (except for frostbitten feet) reached Cape Flora. “Saint Phocas” of Lieutenant Sedov’s expedition picked me up and took me to Arkhangelsk. “St. Mary” froze in the Kara Sea and since October 1913 has been constantly moving north along with the polar ice. When we left, the schooner was at latitude 820 55". She stands calmly among the ice field, or rather, she stood from the autumn of 1913 until I left."

Sanya Grigoriev’s senior friend, Doctor Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov, almost twenty years later, in 1932, explains to Sanya that the group photo of the members of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition “was given by the navigator of the “St. Mary” Ivan Dmitrievich Klimov. In 1914, he was brought to Arkhangelsk with frostbitten legs, and he died in the city hospital from blood poisoning.” After Klimov’s death, two notebooks and letters remained. The hospital sent these letters to the addresses, and the notebooks and photographs remained with Ivan Ivanovich. The persistent Sanya Grigoriev once told Nikolai Antonich Tatarinov, the cousin of the missing captain Tatarinov, that he would find the expedition: “I don’t believe that it disappeared without a trace.”

And so in 1935, Sanya Grigoriev, day after day, sorts out Klimov’s diaries, among which he finds an interesting map - a map of the drift of the “St. Mary” “from October 1912 to April 1914, and the drift was shown in those places where the so-called Earth lay Peterman. “But who knows that this fact was first established by Captain Tatarinov on the schooner “St. Mary”?” - exclaims Sanya Grigoriev.

Captain Tatarinov had to go from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. From the captain’s letter to his wife: “About two years have passed since I sent you a letter through the telegraph expedition on Yugorsky Shar. We walked freely along the planned course, and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon our original intention of going to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But every cloud has a silver lining. A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she won’t seem childish or reckless to you, like some of my companions.”

What kind of thought is this? Sanya finds the answer to this in the notes of Captain Tatarinov: “The human mind was so absorbed in this task that its solution, despite the harsh grave that travelers for the most part found there, became a continuous national competition. Almost all civilized countries took part in this competition, and only the Russians were not present, and yet the ardent impulses of the Russian people to discover the North Pole manifested themselves even in the time of Lomonosov and have not faded to this day. Amundsen wants at all costs to leave behind Norway the honor of discovering the North Pole, and we will go this year and prove to the whole world that the Russians are capable of this feat.” (From a letter to the head of the Main Hydrographic Directorate, April 17, 1911). Therefore, this is where Captain Tatarinov was aiming! “He wanted, like Nansen, to go as far north as possible with drifting ice, and then get to the Pole on dogs.”

Tatarinov's expedition failed. Amundsen also said: “The success of any expedition depends entirely on its equipment.” Indeed, his brother Nikolai Antonich performed a “disservice” in preparing and equipping Tatarinov’s expedition. For reasons of failure, Tatarinov’s expedition was similar to the expedition of G.Ya. Sedov, who in 1912 tried to penetrate to the North Pole. After 352 days of ice captivity off the northwestern coast of Novaya Zemlya in August 1913, Sedov took the ship “Holy Great Martyr Foka” out of the bay and sent it to Franz Josef Land. The second wintering place for “Foki” was Tikhaya Bay on Hooker Island. On February 2, 1914, Sedov, despite complete exhaustion, accompanied by two sailors - volunteers A. Pustoshny and G. Linnik, headed to the Pole on three dog sleds. After a severe cold, he died on February 20 and was buried by his companions at Cape Auk (Rudolph Island). The expedition was poorly prepared. G. Sedov was poorly acquainted with the history of exploration of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, and did not know well the latest maps of the section of ocean along which he was going to reach the North Pole. He himself did not carefully check the equipment. His temperament and desire to quickly conquer the North Pole at any cost prevailed over the clear organization of the expedition. So these are important reasons for the outcome of the expedition and the tragic death of G. Sedov.

It was previously mentioned about Kaverin’s meetings with Pinegin. Nikolai Vasilyevich Pinegin is not only an artist and writer, but also an Arctic researcher. During Sedov's last expedition in 1912, Pinegin made the first documentary film about the Arctic, the footage of which, together with the artist's personal memories, helped Kaverin to present a clearer picture of the events of that time.

Let's return to Kaverin's novel. From a letter from Captain Tatarinov to his wife: “I am also writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands on the maps to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula. Meanwhile, being at latitude 790 35", east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery stripe, slightly convex, coming from the very horizon. I am convinced that this is land. For now, I called it by your name." Sanya Grigoriev finds out what it is there was Severnaya Zemlya, discovered in 1913 by Lieutenant B.A. Vilkitsky.

After defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Russia needed to have its own way of guiding ships to the Great Ocean, so as not to depend on the Suez or other canals of warm countries. The authorities decided to create a Hydrographic Expedition and carefully examine the least difficult section from the Bering Strait to the mouth of the Lena, so that it would be possible to go from east to west, from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk or St. Petersburg. The head of the expedition was initially A.I. Vilkitsky, and after his death, from 1913 - his son, Boris Andreevich Vilkitsky. It was he who, during the navigation of 1913, dispelled the legend about the existence of Sannikov Land, but discovered a new archipelago. On August 21 (September 3), 1913, a huge archipelago covered with eternal snow was spotted north of Cape Chelyuskin. Consequently, north of Cape Chelyuskin is not the open ocean, but a strait, later called the B. Vilkitsky Strait. The archipelago was originally named the Land of Emperor Nicholas II. It has been called Severnaya Zemlya since 1926.

In March 1935, pilot Alexander Grigoriev, having made an emergency landing on the Taimyr Peninsula, quite by accident discovered an old brass gaff, green with age, with the inscription “Schooner “St. Maria”. Nenets Ivan Vylko explains that a boat with a hook and a man was found by local residents on the shore of Taimyr, the coast closest to Severnaya Zemlya. By the way, there is reason to believe that it was no coincidence that the author of the novel gave the Nenets hero the surname Vylko. A close friend of the Arctic explorer Rusanov, a participant in his 1911 expedition, was the Nenets artist Ilya Konstantinovich Vylko, who later became the chairman of the council of Novaya Zemlya (“President of Novaya Zemlya”).

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Rusanov was a polar geologist and navigator. His last expedition on the motor-sailing vessel Hercules entered the Arctic Ocean in 1912. The expedition reached the Spitsbergen archipelago and discovered four new coal deposits there. Rusanov then attempted to take the North-East Passage. Having reached Cape Zhelaniya on Novaya Zemlya, the expedition went missing.

It is not known exactly where Hercules died. But it is known that the expedition not only sailed, but also part of it walked, because the “Hercules” almost certainly perished, as evidenced by objects found in the mid-30s on the islands near the Taimyr coast. In 1934, on one of the islands, hydrographers discovered a wooden pillar on which was written “Hercules” - 1913.” Traces of the expedition were discovered in the Minin skerries off the western coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and on Bolshevik Island (Severnaya Zemlya). And in the seventies, the search for Rusanov’s expedition was carried out by the expedition of the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper. In the same area, two hooks were found, as if to confirm the intuitive guess of the writer Kaverin. According to experts, they belonged to the Rusanovites.

Captain Alexander Grigoriev, following his motto “Fight and search, find and not give up,” in 1942 nevertheless found the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, or rather, what was left of it. He calculated the path that Captain Tatarinov had to take, if we consider it indisputable that he returned to Severnaya Zemlya, which he called “Mary’s Land”: from latitude 790 35, between the 86th and 87th meridians, to the Russian Islands and to the Nordenskiöld Archipelago. Then, probably, after many wanderings from Cape Sterlegov to the mouth of the Pyasina, where the old Nenets Vylko found a boat on a sled. Then to the Yenisei, because the Yenisei was for Tatarinov the only hope of meeting people and help. He walked along the seaward side of the coastal islands, if possible straight ahead. Sanya found the last camp of Captain Tatarinov, found his farewell letters, photographs, and found his remains. Captain Grigoriev conveyed to the people the farewell words of Captain Tatarinov: “It’s bitter for me to think about all the things that I could have done if I had not only been helped, but at least not interfered with. What to do? One consolation is that through my labors new vast lands were discovered and annexed to Russia.”

At the end of the novel we read: “Ships entering the Yenisei Bay see from afar the grave of Captain Tatarinov. They pass by it with flags at half-mast, and the funeral salute roars from the cannons, and the long echo rolls on without ceasing.

The grave is built of white stone, and it sparkles dazzlingly under the rays of the never-setting polar sun.

The following words are carved at the height of human growth:

“Here lies the body of Captain I.L. Tatarinov, who made one of the most courageous journeys and died on the way back from the Severnaya Zemlya he discovered in June 1915. Fight and search, find and don’t give up!”

Reading these lines of Kaverin’s novel, you involuntarily recall the obelisk erected in 1912 in the eternal snows of Antarctica in honor of Robert Scott and his four comrades. There is a gravestone inscription on it. And the final words of the poem “Ulysses” by the classic of British poetry of the 19th century Alfred Tennyson: “To strive, to seek, to find and not yield” (which translated from English means: “Struggle and seek, find and not give up!”). Much later, with the publication of Veniamin Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains,” these very words became the life motto of millions of readers, a loud call for Soviet polar explorers of different generations.

Probably, the literary critic N. Likhacheva was wrong, who attacked “Two Captains” when the novel had not yet been completely published. After all, the image of Captain Tatarinov is generalized, collective, fictitious. The right to fiction is given to the author by the artistic style, not the scientific one. The best character traits of Arctic explorers, as well as mistakes, miscalculations, historical realities of the expeditions of Brusilov, Sedov, Rusanov - all this is connected with the hero Kaverin.

And Sanya Grigoriev, like Captain Tatarinov, is the writer’s fiction. But this hero also has his prototypes. One of them is professor-geneticist M.I. Lobashov.

In 1936, in a sanatorium near Leningrad, Kaverin met the silent, always internally focused young scientist Lobashov. “He was a man in whom ardor was combined with straightforwardness, and perseverance with an amazing definiteness of purpose. He knew how to achieve success in any business. A clear mind and capacity for deep feeling were visible in his every judgment.” The character traits of Sanya Grigoriev are visible in everything. And many specific circumstances of Sanya’s life were directly borrowed by the author from Lobashov’s biography. These are, for example, Sanya's muteness, the death of his father, homelessness, the commune school of the 20s, the types of teachers and students, falling in love with the daughter of a school teacher. Talking about the history of the creation of “Two Captains,” Kaverin noted that, unlike the parents, sister, and comrades of the hero, whom the prototype Sanya told about, only individual touches were outlined in the teacher Korablev, so that the image of the teacher was completely created by the writer.

Lobashov, who became the prototype of Sanya Grigoriev, told the writer about his life, immediately aroused the active interest of Kaverin, who decided not to give free rein to his imagination, but to follow the story he heard. But in order for the hero’s life to be perceived naturally and vividly, he must be in conditions personally known to the writer. And unlike the prototype, who was born on the Volga and graduated from school in Tashkent, Sanya was born in Ensk (Pskov), and graduated from school in Moscow, and it absorbed much of what happened at the school where Kaverin studied. And the condition of the young Sanya also turned out to be close to the writer. He was not an orphanage resident, but during the Moscow period of his life he was left completely alone in a huge, hungry and deserted Moscow. And, of course, I had to spend a lot of energy and will so as not to get confused.

And the love for Katya that Sanya carries throughout her life is not invented or embellished by the author; Kaverin is here next to his hero: having married Lidochka Tynyanova as a twenty-year-old boy, he remained faithful to his love forever. And how much there is in common in the mood of Veniamin Aleksandrovich and Sanya Grigoriev when they write to their wives from the front, when they are looking for them, taken from besieged Leningrad. And Sanya is fighting in the North, too, because Kaverin was a military correspondent for TASS, and then for Izvestia in the Northern Fleet, and knew first-hand Murmansk, Polyarnoye, and the specifics of the war in the Far North, and its people.

Sanya was helped to “fit in” with the life and everyday life of polar pilots by another person who was well acquainted with aviation and knew the North very well - the talented pilot S.L. Klebanov, a wonderful, honest man, whose advice in the author’s study of flying was invaluable. From the biography of Klebanov, the life of Sanya Grigoriev included the story of a flight to the remote camp of Vanokan, when a disaster broke out en route.

In general, according to Kaverin, both prototypes of Sanya Grigoriev resembled each other not only in their tenacity of character and extraordinary determination. Klebanov even resembled Lobashov in appearance - short, dense, stocky.

The great skill of the artist lies in creating a portrait in which everything that is his and everything that is not his becomes his own, deeply original, individual.

Kaverin has a remarkable property: he gives the heroes not only his own impressions, but also his habits, and those of his family and friends. And this nice touch makes the characters closer to the reader. The writer endowed Valya Zhukov in the novel with the desire of his older brother Sasha to cultivate the power of his gaze by looking for a long time at the black circle painted on the ceiling. During a conversation, Doctor Ivan Ivanovich suddenly throws a chair to his interlocutor, which he definitely needs to catch - this was not invented by Veniamin Aleksandrovich: this is how K.I. liked to talk. Chukovsky.

The hero of the novel “Two Captains” Sanya Grigoriev lived his own unique life. Readers seriously believed in him. And for more than sixty years, readers of several generations have understood and are close to this image. Readers admire his personal qualities of character: willpower, thirst for knowledge and search, loyalty to his word, dedication, perseverance in achieving goals, love for his homeland and love for his work - all that helped Sanya solve the mystery of Tatarinov’s expedition.

Veniamin Kaverin two captains

Veniamin Kaverin in his work “Two Captains” tells us about the fate of captain Sanya Grigoriev. As a boy, he had to be left without his father, who was arrested and accused of murder. There, in prison, Sanya's innocent father died. The boy, although he knew about the real murder, could not say anything, since he was mute. It will be later that Doctor Ivan Ivanovich will help get rid of this illness, but for now the boy lives with his mother and stepfather, who abuses them. Soon, her mother dies, and Sanya and her sister go to her aunt, who wants to give them to an orphanage. As we see, Sanya has had a difficult fate since childhood, but this did not stop him from being a real person who goes towards his goal. His goal was to find out the truth about Tatarinov’s expedition. Grigoriev wanted to restore the good name of Captain Tatarinov, whom Sanya learned about in childhood after reading his letters.

Kaverin’s story “Two Captains” covers a large period of time, from pre-revolutionary times to the Great Patriotic War. During this period of time, Sanya turns from a boy into a man who has to make difficult decisions. Kaverin's story is full of various exciting events, there are unusual plot twists. There are adventures, love, friendship and betrayal here.

So, having learned from letters about Tatarinov, who discovered the Northern Land, Sanya also learns about the brother of that same captain Tatarinov, Nikolai Antonovich. This man, who was in love with Tatarinov’s wife, made sure that no one returned from the expedition. Grigoriev wants to restore Tatarinov’s good name, he wants to open everyone’s eyes to Nikolai Antonovich’s act, but the truth kills Tatarinov’s widow, and Katya, Tatarinov’s daughter, who Sanya liked, turns away from him.

The plot of the work is interesting, you constantly worry about the characters, because in Kaverin’s work there are not only positive heroes, but also negative ones. The vile Nikolai Antonovich, who betrayed his brother, and Romashka, Sanya’s imaginary friend, who did nothing but mean things, had no problem committing treason, betrayal, and lies. Without a twinge of conscience, he abandons the wounded Sanya, taking away his weapons and documents. The plot is tense and you can’t understand in advance how the story will end. And it ends with justice having triumphed. Sanya manages to find the body of the deceased Tatarinov, he manages to read out his report, he marries Katya Tatarinov, Romashka, like Nikolai Antonovich, gets what he deserves. The first goes to prison, and the second is expelled from science.

Kaverin two captains main characters

In Kaverin’s work “Two Captains” the main character is Sanya Grigoriev. This is a purposeful person who lived by the motto: “Fight and search, find and not give up.” This is a guy who achieved his goal, he became a polar pilot, he managed to complete the investigation into Tatarinov’s lost expedition. Sanya is brave, courageous, knows what he wants from life and takes everything from it.

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Two captains: the main characters of the novel by Veniamin Kaverin

Veniamin Kaverin probably wrote one of the key novels of the adventure genre that children of the Soviet era read. The novel was written in the 1940s, but the popularity and relevance of the novel continues today. We are talking about a cult thing - the novel “Two Captains”, the main characters of which are complex and living characters.

“Fight and search, find and not give up”

These words, as if cut out from Alfred Tennyson’s poem “Ulysses” (Odysseus), are the motto of Kaverin’s novel. The work begins surprisingly: not with one’s own memory, but with someone else’s memory. In the city of Ensk, located on the periphery of Russia, the body of a deceased postman was found. He had a bag with him, and in the bag there were letters. The main character lives on the first pages of the novel through these letters, and especially the young man remembers the lines associated with polar expeditions, with travel to the north... And the novel “Two Captains” itself, the main characters of which fight, search, find and do not give up, is imbued with the spirit of adventure. Therefore, the work, like the sea novels of Fenimore Cooper and Rafael Sabatini, occupies one of the main places on the shelf of young readers.

Since you are with us, we suggest you familiarize yourself with Veniamin Kaverina.

It is curious that the lines that the writer made the motto of the novel are also taken as an epitaph. The words are engraved on a cross erected in memory of Robert Falcon Scott's polar expedition, which never returned home.

Thus, the work of Veniamin Kaverin is dedicated to the theme of search. If the French writer Marcel Proust's heroes are looking for lost time, then here the heroes are busy searching for a lost polar expedition... and love.

Heroes of the novel "Two Captains"

The classification of the characters in the work is traditional: here there are figures of the foreground and figures of the background, main characters and, accordingly, secondary characters. First, let's talk about who plays the main role on this literary stage.

Main characters

Alexander Grigoriev

The name Alexandra in the novel most often appears in an affectionate form - Sanya. Of course, Sanya is a positive character. The young man, like other heroes of the foreground, faces a difficult fate and many trials. The young man's first test is physiological in nature - muteness. One day, Sanya's father is accused of murder and taken into custody. Little Sanya is the only one who knows the name of the real criminal, but the boy cannot tell the name because he cannot speak. In the future, Sanya will be cured of a strange sound illness, but by that time his father will already die in custody.

Sanya's mother will marry again, and her stepfather, as befits a plot in works of this kind, will turn out to be a bad man - tough, callous, mean and selfish. Later, Sanya also experiences the death of her mother. He remains with Aunt Dasha - the same one who read the boy letters from the bag of the deceased postman. But the aunt decides that Sanya and her sister should live in a shelter. Then Sanya and the boy’s close friend (Peter) flee - first to Moscow, and then to Turkestan. Adventures begin in the capital... Moscow presents friends not with gifts, but with the next cruelties of “adult” life.

Fleeing to Moscow, Sanya plans to stay for the first time with her friend’s uncle, but Petya’s relative, as it turns out, has been called up to the front. Young children will face thankless work and a game of hide and seek with checks in the capital. During one of these checks, Sanya fails to escape, and the boy is sent to a school for street children...

The novel covers many years, and these years, in all the situations described in the novel, Sanya appears as a noble, purposeful, strong person - in spirit and body. When, while visiting a friend, due to Sanya’s fault, the lactometer, a device for checking the composition of milk, accidentally breaks down, Katya, the young man’s friend, wants to protect her friend, but Sanya does not allow the girl to take the blame. In this case, the hero shows nobility. Alexander is close to the fight for justice, the young man is also courageous and proud. However, pride is not characteristic of the character. Sanya sincerely believes in her ideals and follows the principles. He is loyal and capable of fierce love. Meanwhile, rationality is not alien to the young man: in many situations, Sanya shows real analytical thinking.

After a falling out with Katya - already during his teenage years - Sanya studies at summer school and is preparing to fulfill his childhood dream - to find out what happened to the polar expedition, which he read about in childhood, in strange letters half spoiled by sea water.

Ekaterina Tatarinova

Katya is Sanya’s friend, whom we already talked about above. Her parents’ house becomes a whole “brave new world” for Sanya, similar to Ali Baba’s cave. The apartment seems to the hero a strange world, full of mysteries and dangers.

Katya is the daughter of Captain Tatarinov. However, Sanya will hear the story of this captain from her friend not now, but 4 years later. Then the heroes will meet again and recognize each other. Sanya will tell Katya that he is going to become a pilot, and Katya will tell him the story of her family.

In 1912, in June, Captain Tatarinov left for an expedition (from St. Petersburg the captain was traveling to Vladivostok) on the ship “St. Maria,” but before that he came briefly to Ensk, already familiar to us, to say goodbye to his family. After this, the captain and the expedition disappeared. The captain's wife repeatedly turned to the emperor with a request for help in finding her husband, but it was believed that the captain could have died: if this is so, and Tatarinov died, then only because of his own negligence and negligence in relation to state property.

One day Sanya again had the opportunity to re-read the letters that he had heard from his aunt as a child. Suddenly the young man realized: these letters are about Captain Tatarinov and the expedition.

Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov

In his apartment (and he was the head of the school where Sanya was sent in Moscow) the Tatarinov family lived, including Katya, Sanya’s friend. Nikolai was Katya's cousin. The man did not feel affection or sympathy for the girl’s father, that is, for his cousin, because, firstly, he was in love with his brother’s wife, Marya Vasilievna, and secondly, he considered him ungrateful.

Sanya considered Nikolai Antonovich as the main “danger” of the Tatarinovs’ apartment. One day Nikolai acts meanly: Marya Vasilievna did not feel reciprocity towards him, but the woman, meanwhile, was attracted to a geography teacher - a certain Korablev. Sometimes he came to visit, and one day he proposed marriage. Marya refused. But, despite this, an insidious plan still arose in Nikolai Antonovich’s mind - to make sure that Korablev would no longer come, and to do this, to interfere with his work, so that he would be limited in teaching geography. Sanya told the teacher about everything, and therefore Nikolai kicked the young man out of the house. Katya, not believing Sanya and his story about her uncle’s meanness, is offended by her friend for a long time.

However, this was not the most vile act of Nikolai Antonovich. The worst thing was that the expedition disappeared precisely through his fault - for the most part. Nikolai was responsible for the equipment of the polar explorers who went on the expedition, and it was his fault that this equipment was completely unusable. Sanya cannot prove this, because the facts were carried away by salt water, which blurred the words in the letters. But the young man remembers what was written there.

Subsequently, Katya becomes Sanya's lover. Having realized the truth, the girl will leave the Tatarinovs' house: at that time Katya will already be a respected person, a geologist, the head of the expedition. Nikolai Antonovich will get his due: the scoundrel will be exposed, and he will be forced to leave, disgraced and humiliated.

And although Nikolai Antonovich is rather a secondary character, we introduced him into this description in order to give integrity to the characterization. And now, however, let's move on to the next figures in the novel.

Supporting heroes

Marya Vasilievna Tatarinova

We have already started the story about Marya Vasilievna. The woman is very unhappy: firstly, Marya loses her husband, secondly, the heroine is deprived of the company of Korablev, whom she likes, and thirdly, she is forced to marry a man she does not love.

As you might guess, Marya Vasilievna becomes the wife of Nikolai Antonovich. All because the woman felt guilty and that she was supposedly indebted to Nikolai for the care provided to her, mother and daughter. But one day Marya Vasilievna learns from Sanya about what a “terrible person” Nikolai Antonovich was. The young man did not know that the latter had already become the husband of the poor woman.

Marya Vasilievna felt guilty before her husband (captain), felt like a traitor. In the end, the heroine cannot stand it and commits suicide: the woman was poisoned, and the doctors were unable to help her in time and save her.

Here the reader again encounters drama in the relationship between Sanya and Katya: at her mother’s funeral, Katya does not want to talk to Sanya, because Nikolai managed to convince the girl that Sanya was to blame for the death of Marya Vasilievna, and in the letters they were talking about a completely different person.

Nikolai Antonovich will eventually be exposed anyway. Sanya will do this, but only after the end of the war.

Romashov / Romashka

We encounter this hero when, while reading a book, we come to the story of Korablev. After all, Grigoriev told the young man what he had heard from Nikolai Tatarinov, and then considered Korablev a traitor, who reported everything to Tatarinov.

But the traitor in this situation turned out not to be Korablev, but Romashov, nicknamed Romashka.

Chamomile is an exclusively and completely negative character. Mean, cowardly, capable only of base and vile acts. Since childhood, Romashka has been interested in his own gain, and for the sake of it, the hero can even go to the extent of blackmailing friends and relatives.

The worst thing is that one day Sanya will find out: Romashka entered the Tatarinovs’ house, gained their trust and, it seems, will marry Katya just a little bit later. The girl did not immediately understand that Romashka was only familiar with betrayal, and that he himself was a two-faced and morally dirty person. It is Romashka who will be Nikolai’s accomplice in denigrating the name of Sanya Grigoriev, when Sanya wants to present materials about the fate of the captain of the missing expedition...

However, falling in love with Katya will play a cruel joke on Romashka: he will offer Sanya his services in exposing Nikolai’s guilt. The payment is Sanya’s refusal to want to be with Katya. However, Grigoriev turned out to be more noble: Sanya talks about Romashka’s proposal to Nikolai Antonovich. However, he could no longer play against his former accomplice.

When Sanya and Katya's trip to the north to search for the missing expedition fails, and Sanya goes to the front - to the war with Spain, Katya will again meet an old "friend". Chamomile will convince the girl that he saved Sanya, who was wounded, but Grigoriev died tragically. However, now the girl will not believe it. Romashka, indeed, lied: Romashov did not save Alexander at all, but betrayed him by taking away his things. In the end, justice will prevail and Chamomile will be convicted.

Ivan Pavlovich Korablev

We go back again to study in more detail the already familiar personality of the geography teacher. Often Ivan takes exactly the position of the victim, because Korablev is unfairly tortured at school - because of his love for Marya Vasilievna, Sanya accuses him of betraying his trust...

In fact, Korablev embodies such traits as kindness, sincerity, naivety and simplicity, honesty, openness and justice. The teacher loves his job, his work, and cares about the children he teaches.

Ivan Pavlovich will play an important role in the relationship between Sanya and Katya: Korablev will help the lovers many times.

Valentin (Valya) Zhukov

As we know, the theme of friendship occupies a particularly important place in the novel “Two Captains”; the main characters of the work constantly find themselves in situations where friendship and betrayal collide with each other in an unequal struggle. According to the laws of the genre, at first it will seem to the reader that evil is winning, but then good will definitely prevail.

So, Valya Zhukov is Sanya’s comrade. At first, Sanya was also friends with Petya (Petr Skovorodnikov). Together the boys fled to the capital, but then their paths diverged. Petya managed to escape during the check, and Grigoriev subsequently learned that Petya was still in Moscow and was engaged in art. Alexandra (Sasha) Grigorieva, Sanya’s sister, who eventually became Petya’s wife, also studied at the Academy of Arts.

Valya Zhukov and Romashka are friends that Sanya made while studying at a school for street children. Valya is the antipode of Chamomile. Valya is smart, honest, fair, responsible and reliable, a wonderful and loyal friend. Zhukov becomes the husband of Katya’s best friend, Kira, and the young man also has a career as a major scientist.

Sasha Grigorieva

Sanya's sister is an artist and the wife of his friend Petit. Events are developing, and later Sanya will be able to publish an article about the polar expedition and about Captain Tatarinov... By that time Sasha will be living in Moscow, raising his son. But then the girl will be consumed by illness. He cannot be cured: Sasha will die.

Nina Kapitonovna

For Grigoriev, the old woman was a treasure in “Ali Baba’s cave”, because she always treated him with goodies. Nina Kapitonovna introduces Sanya into the circle of the Tatarinov family: once, Sanya helped a woman carry heavy bags... Nina is Marya Vasilievna’s mother.

Ivan Ivanovich

This is the doctor who was able to cure Sanya of muteness. But this was not the only meeting of our characters. Then fate brings them together at a time when Sanya managed to get him assigned to the North. Here, in the Arctic Territory, Ivan Ivanovich gives Sanya notes from the navigator of the ship “St. Mary”. The navigator, as it turned out, died in 1914, but from those letters Sanya learned about the fate that befell the missing captain.

Decoding letters, love

The young man, captivated by the idea of finding polar explorers, studies at a Leningrad summer school, reading and parsing difficult letter notes. The zealous young man learns that the captain, Katya’s father, has released his comrades to look for a new land and develop it. The captain himself, Katya’s father, did not leave the ship. Maria's Land is a place that Sanya's investigation points to; there may be traces of a lost expedition here.

Grigoriev will achieve great success in this endeavor. Later, the desire to find traces of the expedition again brings the young man together with Katya. However, the expedition will not take place this time...

The reader will encounter the characters again when 5 years have passed for them: Sanya returns, having managed to escape after the war with Spain, but Katya is no longer in Moscow...

We see how hard fate throws the heroes. Now Sanya is forced to go on a personal “expedition” - in search of his missing love. Grigoriev is looking for a wife in Moscow, then goes to Yaroslavl, and then to Novosibirsk... During his travels, Sanya manages - by pure chance (due to the need to make an emergency landing) - to find the remains of the ship "St. Mary", the body of the deceased captain and his notes . In Polyarny, a town not far from this place, Sanya and Katya meet.

, Extracurricular activities

Goal: to teach the analysis of an epic work through an episode from the text of the work, to acquire the necessary theoretical knowledge taking into account the elements of artistic analysis.

Literary terms: novel, theme, idea, literary hero, morality, ethics.

Epigraph: “Fight and search, find and not give up.”

Today in class we will talk about everyone’s favorite writer V.A. Kaverin and his amazing novel “Two Captains”. This book, a novel, has worthily entered the golden fund of our Russian literature. In the novel, the author raises and solves a number of important moral and ethical problems, which today remain as important as they were in the 40s of the 20th century, when the book was written.

Who is Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin? (Autobiographical note. Student message).

This book is a novel. Let's remember the features of the novel as an epic genre of literature. What are the main features of “Two Captains” as a novel:

versatility,

branching storylines,

temporary spaces,

large coverage of events,

multi-heroic character.

The connection of times can be traced through the letters in the novel, so there is an epistolary genre here (lit. a genre of works written in the form of letters).

Did you like Kaverin's book? (Student reviews of the novel. Evaluation of opinions).

So, you have already been able to decide for yourself what this book is about. What is the theme of the novel? A story about the life of Sanya Grigoriev, who is the main character of the novel.

What are the main problems of the novel?

choice of life path,

what is truth and lies,

honor and dishonor,

courage, heroism and duty.

So a circle of moral problems has emerged.

Kaverin himself said about the idea: “Restoring justice.”

So, let's look at the moral problems of the novel.

What is the true beauty of a person? When can a person be called a man with a capital M, that is, a real person?

Let's name the main characters of the novel.

The fates of the heroes are intertwined. They live in pre-war times according to the moral laws of their time.

You already understand that they are different people. Someone can be called a man of honor and conscience, someone can be called a vile and insignificant person. They made their life choices.

The problem of honor and dishonor

Let us turn to the image of the main character of the novel - Sanya Grigoriev.

How do you imagine it? How did he grow up? What influenced the formation of his character? How did he harden and mature?

Scene from school life (chapter 12 “Serious conversation”).

Is Sanya Grigoriev to blame for the death of Marya Vasilievna? Did he have the courage to continue the search for the missing expedition? Did Sanya make any mistakes?

He has no life experience, and this leads him to mistakes. A person is shaped by resistance to the environment, and this is what happened with Sanya. He cannot act like everyone else. He chooses his decision. Remember the oath they took with Petka Skovorodnikov “Fight and seek...”? Fight first of all with yourself, with your own weaknesses. Sanya Grigoriev overcomes selfishness and carelessness towards other people’s feelings.

He brought out high moral purity from childhood, and this helped him remain a real person with a high dream. For him, “to seek” means to have a clear goal and strive for it. He will become a pilot - that is his goal.

Which character said the phrase: “Everyone wants to grab a tasty morsel”? What can you say about Gaer Kulia? Which of the novel’s heroes can be called lovers of “tidbits”?

The problem of lies and truth

We remember that the idea of the novel is the restoration of justice. The fight against lies and hypocrisy.

Which of the heroes are carriers of lies and hypocrisy? Who killed Captain Tatarinov? Whose meanness almost caused Sanya’s death? How do you explain such a coincidence?

Let us dwell on the attitude of the heroes towards women. Why doesn’t the love of Nikolai Antonovich and Romashov make them attractive?

How does the dispute end between people who follow the motto “struggle and seek”, and those for whom the main thing in life is to “grab the tidbit”? Not only Sanya, but also Romashov has a strong will. Why does she attract Sana, but repels him?

The problem of courage, heroism and duty

It is revealed in the image of two captains.

Proving the truth, Sanya Grigoriev showed great courage and heroism, because he considered it his duty to find traces of the lost expedition. This path was difficult. The moral lessons that Sanya received at the same time made him a real person.

How are the fates of Captain Tatarinov and Captain Grigoriev connected?

The events in the book seem so plausible that it seems that it was created on real life facts. What is the truth in it? What about fiction?(Student's report about the real life prototypes of the two captains.)

After the death of the expedition, Ivan Lvovich Tatarinov heads to the land he discovered. Why? He believed that it was his duty. For Sanya Grigoriev, the search for this missing expedition became his duty.

The novel ends with an epilogue - a description of the obelisk erected in memory of Tatarinov on an Arctic rock. This is at the same time a monument to Grigoriev’s cause, since the words of his boyish oath “Fight and search, find and not give up” are carved on it. And he fulfilled his duty with honor.

How he will follow this motto of his life, having become an adult, we learn by reading the second book of the novel “Two Captains,” in which the same moral problems are solved.

Yurin Vladimir

The research work carried out by students of the Tambov Cadet Corps has one peculiarity - we are trying to find a practical basis for conducting knowledge-intensive analysis: to reach the level of expeditions, receive support and advice from experts at the All-Russian level, and become participants in real educational events. Because of this, research work often leads to the implementation of projects.

The leading educational event of the last academic year was the project to create the Northern Lights Young Polar Explorers Club in the cadet corps. The partners of our project are the Association of Polar Explorers of Russia (President – Artur Nikolaevich Chilingarov, special representative of the President of Russia for international cooperation in the Arctic and Antarctic, honorary cadet of our corps), the charitable foundation of the All-Russian Club “Adventure” (Dmitry and Matvey Shparo), territorial departments of the FSB of Russia , Dynamo society, physical culture, sports and tourism of the Tambov region, regional administration, educational institutions of Moscow and Pushkino of the Moscow region and many others.

But the practical component of the project’s implementation must have a strong foundation of cadet research work in a variety of areas: geographical, environmental, ethnographic and others.

Thus, the relevance of my work lies in the fact that it is part of a systemic project of the cadet corps dedicated to the North.

In this case, the presented research work is part of a team effort to analyze one of the key literary works devoted to the problems of the discovery and study of the territories of the Far North.

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Tambov regional state budgetary educational institution cadet boarding school "Multidisciplinary cadet corps"

Research work on the topic:

“The development of the epistolary genre in the letters of Captain Tatarinov

in the work of V. Kaverin “Two Captains”

Completed by: Yurin Vladimir Yurievich,
10th grade cadet

Head: Gutarina Svetlana Viktorovna,

Teacher of Russian language and literature

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3 - 7

Chapter 1. Theory of the epistolary genre.

1.1 From the history of the epistolary genre…………………………………… 7 - 12

1.2 The question of genre definition of letters……………………………… 12 - 13

1.3 Etiquette speech formulas in letters…………………………… 13 - 14

Chapter 2. Letter composition.

2.1 The beginning of the letter……………………………………………………… 14 - 17

2.2 Information part…………………………………………… 17

2.3 Ending of the letter…………………………………………………………… 17 – 19

Chapter 3. Letters from Captain Tatarinov in the plot organization of the novel

V. Kaverin “Two Captains”.

3.1 Review of the content component of V. Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains”………………………………………………………………………………………… 19 - 20

3.2 Analysis of the “first” passage from the letter…………………………… 20 – 23

3.3 Analysis of the “second” passage from the letter…………………………… 23 - 27

3.4 Analysis of the “third” passage from the letter…………………………… 27 - 28

Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 28 - 30

Literature……………………………………………………… 30 - 31

Appendix……………………………………………………………………………… 32 - 37

INTRODUCTION

Please write me letters!
In our loud age they have no price...
N. Kuzovleva.

Today, most people have forgotten how to write letters. In this regard, the art of epistolary fell sharply, replaced by the ease of telephone communication, the rhythms and pace of modernity - to the detriment of future historians, biographers, literary scholars and linguists. You can only be amazed when looking at the former monuments of the frantic hard work of people seeking communication. We admire, re-reading the published volumes of letters of A. S. Pushkin, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov. And earlier ones - from the time of Ancient Rome. Their form, content, and design itself are attractive - clear, verified, neat, in which respect for the addressee is felt.
Letters recreate fate. No sources, documents, guesses, mental structures or insights of the soul will return what a person (or the hero of a literary work) told about himself in his letters. In them, he revealed himself to his contemporaries and descendants, taking everything else with him, which no one will ever guess, resurrect or recognize.
“What do you look for and find in letters? Personal intonations, lively voice.” Letter- this is one of the most ancient types of written text, with the help of which people at all times exchanged information, thoughts and feelings. How many concepts does this truly rich, magical word include! What could be more intriguing and mysterious than a letter, not yet opened, that you hold in your hand, regardless of who it is from: from relatives, friends or acquaintances. It can make you happy, it can make you sad, and it can turn your whole life upside down. It is not for nothing that literary artists often choose letters as a form of novel narration, for example, “The Sorrows of Young Werther” by Goethe, “Julia or the New Heloise” by Rousseau. The epistolary genre was used in Russian classics (I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, F. M. Dostoevsky) and in the literature of a later period (V. Kaverin “Two Captains”, D. Granin “ Bison"). Notes and diaries in the novel by M.Yu. are unique letters. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". The genre of “letters” was also popular in the works of wartime poets. These are letters of promise, letters of confession, letters of oath: “In the Dugout” by A. Surkov, “Wait for Me” by K. Simonov, “Dark Night” by V. Agatov.

Among the main objectives of the Club:

preservation and development of the traditions of Russian polar explorers;

popularization of the best achievements in the study and development of the Northern Territories;

attracting public attention to the problems of the Russian North;

career guidance training of cadets for future service in the military and civilian fields in the regions of the North;

expansion of cadet research work related to the sociocultural and scientific study of the North;

practical development of the northern territories through participation in expeditions, excursion trips, tourist trips, organization of specialized camp shifts.

Practical problems are being solved actively: 2 cadets were trained in the Republic of Karelia to participate in the ski crossing from the drifting station "Barneo" to the North Pole, 15 cadets are being selected for the expedition to Franz Josef Land.

But the practical component of the project’s implementation must have a strong foundation of cadet research work in a variety of areas: geographical, environmental, ethnographic and others.

Thus, the relevance of my work lies in the fact that it is part of a systemic project of the cadet corps dedicated to the North.

In this case, the presented research work is part of a team effort to analyze one of the key literary works devoted to the problems of the discovery and study of the territories of the Far North.

Topic of my work:“The development of the epistolary genre in the letters of Captain Tatarinov in the work of V. Kaverin “Two Captains.”

Re-reading Captain Tatarinov’s letters, you catch yourself thinking that some can still be copied almost exactly today. This is all the more important because many of us, when we put pen to paper, feel confused, unable to find linguistic means of etiquette and appropriately apply them in recommendations or expressions of condolences. Such linguistic means are epistolary units - situationally determined, communicatively oriented, thematically related, interconnected and interdependent stable formulas of communication. The true culture and etiquette of communication can be traced precisely in the letters of the past. Therefore, for us, people of the electronic age, a good example will also not hurt.
Object of studywere served by letters from Captain I.L. Tatarinov to Maria Vasilievna, his wife.

Subject of researchare epistolary units.

The purpose of this work– identify the features of epistolary units in letters from Captain Tatarinov to the above mentioned addressee.

The purpose of the study determined the following tasks: - read the selected literature on the topic; - study and analyze the epistolary legacy of Captain Tatarinov to his wife;

Systematize the analyzed material according to letters; - identify and reveal the features of epistolary units in letters from Captain Tatarinov to the addressee.

Novelty of this work is that letters in general are a little studied phenomenon. Their research is at the intersection of several disciplines; they are the object of history and literary criticism, linguistics and other sciences. Linguists have studied only some of the features of certain types of letters, therefore, a holistic picture of this type of literary activity in science can be said to be absent. It should be noted that the letters were almost not subjected to linguistic research, either in language or speech.

In the process of working on this topic, the following methods were used:

Biographical (used to clarify the connection between the intensity of correspondence, the use of special etiquette and epistolary units (addresses, farewells, etc.) with elements of the hero’s biography; - comparative (used to compare the requirements for personal correspondence at different times);

Analytical (used in the direct study of epistolary units).
The theoretical significance lies in the fact that the work provides a systematic analysis of epistolary units of etiquette; the features of their functioning are highlighted depending on the addressee and the nature of the letter.
Practical significance is determined by the fact that the theoretical and practical material of the work can be used by teachers and students of general education institutions when studying, for example, a novel

F. M. Dostoevsky “Poor People”, letters from Onegin and Tatyana in the novel

A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”.
Structurally, the work consists of an introduction, which provides the rationale for the chosen topic, defines the relevance and novelty, the object and subject of the research, outlines the main stages of the work, determines the theoretical and practical significance, three chapters: the first chapter discusses the history of the issue being studied, the theory of epistolary creativity , in the second chapter there is an introduction to the composition of the letter, in the third chapter an analysis of epistolary units is carried out, their features are identified based on the letters of Captain Tatarinov, the conclusion, the list of used literature (26 sources)and appendices, which contain the texts of Captain Tatarinov’s letters to his wife, which make it possible to visualize the features of epistolary units in V. Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains”, photographs of the geographical objects of the North mentioned in the letters, a list of islands of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and a letter to Captain Tatarinov.

. Chapter 1. The theory of the epistolary genre

1.1 From the history of the genre.
“Letter” as a literary genre has spread since antiquity in Greek and especially Roman literature. The letters of Cicero, Seneca, and Pliny the Younger are examples of early epistolary literature. In the East, in Greece, Rome, Ancient Rus', and medieval Europe, the art of writing letters reached a high level of development. The Romans considered this art to be graceful and free; it was part of education.
In ancient epistolary theories, letters were called “half of a dialogue” (i.e., a dialogue without an interlocutor), but at the same time they emphasized the difference between writing as a written form of speech and spoken speech: “...writing needs more careful processing than dialogue: after all, dialogue imitates speech , said without preparation, impromptu, the letter is written and sent as a gift.”

Ancient rhetoricians and “lettermen” gave rules for correspondence and examples of the art of writing letters and insisted that the task of writing is to call things by their proper names, to remain documents, everyday phenomena, despite all the skillful design. The overall plot of the letter may be missing. There is nothing obligatory in the composition of a letter; everything depends on the intentions of the writer; he has the power to stop the story mid-sentence and return to the topic raised at the beginning. In the end, you may not even need to sign.

To compare with the requirements that ancient rhetoricians and “letters” made for personal correspondence, let us cite the requirements that were made in the 19th century. From the book “Life in Society, at Home and at Court,” published in 1890, it is clear that in many ways the society that strictly followed the rules of decency was right, and in many ways our predecessors who observed etiquette were right. The authors of this work believe that “... you should write about the person to whom the letter is intended, and touch on subjects that may interest him, then you can tell about yourself, describe your surroundings and pastime, in conclusion, again turn to the personality of the correspondent, ask about various circumstances relevant to him, and then express a desire to see him soon.”

The first examples of the epistolary novel appeared in Europe in the 17th century. The first such work was the novel “Portuguese Letters” by Gabriel Joseph Guilleragh, written in 1669. The work is a collection of love letters from the Portuguese nun Marianna Alcoforado. Another 17th-century letter novel is The Love Letter of a Nobleman and His Sister by Aphra Behn, which was written

in 1684.

In the 18th century, the genre of the novel in letters became very popular, especially among sentimentalist writers. The popularity of this genre was facilitated by the success of the novels “Pamela, or Virtue Reborn”, “Clarissa, or the Story of a Young Lady”, which contain the most important issues of private life and show, in particular, the disasters that can result from the wrong behavior of both parents and children in relation to marriage, The History of Sir Charles Grandison, by Samuel Richardson.

In France in the 18th century, novels in letters were written by Charles Louis de Montesquieu “Persian Letters”, Philippe Bridard de la Garde “Letters of Teresa”, Jean-Jacques Rousseau “Julia, or the New Heloise”, Choderlos de Laclos “Dangerous Liaisons”. In Germany, at the same time, Johann Wolfgang Goethe turned to the novel genre in letters. His “The Sorrows of Young Werther” is one of the classics of the epistolary genre.

In the literature of romanticism, the development of the genre continued. The novel “Valerie” by Julia Kridener, “Obermann” by Etienne de Senancourt, and “Hyperion” by Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin were created in the form of letters. Techniques of the epistolary genre were also used in the novel “Lady Susan” by Jane Austen. In neo-romantic literature, the techniques of the genre were developed by Bram Stoker in the novel Dracula.

In Russian literature, one cannot fail to mention F. M. Dostoevsky’s first novel, “Poor People,” written between 1844 and 1846, when the author was twenty-five years old. The novel depicts the correspondence between Makar Devushkin and Varvara Dobroselova.

“Letters are invented to communicate one’s thoughts to those who are absent,” says the “New and complete letterman, or general secretary, containing letters: informative, giving advice, accusatory...” of 1829. And further: “They serve instead of oral conversation and, as it were, before the eyes they represent people distant from each other. The art of writing letters is the way in which almost all connections in society are maintained.”

The authors of the letter writer compare a person’s writing with his own portrait, which can be easily spoiled by even one wrong feature. They believe that “the written style should not be too high, but not too buffoonish, it should be similar to ordinary conversation.”

In the 19th century, letters were given no less importance than now. This is evidenced by the earlier collection, published in 1881, “Good Form” by Hermann Hoppe. It makes sense to adopt some of the rules that existed then. Since a significant part of good manners is not a tribute to fashion, not momentary trends, but time-honed rules, following which saves us from inconvenience, bringing joy from communication.

For example, “Collection of Advice and Instructions,” published in 1889, was literally a reference book in its time. The basic provisions are still acceptable today, they are being revived (rules of circulation, formatting of letters). The book tells us that “in the art of composing letters, the ability to distinguish the person to whom we are writing plays a very important role, to give the right tone to our letter, that is, a tone that would be quite consistent with those feelings and relationships to to whom we are writing." And further: “Every letter, no matter who it was written, reflects the moral character of the writer, the measure of his education. That is why one should be refined and witty in correspondence and firmly remember the holy truth that people aptly conclude from letters about moral dignity.”

The letter is adapted to convey as much and varied information as possible in the smallest possible volume of message. Such “economy” of communication has been established historically: after all, private correspondence reflects the entire daily life of people outside of their official relationships, and this is a huge complex of emotions, thoughts, and actions.

The significance of private letters is greater, since an intimate conversation allows you to talk about many things openly, to raise questions that cannot be raised publicly - political, philosophical, historical. That is, epistolary literature opened up the opportunity for the exchange of opinions on issues that were considered non-debatable.

Cultural and artistic figures raised the language of letters to the level of the language of works of art. They even published some of their letters as works of fiction and journalism. For example, N.V. Gogol’s articles in “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends” are excerpts from the author’s personal letters. Personal letters of A. S. Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky, V. A. Zhukovsky and many other writers were read at one time in circles and salons as literary works. And the authors themselves wrote letters with no less diligence than their works of art. Drafts of some letters from famous cultural and artistic figures have been preserved, which indicate careful work on their content and style.

Therefore, speaking about the careful attitude to the creation of one’s own letters, one can see the same scrupulousness in the writing of letters by the heroes of the works. These are mostly friendly letters. It is in them, whose characteristic features are “relaxedness,” meaningful freedom, trusting and friendly relations between participants in communication, that the “secret” of language use is revealed, and a system of speech preferences is revealed.

At different times, the epistolary genre attracted writers with its great possibilities. A. I. Herzen wrote: “Because of the digressions and brackets, I love the form of letters most of all... - you can write without hesitation whatever comes to mind.” And also: “I always looked at the letters with a kind of trepidation, with a kind of painful pleasure, nervous, dense and, perhaps, close to fear....Like dry leaves that have overwintered under the snow, the letters are reminiscent of another summer, its heat , its warm nights, and the fact that it is gone forever, from them you guess about the branchy oak tree from which the wind tore them, but it does not make noise above your head and does not press with all its force, as it does in the book.” The correspondence becomes “some kind of moving, open confession... everything is fixed, everything is marked in the letters... without rouge or embellishment.”

In this case, a letter is defined as a private informal written communication between persons (sender and addressee), characterized by sufficient freedom of content, the presence of standard epistolary elements (appeal, signature, as well as date, place of writing), which, as a rule, involves receiving an answer and is not intended for auto -rom letters for publication. For a friendly letter, the constant feeling of the addressee’s personality by the author of the letter, the “homely” nature of the material, and its autobiographical nature are of great importance.

In the last decade, thanks to the Internet, novels based on electronic correspondence have appeared. The first significant novel written in Spanish and describing correspondence exclusively through email is The Heart of Voltaire by Puerto Rican writer Luis Lopez Nieves. The novel was written in 2005. Unlike a traditional epistolary novel, the use of e-mail in the novel makes the plot more dynamic, since the Internet allows messages to be delivered anywhere in the world in a matter of seconds.
1.2 The issue of genre definition of letters

In modern science there are practically no works in which the theory of this genre is deeply developed.

Some scholars consider the most striking feature of the letters to be their focus on a specific reader. And since the addressee can be not just one person, but a group of people, the content of the letter can touch on not only personal issues, but also public and government issues.

All letters can be classified from several points of view. One type of classification is from the point of view of the permanent addressee, that is, how many letters were addressed to a specific person and what is the general tone of these letters. Letters can also be classified in terms of content and purpose. Conventionally, this classification distinguishes the following groups: private letters, business letters, journalistic letters and philosophical letters. Most often we talk about business and personal letters. The main features of a business (official) letter are persuasiveness, strict consistency, laconicism, and information content. Business correspondence is in many ways close to the official business style due to the presence of a special stock of official, clerical vocabulary and phraseology. A personal letter is characterized by emotionality, ease, the transmission of one’s own impressions, and a fairly large coverage of events and information from the life of the author of the letter and the addressee. Through the hero’s language, we can determine not only his mood, character, but also his attitude towards the addressee. And this is very important! After all, by composing the text of the letter with special care, we hope to receive an answer to it.

Different literary genres reflect the linguistic specificity of a person to varying degrees. The epistolary genre can be called universal, since it is especially favorable for the study of linguistic personality in all the richness of its manifestation.

1.3 Etiquette speech formulas in letters

Writing is a special (epistolary) genre of speech. It is compiled and sent to the addressee with the purpose of telling him something, notifying him about something, maintaining communication with him. The genre of writing dictates a greater stereotyping of expressions than oral communication, hence the special set of etiquette expressions characteristic of the epistolary genre.

Writing etiquette is part of speech etiquette in general, but it is a special part of it, since contact between those communicating does not occur directly, but in time and space in writing. Both the temporal-spatial feature and the written form presuppose a special genre of writing and dictate the choice of certain linguistic means that differ from the means of oral speech etiquette. The distance of the “interlocutors” in space excludes facial expressions, gestures, intonation, what can be called understanding at a glance, the possibility of asking again, situational reinforcement, and therefore presupposes the comparative completeness of constructions, development, consistency of presentation, that is, those features that are characteristic of monologue speech. However, a letter cannot be called a monologue in the full sense, since the presence of a specific addressee, and most importantly, his expected response, also evokes dialogical forms of communication (greeting, farewell, address, etc.). The distance of the “interlocutors” in space may make it necessary to describe a gesture, for example: hug, kiss, shake hands. The distance of the “interlocutors” in time makes it necessary to remind the addressee about the questions posed in his letter, about returning to the topics already mentioned (You ask how I live...), that is, again the letter stands out as a special genre of dialogical-monological text.

Chapter 2. Letter composition

Compositionally, the letter consists of three parts: 1) the beginning (appeal, greeting, etc.), 2) the information part and 3) the ending.

2.1 The beginning of the letter

Each type of writing has its own characteristic types of openings, which are determined by the degree of standardization of the writing. Naturally, in a business letter the standardization is the highest, in a friendly letter it is the lowest.

This type of beginning, such as indicating the place from which the letter is sent and the dates of writing at the beginning of the letter, may be absent in informal letters.

The beginning of Russian writing also includes addresses and greetings. The sequence of parts in the beginning of informal letters is as follows:

Place and date of writing the letter;

Greetings;

Appeal.

The place where the letter was written is a geographical name: from the broadest - the name of the state (Russia, France), to the narrowest - the name of the city (Moscow, St. Petersburg), village (Vyazniki village), town (Oktyabrsky village) . In addition, these may be the conventional names of the place from which the letter is written: the Anapa sanatorium, on board the Georgia ship. As can be seen from the examples, the combination of a generic name with a conventional one is more often used, which is typical for informal letters.

The date the letter was written most often includes the day, month and year. All three of these elements are formatted in different ways: the number can be enclosed in quotation marks, the word “year” is written in abbreviation. In other types of letters, the month may be indicated by a Roman or Arabic numeral, for example: 8/X-1978, 8.X.78, 8-X-78, 8.10.78. The letter may not indicate the year, but sometimes can be marked with the time of day and day of the week. For example: 8.X, morning; 7/VIII, Sunday; 11 a.m., Saturday.

Appeal in letter

The choice of etiquette forms of address is determined by the norms of Russian speech etiquette.

The choice of name and patronymic, full or diminutive form of the name, as well as the name and name of relationship with affectionate suffixes (for example: Valechka, mommy) are determined by the relationship between the addressee and the sender, the degree of their proximity, the nature of the relationship at the moment, and the content of the letter.

The form of address with the word "dear" is widespread. Moreover, the word dear in this case is neutral in nature. As a neutral word, it is contrasted, on the one hand, with such “affectionate”, “intimate” words as dear, dear, etc., and on the other hand, with such “official” words as respected, highly respected. It should also be noted that the address “dear” is accompanied by the pronoun “my (mine)”, which is also of an intimate nature (for example: My dear mommy!). The order of the words “my”, “dear”, “beloved” may be different. For example: My dear! Darling! Or My dear! My lovely! Among close people, it is common to use a large number of individual, occasional affectionate addresses.

Greetings in a letter

A typical element of the opening is the salutation, which can begin private formal and informal letters. Letters can begin: 1) with an appeal; 2) with greetings and addresses; 3) with an address and greeting; 4) with a greeting.

The most commonly used stylistically neutral greetings are “Hello (those)!”, “Good afternoon!”, which can appear both before and after the address, for example: Hello, dear Ekaterina Ivanovna! Dear Semyon Vasilievich, hello! Good afternoon, my dear Olenka! My dear son, good afternoon!

The word “welcome” formalizes various greetings. For example: Allow me to greet you, dear Alexey Nikolaevich! Such greetings are found in informal letters from people of the older and middle generations, for example: Dear Victor, I cordially greet you.

Greetings often include the formula “I send (helmet) greetings.” This formula is typical for informal letters. For example: I send warm greetings, dear Klava!

Greetings often contain an indication of the place from which the letter is sent, for example: Greetings from Crimea! I send you greetings from on board the ship! Greetings, formalized with the words “welcome”, “hello”, are often accompanied by wishes and congratulations, if the subject of the letter allows for this. For example: Kostya! Greetings from Crimea and best wishes! I cordially welcome the participants of the International Scientific Conference.

2.2 Information part

To go directly to the information part, there are stereotypical phrases. They introduce messages harmoniously (for example: I’ll tell you about business in a few words or I’m in a hurry to tell you the news... etc.). There are also stereotypical phrases that contain informational information (for example: That’s where I end. Or Well, that’s all the news, etc.).

Elements of the information part of the letter also include staples - formulas that allow you to enter a new, significant section of the letter. The transition from paragraph to paragraph, from one thought to another, as a rule, is realized with the help of a connection-attachment, a contrast-scrape, a generalization-scrape.

The attachment-attachment introduces an additional message, for example: In addition to what has been said, we inform...; Yes, I also want to add that...

A contrast clause introduces a message containing a limitation or contrast to what is being said, for example: Thus, we basically agree with your condition. However, I must make a number of clarifications.

A summary summary, as a rule, introduces a final message to what was said earlier, for example: Based on the above, we can come to the following conclusion...

2.3 Ending of the letter

The ending of a letter, like the beginning, has a standardized sequence of parts.

At the end of the informal letter there are the following parts: 1) final phrases; 2) repeated apologies, thanks, congratulations; 3) assumptions that correspondence will be regular; 4) please write and answer questions (often these questions are listed); 5) greetings and a request to convey greetings; 6) farewell; 7) PS – (post scriptum – literally: after what is written) – where what was accidentally missed in the text of the letter is added.

The sequence of parts at the end of the letter is as follows:

Summary phrases;

Requests to write;

Assumptions that correspondence will be normal;

Repeated apologies, congratulations, wishes;

Acknowledgments;

Greetings and requests to convey greetings;

Farewell and expressions accompanying farewell;

Assurances of respect, friendship, love;

Signature;

Postscripts.

However, not all elements of the scheme must be present in the letter.

Signature at the end of the letter

The signature at the end of the letter corresponds to the forms of address accepted between correspondents. If correspondents call each other by first name and patronymic, then the sender writes his first name and patronymic at the end of the letter, and if they call each other by name or by the name of the relationship, then they sign with the name or name of the relationship, and the diminutive form often corresponds to the one familiar to correspondents.

Non-standard addressed signatures in a friendly letter also express the attitude of the author of the letter to the addressee, serve to establish and maintain communication, and “increase” the pragmatic effect of communication. For example: Your Coconut (K.S. Stanislavsky - N.K. Schlesinger; December 12, 1886).

Stereotypical addition of a postscript at the end of a letterPostscript – text that is located after the signature. The first postscript can be entered with the sign P.S. (postscript), and the secondary postscript is P.S.S. (post-postscript), which may be followed by phrases: Additionally, I inform you..., One more news...etc.

In private letters, postscripts without the P.S. sign are possible.

Chapter 3. Letters of Captain Tatarinov in the plot organization of V. Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains”.

3.1 Review of the content component of V. Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains”.

Before starting to study the letters of Captain Tatarinov, I would like to say something about the plot of the work. It is based on the letters of Captain Ivan Lvovich Tatarinov, whose expedition was lost in the north in the area of Novaya Zemlya. It is no coincidence that the author chose this type of narrative. These letters run through the entire novel, largely determining the future of the main character, Sanka Grigoriev. They are a kind of connecting link in the novel: the past haunts the hero in the present and pushes him to future discoveries.

From the pages of the novel we learn that Ivan Lvovich Tatarinov is the captain of the schooner “St. Mary”, who in the fall of 1912 set off on a northern expedition. At first, he thought of sailing on a schooner along the coast of Siberia from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. Then he changed his route and took the Northern Sea Route as far as possible to the North Pole. For a long time the expedition was considered lost, Tatarinov’s fate was unknown. And only by chance and the persistence of Alexander Grigoriev, it became known that the Tatarinovs had made important geographical discoveries. A new land was discovered, which he called the “Land of Mary” and which was subsequently discovered by Vilkitsky and called Northern Land. Formulas were derived that could be used to calculate the speed and direction of ice movement in any area of the Arctic Ocean. Scientific information about the existence of Petermann's Land was refuted. From the captain's letters it became known that the schooner was covered in ice in the Kara Sea. 13 people, led by navigator Klimov, on his orders, went to the mainland to deliver information about the discoveries to the Hydrographic Department. Tatarinov himself, with the rest of the expedition members, remained for the winter on the new land he had discovered, and then moved towards the mainland. The remains of his expedition were discovered by Grigoriev on the northern coast of Taimyr.

3.2. Analysis of the “first” passage from the letter.

Starting to study one of Captain Tatarinov’s letters, I would like to conditionally give them a number, since I note that they do not indicate an exact date. In addition, the novel does not give a clear boundary between the end of the first letter and the beginning of another. The work says: “The first sheet ended here. I turned it over, but on the other side nothing could be read except for a few incoherent words, barely preserved among the smudges and stains.” Therefore, I will call them the “first”, “second” and “third” passages from the letter, based on how they are followed in the novel.

“My friend, my dear, my dear Mashenka!

About two years have passed since I sent you a letter through the telegraph expedition at Yugorsky Shar. But I can’t even tell you how much has changed since then! To begin with, then we walked freely along the planned course, and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon our original intention - to go to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But every cloud has a silver lining! A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she won’t seem to you – like some of my companions – “childish” or “reckless”...

Place of writing and date in the letter

There is no date in the letter. Captain Tatarinov only points out that the letter was sent quite a long time ago: “...about two years have passed since I sent you a letter...”. V. Kaverin used this technique to show that time has no power over a person’s desire to live and create, and in the case of the hero of the novel, to discover something new for others.

The place of departure of the letter is Yugorsky Shar.From the encyclopedia we find out what it isstraitbetween the shores of the islandVaygach and mainland Eurasia, connects the southern parts of the Barents andKarskyseas. Length is about 40 km, width from 2.5 to 12 km. The greatest depth is 36 m. Covered with ice most of the year. There are several islands in the strait, the main ones being Storozhevoy and Sokoliy. Shores of the Straitprecipitous, rock climbersand rocks. There is no woody vegetation on the banks, there is sparse grass, slough,moss And reindeer moss. For the first time among the sailors of Western Europe, they passed the Yugra Shar in1580The Englishmen Arthur Peat and Charles Jackman named this strait Nassau. Later, a Russian version appeared - the Vaygach Strait. Currently the strait is called Yugorsky Shar. WITH17th centuryRussian travelers used the strait on their way toMangazeya. A more accurate survey of Yugorsky Shar was carried out in And 1898 expeditions L. F. Dobrotvorsky And A. I. Vilkitsky.

The letter uses the combination “through a telegraph expedition to the Yugorsky Shar.” This also has a historical and geographical basis. The marine hydrometeorological (polar) station Yugorsky Shar was opened in 1913 under the II category program, it was located on the shore at the eastern mouth of the Yugorsky Shar Strait, 3 km from its exit into the Kara Sea, between capes Lakorzali and Yarossel. On August 3, 1989, the station was moved 500 m northeast of its previous location. Observations were stopped and the station was closed on May 17, 1993.

Appeal in letter

“My friend, my dear, my dear Mashenka!” - Captain Tatarinov begins his letter to his wife with these words. Neutral forms of the standard etiquette address “dear, dear” take on a different color in this context: they show the spiritual qualities of a person, and the use of the possessive pronoun “my” gives an intimate character. In addition, the phrase “my friend” is used - a symbol of reliability and devotion. The order of words is direct, and in the address “my friend” there is an inversion, which performs an accentual and semantic function and serves to highlight the necessary words. Based on these speech structures, we can conclude: Captain Tatarinov sees in his wife a reliable comrade and devoted friend whom he loves and appreciates.

Greetings in a letter

There is no greeting in the letter. This speaks, on the one hand, about the feelings that overwhelm the hero, and on the other, about the transience of time, or rather, about its lack. There is so much I want to say and express. Or maybe Captain Tatarinov doesn’t even want to think about those huge kilometers that separate him from his family. That’s why he avoids the standard “hello.” It seems to him that he sees Maria Vasilievna, and cliched words are inappropriate here.

Information part

In the information part, Captain Tatarinov talks about past events, but in his descriptions I see the hero as more of a romantic than a discoverer of the endless northern latitudes. Rhetorical exclamation “But how much has changed since then, I can’t even tell you!” fascinating: the hero is overwhelmed with streams of information that he wants to convey to the addressee. This formula already shows the importance of those events that will be described later. The hero sets out the route with utmost precision, using professional words: expedition, course, north, polar ice. Ivan Lvovich begins the information part with the standard phrase: “to start with…”. This suggests that the hero has something to tell, but his thoughts are in a hurry, he needs to take the most important thing. Therefore, Captain Tatarinov, afraid to interrupt the clear composition of the narrative, begins with the dates: “since October 1913, we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice.” The letter uses the phraseology “every cloud has a silver lining,” in which notes of optimism are heard. Even in the current difficult, or rather, hopeless situation, Tatarinov finds advantages. What attracted me most in this letter were the last lines: “A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she doesn’t seem to you – like some of my companions – “childish” or “reckless.”Here the hero’s style is original, full of peculiar turns of phrase. Epithets are used: the thought is called “childish, reckless.” They describe to us the character of a true polar explorer, a man full of hopes and unfulfilled dreams. Summarizing the analysis of this excerpt from Captain Tatarinov’s letter to his wife, it should be noted the mixture of two styles: colloquial (the beginning of the letter, phraseology, the adverb “willy-nilly”) and scientific (exact geographical names, dates). Regarding epistolary units, one can note a certain compositional completeness: the beginning “to begin with…” and a fragment of the conclusion of the statement “in this way.”

End of the letter

The ending of the letter is missing.

3.3 Analysis of the “second” passage from the letter.

The second passage began with a description of the schooner "St. Mary":“Among one such field stands our “St. Maria“, covered up to the gunwale with snow. From time to time, garlands of frost fall off the rigging and fall down with a quiet rustling sound.”. And then follows:“As you can see, Mashenka, out of grief I became a poet. However, we also have a real poet - our cook Kolpakov. Resilient soul! All day long he sings his poem. Here are four lines for your memory:
Under the flag of Mother Russia
The captain and I will go on our way
And we'll go around the shores of Siberia
With your beautiful ship.

I write and re-read my endless letter and write again and see that I am just chatting with you, but there is still so much important to say. I am sending a package with Klimov addressed to the head of the Hydrographic Department. These are my observations, official letters and a report outlining the history of our drift. But just in case, I’m writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands on the maps to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula. Meanwhile, being at latitude 79°35" between meridians 86 and 87 east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery stripe, slightly convex, coming from the very horizon. On the third of April the stripe turned into a matte shield of lunar color, and the next day we saw very strange shaped clouds, similar to the fog that shrouded the distant mountains. I am convinced that this is the earth. Unfortunately, I could not leave the ship in a difficult position to explore it. But everything is ahead. While I called it by your name, so that on any geographical map you will now find heartfelt greetings from your Mongotimo Hawkclaw, as you once called me. How long ago it was, my God! However, I’m not complaining. We’ll see each other, and everything will be fine. But one thought, one thought torments me!

Place of writing and date in the letter

Appeal in letter

In the letter we see the address “Mashenka”. In addition, it should be noted that in this word the diminutive suffix -ENK- is used, which indicates a positive, kind attitude of the writer towards his addressee. Yes, Ivan Lvovich loves his Mashenka, otherwise how can you explain the following phrase: “I write and re-read my endless letter and write again and see that I’m just chatting with you, but there is still so much important to say.” These words are consonant with Pushkin’s intimate lyrics.

Greetings in a letter

Information part

In the informational part, the hero remarks: “out of grief I became a poet.” The descriptive lines do not leave one indifferent: “At times, garlands of frost break off the rigging and fall down with a quiet rustling sound.” This sentence shows that before us is not only the discoverer of the northern unknown distances, but simply a person who sees beauty and admires it. Great is the fortitude of Captain Tatarinov. He infused it into the soul of his team. This is evidenced by the poetic lines that he cites as a demonstration of the poetic talent of the cook Kolpakov. In them we see purposefulness towards the intended goal, the desire to overcome all obstacles and, of course, love for “Mother Russia”. The analyzed fragments of the letter show us a vivid example of figurative speech, although again we can see interspersed with professional vocabulary: gunwale, rigging. The combination of commonly used words and professionalism suggests that Captain Tatarinov, even in a letter to a loved one, does not forget about his duty to the Fatherland.

The following excerpt is a business report. The hero himself writes: “I am sending a package with Klimov addressed to the head of the Hydrographic Department. These are my observations, official letters and a report that outlines the history of our drift.” Captain Tatarinov describes his great discoveries simply, but reading the lines of his letter, one can see the hero’s excitement. With a sinking heart, he writes to his Mashenka that the “new” land is named after her: “For now I called it by your name, so on any geographical map you will now find a heartfelt greeting...”. Again we see Ivan Lvovich’s touching feelings for his wife, which, no matter how strange it may sound, are connected with the science of geographical discoveries of the Far North.

Severnaya Zemlya... In geographical reference books we read: “Severnaya Zemlya is located in the central part of the Arctic Ocean. From the west, the shores of the archipelago are washed by the waters of the Kara Sea, from the east - by the Laptev Sea. Severnaya Zemlya is separated from the continental part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory by the Vilkitsky Strait, 130 kilometers long and 56 kilometers wide at its narrowest point between Cape Chelyuskin and the southern tip of the Tranze Islands off the coast of Bolshevik Island. The most distant point from the mainland is Cape Zemlyanoy on Schmidt Island, distant from the Taimyr Peninsula

for 470 kilometers. The northernmost point of the islands is Cape Arctic onKomsomolets Island(81° 16" 22.92" north latitude), the distance from it to the North Pole is 990.7 km, so the cape is often used as a starting point for Arctic expeditions, the southernmost is Cape Neupokoeva on Bolshevik Island (77° 55" 11.21" north latitude), the westernmost is the nameless cape in the extreme west of Shmidta Island (90° 4" 42.95" east longitude), the easternmost is in the area of Cape Baza on Maly Taimyr Island (107° 45" 55.67" east longitude). The distance from north to south is 380 kilometers, from west to east - 404 kilometers.

The archipelago was discovered in 1913 by the hydrographic expedition of 1910-1915 by Boris Vilkitsky."

There is a clash between geographical truth and literary truth, as V. Kaverin sees it. I will not prove the reliability of names and surnames, as well as who discovered Severnaya Zemlya. This is for other studies. But the accuracy of Ivan Lvovich’s “subjective” style is amazing. Moreover, he conducts a thorough study of his discovery. He writes: “... being at latitude 79°35" between meridians 86 and 87 east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery stripe, slightly convex, coming from the very horizon. On the third of April the stripe turned into a matte shield of lunar color, and the next day we saw clouds of a very strange shape, similar to fog that shrouded the distant mountains. I am convinced that this is the earth." This record is accompanied not only by degree measures that help to accurately determine the object, but also by dates. For the discoverer, this is very important. Afraid, that Klimov will not be able to deliver information about the discovery, he dedicates his wife to his secret, although he writes about it, starting with the phrase “... just in case, I’m writing to you about our discovery.”

End of the letter

At the end of the fragment we see the final phrases: “How long ago it was, my God! However, I'm not complaining. We'll see you and everything will be fine." The rhetorical exclamation immediately performs two functions: on the one hand, Ivan Lvovich is horrified by the long separation, and on the other, he tries to convey to his wife the desire to see her, while calling God as a witness. What follows are lines full of optimism and calm. Knowing his difficult situation, he does not want to break Maria Vasilievna’s heart. That’s why the words sound so promising: “We’ll see each other, and everything will be fine.”

3.4 Analysis of the “third” passage from the letter.

Place of writing and date in the letter

In this fragment the date and place of writing are not indicated. This gives reason to believe that the presented passage is part of a letter.

Greetings in a letter

There is no greeting in the letter.

Appeal in letter and information part

Starting to analyze the third fragment, I would like to note a certain mixture in compositional terms. The address is used in a slightly different form: “I beg you for one thing.” There is no name, no beautiful words, but everything is extremely clear: using verbs in the imperative mood, Captain Tatarinov specifically orders his wife to fulfill his request - not to believe Nikolai Antonovich, the captain’s brother. Ivan Lvovich does not slander a person. God alone probably knows how hard these lines were for him. He blames a loved one for many of the failures of the expedition, but he does this unverbally, and backs up his arguments with evidence: “... of the sixty dogs that he sold to us in Arkhangelsk, most of them had to be shot on Novaya Zemlya.” The tragic notes in Captain Tatarinov’s letter sound like a sentence: “We can safely say that we owe all our failures only to him.” The feeling of surprise and despair sounds like an alarm bell in the lexical repetition: “We took a risk, we knew that we were taking a risk, but we did not expect such a blow.” However, the feeling of love for family and people close to the heart overcomes the bitterness of loss and deprivation. The plot outline quickly breaks off, and Captain Tatarinov again does not find words to describe everything that he sees and experiences. He remembers his daughter and affectionately calls her “Katyushka”. Again the same technique that we observed in the second fragment: the presence of diminutive suffixes is a symbol of the manifestation of positive emotions and feelings.

End of the letter

While pitying and reassuring his wife, Ivan Lvovich does not lie, but tells the truth, no matter how bitter it may be. The last lines sound tragic. But hope dies last. And again the imperative mood. It no longer acts as an order, but as a request from the heart “after all, you don’t really expect...”.

Conclusion

Writing is a direct reflection of a natural communicative act, realized in the most direct form and not burdened by genre restrictions that are imposed by all other types of creative activity. Taking into account the addressee provides a wide choice for attracting various contact-establishing means. Such means include epistolary units.

In our work, we carried out a systematic analysis of these units in the letters of Captain I. L. Tatarinov to Maria Vasilievna, his wife. At the same time, we considered these units as compositional structures of writing. We used 3 fragments, most likely from one letter, since there is no evidence of the number of letters in the novel.

It seems natural, appropriate and logical to study the experience accumulated by the epistolary genre by the end of the twentieth century, to see how it manifests itself at the final stage of its existence. All this determined the goal of our work - to identify the features of epistolary units in the letters of Captain Tatarinov to the above addressee.

Based on the goal, we conducted a systematic analysis of epistolary units and identified the features of their functioning depending on the addressee and the nature of the letter. Compositionally, the letter consists of three parts: the beginning, the information part and the ending.

The concept includes the following components:

1. Place of writing and date in the letter.

It is not typical for Captain Tatarinov's letters to write a date indicating the day and month. Only a year is given. This is observed in the first fragment; in the remaining fragments there are no dates.

2. Appeal.

In the analyzed passages, the most widespread are figurative addresses that express a special trusting, friendly disposition towards the addressee. This is achieved by using unusual epithets, diminutive suffixes.

3. Greeting.

In all fragments, Captain Tatarinov moves on to the information part without unnecessary prefaces. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the correspondence is of a completely established nature. The hero does not use a greeting, knowing that such a thing will not offend the addressee, since a trusting relationship has already developed between the participants in the correspondence.

4. Information part.
The information part of Ivan Lvovich’s letters is distinguished by the fact that each new entry of information almost always begins with a new paragraph. Therefore, messages are practically not connected with each other and can exist separately from each other. 5. End of the letter.

At the end of the letter, many essential elements are missing. Thus, epistolary requirements are observed to a greater extent in relation to farewells and the summary of what is written. The signature appears only once: “... greetings from your Mongotimo Hawkclaw.”

So, we can state that the epistolary style, once strictly observed, does not disappear. Writing in its traditional form does not go away, but only changes. However, this fact does not mean its complete mutation; perhaps it is only an adaptation to new technical conditions.

The study of these processes is of undoubted interest and will allow us to see the prospects for new forms of expression of human relations.

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Letters from Captain Tatarinov

“My friend, my dear, my dear Mashenka!
About two years have passed since I sent you a letter through the telegraph expedition at Yugorsky Shar. But I can’t even tell you how much has changed since then! To begin with, then we walked freely along the planned course, and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon our original intention - to go to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But every cloud has a silver lining! A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she doesn’t seem to you - like some of my companions - “childish” or “reckless”...
**********

“...reaching in places considerable depth. Among one such field stands our “St. Maria“, covered up to the gunwale with snow. From time to time, garlands of frost break off the rigging and fall down with a quiet rustling sound. As you can see, Mashenka, out of grief I became a poet. However, we also have a real poet - our cook Kolpakov. Resilient soul! All day long he sings his poem. Here are four lines for your memory:
Under the flag of Mother Russia
The captain and I will go on our way
And we'll go around the shores of Siberia
With your beautiful ship.

I write and re-read my endless letter and write again and see that I am just chatting with you, but there is still so much important to say. I am sending a package with Klimov addressed to the head of the Hydrographic Department. These are my observations, official letters and a report outlining the history of our drift. But just in case, I’m writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands on the maps to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula. Meanwhile, being at latitude 79°35" between meridians 86 and 87 east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery stripe, slightly convex, coming from the very horizon. On the third of April the stripe turned into a matte shield of lunar color, and the next day we saw very strange shaped clouds, similar to the fog that shrouded the distant mountains. I am convinced that this is the earth. Unfortunately, I could not leave the ship in a difficult position to explore it. But everything is ahead. While I called it by your name, so that on any geographical map you will now find heartfelt greetings from your Mongotimo Hawk Claw, as you once called me. How long ago it was, my God! However, I’m not complaining... However, I’m not complaining,” I continued to remember, mutter, confused, that here’s one more word, another, and then I forgot, didn’t remember. “I’m not complaining. We’ll see each other, and everything will be fine. But one thought, one thought torments me!”
********

“...It’s bittersweet to think that everything could have been completely different. I know he will make excuses, perhaps he will be able to convince you that I am the only one to blame for everything. I beg you about one thing: don’t trust this man! We can safely say that we owe all our failures only to him. It is enough that of the sixty dogs that he sold to us in Arkhangelsk, most of them had to be shot on Novaya Zemlya. That's how much this service cost us! I’m not the only one - the whole expedition sends curses to him. We took risks, we knew we were taking risks, but we didn't expect such a blow. All that remains is to do everything in our power. How much I could tell you about our journey! There would be enough stories for Katyushka for the whole winter. But what a price to pay, my God! I don't want you to think that our situation is hopeless. But you still don’t expect too much...”

Letter addressed to Captain I. L. Tatarinov

October, 2012, Tambov

Hello, Ivan Lvovich! Vladimir Yurin, cadet of the “Multidisciplinary Cadet Corps” in Tambov, addresses you with greetings and best wishes. Addressing my letter to you, I am filled with excitement. I just want to shout: “Hello to the discoverer of the northern expanses, hello to the twentieth century from the twenty-first century!”

At the beginning of my letter I want to inform you that you are a legendary person! Firstly, your discoveries helped the development of domestic science, and secondly, they became the material for creating a wonderful novel written by V. Kaverin. This work shocked every cadet in our corps.

Ivan Lvovich, unfortunately, I didn’t have to know you personally, but I really want to be like you. I, like you, love to read. I have had this passion for books since childhood. I especially like adventure and historical novels in which courageous, strong-willed people appear. They, like you, charge you with amazing energy. And after that, either to the North Pole or to the Sahara Desert.

You are a real hero! People like you and your team members have set an example of inimitable patriotism. Love for the Motherland... What could be more valuable and important for a person of any time. Each of us absorbed this feeling with our mother's milk. Just as a mother is sacred to a person, so is the Motherland.

Reading the pages of the novel, I was touched to the depths of my soul by your feelings addressed to loved ones. You love your family. Understanding the complexity of the current situation, you still do not lose heart, but remain an optimist, plus a romantic. Being separated from your loved ones, being separated by thousands of kilometers, you continue to think and care about them, regardless of the distance.

The resilience of your character is fascinating. I want to be like you in many ways.

My eyes are probably sparkling when I write these lines. But I really want to say a lot. I have a dream - to become a military man. I probably owe this choice, in part, to you, because those traits of a real man that you possessed attract me. You didn't like fame or pompous speeches. The smell of ambition is also alien to me, but the fighting spirit of a real fighter boils in my soul.

In conclusion of my letter, I would like to express my gratitude to you for being a clear example to follow. You became the hero not only of Kaverin’s novel, but also a hero for many generations of boys. Heads up, Captain Tatarinov! Your words, which have become the motto of many of us, will be remembered forever. “Fight and search, find and don’t give up!”

Sincerely, Vladimir.

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