A message on the topic of home life of Russian tsars. Home life of Russian tsars. An ordinary day for the Russian Tsar
FGBO UVPO
PERM STATE ACADEMY OF ARTS AND CULTURE
Course work on petroleum chemical industry
Home life of Russian tsars and people in the 16th-17th centuries
Completed:
student of group "RTK-12-1"
Alekseev P.G.
Supervisor:
Dudoladova M.M.,
teacher, graduate student.
Introduction3
1. Home life of Russian tsars 4
1.1. Sovereign's courtyard or palace 4
1.2. Typical day 7
1.3 Day off 9
1.4 Christmas 11
2. Life of the Russian people 12
2.1 Life of the 16th-17th centuries 12
2.2 Holidays 15
2.3 Progress of the Russian people of the 16th-17th centuries 16
2.4 Church influence 17
2.5 Cultural changes 19
Conclusion 20
References 21
Appendix 22
Introduction
The purpose of my course work: To consolidate and deepen theoretical knowledge in the field of everyday life of medieval Rus'. In this work, I combine the story of the kings and the people to correlate the upper and middle layers of society and influence each other.
Tasks:
Study literature on everyday life of Medieval Rus'.
Based on the material read, reveal the features of the living space
Reveal the role of the sovereign, his responsibilities and features of everyday life.
Reveal the peculiarities of the culture of the common people
Learn about the achievements of the Russian people
To study the influence of power on the culture and life of the Russian people
Norms of behavior, family foundations, moral norms in the 16th-17th centuries. are associated with such a concept as “domostroy”. “Domostroy” is home economics, a collection of useful advice and teachings in the spirit of Christian morality. In family relationships, domostroy instructs the head of the family to punish children and wife in case of disobedience.
^ Relevance of the topic: I believe that this topic is very relevant. Any person other than parents must have a native history, native land, native language, native culture. But the most important of these roots is native history.
Why is it so important to know and study history today? Yes, because without knowing the past, it is impossible to comprehend and understand the present, or look into the future. Only through history can one comprehend the spiritual world of ancestors, understand its language and culture.
^ Chapter 1. Home life of the Russian tsars
1.1 Sovereign's courtyard or palace
Grand ducal mansions, both ancient and built during
kings, can be considered as three special branches. Firstly, the mansions
bed, actually residential, or, as they were called in the 17th century, rest rooms. They were not extensive: three, sometimes four rooms served as sufficient premises for the sovereign. One of these rooms, usually the farthest one, served as the king’s bedchamber. A cross or prayer room was set up next to it. The other, which had the meaning of a modern office, was called a room. And finally, the first was called the front and served as a reception room. The antechamber, in the current sense, served as a vestibule. The princess's half, the mansions of the sovereign's children and relatives were placed separately from the sovereign's residential choir and, with minor changes, were in every way similar to the latter. The second section of the sovereign's palace included non-resting mansions, intended for ceremonial meetings. The sovereign, following the customs of that time, appeared in them only on special occasions. Spiritual and zemstvo councils were held in them, and festive and wedding tables were given to the sovereign. As for the name, they were known as dining huts, upper rooms and tumblers. All outbuildings, which were also called palaces, belonged to the third department. The stable palaces, the live palace, the fodder palace (it also houses the cook's palace), the bread palace, the nourishing palace, etc. are well known. As for the Grand Duke's treasury, which usually consisted of gold and silver vessels, precious furs, expensive materials and similar items, the Grand Duke, following a very ancient custom, kept this treasury in the basements or basements of stone churches. For example, the treasury of Ivan the Terrible was kept in the church of St. Lazarus, and his wife, Grand Duchess Sophia Fominichna - under the Church of John the Baptist at the Borovitsky Gate.
As for the appearance, the palace at the end of the 17th century represented
an extremely motley mass of buildings of the most varied sizes, scattered without any symmetry, so that in a concrete sense the palace did not have a facade. The buildings were crowded against each other, rose one above the other and further increased the overall diversity with their various roofs in the form of tents, stacks, barrels, with slotted gilded combs and gilded poppies on top, with patterned pipes made of tiles. In other places towers and turrets with eagles, unicorns, and lions rose instead of weathervanes.
Let us now go inside as a chorus. Everything that served as decoration inside the mansion and constituted their necessary part was called an outfit. There were two types of attire: mansion and tent. Khoromny was also called a carpenter’s house, that is, they hewed out the walls, covered the ceilings and walls with red planks, made benches, taxes, etc. This simple carpenter's outfit received special beauty if the rooms were decorated with carpentry. The tent outfit consisted of cleaning the rooms with cloth and other fabrics. Much attention was paid to the ceilings.
There were two types of ceiling decoration: hanging and mica. Visly – wooden carving with a number of attached parts. Mica - decoration with mica and cut tin decorations. The decoration of the ceilings was combined with the decoration of the windows. The floor was covered with boards, sometimes paved with oak bricks. Let's now move on to furnishing the rooms. The main rooms of the royal half were: the Entrance Room, the Room (office), the Cross Room, the Bedchamber and the Mylenka. I would like to stop my gaze at the bedchamber, because this room had the richest decoration for those times. So, the bedchamber. The main object of decoration of the bed room was the bed (bed). The bed corresponded to the direct meaning of the word, i.e. it served as a shelter and looked like a tent. The tent was embroidered with gold and silver. The curtains were trimmed with fringe. In addition to the curtains, dungeons (a type of drapery) were hung at the head and foot of the bed. The dungeons were also embroidered with gold and silver silk, decorated with tassels, and people, animals and various strange herbs and flowers were depicted on them. When in the 17th century. There was a fashion for German figurative carvings, beds became even more beautiful. They began to be decorated with crowns that crowned tents, gzymzas (cornices), trusses, apples and
puklyami (a kind of ball). As usual, all the carvings were gilded, silvered, and painted.
Such a bed can be seen in the Grand Kremlin Palace, and although that bed dates back to a later time, the idea is, in general, reflected.
Prices for royal beds ranged from 200 rubles. up to 2 rubles Cost two rubles
a collapsible camp bed, covered with red cloth - an analogue of a folding bed. The most expensive and rich bed in Moscow of the seventeenth century cost 2800 rubles. and was sent by Alexei Mikhailovich as a gift to the Shah of Persia. This bed was decorated with crystal, gold, ivory, tortoiseshell, silk, pearls and mother-of-pearl. If the beds were arranged so richly, then the bed itself was cleaned with no less luxury. Moreover, for special occasions (wedding, christening, birth of a child, etc.) they had their own bed. So, the bed consisted of: a cotton mattress (wallet) at the base, a head (a long pillow the entire width of the bed), two down pillows, two small down pillows, a blanket, a bedspread, and a carpet laid under the bed. There were pads attached to the bed. They were needed to climb onto the carpet. Moreover, the beds were made so high that it was difficult to climb onto the bed without these pads.
Many people have the idea that the bedchambers of those times were
hung with icons. This is not so, the prayer rooms were used for the prayer service, which looked like small churches due to the number of icons. In the bedchamber there was only a worship cross.
^ Ordinary day
The sovereign's day began in the room or quarters of the palace. A
more specifically, earlier the morning found the sovereign in Krestovaya, with rich
decorated with an iconostasis, in which lamps and candles were already lit before the appearance of the sovereign. The Emperor usually got up at four o'clock in the morning. The bed attendant handed him a dress. Having washed himself in Mylenka, the sovereign went to Krestovaya, where his confessors were waiting for him. The priest blessed the sovereign with the cross, and morning prayer began. After completing the prayer, which usually lasted about a quarter of an hour, after listening to the final spiritual word read by the clerk, the sovereign sent a particularly trusted person to the sovereign to check on her health, find out how she was resting?, then he himself went out to say hello. After that, they listened to the matins together. Meanwhile, in the Front, the okolnichy, duma, boyars, close people gathered to “hit with their foreheads”
sovereign." After greeting the boyars and talking about business, the sovereign
Accompanied by courtiers, he walked at nine o'clock to one of the court churches to listen to late mass. The mass lasted two hours. After leaving the Room, the Tsar listened to reports and petitions on ordinary days and busied himself with current affairs. After the boyars had left, the sovereign (sometimes with especially close boyars) went to the table for food, or dinner. Undoubtedly, the festive table was strikingly different from the ordinary one. But even the dinner table could not compare with the table of the sovereign during Lent. One could only be amazed at the piety and asceticism in the observance of fasts by the sovereigns. For example, during Lent, Tsar Alexei ate only 3 times a week, namely on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday; on the other days he ate a piece of black bread with salt, a pickled mushroom or cucumber, and drank half a glass of beer. He ate fish only 2 times during the entire seven-week Lent. Even when there was no fasting, he did not eat meat on Mondays and Wednesdays
and Fridays. However, despite such fasting, on meat and fish days, up to 70 different dishes were served at an ordinary table. After dinner, the sovereign usually went to bed and slept until the evening, about three hours. In the evening, the boyars and other officials gathered again in the courtyard, accompanied by whom the king went to vespers. Sometimes after Vespers business was also heard or the Duma met. But most often the king spent the time after Vespers until the evening meal with his family. The king read, listened to bahari (tellers of fairy tales and songs), and played. Chess was one of the kings' favorite pastimes. The strength of this tradition is evidenced by the fact that the Armory Chamber had special chess masters.
In general, the entertainment of that time was not as poor as we think. At
In the courtyard there was a special Amusement Chamber, in which all kinds of amusements amused the royal family. Among these amusements were buffoons, caterpillars, and dombrachi. It is known that on the court staff there were fools-clowns - the king, fools-jokers, dwarfs and dwarfs - the queen. In winter, especially on holidays, the king loved to look at the bear field, i.e. fight between a hunter and a wild bear. In early spring, summer and autumn, the king often went falconry. Usually this is fun
lasted the whole day and was accompanied by a special ritual. The king’s day usually ended in the Baptismal, also a 15-minute
evening prayer.
^ Day off
weather permitting, or in a carriage, and in winter in a sleigh, always accompanied
boyars and other service and courtyard ranks. The splendor and richness of the sovereign's exit clothes corresponded to the significance of the celebration or holiday on the occasion of which the exit was made, as well as the weather conditions on that day. In the summer he went out in a light silk blanket and a golden hat with a fur trim, in the winter in a fur coat and a fox hat, in the fall and generally in inclement weather in a single-row cloth suit. In his hands there was always a unicorn or Indian ebony staff. During great festivities and celebrations, such as Christmas, Epiphany, Bright Resurrection, Dormition and some others, the sovereign was dressed in royal attire, which included: a royal dress, a royal caftan, a royal cap or crown, a diadem, a pectoral cross and a sash, which were placed on the chest; instead of a staff there is a royal staff. All this
shone with gold, silver, and precious stones. The shoes that the sovereign wore at this time were also richly lined with pearls and decorated with stones. The heaviness of this outfit was without a doubt very significant, and therefore in such ceremonies the sovereign was always supported by the captains, and sometimes by his fellow boyars. Here is how the Italian Barberini (1565) describes such an appearance: “Having dismissed the ambassadors, the sovereign gathered for mass. Having passed through the halls and other palace chambers, he descended from the courtyard porch, speaking quietly and solemnly, leaning on a rich silver gilded staff. He was followed by more than eight hundred retinues in the richest clothes. He walked among four young men, about thirty years old, strong and
tall: these were the sons of the noblest boyars. Two of them walked in front of him, and two others behind, but at some distance and at an even distance from him. All four were dressed identically: on their heads they had high caps made of white velvet with pearls and silver, lined and trimmed with round lynx fur. Their clothes were made of silver fabric down to their feet, lined with ermine; on his feet were boots with horseshoes; each carried on his shoulder a large ax glittering with silver and gold.”
Christmas
He went in the same order to glorify Christ to the queen, to her Golden Chamber, and then to all the members of the royal family, if they were not meeting with the queen. Having released the patriarch, the sovereign in the Golden or in the Dining Room put on
royal attire, in which he marched to the cathedral for mass. After the liturgy,
Having changed his royal attire for an ordinary evening dress, the sovereign walked to the palace, where a festive table was then prepared in the Dining Room or Golden Chamber. Thus ended the festive celebration. On Christmas Day, the king did not sit down at the table without feeding the so-called prison inmates and prisoners. So in 1663 on this holiday
964 people were fed on the large prison table.
Chapter 2. Life of the Russian people
^ 2.1 Life of the 16th-17th centuries
For a long time, the Russian peoples had a large family, uniting relatives along the direct and lateral lines. The distinctive features of a large peasant family were collective farming and consumption, common ownership of property by two or more independent married couples. Among the urban population, families were smaller and consisted, as a rule, of two generations of parents and children. The families of feudal lords were usually small, so the son of a feudal lord, having reached the age of 15, had to serve the sovereign and could receive both his own separate local salary and a granted estate. This contributed to early marriages and the formation of independent small families.
With the introduction of Christianity, marriages began to be formalized through a church wedding ceremony. But the traditional Christian wedding ceremony was preserved in Rus' for approximately six to seven centuries. Church rules did not stipulate any obstacles to marriage, except for one: the “possession” of the bride or groom. But in real life, the restrictions were quite strict, primarily in social terms, which were regulated by customs. The law did not formally prohibit a feudal lord from marrying a peasant woman, but in fact this happened very rarely, since the feudal class was a closed corporation where marriages were encouraged not just with people in their own circle, but with peers. A free man could marry a serf, but had to obtain permission from the master and pay a certain amount as agreed. Thus, both in ancient times and in the cities, marriages could take place mainly only within one class-estate.
Divorce was very difficult. Already in the early Middle Ages, divorce was permitted only in exceptional cases. At the same time, the rights of the spouses were unequal. A husband could divorce his wife if she cheated, and communication with strangers outside the home without the permission of the spouse was equated to betrayal. In the late Middle Ages (from the 16th century), divorce was permitted with the condition that one of the spouses was tonsured a monk.
The Orthodox Church allowed one person to marry no more than three times. The solemn wedding ceremony was usually performed only during the first marriage. A fourth marriage was strictly prohibited.
A newborn child had to be baptized in church on the eighth day after baptism in the name of the saint of that day. The rite of baptism was considered by the church to be a basic, vital rite. The unbaptized had no rights, not even the right to burial. The church forbade burying a child who died unbaptized in a cemetery.
The next rite - “tonsuring” - took place a year after baptism. On this day, the godfather or godmother (godparents) cut a lock of the child’s hair and gave a ruble. After the haircuts, they celebrated the name day, that is, the day of the saint in whose honor the person was named (later it became known as “the day of the angel”), and then the birthday. The Tsar's name day was considered an official public holiday.
In the Middle Ages, the role of the head was extremely important. He represented the family as a whole in all its external functions. Only he had the right to vote at meetings of residents, in the city council. Within the family, the power of the head was practically unlimited. He controlled the property and destinies of each of its members. This even applied to the personal lives of children, whom he could marry off or marry against their will. The Church condemned him only if he drove them to suicide. The orders of the head of the family had to be carried out unquestioningly. He could apply any punishment, even physical. "Domostroy" - an encyclopedia of Russian life of the 16th century - directly indicated that the owner should beat his wife and children for educational purposes. For disobedience to parents, the church threatened with excommunication.
Inside, family life on the estate was relatively closed for a long time. However, ordinary women - peasant women, townspeople - did not lead a reclusive lifestyle at all. Testimonies from foreigners about the seclusion of Russian women in the chambers relate, as a rule, to the life of the feudal nobility and eminent merchants. They were rarely allowed even to go to church.
There is little information left about the daily routine of people in the Middle Ages. The working day in the family began early. Ordinary people had two obligatory meals - lunch and dinner. At noon, production activities were interrupted. After lunch, according to the old Russian habit, there was a long rest, sleep, then work began again until dinner. With the end of daylight, everyone went to bed.
Social life included games and fun - both military and peaceful, for example, the capture of a snowy city, wrestling and fist fights, small towns, leapfrog, etc. Dice became widespread among gambling games, and from the 16th century - in maps brought from the west. The favorite pastime of kings and nobles was hunting.
2.2. Holidays
With the adoption of Christianity, especially revered days of the church calendar became official holidays: Christmas, Easter, Annunciation, Trinity and others, as well as the seventh day of the week - Sunday. According to church rules, holidays were to be devoted to pious deeds and religious rituals; working on holidays was considered a sin. However, the poor also worked on holidays.
The relative isolation of domestic life was diversified by receptions of guests, as well as festive ceremonies, which were held mainly during church holidays. One of the main religious processions was held for Epiphany - January 6th Art. Art. On this day, the patriarch blessed the water of the Moscow River, and the population of the city performed the Jordan ritual (washing with holy water). On holidays, street performances were also organized. Traveling artists, buffoons, were known back in Ancient Rus'. In addition to playing the harp, pipes, and songs, the buffoons' performances included acrobatic performances and competitions with predatory animals. The buffoon troupe usually included an organ grinder, a gayer (acrobat), and a puppeteer.
Holidays, as a rule, were accompanied by public feasts - fraternities. However, popular ideas about the heavy drinking of Russians are clearly exaggerated. Only during the 5-6 major church holidays was the population allowed to brew beer, and taverns were a state monopoly. The maintenance of private taverns was strictly persecuted.
^ 2.3. Progress of the Russian people in the 16th-17th centuries
Not only the historical, but also the geographical knowledge of the people of the Middle Ages expanded. In connection with the complication of administrative management of the growing territory of the Russian state, the first geographical maps (“drawings”) began to be drawn up. This was also facilitated by the development of Russian trade and diplomatic ties. Russian navigators made a great contribution to geographical discoveries in the North. By the beginning of the 16th century, they had explored the White, Icy (Barents) and Kara Seas, and discovered many northern lands - the islands of Bear, Novaya Zemlya, etc. The Russian Pomors were the first to penetrate the Arctic Ocean and created the first handwritten maps of the explored northern seas and islands. They were among the first to explore the Northern Sea Route around the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Some progress was observed in the field of technical and natural scientific knowledge. Russian craftsmen learned to make quite complex mathematical calculations when constructing buildings and were familiar with the properties of basic building materials. Blocks and other construction mechanisms were used in the construction of buildings. To extract salt solutions, deep drilling and laying of pipes were used, through which the liquid was distilled using a piston pump. In military affairs, the casting of copper cannons was mastered, and battering and throwing weapons became widespread.
^ 2.4. Church influence
In the 17th century, the role of the church in influencing the culture and life of the Russian people intensified. At the same time, state power penetrated more and more into the affairs of the church.
The purpose of penetration of state power into church affairs was to be served by church reform. The tsar wanted to obtain the sanction of the church for state reforms and at the same time take measures to subordinate the church and limit its privileges and lands necessary to provide for the energetically created army of the nobility.
All-Russian church reform was carried out at the Stoglav Cathedral, named after the collection of its decrees, which consisted of one hundred chapters (“Stoglav”).
Issues within the church order, primarily related to the life and everyday life of the lower clergy and their performance of church services, were brought to the fore in the works of the Stoglavy Council. The glaring vices of the clergy, the careless performance of church rituals, moreover, devoid of any uniformity - all this caused a negative attitude among the people towards the ministers of the church and gave rise to freethinking.
The sale of church positions, bribery, false denunciations, and extortion became so widespread in church circles that the Council of the Hundred Heads was forced to adopt a number of resolutions that somewhat limited the arbitrariness of both the highest hierarchs in relation to the ordinary clergy, and the latter in relation to the laity. From now on, taxes from churches were to be collected not by foremen who abused their position, but by zemstvo elders and tenth priests appointed in rural areas.
With its resolutions, the Stoglavy Council tried to impose the stamp of churchliness on the entire life of the people. Under pain of royal and church punishment, it was forbidden to read the so-called “renounced” and heretical books, that is, books that then made up almost all secular literature. The Church was ordered to interfere in the everyday life of people - to turn them away from barbering, from chess, from playing musical instruments, etc., to persecute buffoons, these carriers of folk culture alien to the church.
^ 2.5. Changes in culture
One of the most significant achievements of the 16th century was printing. The first printing house appeared in Moscow in 1553, and soon books of church content were printed here. The earliest printed books include the Lenten Triodion, published around 1553, and the two Gospels, printed in the 50s. 16th century.
In 1563 The organization of the “sovereign Printing House” was entrusted to an outstanding figure in the field of book printing in Russia, Ivan Fedorov. Together with his assistant Peter Mstislavets on March 1, 1564. he published the book “The Apostle”, and the following year “The Book of Hours”. We also associate the appearance in 1574 with the name of Ivan Fedorov. in Lvov the first edition of the Russian Primer.
Under the influence of the church, such a unique work as “Domostroy” was created, the final edition of which belonged to Archpriest Sylvester. “Domostroy” is a code of morals and everyday rules intended for the wealthy strata of the urban population. It is permeated with sermons of humility and unquestioning submission to authorities, and in the family - obedience to the householder.
For the increased needs of the Russian state, literate people were needed. Convened in 1551 The Stoglavo Council raised the question of taking measures to spread education among the population. The clergy were offered to open schools to teach children to read and write. Children were educated, as a rule, in monasteries. In addition, home schooling was common among rich people.
The intense struggle with numerous external and internal enemies contributed to the emergence in Russia of extensive historical literature with a central theme, which was the question of the growth and development of the Russian state. The most significant monument of historical thought of the period under review was the chronicle vaults.
One of the major historical works of this time is the Litseva (i.e., illustrated) chronicle collection: it consisted of 20 thousand pages and 10 thousand beautifully executed miniatures, giving a visual representation of various aspects of Russian life.
In 1553-54, the Church of John the Baptist was built in the village of Dyakovo (not far from the village of Kolomenskoye), exceptional in the originality of its decorative decoration and architectural design.
Conclusion
The church greatly influenced the culture and life of the Russian people, therefore the state, for its own purposes, the implementation of reforms, increasingly penetrated into the affairs of the church, which prescribed intervention in the everyday life of people.
In the difficult conditions of the Middle Ages, culture still achieved great success in various fields. The first geographical maps are drawn up, trade diplomatic ties are developed. Russian craftsmen learned to perform complex mathematical calculations when constructing buildings. Printing appeared in the 16th century. Literacy schools opened.
Thus, the life of a Russian person in the Middle Ages, although it was relatively monotonous, was far from being limited to the production and social-political spheres. Despite all the household chores and hardships of family life, the Russian people also had holidays, their own customs, time for relaxation and fun.
At first glance, modern life with its lightning-fast pace, developed communications, numerous media with the Internet and all-encompassing television, and widespread participation of the population in the political process bears little resemblance to the leisurely life of our ancestors in the 16th century. However, its foundations (public service, traditions of family relationships, home organization, habits, or what is called everyday life) were laid precisely in those distant times. And knowledge of these basics significantly expands the horizons of a modern person.
Bibliography
History of Russia from ancient times to the second half of the 19th century. / G.Ya. Taratonenkov / M.: 1998.
Russian people, their customs, rituals, legends, superstitions and poetry / M. Zabylin / Simferopol: 1992.
Zabelin / I.E. Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Application
Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich
Church book 16-17 century
Feryaz - swing outerwear
Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries. Book one Zabelin Ivan Egorovich
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER III
The meaning and honor of the sovereign's court. Arrival at the palace. Who used free entry? Prohibition for lesser ranks to enter the palace. Prohibition of entry with weapons and illnesses. Violating the honor of the sovereign's court is an unfitting word. The significance of the royal chambers in relation to various court rituals, ceremonial receptions and meetings, and in the home life of the sovereign; meaning: Faceted, Middle Golden, Tsarina Golden, Dining Room, Requiem Room, Reception Room, Sovereign Room, or Upper Golden Room, and Front Room. The meaning of porches. The bed porch as a square or gathering place for the nobility and service people in general. Cases of violation of the honor of the sovereign's court as a characteristic of courtier morals in the 17th century.
In ancient times, the grand-ducal palaces, without a doubt, did not yet have the same importance that belonged to the palace of the Moscow sovereigns in the 16th and 17th centuries. The people honored the prince's home as a place where public justice was given, general zemstvo truth, where the head of the squad lived, “the guardian of the Russian land,” its main leader in battles with enemies. In ancient times, the princely court did not yet have much significance, because initially the very significance of the Grand Duke, as we said, was determined more feeding, socializing, that is, the right to certain zemstvo incomes, rather than political power and authority as the autocrat of the land.
The Moscow princes already received the latter meaning. In Moscow, the princely palace from a simple patrimonial estate gradually becomes the consecrated and inaccessible dwelling of the great sovereign. Especially in the 16th century, when the doctrine of the royal rank and the height of royal dignity spread and became established not only practically, but even through scientific references and literary interpretations and explanations; At this time, everything surrounding the sovereign’s person was stamped with unattainable grandeur and reverent sanctification. Rus rearranged her customs, as people who experienced the influence of this revolution in the actions and meaning of the Moscow sovereigns said at that time.
Under the influence of Byzantine ideas and customs, the living representative of which was Sophia Paleologus and the Greeks around her, the Moscow sovereign not only fully realized his royal significance, accepting the title of Tsar of All Rus', but also clothed this significance in the corresponding royal forms... The new structure of the court, the establishment of new court customs and ceremonial ranks, or rituals, in the likeness of the customs and rituals of the Byzantine court, forever determined the high rank of the autocrat and alienated him to an immeasurable distance from the subject. All this, however, did not come suddenly, but was established gradually, with vital consistency. So, for example, if you believe the testimony of Contarini, who came to Moscow to visit Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich in 1473, i.e., only a year after Sophia Paleologus came to us, court ceremonies still bore the character of primitive simplicity, reminiscent of ancient princely relationship. Contarini writes the following about his reception: “Arriving at the palace a little time before dinner (he says), I was led into a special room where the sovereign was with Mark and his other secretary. He gave me a very affectionate welcome and, in the most friendly terms, instructed me to assure our most serene Republic (Venetian) of his sincere friendship, which he wishes to preserve for the future, and added that he would willingly let me go to the fatherland and, in addition, was ready to do I benefit from everything that I find necessary for myself. When the Grand Duke spoke to me, I stepped back out of politeness, but every time he himself came up to me and listened with special favor to my answers and expressions of my gratitude. Thus I talked with him for more than an hour...» In 1488, Vel. book Ivan Vasilyevich, receiving the Tsar's ambassador Nikolai Poppel, “talked with him about secret affairs, in Embankment upper room, having retreated from the boyars.” Another embassy, Yuri Delatora, in 1490, also ruled without special inaccessibility, considering, however, the reception that Emperor Maximilian gave our ambassador. “The Grand Duke stood up and asked him (the ambassador) about the queen’s health, and gave him his hand while standing, and ordered him to sit on the bench opposite him close…" Let's say it was great honor as indicated in the modern note; but, in any case, we must note that under Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich, such ceremonies and all court rituals had not yet taken on the magnificent forms that they later received; that in general, the magnificent, magnificent atmosphere of the tsar's rank entered gradually and was finally established only under his grandson, for whom the tsar's rank was even officially approved by a conciliar charter.
The people, who believed in the high calling of the king, reverently honored all the signs of his greatness. The very palace of the sovereigns was protected with special honor, which, according to established concepts, was given to the royal residence. Violation of this honor, violation honor of the sovereign's court was even persecuted by a positive law: in the Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich there is a whole chapter “On the Sovereign’s Court, so that at the Sovereign’s Court there would be no outrage or abuse from anyone.”
According to the customs of old times, it was forbidden to drive close not only to the royal porch, but also to the palace in general. Only the highest dignitaries, boyars, okolnichi, duma and close people enjoyed the right to dismount their horses at a distance of several fathoms from the palace. According to Kotoshikhin, arriving at the palace on horseback or in carriages and sleighs, they got off the horses and got out of the carriages, “not reaching the courtyard and not even close to the porch.” They did not dare go to the porch itself, much less to the royal courtyard. The ranks of the lower ranks - stewards of lesser clans, solicitors, nobles, tenants, clerks and clerks, dismounted from their horses far away from the royal palace, usually on the square, between the Ivanovo Bell Tower and the Chudov Monastery, and from there they walked to the palace, no matter what the weather. Not all of the lower officials enjoyed the right to ride horses even into the Kremlin. By Tsar's decree of 1654, only people were allowed to enter the Kremlin old first-ranking clerk and then no more than three people from each order; the rest, even if they were also first-class, did not use this permission. But those who entered the Kremlin were also ordered to stop almost at the very gates and walk from there. All other clerks and generally service and non-service people of junior ranks entered the Kremlin on foot. Thus, the very entrance to the courtyard was proportional to honor, or rank, every person who came. Some, the most bureaucratic ones, could drive up “not too close to the porch,” others, not at all bureaucratic, did not even dare to enter the Kremlin.
Foreign ambassadors and generally noble foreigners, like the sovereign's guests, got out of the carriages, like boyars, at a distance of several fathoms from the porch, according to Barberini, thirty or forty steps, and very rarely at the extensive platform or locker arranged in front of the stairs.
It goes without saying that this was a special etiquette that belonged to ancient customs and was preserved not only in the palace, but also among the people, especially in its highest ranks. In the same way, it was impolite for a junior official or a commoner to enter a boyar’s courtyard, much less drive directly up to his porch. According to Kotoshikhin, a boyar who entered the royal court in this way was imprisoned and even deprived of his honor, that is, his boyar rank. A boyar serf who led a boyar's horse through the royal court, even out of ignorance, was punished with a whip.
Foreigners explained this ancient and almost nationwide custom by the proud inaccessibility with which the boyars, and generally the highest, behaved in relation to the people. Herberstein directly says that ordinary people have almost no access to the boyars and cannot ride horseback into the boyar’s courtyard.
According to their understanding, foreigners could indeed take this for excessive pride and arrogance. But this was hardly the case in reality. Most likely it was an honor, a special honor given to the owner of the house. Moreover, we should not forget that the guest was given similar equivalent honors, namely meetings, about which the ancient monuments directly say that they were done “for the sake of honor, giving honor.” And if not every guest could drive straight up to the boyar’s porch, then the boyar himself went out to meet other guests, not only on the porch, but even in the middle of the yard, and sometimes even outside the gate. It goes without saying that such mutual honor for both the owner of the house and the guest was always proportionate to the degree of respect that they wanted to show to the person. In royal life, as we will see below, the etiquette of meetings was also very strictly measured, and its provisions could not be violated in any case.
So, we saw that the special honor given to the royal majesty required that the palace be approached on foot, leaving horses and carriages at a certain distance, far or near. Moreover, a simple and low-ranking Russian man, even from afar, seeing the royal dwelling, reverently took off his hat, “paying honor” to the residence of the sovereign. Without a hat, he approached the palace and passed by it. Only servicemen and courtyards, that is, court officials, enjoyed the right of free entry into the palace; but for those, depending on the meaning of each, there were certain boundaries. Not every department of the palace could be freely entered by all those who came to the sovereign's court. Boyars, okolnichy, duma and close people enjoyed great advantages in this regard: they could directly enter even into Top, that is, to the sovereign's private, or residential, mansions. Here, as usual, they gathered every day at Front and awaited the royal exit from the inner rooms. The nearby boyars, “waiting for the time,” even entered room, or the royal office. For other officials of the sovereigns, the Top was completely inaccessible. Stewards, solicitors, nobles, streltsy colonels and heads, clerks and other service ranks usually gathered on the Bed Porch, which was the only place in the palace where they could come at any time with complete freedom. From here, “in winter, or at any time whoever wants,” they were allowed to enter some chambers adjacent to the Bed porch, but even in this case for everyone rank a special chamber was appointed. According to the decree of 1681, stewards and solicitors were ordered to enter “the shed that is at the barrier wall, entering from the Bed Porch into the new vestibule to the left, and to call that loft the Front; nobles and residents come to the Old Golden Polata; stewards-generals and stewards-colonels come to the quarters near the Front; to the city nobles in a vestment, because before that there was a vestibule in front of the Golden Polata.” Consequently, all these ranks were not allowed into other departments of the palace. They were especially strictly forbidden to go beyond the stone barrier that separated the Bed Porch from the platform where there was a staircase to the sovereign's chambers or the current Terem Palace. This staircase has survived to this day in the same place, although in a different form. At the top it was locked with a gilded copper grille, and at the bottom it was fenced off from other parts of the palace by a “stone barrier”, behind which it was forbidden for “no one to go at all”, with the exception of only the judges, “who sit according to Orders” and who, although they were allowed for this barrier, but they did not dare to enter Verkh without an order and waited for orders at the stairs. Clerks and clerks, coming to the palace with reports, waited for the leading people on the Bed Porch or in the vestibule in front of the Faceted Chamber. Other junior officials did not even dare to enter the Bed Porch. “Other ranks,” says Kotoshikhin, are not ordered to go to those places where stewards and other deliberate people are.” In general, permission to enter one or another chamber and thereby move one degree closer to the royal lordship was approved by a special grant, for which the petitioners beat the sovereign with their foreheads. So, in 1660, one tenant beat his forehead with the calculation of his service: “Have mercy on me, your servant, for the great wonderworker Alexy Metropolitan. and for the long-term health of his son Tsarevich (Alexey Alekseevich) for my service and patience, the sovereign ordered me to be with his royal lordship in the Front, and my parents (kinship) were granted to the Front.”
The internal sections of the palace, that is, the bed mansions of the queen and the sovereign's children, were completely inaccessible to everyone, both courtyard and service ranks, with the exception of only the boyars and other noble women who enjoyed the right to come to the queen. Even the neighboring boyars did not dare to enter these departments without a special invitation. For priests and clergymen in general who served in high-ranking churches, entrance to these churches was opened at only known times and, moreover, at known places and transitions. This even extended to the priests of the cross, who performed services in the very chambers of the empress. They were to enter the palace only “when asked.” Even those of the court officials and servants who, according to their positions, had to appear there, for example, with a report on the food or with the food itself, did not dare to enter the very chambers of the queen’s half. They did not dare to enter further than the vestibule and here they conveyed reports to the riding noblewomen and other court women; in the same way, the food was brought into the hallway or into specially designated rooms, in which they were handed over to the boyars for food supply. And in general, even if the sovereign sent someone to the queen and the children to ask about health or “for some other matter,” then even in this case, the sent ones, according to Kotoshikhin, “were showered through the boyars, but they themselves did not go without being sent.” The same thing was observed from the queen’s side.
In 1684, probably on the occasion of the streltsy unrest, which was then agitating Moscow and had previously dishonored even the royal home with a violent search, the royal decree, which contained 12 articles, with a schedule of exactly who was allowed to enter which entrances and along which staircases and passages into different departments of the palace. The boyars, okolnichi, duma people and room stewards were ordered to ascend to the Top by the Bed Porch and palace the stairs, at the order of the Grand Palace, at the Kolymazhny Gate; and those who came to the Kuretny Gate, from the Trinity Kremlin Gate, had to go up the stone staircase from the Bread Palace to Sushily; and they were ordered to walk to the top past the Armory Prikaz and the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, as well as the stone Nativity staircase, which is opposite the Fodder Palace. On Svetlishnaya the staircase - at the Kuretny Gate, which led to the princesses’ mansions and to the inner Bed Court, to the royal Workshop Chambers, it was forbidden for even the boyars, okolnichy, duma and close people to walk, i.e. all the highest dignitaries: “... not to walk at all and not to have anyone to do with you for anything.”
For the barriers that are erected on both sides of the Nativity Church, from the order of the Grand Palace and from the Armory Chamber, the boyars, okolnichy, duma and neighboring people, therefore, do not have anyone behind them. areal And clerks Don’t let people past those barriers, and to do this, put a guard in those places from the Streletsky Order and strictly order the guards to do so. - From the Assumption Cathedral, along the Robe Staircase, past the Church of the Great Martyr. Catherine, no one should go to the sovereign’s Workshop Chamber in the courtyard and lock the doors. Also in the Church of the Laying of the Robe, besides that church of clergy, with area not to let anyone in, strictly order the guards to do so. The transitions from the palace to the Trinity courtyard should be locked and no one should be allowed through those doors and passages, without a state procession and without a personal decree, and this should be ordered with great reinforcement to the boyar children, stokers and watchmen who stand in that place and at the Svetlishnaya staircase. Upper, or hay, cathedrals and churches, archpriests, priests, crusaders and choir clerks and clergymen go to their churches, to which stairs are given to whom, during church services and how they will be asked, and when they go by sending, and not by themselves: a themselves is untimely and they cannot walk. The courtyard people, as they are called to Verkh, with the dining room and evening food, to the kings, queens and princesses, should be allowed to go up the Svetlishnaya and onto the stone stairs behind all the barriers, and after the meal, the courtyard people are idle on the Svetlishnaya stairs and behind the barriers. And which courtyard people will go to Verkh in the morning to the mansions to report on the food, or which of them will be asked, and will they go to those places upon sending for what state business: and those courtyard people will be allowed to go to those places and at those times, asking them authentically so that people of other ranks, called courtyard people, do not go to those places.
To the Front Upper Sovereign's courtyard, which is near the stone Terem chambers, and from that yard beyond the stone barrier to the wooden mansions of sovereigns and princesses - stewards, solicitors, nobles, clerks, clerks and no ranks of people - do not let anyone into those places, except for the clerks and craftsmen of the royal workshops, and only those if they ask someone, if they go for business and with all sorts of mansion contributions. Equally, entry here was strictly prohibited for all clerks and clerks of various other palace and supreme orders and departments, who were supposed to convey what was needed and what was required to the palace; clerk of the Workshop Chambers, who, as stated, enjoyed the right to contribute and appear in the mansions upon conscription, as anyone and what was asked. Whose neighbors and riding boyars' relatives and keepers and their people will come to them for what business: and he came to wait for them at the barriers or at Svetlishnaya and at the stone stairs in the lower lockers: and to whom they came, and tell them to tell the boyar children in their hearts , and the stokers, and the watchmen who stand on those stairs; and on the upper locker of those stairs and behind the barriers they should not go at all, and the boyars’ children, and the stokers, and the watchmen should not let any of them through; and their close people should go out to them, and see them on the Nativity Staircase or at the Nativity Barriers, and not have them come to them behind the barriers; and the boyars should go out and see them on the Svetlish staircase in the middle locker near the partition, and along the staircase that leads to the mansions of the noble empress princesses, descending from that staircase at the bottom; and having seen each other, release them immediately; and keep them in those places, and not order them to stand on those stairs, and send them away wherever they came from.
For all orders, the clerks will stand with business and wait for the leading people on the Bed Porch and in the entryway in front of the Faceted Chamber, and they will not go beyond the stone barrier or to the Top.
If it happened that someone accidentally and unknowingly wandered into the royal court, and especially into the inner bed compartments, he was seized, interrogated, and in dubious circumstances even tortured. One day in 1632, “on the 10th day of July, at vespers, on the Nativity of the Most Pure Theotokos, a little man wandered into the chapel of the Venerable Nikita in the hallway; and that little fellow was caught and given to hold until the sovereign’s decree to the head of the Streltsy, Gavril Bokin, on duty. And when questioned, the little guy said that he was Larionov’s man, Dmitriev’s son Lopukhin, called Grishka, Fedorov; and Larion sent him to the Alekseevsky nunnery with a chapelmaster to his dear aunt, to the old woman Fetinya Lopukhina; and in the monastery he Grishka was and gave the watchmaker to the old lady Fetinya; and walking back from the monastery, he wandered into the palace, without knowing it, and heard that at the Nativity they were singing vespers, and he came to the singing, listening to vespers.” What happened to this little one is unknown.
People who did not belong to the courtyard and service class, coming to the palace on some business, usually remained in the lower lockers, or platforms, near the stairs. All the petitioners who came with requests addressed to the sovereign stood on the square in front of the Red Porch and waited for the Duma clerks to come out, who received the petitions here and contributed to the Duma to the boyars. False Demetrius, as you know, every Wednesday and Saturday he himself received petitions from complainants on the Red Porch. It goes without saying that the one who could freely enter the royal court submitted a petition either to the sovereign himself, on his way out, or to the Duma clerk in the Execution Chamber, which constituted the highest judicial authority and was located in the Middle Golden Chamber from 1670.
It was also impossible to come to the palace with any kind of weapon, even with those that, according to the custom of that time, were always carried with them and which, therefore, constituted a necessary accessory of the ancient costume, for example, belt knives, which had the meaning of daggers. In this case, there were no longer exceptions for anyone, not for the boyars, or even for the sovereign’s relatives. Foreign ambassadors and their retinue, upon entering the reception hall, also had to take off their weapons, despite the fact that this was almost always done against their wishes. According to Western concepts, removing a sword was considered dishonorable, and the ambassadors, like noble cavaliers, stood up for their honor and often had useless disputes with the boyars. In 1661, during the reception of Swedish ambassadors, the marshal of the embassy, despite all requests and persuasion, was not allowed to enter the reception chamber even with a silver staff. In general, it was strictly forbidden to enter even the royal court with weapons. If someone happened, out of simplicity, without any intent, to pass through the royal court with a gun, with a saber, with pistols or with any other weapon, such a person, if this was revealed, would immediately be subjected to inevitable torture and interrogation: with what intent did he go? and, it goes without saying, he died either from torture itself, or in prison, because such cases and deeds never ended well.
It was also very strictly forbidden to come to the palace, especially to the Bed Porch, while ill or from houses in which there were sick people. In 1680, June 8th, on this occasion, a strict royal decree was issued, spoken to the stewards, solicitors, nobles and residents, who, if any of them or in their houses had “fire pain or fever and smallpox or any other serious illnesses,” they had to make it known that they should not go to the Discharge and not go to the Bed Porch, and not appear anywhere on hikes or outings. Otherwise, those who violate this command - for such their fearless audacity and for their lack of care for his sovereign's health, upon investigation, will be in great disgrace, and others will be punished and ruined, without any mercy or mercy. In those days, widespread illnesses occurred quite often, which the court of the sovereigns especially feared, carefully guarding themselves in doubtful cases. So, one day, in 1664, February 11th, during a reception in the Faceted Chamber of the English Ambassador Charlus Govort, from among residents, standing as usual in the entryway and along the Red Porch, one on the Red Porch suddenly fell from epileptic grief, or perhaps from faintness, namely the tenant Gavrilo Timofeev Muromtsev. And he was wearing a green terlik, a scarlet golden hat, with sable; red taffeta sash, pierced in hands; This outfit, as usual, issued in such cases from the Treasury, when it entered the treasury again, was left and placed separately, with the guards in the Treasury, for fear that the disease would not spread through infection from the dress.
The preservation of the honor of the sovereign's court also pursued every unattractive, an obscene word spoken in the royal palace. “There will be someone,” says the Code, “with the Tsar’s Majesty, in his sovereign’s court, and in his sovereign’s armor, without fearing the honor of the Tsar’s Majesty, who will dishonor someone with a word, and the one whom he dishonors will inflict a blow on him to the sovereign for justice, and it is clear that the one whom he hits with his forehead has dishonored him: and for the honor of the sovereign’s court, the one who dishonors someone in the sovereign’s court is put in prison for two weeks, so that no matter what, it will be disgraceful for others it was to be done this way in future. And whoever he dishonors, show him the dishonor.” We will see below what exactly this violation of the honor of the sovereign's court consisted of and which category of persons was most sensitive to dishonor, while at the same time, by their actions, giving constant reasons for starting a lawsuit and complaint.
However, a constant, vigilant guard guarded the royal palace day and night and prevented any indecent act near the royal majesty. This guard consisted, inside the palace, of stewards, solicitors and residents and of lower court servants: canteen stokers, canteen watchmen and boyar children of the Tsarina's rank, who were on duty day and night at the doors of the stairs and along the porches and entryways. In addition, there were permanent Streltsy guards at all the palace gates and in other palace places, “at the treasury.” According to Kotoshikhin, on these guards, there were five hundred archers on guard, under the command of a head, or colonel, and ten captains. Their main guard, numbering 200, and sometimes 300 people, was located at the Red Porch under the Faceted Chamber, in the basements; another part, 200 people, at the Red, or Kolymazhnye, gates. From the same guard, 10 people stood at the Kuretnye Gate, 5 hours at the State Courtyard, 5 hours at the Money Courtyard. At the Kremlin Gate, the Streltsy guard was positioned as follows: 30 people stood at the Spassky Gate, 20 people at the Nikolsky Gate, 10 people at the Tainitskye Gate. , at Predtechensky, or Borovitsky, 10 a.m., at Troitsky 10 a.m., in the Branch Tower at the same gate 5 a.m.
When court rites, ceremonies and customs, borrowed from Byzantium or established in imitation of it, were completely adopted by the Moscow court, and the old customs and orders, descended from the fathers, as a venerable heritage, were clothed in more magnificent royal forms and all this became an essential, most necessary expression royal rank and dignity, it is natural that from that time some departments of the sovereign's palace received special significance, corresponding to the celebrations and ceremonies for which they were exclusively designated.
With regard to the ceremonial actions and rituals that took place in the large sovereign chambers, the first place since the end of the 16th century belonged to the Faceted Palace, as the most extensive and more decorated, in which the king appeared in the full splendor of ancient splendor, which so amazed foreigners. It hosted solemn ambassadorial audiences and the sovereign's large ceremonial tables: at the crowning of the kingdom, at the announcement of princes as heirs to the throne, at the installation of patriarchs, metropolitans and archbishops, marriage, birth, christening, holiday and ambassadorial. Great zemstvo councils also took place there and, in general, all the most important celebrations of that time took place. In order for the queen and the children of the sovereign to see all these ceremonies, a observation tent, hiding place, still preserved, although in a completely different form. It is located at the top, above the Holy Entrance, at the western wall of the chamber, and the observation window faces directly opposite the place where the sovereign’s throne has stood from time immemorial. In the old days, this hiding place was decorated as follows: the walls, ceiling, benches, doors and windows were all upholstered with thick and then red English and Anbur cloth; above the two windows on the south side hung similar cloth curtains on rings; the floor was covered with felts and sheets; the device at the door was tinned. In the large window facing the royal chamber, there was a observation room lattice upholstered in red taffeta on cotton paper; the grille was covered with a curtain with rings on copper wire. In the front corner of the cache there was an image of Euthymius of Suzdal. From this hiding place, through the viewing grille, the queen, young princes, senior and junior princesses and other relatives of the empress looked at the magnificent ceremonies taking place in the chamber. They were especially often present, hidden in this way, at ambassadorial audiences.
Middle Golden until the end of the 16th century had the same meaning as Faceted, but from that time on it became an ordinary reception hall, in which the patriarch, spiritual authorities, boyars and other dignitaries, foreign ambassadors, mainly on vacation, were presented to the sovereign with less pomp and solemnity , messengers and messengers. In addition, in it, as in Granovitaya, zemstvo councils took place and sometimes birthday and holiday tables were given. On the day of the Nativity of Christ, before mass, the sovereign received here the patriarch with the spiritual authorities, the cathedral clergy and singers who came to glorify Christ. In 1670, on the occasion of the remodeling of the Kremlin building of orders, which were taken to China and the White City, the presence of boyars and Duma people was appointed in this chamber to hear and resolve violent and controversial cases, which is why the chamber, having accepted the significance of the highest authority, received the name Golden Raspravnaya, which it retained until 1694, when by a new decree this presence was transferred to the Front Chamber of the Terem Palace and when only petitions of middle ranks of people began to be accepted in Zolotoy. Duma meetings were held here not only in the morning, but also in the evening, especially in winter. Special days were assigned to each department for the reporting of cases. On Monday, cases from the Discharge and the Ambassadorial Prikaz were submitted; on Tuesday from the order of the Great Treasury and the Great Parish; on Wednesday from the Kazan Palace and the Local Prikaz; on Thursday from the order of the Grand Palace and from the Siberian Palace; on Friday from the Vladimir and Moscow court orders. It goes without saying that from the time the Golden Chamber acquired such a purely judicial, administrative significance, royal entrances into it ceased, and, consequently, all the celebrations and ceremonies that took place in it before stopped.
The Smaller Golden was the ceremonial reception hall of the queens, which is why it was often called Tsaritsyna. Mostly family, native and christening tables for noblewomen took place there. courtyards, that is, the courtiers themselves, and for visitors, who had only the right and obligation to come to the palace; reception of the patriarch with spiritual authorities, boyars and elected people of all ranks who came with gifts hello to the sovereign, on the occasion of the birth and baptism of his children. On Easter Sunday, after Matins, the sovereign, accompanied by the patriarch, spiritual authorities and secular officials, came to this chamber to celebrate Christ with the queen, who was surrounded at that time by riding and visiting noblewomen. On the day of the Nativity of Christ, here the queen received the clergy who came to glorify Christ, and the visiting noblewomen, who, together with the horsemen, congratulated her on the holiday and each offered thirty rebake or rich round and tall breads.
The dining room, or chamber, in its meaning, was a smaller ceremonial hall, intended primarily for the sovereign officials tables; but receptions of the clergy, boyars and other persons, especially foreign envoys and messengers, also took place there. Sometimes the sovereign granted boyars, okolnichy, duma people and other officials here birthday cakes. On Christmas Eve, on the eve of Christmas and Epiphany, the sovereign listened to church services, royal hours, vespers and all-night vigil in the Dining Room. In addition, large zemstvo councils on important state issues took place in the Dining Hall. In 1634, a council took place here on a new collection of money from the entire state for the salaries of military men, and in 1642 - a famous council on the issue of accepting Azov under the protection of Russia.
In the Requiem, or Team, Chamber, on the days of commemoration of kings and persons of the sovereign family, funeral tables were given, ancient feeding patriarch, spiritual authorities and councilors, which was also called large fees, that is, a meeting of the clergy in general, and especially the cathedral clergy. It must be remembered that at these dishonest tables for the clergy, the sovereign, according to a probably very ancient custom, before the bishop (the metropolitan, and later before the patriarch) stood and from his own hands he treated him, brought him “cups and food.” So, in 1479, on the day of the consecration of the newly built Assumption Cathedral, led. book Ivan Vasilyevich gave the Metropolitan and all cathedrals table in Middle room and during the table, treating him, he stood in front of the metropolitan and with his son Ivan. In the Code of Law of Ivan the Terrible we find the following article: “In the summer of April 7067 (1559), on the 25th day, the king led. book indicated what day lives(takes place) a big funeral service, The Metropolitan is at the Emperor’s table, and the Emperor is standing in front of him, That day no one will be executed by death or trade punishment.”
In the Reply, or Ambassadorial Chamber, negotiations between the boyars and foreign ambassadors took place, which was generally called answer. Expression be responsible meant negotiating, giving royal answers, or decisions on embassy matters. In the Reply Chamber, like in the Faceted Chamber, a hiding place, secret window, from which the sovereign sometimes listened to ambassadorial meetings. In the Response Chamber under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, in the presence of the boyar Prince Yury Alekseevich Dolgoruky, the Code was read to the elected people of the entire Moscow state, who were supposed to consolidate it with their assault.
Of the Bed Choirs, they had a very important meaning in the royal life. Front And Room Terem Palace, which from the second half of the 17th century became the permanent home of the kings.
All boyars, okolnichy, duma and close people, according to Kotoshikhin, were obliged to appear at the palace every day early in the morning and after lunch at vespers. They usually gathered in the Antechamber, where they waited for the royal exit. Only the closest boyars, waiting for the time, could enter the Room, or the sovereign’s office itself. When leaving, the boyars and other officials bowed to the sovereign great custom that is, into the ground, which is what was called hit with the forehead The Tsar, as usual, went out wearing a tafya or hat, which he never took off “against their boyar worship.” After receiving the boyars, the sovereign mostly went out to mass, accompanied by all the assembled dignitaries. After mass in the Antechamber, and sometimes in the Room itself, it began seat with boyars, meeting of the Royal Chamber, or Duma, which was composed, without exception, of all the boyars and okolnichy and some of the junior ranks, known as thoughtful people. Meetings almost always took place in the presence of the sovereign, as can be seen from the decrees of the late 17th century. The sovereign here gave trial and punishment, listened to court cases and petitions, which were usually read before him by Duma clerks.
In the Terem chambers, precisely in the sovereign’s Room, or in Upper Golden, as it was sometimes designated in contrast to other Golden Chambers, took place in 1660, February 16th, famous cathedral o actions of Patriarch Nikon. On that day, the Emperor indicated the life in his Upper Stone Mansions, in the Upper Golden Chamber, to his sovereign pilgrims, metropolitans, archbishops, bishops, archimandrites, abbots, archpriests and his sovereign synclite of boyars, okolnichy and duma people for his sovereign and zemstvo affairs. The chamber was decorated with Aksamites and golden velvets and patterned velvets of different colors and covered with carpets. And how the authorities went to the Golden Chamber, and at that time the sovereign sat in his royal place, and the boyars, okolniki and duma people sat on the left side, on the benches. And when the authorities went into the chamber, and the sovereign stood up in his royal place, and the authorities, entering the chamber, said: worthy; and the Metropolitan of Novgorod took leave; and after the vacation was completed, he blessed the Tsar, and the Tsar gave the Metropolitan his hand, and the Metropolitan hit the Tsar with his forehead, and the Tsar indicated to ask them about salvation, since he usually asked secular people about health. And the authorities beat the sovereign for this. Then the sovereign sat down, and ordered the authorities to sit on the benches on the right side, and others in the bench; on the left side, as stated, sat the sovereign’s council. The king opened the meeting with a speech. On March 14th, in the same Golden Chamber there was a secondary seat. On March 20th the sovereign sat about the patriarchal meeting, election, from the third hour of the day until the tenth at the end, already in the Middle Golden Chamber.
In 1682, January 12th, in the Terem chambers a council was held on the resignation and eradication localism. After the unanimous statement: “Let God-hated, hostile, brother-hating and love-driving localism perish in fire, and let it not be remembered forever!” - All bit And random books, all requests for cases and notes about places were put on fire in Front entryway(the current refectory) in the oven, in the presence of the boyar and the Duma clerk from the civil authorities and all the metropolitans and archbishops from the spiritual authorities, who stood at this solemn burning to the end.
In the same wonderful year, April 27, the day of the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, in the Teremny chambers, the ten-year-old Tsarevich Peter was elected to the kingdom, over his elder brother, Ivan. After the meetings, Patriarch Joachim, accompanied by bishops, boyars, okolnichi, duma and close people, went out onto the Golden Porch and, in a short speech, explaining to the elected officials gathered here that the brothers of the late sovereign, princes Ivan and Peter, remained the heirs of the kingdom, he proposed the question: to whom of them to be the successor to the royal scepter and throne? The electors, and then the boyars and other officials unanimously elected Peter as Tsar and immediately swore allegiance to him in the presence of his mother, the queen, Natalya Kirillovna.
This is the official meaning of the Terem Chambers. It should also be mentioned that since 1694, the Front Chamber replaced the Golden Raspaznaya as the highest court with the significance of the Senate, where all controversial appeal cases and petitions submitted to the sovereign's name were resolved. On this occasion, and in the sentences themselves, the following note was made: “By decree of the Great Sovereigns, in their Great Sovereigns to the Front Chamber, The boyars heard the case and sentenced it,” etc.
It happened, however, very rarely that the sovereign simply received foreign ambassadors in the Front. This was an extraordinary and greatest honor that few have received. In 1662, on April 14, the Tsar's ambassadors were received here, who received this high honor instead of the ambassador's table, usually given to foreign ambassadors after an audience. At the same time, Meyerberg notes that “they walked into the inner chambers of the king along stairs and passages, in which guards stood on both sides in rows in rich weapons and everything was so decorated with wallpaper that neither the floor, nor the walls, nor the stoves, nor ceiling." A modern note about this reception describes this cleaning as follows: “And for the arrival of ambassadors, the Front Floor and the vestibule are decorated with gold and double velvets; on the porch and in the courtyard in front of the Church of the Savior there are Persian and gold velvet floors, and velvet and gold and kindle curtains and grass satins. On the wooden porch, on the sides and at the top, there are similar floors and curtains and saddle covers. On the lower porch the pillars are made of smooth worm-like velvet; behind the fence and on the Bed porch on both sides, up to red doors - worm-like and green cloth." Meyerberg even preserved the image of his reception in this Front. The same honor was awarded in 1664 on April 22 by the English ambassador Charlus Govort. “And for his arrival, the upper sovereign’s porch and locker, and the courtyard that is from the Savior, on the sides, and the wooden porch and staircase and the lower locker on the Bed Porch, on the sides, were dressed up with pink outfits, satins and velvets of gold. And the bridges and stairs along the barrier near the Bed Porch were covered with carpets; but in the barrier and on the Bed Porch there was no covering, and the walls were covered with cloth.”
In 1667, December 4th, the Polish ambassadors Stanislav Benevsky and Cyprian Brestovsky were received on vacation in the Front. “And they ambassadors arrived in the city at 4 o’clock in the morning (at 7 o’clock in the evening) and waited for the sovereign’s decree in the Golden Polata. A to v. The Emperor arrived in the Front at 5 o'clock in the morning at 2 o'clock. And how they walked along the Red Porch and at the doors that go up from the Red Porch to the Bed, half-heads met them and walked in front of them by the porch behind the barrier to the wooden stairs that go to the Top. And at the barrier on the lower wooden locker they were met by Colonels and Streletsky heads in service dress and walked in front of them into the Front Entrance, and the half-heads remained at the locker. And the residents stood in the entryway for 12 hours. And how the ambassadors ascended the Stone Porch and in the entryway at the door they were met by their sleeping bags, and the Duma clerk Dementey Bashmakov announced them as ambassador. And the sleeping bags went in front of them to the Antechamber, and the colonels and heads stood in the entryway. And for this purpose, a Bed Porch was built along the barrier and along Faceted and behind the Barrier and the Lower wooden staircase, the locker was killed with worm cloth, and from the lower locker and the upper Porch, the shelves were killed with gold and silver and peach branches and covers with gold, and the top was killed with gold skins . In the courtyard of the Spasskaya Church there was a red cloth curtain (from Semyonovskoe from Nakracheini) that had been sewn with white cloth for months and burrs. And the rest is made of linen floors with calico. The courtyard and stairs and the upper stone porch and entryway were covered with carpets, and in the entryway there were golden velvet shelves on the benches. And on the Stone Porch there are golden carpets along the railing. And how the ambassadors went to the Front and took off those carpets and put red cloth so that it was snowing. A from v. Sovereign from the choir, the Polish Ambassadors left at 7 o’clock in the morning and were with the Patriarchs.”
In another note about the same reception of the Polish ambassadors we find new details: “For their arrival, the Entrance Hall was covered with Persian carpets; there are gold shelf covers on the windows and on the benches; the canopy is covered with carpets; on the benches (in the entryway) there are shelf guards: on the left side of the doors, gold; on the right side - colored; on the windows (in the entryway) laid golds and golden carpets. The porch and lockers (platforms) and stone stairs and the courtyard between the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands and the choir were covered with carpets. On the upper stone porch, golden axamite carpets were laid on the railings; and those carpets for bad weather were removed and worm-like cloth was put in place of carpets. On the sides of the courtyard, going from the wooden porch to the mansions, on the left side from the doors to the stone locker there were linen floors (frames), colored with red tape; on the right side of the doors, cloth curtains with months, and the church doors and passages and windows were blocked. The wooden porch and the stairs and lockers, the middle and lower ones, were wooden, covered with carpets. On the railings and on the grips, going to the Top, on the right and on the left side there are gold stitched. On the left side, on the middle and on the upper lockers of the wooden porch, from the first pillar along the door of the upper wooden porch, there are Persian floors. The pillars on the upper and middle wooden porches are covered with gold covers from the Konyushenny Prikaz. The barrels (in the roof of the porch) up to the lower tent were lined with gold leather from the Order of Secret Affairs. On the lower wooden locker, which is in the barrier, under the tent (roof), there are ceilings and pillars, and in the barrier, walls and doors, and on the Bed porch, the walls up to the doors, in the Faceted Entrance, between the doors - everything was upholstered with worm-like cloth from the State Yard ; and the doors from the Bed Porch, and to the Tent Polata of the Faceted Entrance and the Empress Queen of the Golden Polata were closed with cloth. In front of the Front Senmi, in the courtyard on the left side, there was a stand, upholstered with colored damask; and on it were: two flasks, funnels, cups, and gilded silver ladles. The supplier had a sedate housekeeper, and with him stood the courtyard people in pure obscenities.”
“And how the ambassadors went to the sovereign (to these mansions) and at that time stood on the bed porch of the palace and rose orders clerks 20 people, on both sides. And they were met: behind the barrier on the locker were colonels and heads of Moscow archers, and on the upper stone porch were sleeping bags. The Duma clerk announced the sleeping bags for them. And in the vestibule in front of the Front, the boyars met at the door. And how the ambassadors entered the Front Hall and... Boyar A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin announced them to the sovereign. A in. The sovereign at that time was sitting in Persian chairs, which were made of diamonds and yachts and other expensive stones. And ambassadors to. they hit the sovereign with his forehead and the first ambassador spoke; and c. the sovereign granted them, ordered the boyars and ambassadors to sit down. And then he pointed to. sir there is no cup with his sovereign drink in his sleeping bag. And before cup the boyar and armorer B. M. Khitrovo was walking; and behind the bowl they carried goblets with romanea and sleeping bags. And in. the sovereign, taking the cup and standing up, spoke and drank about the royal health; and then he gave cups to the ambassadors and boyars and told them to drink about the royal health. And the bailiffs (for the ambassadors), the steward and the clerk, escorted the ambassadors to the Antechamber, sat in the entryway. And how the ambassadors left the room and, according to the decree of V. the sovereign, the ambassadors were escorted by the boyars and stewards and colonels and heads to the same places where they met, and the bailiffs to the Ambassadorial Court. And how did the ambassadors go to V. to the sovereign to the top and from the. sovereign from the Top, and at that time there were 12 hours of residents with certificates of registration in the Front Entrance, 6 hours on the side. Sytniki with candles: on the stone locker at the Front for 2 hours, on both sides of the same locker for 2 hours, on the upper wooden porch for 2 hours, on the middle porch for 2 hours, in the barrier on the side of the locker for 2 hours, on the Bed porch at barrier doors 2 hours; at the doors that lead from the Bed Porch to the Faceted Entrance and to the Palace, 2 hours; Yes, on the Bed porch there were 12 lanterns placed on both sides. And on the Red Porch stood the archers with candles: at the doors on both sides for 2 hours, opposite the Golden Polata at the doors for 2 hours, opposite the Church of the Annunciation for 2 hours, in the Annunciation porch for 2 hours.”
From the book June 23: “M Day” author Solonin Mark SemyonovichChapter 18 THE MOST IMPORTANT CHAPTER Fans of old, good science fiction literature remember, of course, Stanislaw Lem’s novel “Invincible.” For those who have not yet read it, let me remind you of the summary. Search and rescue team on a spaceship
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From the book Scout's Fate: Book of Memories author Grushko Viktor FedorovichChapter 10 Free time of one of the intelligence leaders - Short chapter The family is fully assembled! What a rare occurrence! For the first time in the last 8 years, we all got together, including my children's grandmother. This happened in 1972 in Moscow, after my return from the last
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Everyday life is the living fabric of history, allowing us to imagine and experience historical existence in detail.
Ivan Egorovich Zabelin (1820-1908) - an outstanding Russian historian and archaeologist, chairman of the Society of History and Antiquities, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. His research concerns mainly the ancient Kyiv era and the Moscow period of Russian history. The historian’s works are characterized by an expressive and original language, unusually colorful and rich, with an archaic, folk tint. Exploring the ideological foundations of Russian culture, he emphasizes the important role of economic relations in history. The historian sought to find out the roots and origins? Russian life, identified cultural borrowings from neighboring peoples. As a leading representative of the field of ?domestic history? Zabelin paid attention to every little detail, the totality of which formed the life of our ancestors.
Fundamental work of I. E. Zabelin? Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries? is dedicated to the restoration of the foundations and smallest details of royal life, the development of ideas about royal power and Moscow as the center of residence of the kings, the history of the construction of the Kremlin and royal mansions, their interior decoration (architectural innovations and methods of external decoration, technical details of the interior, wall paintings, furniture, luxury items , clothes, pets, etc.), rituals associated with the person of the king and court protocol (that is, who from the royal entourage had the right to come to the palace, how it should be done, what economic services and positions were at the court, responsibilities royal doctors, the appointment of various palace premises), the daily routine in the palace (the sovereign’s classes, which began with morning prayer, the solution of state issues and the role of the boyar duma in this, lunch time and afternoon entertainment, the cycle of Orthodox holidays, the center of which was the sovereign’s courtyard).
The original edition of the book was published in 2 volumes, but the full text of Zabelin’s work is only in the first volume.
Unfortunately, I cannot offer a second volume containing additional materials.
?Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries? - the first part of a more general study by Zabelin? Home life of the Russian people in the 16th and 17th centuries?.
The second part - “Home life of Russian queens in the 16th and 17th centuries?” - will be presented on the site a little later.
Visitors to the site have already had the opportunity to get acquainted with a short popular essay compiled by the St. Petersburg Literacy Society? based on Zabelin’s work:
How Russian tsars lived in the old days.
Other books by Ivan Zabelin on the website:
History of Russian life since ancient times (in 2 volumes)
Minin and Pozharsky. Straight lines and curves in the Time of Troubles
Kuntsovo and the ancient Setun camp
Topic tags:
Classics of Russian historical thought
In 1635–1636 the sovereign built residential or private mansions for himself and his children stone, - which in royal life, for that time, was news, because wooden mansions were always preferred for housing, and old habits did not change subsequently. Perhaps the fire of 1626 forced, among the wooden buildings, at least one dwelling to be made safer. These stone mansions were erected on the walls of an old building built by Aleviz, precisely above Workshop Chamber and above the basement chambers, a row of which stretched further to the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. Previously, above this basement floor of the Alevizov building, between the mentioned two reception chambers of the Tsarina, the Back and the Naugolnaya, i.e., the Golden Tsaritsyna, there stood Bed wooden mansions, in the place of which they are now erected three new floors, adjacent to the Tsarina's reception chambers, with a tower at the top. The upper floor with the tower was intended for the young princes Alexei and Ivan, which is also indicated in the inscription that has been preserved above the entrance to this day. The tower at that time was called Attic And Stone Tower, and at the beginning of the 18th century Golden tower, which is why now this entire building is called the Terem Palace. The entire building thus retains the type of wooden residential choir and serves as a curious and one-of-a-kind monument of ancient Russian civil architecture. In its façade and even in some details of its external decorations, there is still much that recalls the character of ancient wooden buildings. These are, for example, stone Rostesky And pain in cash window decorations; in design they are quite reminiscent of wood carvings. But the clearest character of wooden buildings, which had such an influence on stone ones, is revealed in the internal structure of the building. Almost all of its rooms, on all floors, are of the same size, each with three windows, which is completely reminiscent of the Great Russian hut, which still retains this number of windows. Thus, the Terem Palace consists of several huts placed side by side, one next to the other, in one connection and in several tiers, with an attic, or tower, at the top. The force of the needs and unchanging conditions of life among which our ancestors lived subordinated to their goals the stone, rather extensive, structure, which provided complete means of settling down on a plan that was more spacious and more convenient for life, at least according to modern concepts. But it goes without saying that it fully met the then requirements of convenience and coziness, and we would be unfair if only from our point of view we began to consider and condemn our old way of life and all the forms in which it revealed its requirements and provisions. In 1637, these new stone mansions were finally finished: some groom Ivan Osipov, a gold painter by trade, was already at that time painting burrs on the roof with gold leaf, silver and various paints, “and in the same mansion, in all the windows (otherwise the attic , i.e. tower) made mica endings." At the same time that these mansions were being built (1635–1636), on their eastern side, above the Golden Lesser Chamber of the Queens, a special house temple was built in the name of the Image of the Savior Not Made by Hands with a chapel of John of Belograd, the namesake of Tsarevich Ivan. In ancient times, as we have seen, such temples were denoted by the expression: what's in the manger, constituted one of the most necessary conditions for each individual room in the royal life. Hay, riding There were temples in the Tsarina’s half, also among the princesses and princes, which is why the construction of a new temple in this part of the palace was caused solely by a new separate room for the sovereign’s children. The area between the Terem and the new church formed Front stone yard, from which the staircase led down to the Bed Porch and was subsequently locked golden lattice, which is why the Church of the Savior was designated: what's behind the Golden Lattice? It is necessary to mention that both the Terem Palace and the Church of the Savior were built by Russians masonry apprentices, The current architects are Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Trefil Sharutin, Larya Ushakov. At the same time as the buildings described, the same apprentices built a new stone one above the Kuretny palace gates. Svetlitsa, in which the Tsarina’s craftswomen, gold seamstresses and white seamstresses, with their students, were supposed to work. In the last three years of his reign, Mikhail built some more palace chambers and built new mansions in the Tsareborisovsky courtyard for the Danish prince Voldemar, to whom he wanted to marry his daughter Irina.
Thus, Tsar Michael, during the thirty-two years of his reign, managed not only to restore the old palace, but also enlarged it with new stone and wooden buildings, which grew as the royal family multiplied and the needs of everyday life developed, which, despite the power of legend, little by little nevertheless he moved further, forward, anticipating in some, albeit petty, respects the approaching reform. His son, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, had little to do with regard to the main structures. Indeed, during his reign we do not see particularly significant buildings at the royal court. He restored, for the most part, the old, remodeled and decorated according to his thoughts the buildings built by his ancestors or his father. At first, when he was only 17 years old, in 1646, that is, a year after the death of his father, he built himself new Amusing mansions, which were then cut down by the palace carpenter Vaska Romanov. Of the other buildings, we will mention the more significant ones. So, in 1660, the palace chamber, built, perhaps, under Mikhail, was restored, in which the Pharmacy Department and the Pharmacy were located. The masonry apprentice Vavilka Savelyev made windows and doors in it and put new vaults under the old vaults, and the bannerman, that is, the draftsman, Ivashka Solovey, wrote a mural letter. This chamber stood not far from the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. In 1661, instead of the old Dining Hut, the sovereign built a new one and magnificently decorated it with carvings, gilding and paintings in a new overseas taste, according to fiction engineer and Colonel Gustav Dekenpin, who under the name fictional came to us in 1658. Carving, gilding and painting works were also performed already in 1662 by foreign craftsmen, mostly Poles, called to Moscow during the Polish War, namely carvers who carved windows, doors and ceilings (plafond): Stepan Zinoviev , Ivan Mirovskoy with his students, Stepan Ivanov and painters: Stepan Petrov, Andrey Pavlov, Yuri Ivanov. In the same year, 1662, April 1st, on the tsarina’s name day, the sovereign celebrated a large housewarming party in this Dining Room. The new Dining Room of Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich, built in 1667, was decorated in a similar way. In 1668, it was painted by the following painters: Fyodor Svidersky, Ivan Artemyev, Dorofey Ermolin, Stanislav Kutkeev, Andrei Pavlov; and the carving was done by the students of the above-mentioned masters, from whom Ivan Mirovsky measured the ceiling for carving and painting. The new Bed Mansions, built by the Tsar in 1674, were also decorated in the same way. On the three lampshades of these mansions, the Tsar ordered to write parables of the prophet Jonah, Moses and Esther. In 1663, the apprentice Nikita Sharutin repaired the masonry work at the sovereign’s palace in Verkha, cathedral Church of the Savior of the Image Not Made by Hands and made the meal anew. Without a doubt, the meal was spread contrary to the previous one, because the house church of the Savior, under Tsar Alexei, who lived in the chamber chambers, became a cathedral and in this sense replaced the ancient cathedrals of the Transfiguration, Annunciation and Sretensky for the royal court. Around the same time, alterations and renovations were probably made in the tower building. In 1670, the Front Upper Courtyard, or platform, located between these chambers and the Church of the Savior, was decorated with a gilded copper lattice, which blocked the entrance from the staircase that led to the Terem from the Bed Porch. It is curious that this beautiful lattice, which has survived to this day, was cast from copper money, released before to the people and caused so much displeasure, losses, unrest and executions.
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